Genurile publicistice de televiziune

7/23/2019 Genurile publicistice de televiziune

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FHKX_A ZXOIAMA]ÂMH NH ^HIHSATAXKH

KE^H NH MX_]

Mekc+ Xkas+ Nr+ Nek` ^xner

MEKMHZ^XI NH @XNAESATX@I

^hrghkxi h}~h rhi`~as kex ëk aknx}~ra` zrh}ha ŕa h}~h nh~hrgak`~ nh `z`raŭa` ëk m`~hfera`gadie`mhier nh megxkam`rh ` r`naexraier ŕa ~hisataxkaa ëk nhtsei~`rh kxghramč nh g`}č ŕa mhh` mh aa h}~h}zhmacam) h}~h n`~ nh kerg` nh rhfihghk~`rh+

Zhk~rx ` eoŭakh e iamhkŭč zhk~rx xk ze}~ r`nae }`x ~s g`k`fhrxi rh}zhm~asha ak}~a~xŭaa nh

zrh}č ~rhoxah }č zrhtak~h Mek}aiaxixa K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatxìxixa e fraič nh zrefr`gh }zhmacamčerahk~čraa zh m`rh `mh}~` srh` }č e nh` ze}~xixa r`nae }`x ~s ,fhkhrìa}~ }`x }zhmaìat`~!+Frai` nh zrefr`gh zrhthk~`~č i` MK@ `rh }z`ŭaa er`rh ëk ak~hraerxi mčrer` }h mekmhz ŕa

}h rhìath`tč hga}axka+ MK@ rhfihghk~h`tč) kergh`tč) ak~hrsakh) }`kmŭaekh`tč rh}zhm~`rh` fraiha nh zrefr`gh ŕa mekŭakx~xi `mh}~ha fraih ëk gč}xrp` ëk m`rh kx }xk~ `nx}h `~`mxra i` zhr}e`kh) i` nhgka~`~h)i` nrhz~xi i` ag`fakh) zre~hmŭa` mezaixixa) rh}zhm~`rh` xker kergh nh zxoiama~`~h+

Mek}aiaxi K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatxìxixa h}~h `x~era~`~h` k`ŭaekìč m`rh }xzr`shflh`tč+Meernekh`tč) kergh`tč }z`ŭaxi `xnaesatxì+ @mh}~` h}~h mek}~a~xa~ nak ~e~ìa~`~h` crhmshkŭhier nh r`naeŕa ~hihsataxkh nh zh ~hra~eraxi xkha ŭčra+

I` Orx|hiih} cxkmŭaekh`tč e mega}ah m`rh rhfihghk~h`tč }z`ŭaxi `xnaesatx i nakXkaxkh` Hxrezh`kč) a`r kerghih ŕa rhfihghk~čraih `mh}~ha mega}aa }xk~ zrhix`~h nh `x~era~čŭaih k`ŭaekìh+

Ëk _egïka`) Mk@ ëa zrhmath`tč dxrkìa}~xixa rhfxiaih zh m`rh ~rhoxah }č ih rh}zhm~h+ Nhh|hgzix4 ëk~rh `kxga~h erh kx }h ze~ `nxmh ëk na}mxŭah `kxga~h ~hgh) }`x ëk~r'xk ak~hrsì er`r zrhmat`~



zrefr`ghih ŕa hga}axkaih ~s kx ze~ ca nacxt`~h nhmë~ mx }afih nh `shr~at`rh era mč `kxga~h zrenx}hmeghrmaìh kx ze~ }č c`mč eoahm~xi xker }ze~xra zxoiama~`rh+

MK@ h}~h mek}~a~xa~ ŕa ëk anhh` nh ` zrenxmh zrak `mh}~h kergh) rhmeg`knčra ŕa}`kmŭaxka megzer~`ghk~h masamh `~ï~ nak z`r~h` r`naenacxteraier ,ze}~xraih nh r`nae ŕa ~hisataxkh! mï~ ŕanak z`r~h` r`nae`}mxi~č~eraier ŕa ~hih}zhm~`~eraier+

Nxzč `kaa ‑1: h|zieta` akcerg`ŭaekìč zh zi`k genaì ` eoiaf`~ dxrkìa}~xi }č }hihm~hth

akcerg`ŭaaih nxzč `kxga~h mra~hraa+ Ëk _egïka` }z`ŭaxi `xnaesatxì ` ce}~ `~ï~ nh gxi~ `gziacam`~ m`kxgčr nh }~`ŭaa nh r`nae ŕa ~hihsataxkh ëkmï~ m`z`ma~`~h` nh rhfihghk~`rh ` Mk@ xkhera kx rhxŕhŕ~h }zc`mč c`ŭč+

Nxzč eoŭakhrh` iamhkŭha nh hga}ah genìa~`~h` fhkhr ič nh ixmrx h}~h `mha`ŕa4}me`~hrh` zreahm~hier zhk~rx hga}axka i` iama~`ŭaa+ @mh}~ ~az nh iama~`ŭaa }h nh}cčŕe`rč m` genìa~`~h ~hlkamčanhk~am `~ï~ i` m`kìhih `xnaesatxìh zras`~h) meghrmaìh) mï~ ŕa i` mhih zxoiamh) n`r nak zxkm~ nh shnrh ìmekŭakx~xixa mhrhraih nh echr~č }xk~ nachra~h+

M`kìhih nh r`nae ŕa ~hihsataxkh }h mi`}acamč nxzč `kxgae~h mra~hraa40+ ~hra~erax , }xzr`c`~` nh `mezhrarh zrak nacxt`rh !4

iemìh2 tekìh2 k`ŭaekìh2

rhfaekìh2 ak~hrk`ŭaekìh+?+ mekŭakx~xi zrefr`ghier4

m`kìh r`nae ” ~s fhkhrìa}~h mxg `r ca }hrsamaaih zxoiamh nh r`nae ŕa~hihsataxkh i` m`rh }` `n`xfč ze}~xrair meghrmaìh @k~hk` 0ŕa Zre ^s2

m`kìh r`nae ” ~s }zhmaìat`~h }`x m`kìhih nh kaŕč m`rh }'`x gxi~aziam`~ ëkxi~agaa `ka) hih `x ce}~ mrh`~h nxzč rhtxi~`~hih mhrmh~čraier }emaeiefamh) ëk cxkmŭah nh ak~hrh}xi zxoiamxixa+H|hgzih4

' m`kìh }zhmaìat`~h ëk caigh nemxghk~`rh ” Na}meshrq2' gxtamč ” G^S) SL0) @~egam ^s2' ŕ~ara4 MKK) _hìa~`~h` ~s) @k~hk` =) K?>2' }zer~4 hih}zer~) Hxre}zer~) h~m2' nh}hkh `kag`~h4 M r~eek Kh~verb) Dh~a|2

M`kìhih nh r`nae ŕa ~hihsataxkh }zhmaìat`~h `x akcixhkŭ`~ zrak genxi nh }x}ŭakhrh ëkgen nhe}hoa~ ì ŕ~araier mekmhzhrh` ŕa rhìat`rh` ŕ~araier nh i` mhihiì~h m`kìh+ H|hgzix genhixi MKK zrhix`~ nh ŕ~araih Zre ^S+

=+ ~azxi nh zrezrah~ ~h4 zras`~h rhzrhthk`~h nh cargh meghrmaìh2 zxoiamh+

Ze}~xraih nh r`nae ŕa ~hihsataxkh zxoiamh cxkmŭaekh`tč nxzč ihfa erf`kamh nhrhfihghk~`rh m`rh agzxk `kxga~h kergh ŕa zremhnxra nh }hihmŭah ` meknxmhraa+ Ëk ihfh }xk~ mxzrak}heoiaf`ŭaaih }hrsamaaier zxoiamh nak zxkm~ nhshnhrh hna~eraì nh ` akcerg` zxoiamxi nh}zrh` m~asa~`~h` zx~hraier }~`~xixa) zx~hraa m`rh h}~h i` fxshrk`rh ŕa ezetaŭaha ëk zremhk~h }~òaia~h ak cxkm~ah nh kxgčrxi nh z`ri`ghk~`ra+

H}~h khseah nh `mh}~ m`nrx kerg`~as nhe`rhmh dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì nhŕa) nak zxkm~

nh shnhrh ì mekmhzŭaha ŕa mrh`ŭaha ëk gak~h` mhixa m`rh fïknhŕ~h g`~hraìxi dxrkìa}~am h}~h `}hgčkč~er mxmhi nak zrh}` }mra}č) ~e~x}a nak zxkm~ nh shnhrh ì m`z`ma~čŭaier zh m`rh ih `x gadie`mhih nh megxkam`rh zrak m`rh `dxkf i` nh}~ak`~`r) i` r`nae`}mxi~č~er) i` ~hih}zhm~`~er) hih }xk~ ~e~ì nachra~h+

@xnaesatxìxi ëk _egïka`

Ëk mekcerga~`~h mx zrhshnhraih Ihfaa `xnaesatxìxixa kr+8:>%?::?) nacxt`rh` xkxa }hrsamax nh zrefr`gh nh mč~rh xk r`naenacxter `ci`~ ëk dxra}namŭa` _egïkaha }h ze`~h c`mh kxgà ëk o`t` iamhkŭha`xnaesatxìh ŕa) nxzč m`t) ŕa ` iamhkŭha nh hga}ah+

Iamhkŭ` `xnaesatxìč }h hiaohrh`tč cah ëk o`t` xkxa mekmxr}) ëk m`txi xkxa }hrsamax nh zrefr`gh nacxt`~ zh mìh r`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč) cah ëk o`t` xkha nhmataa ` Mek}aiaxixa) ëk m`txi xkxa}hrsamax nh zrefr`gh nacxt`~ zrak eramh ì~h gadie`mh nh ~hihmegxkam`ŭaa+

Iamhkŭ` `xnaesatxìč }h `mernč zhk~rx e zhrae`nč nh 1 `ka) `~ï~ ëk neghkaxi r`naenacxtaxkaa

}ekerh) mï~ ŕa ëk mhi ì ~hihsataxkaa+ ^hrghkxi mxrfh nh i` n`~ eoŭakhraa `x~erat`ŭaha ~hlkamh nhcxkmŭaek`rh) ëk m`txi nacxtčraa zh mìh r`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč2 nh i` n`~` eoŭakhraa nhmataha nh `x~erat`rh

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`xnaesatxìč) ëk m`txi nacxtčraa zrak eramh ì~h gadie`mh nh ~hihmegxkam`ŭaa+ Iamhkŭ` ze`~h ca zrhixkfa~č zhk~rx e zhrae`nč nh ëkmč 1 `ka) ëk meknaŭaaih }~òaia~h nh Mek}aiax+

Mek}aiaxi K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatxìxixa }'` zrhemxz`~ }č nhtsei~h) zrak `mern`rh` nh iamhkŭh ŕanhmataa nh `x~erat`rh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx ezhr`~eraa nh r`nae ŕa ~hihsataxkh ŕa `sath nh rh~r`k}ga}ah zhk~rx ~hihsataxkh` zrak mòix) e za`ŭč `xnaesatxìč iaohrč) zixrìa}~č ŕa mekmxrhkŭaìč ëk _egïka`+

^hihsataxkh

Zïkč ëk zrhthk~$) zh ~hra~eraxi _egïkaha h|a}~č xk kxgčr nh =>1 iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh`mern`~h zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrefr`ghier nh ~hihsataxkh ,==< zhk~rx r`naenacxteraa nh nrhz~ zras`~ ŕa 00 zhk~rx r`naenacxterxi nh nrhz~ zxoiam ” ]emah~`~h` _egïkč nh hihsataxkh!+

Nak~rh mhih ==< iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh `mern`~h r`naenacxteraier nh nrhz~ zras`~) xk kxgčr nh?86 iamhkŭh }xk~ zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zh mìh r`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč ,?0< nh zx~hrh gamč ŕa =1 nh zx~hrhg`rh! a`r <0 zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrefr`ghier zrak }`~hia~+

_hchra~er i` hga}a` ~hrh}~rč) h}~h nh ghkŭaek`~ mč makma nak~rh }emah~čŭaih zras`~h ~a~xi`rh nhiamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh) nhŭak xk kxgčr mxzrak} ëk~rh 06 ŕa =< iamhkŭh cahm`rh) mek}~a~xaknx'}h `}~chi 8 rhŭhihmx `mezhrarh k`ŭaekìč+

$ _hsa}~` Cerxg kr+>%?::3H|a}~č 8 zrefr`gh nh ~hihsataxkh m`rh }xk~ nacxt`~h `~ï~ zh mìh r`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč) mï~ ŕa

zrak }`~hia~) }emah~čŭaih ~a~xi`rh nhŭakïkn `gohih ~azxra nh iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx xk }akfxr zrefr`g+]hrsamaaih nh zrefr`gh nh ~hihsataxkh mx hga}ah ~hrh}~rč) echrč ~hih}zhm~ ~eraier kxgà

zrefr`gh fhkhrìa}~h) }zrh nhe}hoarh nh mhih mx hga}ah zrak }`~hia~ ìh mčrer zrefr`gh }xk~ nashr}acam`~hnxzč mxg xrgh`tč4 =0 fhkhrìa}~h) 03 nh caig ,0 zhk~rx mezaa!) 00 nh gxtamč) > nh ŕ~ara ŕa > nh }zer~)mï~h = nh ~hih}lezzakf) ox}akh}} rh}zhm~as mx ~hg`~amč rhiafae`}č) ? mxi~xrìh) ? xkashr}a~`rh) ? x~aia~`rhŕa mï~h xkxi nhnam`~ mezaaier) chghaier) ~xra}gxixa rh}zhm~as zhk~rx gh~he+

Nak~rh mhih 00 iamhkŭh `xnaesatx ih zh m`rh ih nhŭakh ]emah~`~h` _egïkč nh ^hihsataxkh) >}xk~ mx hga}ah zh }`~hia~ ,= fhkhrìa}~h ŕa 0 mxi~xrì! ŕa 6 mx hga}ah ~hrh}~rč) 8 caakn mx `mezhrarhrhfaekìč) `mern`~h ]~xnaexraier ~hra~eraìh+

_`naenacxtaxkh

Mek}aiaxi K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatxìxixa ` `mern`~ zïkč ëk zrhthk~ 3?1 iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh

zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zh mìh r`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč ` }hrsamaaier nh zrefr`gh nh r`naenacxtaxkh ŕa =0 iamhkŭh`xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rh` }hrsamaaier nh zrefr`gh nh r`naenacxtaxkh zrak ak~hrghnaxi }`~hia~xixa+

_`naenacxteraa nh nrhz~ zras`~ nhŭak xk kxgčr nh 30? iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rhr`naehihm~ramč ~hrh}~rč ëk CG ŕa @G ,03 iamhkŭh ëk @G! ŕa ?1 iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrakak~hrghnaxi }`~hia~xixa+

Ëk `mh}~h meknaŭaa }h ze~ hsanhkŭa` xrgč~e`rhih `}zhm~h4  @x ce}~ `mern`~h nexč rhŭhih ëk CG mx `mezhrarh k`ŭaekìč ìmč~xa~h nak >>) rh}zhm~as

=6 nh }~`ŭaa nh hga}ah  H|a}~č xk kxgčr nh 16 iamhkŭh `xnaesatx ih `mern`~h zhk~rx ze}~xra mekch}aek ih ,>

iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrak }`~hia~!) nak~rh m`rh Oa}hram` Er~ene|č _egïkč nhŭakh =6iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh ,xk` zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrefr`ghier `xnaesatxìh zrak ak~hrghnaxi }`~hia~xixa!

  1 }emah~čŭa meghrmaìh nhŭak zh}~h ?: nh iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh) rh}zhm~as 8>) >?) >:) ?6)

?8) ?=) ??) ?0) zx~ïkn ca mek}anhr`~h rhŭhih mx `mezhrarh rhfaekìč }`x mla`r k`ŭaekìč  E `~hkŭah nhe}hoa~č ` ce}~ `mern`~č rhmhzŭaha }hrsamaaier nh zrefr`gh nh r`naenacxtaxkh

}~rčakh) `}~chi mč _`nae Cr`kmh Ak~hrk`~aekì h}~h rh~r`k}ga} nh xk r`naenacxter m`rh nhŭakh 8 iamhkŭh`xnaesatxìh ,xk` zhk~rx } ~hia~!) OOM h}~h rh~r`k}ga} nh xk r`naenacxter m`rh nhŭakh ? iamhkŭh`xnaesatxìh) Nhx~}mlh Vhiih h}~h rh~r`k}ga} nh xk r`naenacxter m`rh nhŭakh e iamhkŭč `xnaesatxìč

  Mek}aiaxi K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatx ixixa ` `mern`~ 3 iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh nh}~ak`~hnacxtčraa ~hrh}~rh ` }hrsamaaier nh zrefr`gh ëk zrakmazìhih mhk~rh xkashr}a~`rh nak _egïka`4 Oxmxrhŕ~a,?!) Mixd'K`zem`) Fì`ŭa) âgaŕe`r` ŕa ^ïrfx Gxrhŕ+

]emah~`~h` _egïkč nh _`naenacxtaxkh ” r`naenacxterxi nh nrhz~ zxoiam ” nhŭakh 06iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rh` ~hrh}~rč ŕa ? iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh zhk~rx nacxt`rh` zrakak~hrghnaxi }`~hia~xixa ` }hrsamaaier zxoiamh nh r`naenacxtaxkh+

Nak~rh `mh}~h`) ? iamhkŭh `xnaesatxìh }xk~ nh}~ak`~h mhier nexč rhŭhih ëk CG mx`mezhrarh k`ŭaekìč ìmč~xa~h nak 38) rh}zhm~as 80 nh }~`ŭaa nh hga}ah) mhihiì~h caakn `mern`~h zhk~rx

nacxt`rh` }hrsamaaier zxoiamh nh r`naenacxtaxkh ,zrefr`ghih }~xnaexraier ~hra~eraìh! zrak rhŭhihihrhfaekìh }`x }~`ŭaaih iemìh ëk @G ŕa CG+

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MK@ h}~h òaia~`~ }č hga~č ëk `ziam`rh` ihfaa4

  kergh mx zrasarh i` zxoiama~`~h` `xnaesatxìč ŕa ~hih}lezzakf  kergh mx zrasarh i` zrefr`ghih ŕa hga}axkaih zrasakn m`gz`kaaih hihm~erìh  kergh mx zrasarh i` rh}zek}òaia~čŭaih mxi~xrìh ìh r`naenacxteraier+

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MEK]Â^XA_H@ ECH_^HA DX_K@IA]ÂMH4 FHKX_A NH Z_H]@) MEKMHZ^H ]AGEN@IA^@Â NH XÂIAT@_H @ @MH]Ê_@+

Ak mekmhzhrh` }a rhìat`rh` hga}axkaier nh r`nae }a ~hihsataxkh fhkxi zxoiama}~am ìh}h}~h nh~hrgak`~ nh cerg`~xi hga}axkaa+Cerg ~xi hga}axkaa rhzrhtak~` `mh` }~rxm~xr` mek}~a~xa~ i` cahm rh hna~ah nh nacxt rh

nak hihghk~h megxkhm`rh aa n`x m`r`m~hr nh }hrah n`r }a nak hihghk~h nh kex~`~h dxrkìa}~am` m`rh aamekchr` xk fr`n nh mrh`~asa~`~h+

Mhrhrh` nh echr~č zhk~rx rhìat`rh` xkha hga}axka mxzraknh hihghk~h cxkn`ghk~ìheoiaf`~eraa nh anhk~acam`rh ` `mhiha hga}axka4

0+ nxr`~`2?+ er` nh nacxt rh2=+ ~hg ) mekŭakx~xi2>+ zxoiamxi ŭak~č28+ r ~akfxi mhrx~23+ oxfh~xi m`rh mxzraknh4

e rh}xr}hih cak`kma`rh2e rh}xr}hih ~hlkamh2e rh}xr}hih xg`kh+

Oxfh~xi mxzraknh ~e~ìa~`~h` c`m~eraier mek}~a~x~asa) cak`kma`ra) ~hlkama) xg`ka) m`rh }haksh}~hŕ~h ëk zrenxmhrh` `mhiha hga}axka+ Mïkn xk dxrkìa}~ ëkmhzh }č mekmh`zč xk zreahm~ nh hga}axkh}h fïknhŕ~h ëk zragxi rïkn i`~hlkam` zh m`rh e s` ceie}a) m`rh nh~hrgakč ŕa sìe`rh cak`kma`rč+ Z`r~h`~hlkamč h}~ ce`r~h agzer~`k~č ëk mekmhzhrh` xkxa zrefr`g nh ~hihsataxkh+ Z`r~h` cak`kma`rč ze`~h ca}x}ŭakx~č zrak `~r`fhrh` xker }zek}era) mecak`kŭčra) mezrenxmč~era) }`x nak rh}xr}h ak~hrkh ìh m`kìxixarh}zhm~as+

_h}xr}hih xg`kh }h a`xnak ak~hraerxi m`kìxixa) }h `mlataŭaekh`tč nak h|~hraer }`x }h zrhfč~h}m zhk~rx zhrae`nh nh~hrgak`~h nh nxr`~` zrefr`gxixa nh ~hihsataxkh+Ëk cxkmŭah nh fhkxi zxoiama}~am) nh ~azxi nhhga}axkh) }h ceie}h}m nh rhfxič ~e`~h s`ra`k~hih+ Nh h|hgzix4 xk dxrkì nh ŕ~ara`rh hmlazč ca|č4 zrhthk~`~era " hmlaz` ~hlkamč n`r zhk~rx z`r~h` rhn`mŭaekìč }h ze ~h `zhi` i`meiòer`~era) i` }zhmaìaŕ~a ëk `kxga~h neghkaa4 ~r`nxmč~era) `kìaŕ~a hmekegama) zeia~ama) gaia~`ra) h~m+

_`~akfxi }`x `xnahkŭ`+ Zxkm~xi nh r`~rakf h}~h nh~hrgak`~ i` khfemahraih mx `fhkŭaaihnh zxoiama~`~h+ _hfxi` ëk `xnaesatxì h}~h xrgč~e`rh4 mx mï~ xk ze}~ r`nae }`x ~s `rh gà gxi~h zxkm~hnh `xnahkŭč mx`~ï~ m`k~a~`~h` nh zxoiama~`~h h}~h gà g`rh+

MK@ ` rhfihghk~`~ kxgčrxi nh gakx~h nh zxoiama~ ~h ëk cxkmŭah nh ~azxi nh zrezrah~`~h4 ~hihsataxkaih zras`~h `x nrhz~xi i` 0?gakx~h nh zxoiama~`~h i` e erč nh hga}ah a`r }hrsamaaih zxoiamh `x < gakx~h nh zxoiama~`~h+ I` `mh`}~` }h`n`xfč mï~hs` zrhma~tčra4 }hrsamaaih zxoiamh kx`xnrhz~xi }č cr`fghk~hth er` a`r}hrsamaaih meghrmaìh n`) n`r kx gà zxŭak nh ?: nh gakx~h nak zrefr`g+ Nachrkŭ` nhgakx~h nh zxoiama~`~h }'` mek}anhr`~ mč h}~h `mezhra~č i` }hrsamaaih zxoiamh nh r`nae'~s zrak ~`|` nh`xnaesatxì m`rh h}~h }xzer~`~č nh zezxi`ŭah+ Zrhŭxi zxkm~xixa nh r`~akf i` zxoiama~`~h }hkhfema tč) h}~h `mmhz~`~ mekshkŭaekì) ze ~h mrhŕ~h }`x ze ~h }mčnh` ëk cxkmŭah nh agzer~ kŭhshkaghk~xixa+ @mh`}~č `xnahkŭč mrhh`tč zrhgathih xkha khfemahra saa~e`rh+

H|hgzih nh hihghk~h megxkh4 fhkhram) iaka` fr`cam`) hihghk~h nh fr`cam`) gxtam`)nxr`~`+$ fhkhramhih ak~hrghna`rh rhzrhtak~` e z`r~h nak fhkhramxi aka~aì ì hga}axkaa m`rh c`mh

~rhmhrh` era }zrh }z`~axi nh zxoiama~`~h era }zrh e ì~` rxoram`+ Ak nhkxgarh` xtxì` `mh}~h fhkhramhak~hrghna`rh gà `x nhkxgarh` nh dakfih ,}hgkìxi m`rh `~r`fh `~hk~a` `}xzr` mhs`!2

$ }xzer~xi gxtamì ak}e~h}~h fhkhramxi }a zrhf`~h}~h ak~r`rh` }`x ah}arh` nak hga}axkh+Fhkhramhih `x m`z`ma~`~h` }` zrenxm ak gak~h` r`nae`}mxi~ ~erxixa `}emahrh` mx

genhr`~erxi) shnh~`) zhr}ek`dxi m`rh h}~h `}ema`~ hga}axkaa+Ak geghk~xi ak~r`raa ak zrenxm~ah ` xkha hga}axka }h mxke`}~h er` nh nacxt`rh ak frai`

nh zrefr`g) nxr`~` hga}axkaa }a zxoiamxi ~ak~`+Ak mekshk~a` nh zrenxm~ah }xk~ }~òaia~a aknam`~eraa nh`xnahk~` m`rh }xk~ xrg`ra~a ak ~agzxi nacxt`raa }a nxz` nacxt`rh` hga}axkaa+

$ _`~akf'xi rhzrhtak~` kxg`rxi ghnax nh ~hih}zhm~`~era zh gakx~ }`x ak~hrsìxi er`r ìxkha hga}axka nacxt`~ nh e }~`~ah ~s+_`~akfxi }`x `xnahk~` ze`~h ca h|zrag`~ ak macrh ò}eix~h ak gaa nh

~hih}zhm~`~era }`x ak zremhk~h ,xk kxg`r nh zremhk~h nak ~`rfh~xi `kìat`~!+

8



$ Me~` nh za`~` ,nh `zrhmahrh) g`rbh~ }l`rh! h}~h r`zer~xi zremhk~xì nak~rh kxg`rxighnax nh ~hih}zhm~`~era à xkha hga}axka , }`x ak~hrosì er`r! ` xkha }~`~aa ~s }a kxg`r ghnax nh~hih}zhm~`~era nh zh ~e`~h }~`~aih ~s mìmxi`~ zh `mhi`}a ak~hrsì er`r` }`x hga}axkh+

]h gà ceie}h}m ak `kìat` `zrhmahraa hga}axkaier }a ì~h genìa~`~a nh mhrmh~`rh ` zxoiamxixa4

$ rh`ml'xi }h mìmxih`t` m` kxg`r nh ~hih}zhm~`~era nachra~a m`rh `x sataek`~ mhi zx~ak

xk gakx~ nak~r'e hga}axkh ~s+ Hi }h ze`~h mx`k~acam` ak gaa nh ~hih}zhm~`~era }`x ak zremhk~+$ `caka~`~h ,^f@cak! h}~h r`zer~xi nak~rh `xnahk~` ~`rfh~xixa `kìat`~ }a `xnahk~` xkxa~`rfh~ nh rhchrak~` }a }h akgxi~h}~h mx 0::+ Aknh|xi ^f@cak }h ak~hrzrh~h`t` `}~chi4 n`m` rhtxi~`~xi h}~h zh}~h 0:: ak}h`gk` m` ak~hrh}xi `xnahk~ha ak ~`rfh~xi `kìat`~ h}~h gà g`rh nhm ~ ak mhi nh rhchrak~`+

$ ~agh o`kn‑} aknh| h}~h r`zer~xi nak~rh }l`rh'xi hga}axkaa }a }l`rh'xi ghnax ì }~`~aha~s zh ~e`~` tax`+ @mh}~` h}~h agzer~ k~ zhk~rx m` }hgkacam` mek~raox~a` zh m`rh ` `sx~'e hga}axkh` ak`~r`fhrh` ~hih}zhm~ ~eraier m`~rh m`kìxi rh}zhm~as+ N`m` sìe`rh` `mh}~xa aknam`~er h}~h zh}~h 0::ak}h`gk` m` hga}axkh` ` rhx}a~ }` `~r`f` xk kxg`r nh ~hih}zhm~`~era gà g`rh nhm`~ ` rhx}a~ ak~rh`f`}~`~ah ~s ak ghnah zh ~e`~` tax`+

$ }~rxm~xr` nh zxoiam rhzrhtak~` hihghk~xi nh i` m`rh }h zih`m` ak ~e`~h `kìathihaknam`~eraier nh `xnahk~`) mek}~` ak rhz`r~a~a` `xnahk~ha hzh m`~hferaa }emae'nhgefr`camh `nam` fhk)}~xnaa) frxz` nh s`r}~`+

O`~ìa` zhk~rx rhìat`rh` xkha hga}axka m`rh }` m`z~hth `xnahk~` h}~h nh~hrgak`~` nh

eo~akhrh` xkxa kxg`r m`~ gà g`rh nh zxkm~h nh `xnahk~`+Zxkm~xi nh `xnahk~` h}~h ceie}a~ i` khfemahrh` m`rh }h nxmh mx `fhk~aaih nh zxoiama~`~h+

@fhk~aaih nh zxoiama~`~h m`x~` }` echrh zxoiama~`~h nhrhfxi` m`kìhier nh~hihsataxkh m`rh `x mhi gà g`rhkxg`r nh zxkm~h nh zxoiama~`~h+ Ak _eg`ka` `mh`}~` khfemahrh zhk~rx }z`~aaih nh zxoiama~`~h nak `kxixrg`~er `rh iem nh rhfxi` `kxì ak ixkaih em~egorah ” keahgorah) xi~hraer hga}axkaih }xk~ zi`}`~h ak frai`nh zrefr`g ak `}` chi akm`~ ak~hrsìxi er`r }` merh}zxkn` }a mhrhraier `fhk~aaier nh zxoiama~`~h+

Dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatx i `rh zh i`kf` m`r`m~hra}~amaih fhkxraier dxrkìa}~amh }zhmacamh zrh}ha }mra}h , }~arh`) rhzer~`dxi) meghk~`raxi hna~eraìxi) ak~hrsaxi! hihghk~h nh rhn`m~`rh) nh mek}~rxarh `fhkxixa zxoiama}~am }zhmacamh m`kìhier nh nacxt`rh+ H|hgzix4 ak~r'e hga}axkh nhr`nae hihghk~hih m`rh~ak nh tek` sanhe ` ag`fakaa kx `x mxg }` cah ceie}a~h nhe`rhmh gadiemxi nh megxkam rh kx zhrga~h+

Ak `mhi`}a ~agz) tek` hga}axkaier nak }z`~axi sanhe }h ze~ na}zhk}` nh hihghk~hihh}hk~aìh ìh r`naexixa4 }xkh~h) tfege~h) zhk~rx m` ak }z`~axi sanhe xk` nak~rh m`r`m~hra}~ama h}~h‛iaka}~h`‗+ H` h}~h h|zrag`~` dxrkìa}~am zrak zi`kxra nh ag`fakh ak m`rh seroa~erxi zrash}~h) f`knh}~h)

~`mh mx }xoak~hih}) megxkam` mx fh}~xra kekshroìh+Fhkxraih zxoiama}~amh }zhmacamh `xnaesatxìxixixa} h agz`r~ ak nex` g`ra m`~hfreraa4

akcerg`~ash }a meghk~`~ash+Fhkxraih akcerg`~ash `x m` }`rmak` zrakmazì` nacxt`rh akcerg`~aha+ Ak dxrk ia}g

akcerg`~ah ~rhoxah }` r`}zxkn` i` mha makma ‛V‗) ak}` i` e `kìat` ak nh~ìax ` hseix~aha dxrkìa}gxixa`xnaesatxì nak xi~agaa `ka) }h mek}~`~` c`z~xi m`fhkxi akcerg`~as cxkn`ghk~ì ” }~arh` r`}zxknh ne`r iàk~rho`raih ‛makh5‗) ‛mh5‗) ‛m`kn5‗) ‛xknh5‗ }a nak mh ak mh gà r`r` i` ak~rho`raih ‛nh mh5‗ }a ‛mxg5‗+Zh `mh}~h ak~rho`ra ‛nh mh5‗ }a ‛mxg5‗ }xk~ mek}~rxa~h nh rhfxi` hga}axka m`rh }h nacxth`t` nxz` oxih~akhih akcerg`~ash) nh`rhmh i` `}~chi nh ak~rho`ra r`}zxkn hga}axkaih m`rh ak~r` ak m`~hfera` fhkxraier meghk~`~ash+

Nak~rh fhkxraih zxoiama}~amh m`rh }h x~aiath`t` ak mek}~rxarh` xkha hga}axka) rhzer~`dxi ze`~h cafxr` }a ak~rh fhkxraih akcerg`~ash+ _hzer~`dxi ` nhshka~ z`r~h megzekhk~` ` hga}axkaier nh }~ara) z`r~amxi`ra~`~h` `mh}~xa` caakn agziam`rh` rhzer~hrxixa ak hshkaghk~+ Nh h|hgzix4 rhi`~`raih nh i` c`~ìemxixa ìh rhzer~hraier m`rh }h zi`}h`t` ak tekh ~xra}~amh }`x ak nh~ìahrh` xker hshkaghk~h m`rh ~ak nhc`z~ nashr}+ Nak z`m`~h hihghk~hih akcerg`~ash ìh rhzer~`dxixa ak `xnaesatxì akmhz }` ~ak` nak mh ak mhgà gxi~ nh shkaghk~h nak mi`}` c`z~xixa nashr}+

Gadie`mhih ia~hr`r'`r~a}~amh }xk~ gà nhfrò` ceie}a~h ak fhkhramhih nak m`nrxi }~araier m`rh zrhmhn rhzer~`dxi nh}rh hshkaghk~xi rh}zhm~as+

Ak zrh}` }mra}` ag`fakh` ` nhshka~ nak mh ak mh gà negak`k~` `}~chiakm`~ z`fak` nhrhzer~`d nhsakh xk ce~e'gek~`d mx meghk~`raa }a h|ziam`~aa+ E h|ziam`~ah `r cae m` `~`~ zrh}` }mra}`)r`naexi m`~ }a ~hihsataxkh` }h mekcrxk~` mx iaz}` nh ak~hrh} ` zxoiamxixa zhk~rx ma~a~+

Ak mek}~rxm~ah hga}axkaie aknachrhk~ nh fhkxi zxoiama}~am }'` zrenx} e ~r`k}i`rh) egx~`rh) akmiak`rh ` zrhthk~ha dxrkìa}~xixa }a akiemxarh` ixa mx e`ghka nak rhìa~`~h) m`rh nhsak ha ak}a}a zre~`feka}~aa `mhiha hga}axka+ H|hgzix4 ‛^òiex nh kxk~`‗) ‛18'18‗) ‛Nak nr`fe}~h‗) ‛]xrzrath'}xrzrath‗) ~e ~h `mh}~h hga}axka }xk~ mek}~rxa~h zh g`r~xra}arh` xker ~r ara }a ak~r` ak m`~hfera`hga}axkaier ak m`rh rhzer~hrxi `zre`zh m` na}z`rh nak ag`fakh a`r zrenxm~a` h}~h àneg` xkxa caig zrakgek~`d makhg`~efr`cam+

3



G`dera~`~h hga}axkaier ak }z`~axi `xnaesatxì }xk~ mekmhzx~h }a hiòer`~h zhk~rx `r`}zxknh ak~hrh}xixa m`~hferaaier nh s`r}~` ~akhrh }a m`~hferaaiernh zxoiam akmix}` ak rxoram` zxoiam `m~as`nam` mhi m`rh h}~h akm`nr`~ ak~r'e `m~asa~`~h rhgxkhr`~`+

Fhkxraih zxoiama}~amh ak dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì cxkm~aekh`t` m`xk }a}~hg ak m`rhihghk~hih ze~ ak~hrchr`+ Ak zr`m~am` }h ak~ìkh}m hga}axka ak m`rh }h ceie}h}~h rhzer~`dxi'`kmlh~`)rhzer~ dxi'ak~hrsax) rhzer~`dxi'h}hx) ak~hrsaxi'z`gcih~) `kmlh~`'z`gcih~) `r~ameixi'meghk~`rax) h~m+

@mh`}~` megoak`rh nh fhkxra zxoiama}~amh echr` dxrkìa}~xixa m`z`ma~`~h` nh ` }h g`kach}~` dxrkìa}~amkhcaakn akmer}h~`~` nh xk `kxga~ fhk+H|a}~` ~e~en`~` }a ak `xnaesatxì hihghk~h }zhmacamh zhk~rx zrh}` }mra}`) nh h|hgzix ak

mek}~rxarh` }~araa ak zrh}` }mra}` akmhzx~xi rhzrhtak~` r`}zxk}xi i` ak~rho`rh` ‛m`kn5‗) zh m`kn i` r`nae}`x i` ~hihsataxkhakmhzx~xi }~araa h}~h r`}zxk}xi i` ak~rho`rh` ‛mh }'` ak~`gzi`~5‗+ G`rhih `s`k~`d ìmegxkam`raa r`nae }a ~s h}~h }agxi~`kha~`~h`) ze}aoaia~`~h` ~r`k}ga~hraa hshkaghk~xixa ak narhm~+

I@K]@_H@ AK Z_ENXMÂH

0+ Z_EAHM^XI NH HGA]AXKH2?+ MEK]^_XMÂ@ FHKX_AIE_ ZXOIAMA]ÂMH AK AG@FAKA ]A ]XKH^HAk dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì }h ceie}h}~h }ak~`fg` ‛i`k}`rh` ak zrenxm~ah‗ `}hg`k`~e`rh

mx i`k}`rh` ak zrenxm~ah nak cix|xi aknx}~raì ìxkxa zrenx}+ Oxfh~hih cerg`~hier nh hga}axka) kxg`rxinh hna~aa zh `mha`}a ~hg` }a ak~aknhrh` zh frai` zrh}xzxk me}~xra xkhera xra`}h) zhk~rx m` akmixn }a}ì`rat`rh` zhr}ekìxixa nh mrh`~ah) nh h|hmx~ah) m`rh nh gxi~h era h}~h ce`r~h kxghre}+

Ak zrhthk~ ak }~rxm~xr` m`kìhier nh r`nae }a ~hihsataxkh g`ra ,rhfaekìh) k`~aekìh)ak~hrk`~aekìh! }'` ak~renx} gh~en` `mlata~aek`raa nh }hrsamaa+ @}~chi }h `mlata~aekh`t` }hrsamaa zhk~rx4

]hrsamaa nh mrh`~ah4 `mlata~aa nh anha) }mhk`raa) zreahm~h) `n`z~`ra) h~m) }hgkìhgxtamìh zhk~rx fhkramh) fhkhramh sanhe m`rh }h h|hmx~` i` ì~h cargh nh zrenxm~ah) ~e`~h `mh}~h zhk~rxnhfrhs`rh` zhr}ekìxixa nak m`kìxi ~s rh}zhm~as2

Akmlarahra nh `z`r`~xr` }a x~ai`dh ~hlkamh khmh}`rh zh zhrae`n` akrhfa}~r`raa zrenxm~aha }`x nacxt`raa hga}axkaa ak narhm~2

Ak~r`rh` ak zrenxm~ah }h zrefr`gh`t` ak cxkm~ah nh zi`kacam rh c`mx~` ak o`t`}mhk`raxixa+

]mhk`raxi rhzrhtak~` xk fhk zxoiama}~am m`rh `rh m`z`ma~`~h` nh ` mxzraknh hseix~aànhaier gh}`dxixa) mek~akx~xixa hga}axkaa zh xk ~agz n`~+Xk }mhk`rax }h hiòerh`t`) rhn`m~h`t` zh zrakmazaxi mi`}am ì xkha megzxkhra4 akmhzx~)

mxzrak} }a akmlhahrh+ Ak `mh}~h ~rha z`r~a ~rhoxah }` }h mek}~a~xah xk ia`k~ nh ag`faka }a }xkh~h m`rh }` nxmì` `z`ra~a` xkha ezhrh `r~a}~amh+

@~xkma m`kn }h mekmhzh xk }mhk`rax zhk~rx e hga}axkh ak `xnaesatxì megzekhk~hihnh ag`fakh }a nh }xkh~ ak}e~h}m rhn`m~`rh` ~h|~xixa+ Nak h|zhrahk~` }mhk`raxi }a nhmxz`dxi }h zrenxm nhmhih gà gxi~h era }agxi~`k+ Xi~hraer nxz` ihm~xr` ak~hrsakh nhmxz`dxi rhfaterì }a nxz` akrhfa}~r`rh`hga}axkaa }`x ak ~agzxi ha ak~hrsak genacam`ra xkhera `~`~ i` }mhk`rax m`~ }a i` nhmxz`d ak cxkm~ah nhhshkaghk~hih nh}c`}xr`~h+

N`m }mhk`raxi h}~h e zesh}~h ak~r'e mxr}asa~ ~h mh }~ rkh}~h ak~hrh}) nhmxz dxirhzrhtak~` `mha`}a zesh}~h zx}` ak ~azxra nhzi`kxra nh caig`rh }a mx h|ziam`~aaih nh nhmer) nh }xkh~) nh`goa`k~`) nh nh}mrahrh nh zhr}ek`dh+

âzxraih nh zi`kxra nh caig`rh }xk~ ak fhkhrì `mhih`}a m` }a mhih nak makhg`~efr`cah }ahih }xk~ ceie}a~h ak~r'e }xmmh}axkh m`rh }` hsa~h `}` kxga~` }`ra~xr`) `nam` e na}cxkm~aekìa~`~h ~hlkam`mrh`~` nh iaz}` nh iefam` ak ga}m`rh+

Zi`kxra ca|h4 zrag zi`k) fre}'zi`k) zi`k nh~ìax }a zi`k fhkhrì+Zi`kxra ga}m`~h4

' z`ker`g`rh ,}h caigh`t` nh i` }~`kf` i` nrh`z~`!2' ~r`shiakf ,eoahm~xi nh caig ~ r`g`kh ca|) }h ga}m` m`ghr ak dxrxi ixa!2' r`mexr}a , }h caigh t` nh de} ak }x}!2' ziekfhh ,}h caigh`t` nh }x} ak de}!+

Ak neghkaxi r`naexixa }mhk`raxi rhzrhtak~` `mha }a cerg` nh mrh`~ah m` }a ak~hihsataxkh) n`r nhmxz`dxi `rh ak shnhrh rhmrh`rh` rhìa~`~aa mx `dx~erxi }xkh~xixa4 semh` xg`k`) aix}~r`~a`gxtamì`) `goa`k~`) }ekerat`raih) tfege~hih+

Tfege~xi c`mh z`r~h nak sa`~`) i` r`nae hi kx h}~h ceie}a~ m` xk hihghk~ zhr~xro`~er ì

akrhfa}~r`raa) ma h}~h ceie}a~ zhk~rx mrh`rh` xkha }hmshk~h }ekerh shranamh+

6



Mx `dx~erxi }xkh~hier }h nhmxzh`t` nak rh ia~ ~h }xkh~hih m`rh mrh`t` rh ia~ ~h`~r`k}ga}` zrak r`nae+

Ak eramh ze}~ nh r`nae h|a}~` o`km` nh }xkh~h) xknh nh' ixkfxi srhgaa `xce}~akrhfa}~r`~h nachra~h }xkh~h) }a hih }h f`}h}m nh}mra}h nxz` `m~axhk zh m`rh e }xfhrh`t`) nh h|hzix4 `z` nhgxk~h m`rh mxrfh mx sa~ht` g`rh }`x s`k~ m`rh ~rhmh zrak crxkta} mx tfege~+

Z@_ÂMXI@_A^@ÂIH HGA]AXKAIE_ NH ]Â_A) NASH_Â]GHK^ ]A HNXM@ÂSH

Zrefr`ghih nh }~ara }xk~ rhìat`~h ~e`~h ak rhfag nh ~r`k}ga}ah ak narhm~ ak}` ak~hraerxi zrefr`gxixa h~}h ‛agz`k`~‗ mx cr`fghk~h akrhfa}~r ~h+

Z`r~amxi`ra~ ~h` `mh}~er hga}axka h}~h n`~ ak zha}`dxi `xnaesatx i reg`kh}m nhke~erah~`~h` }a mhihora`~`~h` neo`kna~` ak gen z`r`ne|ì ak megz`r`~ah mx ì~h }z`~aa nh ~r`k}ga}ah~r`na~aekìh ,nh h|hgzix @ghram`) Cr`k~`! nh shnh~a}gxi zrhthk~`~e`rhier }a zrhthk~`~eraier+

Zhk~rx zrag` n`~` ak zha}`dxi `xnaesatxì reg`kh}m nxz` 011: i` ~hihsataxkh zxoiam`x` na}z`rx~ nak }z`~axi nh zrhthk~`rh mràkamhih a`r }z`~axi nh ak~hrh} }'` gx~ ~ m`~rh mràkamaa nh }~ara+En`~` mx akcaak~`rh` ze}~xixa Z_E ^S ak 0118) i` `kxk~xi nh nh}mlanhrhzhk~rx zrag` n`~` ak _eg`ka`)kxghi mràkamha ` ak~r`~zh zamaer nh hfìa~`~h mx kxghih m`za~ìha) ~`raa }a m`kìxixa nh ~hihsataxkh+ Nak`mh}~ geghk~ ak _eg`ka` }'` zrenx} xk chkeghk m`rh kx h}~h akrhfa}~r`~ ak~r'e a}~era rhi`~as kex` nh

~hihsataxkh+Nh rhfxi` i` m`k ihih `ghram`kh }`x ora~ kamh) fhrg`kh) cr`kmhth) a~ìahkh)

zrhthk~`~eraa nh }~ara }h rhmrx~`x nak r`knxi rhzer~hraier mx shmlagh nh ?: nh `ka+ @mmhk~xi }h zxkh` zhmrhnaoaia~`~h` gh}`dxixa ~r`k}ga}) }a }h mek}anhr` m` e ~`k`r` crxge`}`) g`mla`~`) zahz~`k`~` kx `r zrenxmh e agzrh}ah mrhnaoai` }~araier zeia~amh) }zer~ash) h~m+

Ak _eg`ka` chkeghkxi ‛]~araier Z_E ^S‗ ` fhkhr`~ e ga}m`rh nh aga~`~ah }a`x``z`rx~ zh o`kn` ‛}~ara}~h‗ ` m`rer }akfxr` `z`ra~ah }h zrh}xzxkh` m` `r `~r`fh zxoiamxi+

Ceie}arh` ag`fakaa }zhm~`mei ` meakma} m`~rh }c r}a~xi nhmhkaxixa ì kexìh` mx~r`k}cerg`rh` zrefr`gxixa nh }~arra ak~r'xk zrefr`g nh }~ara'}zhm~`mei) xknh akcerg`~a` h}~h ceie}a~` zhk~rx ` }~r`rka hge~a`+

Akcerg`~a` g`}}'ghna` kx gà h}~h xk shm~er nh kex~`~h ak zrefr`gxi nh }~ara ma xkhihghk~ nh }zhm~`mei+ @}zhm~xi nh }zhm~`mei fhkr`~ nh zeta~aek`rh` }~araier ak zrefr`g mx ~a~ixra }em`k~h)fhkhramh agzrh}aek k~h) cxknìxra nh }~xnaexra xi~r`genhrkh mx `}zhm~ fhk K@]@) ak cakì mrh`t` xk

}hk~aghk~ nh `r~acamaì ì zrefr`gxixa nh }~ara) }a mla`r hihghk~hih m`rh }xk~ akcerg`~aa g`derh mxagziam`~aa `}xzr`sah~aa `}mxi~`~erxixa % ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa zrak~r'e `}~chi nh zrhthk~`rh nhsak nhrateraa)}xzhrcamaìh+

Zrak `mh}~h ~hlkama nh rhìat`rh ` hga}axkaier nh }~ara4 m`nrh }mxr~h) zesh}~ara }em`k~h }a~e`~h mhihiì~h g`kahrh nh rhìat`rh ` hga}axkaier hnxm`~ash }`x nh nashr~a}ghk~ `x }xchra~ gx~`~aa4fre~h}mxi) zhr}aci`rh`) ‛ga}~em`rhì`‗) iago`dxi }a fh}~am` mx nxoix ak~hih}) `x nx} i` mrh`rh` xker hga}axka nh }xmmh} i` zxoiam n`r nh ak}xmmh} ak r`zer~ mx sìeraih ~r`na~aekìh+

@~a~xnakh` nh aknachrhk~` kekmego`~`) nh khz`r~amaz`rhi` sa`~` }emaì` h}~h n`~` }a ak oxk` g`}xr` nh ò}hk~` `zre`zh ~e~ì` ` hga}axkaier m`rh ~ak nh hnxm`rh` zxoiamxixa zhk~rx ` }hg`kach}~` c`~` nh `x~era~`~a+

Ak mekmhzhrh` hga}axkaier mxi~xrìh }a nh nashr~a}ghk~ }h rh}zhm~` gh~eneiefa` mi`}am` zhk~rx e hga}axkh ak `xnaesatxì+ Hihghk~hih nh z`r~amxi`rat`rh ak~hrsak ak geghk~xi ak~r`raa ak}zhmacamxi mhrak~ha echr~ha nh zrefr`g+

Nh rhfxi`) nh}a i` zrag` shnhrh z`rh m` hga}axkaih mxi~xrìh }a nh nashr~a}ghk~ `r zx~h` ca hga}axka i` zeia nachra~a) ~e~x}a hih }h ak}mrax ak ~hknak~` fhkhrì` ` dxrkìa}gxixa `xnaesatxìmek~hgzer`k m`rh agzxkh x~aiat`rh` hihghk~hier nh }zhm~`mei) nh c`}~xe}) nh h|eroa~`k~) nh g`rh~ah+

@~xkma m`kn kx }xk~ rhìat`~h ak~r'xk nhmer gh}mlak) akmla} ~az m`ghr`) hga}axkaihmxi~xr ih }a nh nashr~a}ghk~ x~aiath t` akcerg`~a m` shm~er zhk~rx hnxm`~ah) sìeraih nh iago`d)megzer~`ghk~ }a fh}~am` m` shm~er genhi`~er zhk~rx ak}~rxm~ah) mhih nex` ~azxra nh hga}axka ceie}aknm`z`ma~`~h` egxixa) zhk~rx hga}axkaih mxi~xrìh nh ` }h mekmhk~r` zh neghkaxi mxi~xrì }a zhk~rxhga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~ nh ` }h mekmhk~r` zh hihghk~xi nh oxk` na}zeta~ah+

<



ak~rakn ak eoiaf`~a` rhn`m~`raa ~h|~xixa }` ih mek~ak` + Nh mhih gà gxi~h era ak}` akcerg`~aaih zrhthk~`~hnh mràkam }h rha`x }a ak }hmshk~` akrhfa}~r`~` }`x ~r`k}ga}` ak narhm~+

@i`~xra nh mha kxga~a zak` `mxg ak ak~hraerxi hmlazha nh mek}~rxm~ah }h gà `ci` }mhkefr`cxi m`rhh}~h xk eg nh mrh`~ah m`rh `}afxr` zreahm~`rh` nhmerxixa }a nh }afi` nxz` mh `x ce}~ nacxt`~h zraghih oxih~akh nh }~ara ak `mhi`}a nhmer }mhkefr`cxi kx gà `rh eoiaf`~a` }` cah zrhthk~ i` hga}ah+

G`mlaerxi a}a c`mh ~rhò` akàk~h nh ak~r`rh` ak hga}ah }a n`m` h}~h khmh}`r ak z`xth ze`~h rhshkaa

mx rh~x}xra i` zrhthk~`~er }`x aksa~`~xi ak narhm~+Gà }xk~ ceie}a~a 4~hlkama`kxi nh ixgaka }a ~hlkama`kxi nh }xkh~ +@mh}~` h}~h hmlaz` m`rh `}afxr` zrenxm~a` xkha hga}axka kx kxgà nh }~ara ak }z`~axi `xnaesatxì+

Ak mekmixtah c`thih zremh}xixa nh zrenxm~ah }a nh nacxt`rh ìh hga}axkaier akcerg`~ash ze~ ca agz`r~a~h ak~rha h~`zh na}~akm~h4

0+ zrhf`~arh` hga}axkaa?+ hga}a` zrezrax ta}`=+ ze}~ hga}a`

Zrhf`~arh` hga}aha4 zremh}hih akcerg`~aaier ak `mh`}~` h~`z` }xk~ zhk~rx e hga}axkh nh }~ara ia}~` mxhshkaghk~hih m`rh }h nh}c`}e`r` ak `mh` ta m`rh nak~rh hih }h caigh`t` zhk~rx nacxt`rh ak tax` rh}zhm~as`}a m`rh ak taihih xrg`~e`rh +

Kegakìat`rh` rhn`m~eraier rh}zhm~asa zhk~rx rhìat`rh` akrhfa}~r`raier ` rhzer~hraier m`rh xrgh`t`

}` c`m` ~r`k}ga}aaih ak narhm~) }hnak~` nh }xg`r m`rh h}~h zrag` rhxkaxkh ` hmlazha nak tax` rh}zhm~as` }am`rh `rh iem zak` ak er` 0:):: zhk~rx dxrkìxi nh i` er` 01):: 2 zhk~rx dxrkìxi nh zr`kt h` `rh iem }a gànhsrhgh +

Hmlazhih ak~r'e }~`~ah nh r nae }`x ~s }xk~ hmlazh ca|h agz`r~a~h nxz` er` }`x zrefr`gxi i` m rhixmrh`t` H|4 zhk~rx er` 01):: hmlazhih zhk~rx ?? }hnak~` nh }xg`r `dx~` }a i` zeta~aek`rh agzer~`k~hahshkaghk~xixa zh nh e z`r~h) zh nh ì~` z`r~h hna~eraìxi }h }a kegak iath t` fhkxi rhzer~hramh}m zrakm`rh }h `nxmh e akcerg`~ah ak `~hk~a` ezakaha zxoiamh+ H|4 }h c`mh nh}c`}xr`~erxi caig`raier }a }h }~òaih}~hnak m`rh iem }h ~r`k}ga~h ak narhm~ ) m`rh akcerg`~aa }h `nxm mx `dx~erxi xker aksa~`~a ak narhm~ ) mhmeghk~`rax }h ak~renxmh)makh c`mh xk }ekn`d nh ezakah zh }~r`n`) makh xk rhzer~`d+

Z`fak`rh` xkxa oxih~ak nh }~ara akmhzh nak zraghih erh ìh nagakh~aa }a }h akmlhah en`~` mx nacxt`rhìxa zh ze}~ nhe`rhmh mla`r ak ~agzxi nacxt`raa }h ak~agzi` m` }` }h }mlagoh ernakh` g`~hraìhier akrhfa}~r`~h ak cxkm~ah nh nh}c`}xr`rh` hshkaghk~hier+

Zihm`rh` zh ~hrhk ` hmlazhier nh akrhfa}~r`rh sanhe }`x }xkh~ i` r`nae h}~h meernek`~` nh }hcxi nh

zrenxm~ah }`x `ngaka}~r`~erxi nh zrenxm~ah m`rh en`~` mx kegakìat`rh` hmlazha ~hlkamh c`mh }a zrefr`g`rh` hmlaz`ghk~hier khmh}`rh4 m`ghr` nh ix`~ shnhra zhk~rx ~s) zhk~rx r`nae rhzer~hraa)rhn`m~eraa }xk~ ne~`~a mx ma~h xk `z`r`~ nh akrhfa}~r`rh+

I` ~r`k}ga}aa megzih|h }h `n`xf` zhk~rx r`nae hmlaz` nh }xkh~+) zhk~rx ~s hmlaz`ghk~xi~hlkeiefam nh ixgak` zix} gadie`mhih nh ~r`k}zer~ m`rh ze~ ca }agzih }`x }zhmaìat`~h , m`rh nh rhzer~`d !+

Zhk~rx hga}axkaih m`rh }h ~r`k}ga~ taikam meghktaih nh khmh} r xg`k }a ~hlkam zhk~rx rhìat`rh` zrenxm~aaier }h c`m i` akmhzx~xi ak~r`raa zrefr`gxixa ak zrenxm~ah }a hih }h }afxr` nxz` `mhh` `x~eg`~+

I` ze}~ hga}ah }h zremhnh`t` i` zrhix`rh` m`}h~ha zh m`rh ` ce}~ akrhfa}~r`~ oxih~akxi nh }~ara aknarhm~ zhk~rx m` mla r n`m hga}axkh` h}~h ak narhm~ ihfa}i ~a reg`k` }a hxrezh`k` eoiaf` iàkrhfa}~r`rh` `mh}~ha` cah i` rhix`rh` zh xk ì~ zrefr`g , h|4 xk oxih~ak nh }~ara nh zh xk m`kì k`~aekì }hrh~`r`k}ga~h zh xk m`kì ak~hrk`~aekì }a ak shnhrh` `rlas`raa zhk~rx }~em`rh ak m`nrxi hga}axkaier nh`rlas` }a zhk~rx `mern`rh` nrhz~xixa i` rhziam` m`rh ak mekcerga~`~h mx kerghih MK@ }h `mern` ak~hrghk nh 6 taih nh i` n`~` hga}aha+

]mraz~xi hga}axkaa akcerg`~ash }a mx nh}c`}xr`~erxi hga}axkaa }h ak~renxmh ak m`}h~` nh `rlas` }a h`xrgh`t` cix|xi carh}m ì nemxghk~hier `rlas`~h+

Nh}c`}xr`~erxi hga}axkaa mxzraknh ~a~ixi ) dxrkìxi nh nagakh`~`) tax`) n`~` ) er` ~r`k}ga~hraa }a akernakh ~agh'menxraih , er` ) gakx~xi }a }hmxkn` xknh }h `ci` akrhfa}~r`~ zh m`}h~` ~e`~h }hmshk~hihnacxt ~h ak dxrkìxi rh}zhm~as akmix}as rxoramaih gh~he }a }zer~ ak `}` chi akma~ zh}~h xk `kxga~ ~agz dxrkìxi `rlas`~ }` mek}~a~xah xk nemxghk~ sanhe ì taiha rh}zhm~ash+ E`rh hshkaghk~hih nacxt`~hrhzrhtak~` tax` rh}zhm~as` zhk~rx ze}~hra~`~h 5+

_AFE_AIH Z_ENXMÂHA AK @XNAESATX@I

Ak~r'e zhrchm~` m`r`m~hrat`rh nh fieoìat`rh) nafa~ìat`rh) gxi~aziam`rh) ` }hrsamaaier nh~hihsataxkh) `xnaesatxìxi reg`kh}m ` `sx~ e nhtsei~`rh }zhm~`mxie`}` ak }zhmaì ak xi~agaa >)8 `ka `~a~ akshnhr` `rgekat`raa ihfa}i`~aha reg`kh}~a ) ak mhh` mh zrash}~h cxkm~aaih r`naexraier }a ~hihs+ mx ihfa}i`~a`

00



Mek}~rxm~a` xkha hga}axka nh r`nae }a ~s ak `xnaesatxì zerkh}~h nh i` ma~hs` hihghk~h m`rh z`r~amxi`rath`t` dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì ]zrh nhe}hoarh nh zrh}` }mra}` iamhk~` nh hga}ah eoiaf` e frai`nh zrefr`gh m`rh }` mek~ak` hga}axka mx nex` zhr}ekìa~`~a 4 m`r`m~hra}~am` ) }zhmacamxi m`kìxixarh}zhm~as+ Ak `k}`goixi ghnaaier nh megxkam rh dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì h}~h eoiaf`~ zrak kergh) xkhihmla`r nh h|zrh}ah ak mhh` mh zrash}~h seroarh` merhm~` ` iagoaa reg`kh , nem+MK@ !+

]~rxm~xr` gh}`dxixa h}~h mek}~rxa~` ak `mhi`}a ~agz zrak frai` nh zrefr`gh zrak }z`~aaih nh nacxt`rh+

Erhih g`~akìh , m`rh `r merh}zxknh ak zrh}` }mra}` mx hna~a` nh nagakh`~`! a`r ak mekmhzhrh` hga}axkaier }z`~axi er`r ak m`rh }h nacxth`t` e hga}axkh h}~h nh~hrgak`~ ) nhe`rhmh ak `mh}~ }z`~ax h|a}~` xk zxoiam oakh nh~hrgak`~ }emaeiefam+

Zxoiamxi nh nagakh`~` h}~h nh rhfxi` zxoiamxi sar}~ha gama }`x zh}~h 8: `ka i` m`rh }h `n`xf` ze}aoaixi frxz ~r`kta~erax , zxoiamxi m`rh }h xa~` i` ~s ak ~agzxi xkha ì~h `m~asa~`~a) `}mxi~` r`nae !+Mxke`}~hrh` zxoiamxixa eoiaf` zh rhìat`~erxi nh hga}axka ak `xnaesatxì }` ~ak` mek~ ak fr`n`rh`rxoramaier }a ak `mhi`}a ~agz }a ceie}arh` iagoaa `nhms`~h +

Hihghk~xi mx ~e~xi }zhmaì ì m`z`ma~`~aa dxrkìa}~amh `xnaesatxìh h}~h }agxi~`kha~`~h` mxhshkaghk~xi + Mla`r }a `mh }~` m`r`m~hra}~am nh~hrgak`~ nh m`z`ma~`~a ~hlkamh m`rh nh}a zrak k`~xr`hshkaghk~xixa `r z`rh` m` h}~h i`}`~` i` iaohr` nh}c`}xr`rh ` ` hshkaghk~xixa ak }akh) ~e~x}a }a `mh`}~`~r`k}ga}ah ak narhm~ zrh}xzxkh hiòer`rh) mekmhz~ah }a zrhf`~arh` xkha hga}axka nh= rhthrs` ak m`t m`hshkaghk~xi kx gà `rh iem }`x nhchm~axka ~hlkamh+

Zrefr`gxi k`~aekì ak frai` nh zrefr`gh nh rhfxi` ~aknh }` gh`rf` zak` ak}zrh erhih 0:)::'

00):: makn }h zrenxmh }z`~axi nh ‛ me} meghrmaì ‛ ~hih}lezzakf+Mek}anhrhk~hih nacxt`raa 4 }xk~ nh~hrgak`~h nh m`z`ma~`~h` g kazxi`~erah ìh mezaaier `}xzr`

z`rak~aier }a akshr}+ ]z`~axi hga}axkaier nh zrakt h}~h nh rhfxi` mek}`mr`~ }a zrh}xzxkh e mekmhz~ahr`~aekì`) iefam` ) mehrhk~` ak m rh c`m~erxi hge~as h}~h gà zx~ak zrhthk~ nhe`rhmh nak zxkm~ nh shnhrh oaeiefam m`z`ma~`~h` nh rh`m~ah i` hge~aa h}~h gà gam` }a h}~h nh zrhchr`~ ceie}arh` `rfxghk~xixar`~aekì+

Ak }z`~axi `xnaesatxì }h nhto`~ hga}axka nh ~az mìhane}mez m`rh }` mek~ak` zh iakf` akcerg`~ah }a`rfxghk~ }a e net` nh nashr~a}ghk~+ Nxz` er` 0?):: nh rhfxi ak~rh 0=):: }a 0>):: zragxi ~rek}ekakce+ I` m`kìh fhkhrìa}~h+

Zhrae`n` nxz` `gahtaa ) ak~rh 0>):: }a 06):: h}~h zi`}`~` frai` zrefr`g hga}axkaier mx ra~gama~`~h,~hihkeshih! )rhix`ra }`x mx ak~hrh} nh ka}` , gakera~`~a! + Er` 06):: h}~h akmhzx~xi zhrae`nha nh `xnahk~`mrh}mx~` }a zrhf`~arh` zxoiamxixa zhk~rx zi`}`rh` hshkaghk~xixa ~az akcerg`~ah hge~aekì`+ Akmhzhrh`cix|xixa akcerg+ Zrh}xzxkh meknhk}`rh` ~x~xrer akcerg`~aaier ak cxkm~ah nh }zhmacamxi m`kìxixa

`xnaesatxì+Ze}~xraih zxoiamh nh r`nae }a ~hihsataxkh nxz` mra~hraa m`rh }xk~ kerg`~h zrak ihfh , ihfa nh

erf`kat`rh }a cxkm~aek`rh }h aknam` }a ernakh` akcerg+ M`rh ~ak nh erf`kat`rh }a cxkm~aek`rh !+Nxz` er`0<):: }z`~axi nh zrag` g`ragh ) zragh ”~agh+ H}~h mhi gà sak`~ nh `fhk~aaih nh zxoiama~`~h) }h nacxth`t`mx gxi~ }xmmh} zxoiama~`~h` ~az sanhemiaz nh zrenx} ) nh g`rm` rhìat`~ zh ag`faka r`zanh ) zhk~rx zxoiamxi nak`gam m`rh }h zrh}xzxkh m` }h ci` m` }zhm~`~er+

]~xnaaih }emaeiefamh `x nhgek}~r`~ m` zh }z`~axi mxzrak} ak~rh erhih 0<4:: }a ??4:: }h `~akfhm`z`ma~`~h` g`|ag` nh eo~akhrh ` `xnahk~ha+ @mh}~ }z`~ax }h ak~aknh zak` i` er` ??)::+ Ak xkhih ~`raaemmanhk~ìh mla`r }z`~axi nh ?=):: h}~h `}agai`~ erha nh zragh ” ~agh `~xkma makn }h akmh`rm` g`rarh` nh~hih}zhm~`~era }`x canhiat`rh` xkxa zxoiam nh kashi ghnax ranam`~ i` ~hihkeshi` m`rh `x }zhmacam fhkhrìa}~+

Er` ?>):: h}~h zrak frai` mi`}am` mek}`mr`~` hga}axkaier nh ka}` , akcerg+ Mxi~xrìh+ Nxz` er`?):: ke`z~h` zak` i` zragxi ~rek}ek akcerg+ ì taiha 6):: `rh iem rhix`rh` zh m kìh nh ~hihsataxkh) a`r zh m`kìh nh r`nae zrefr`g nh naìef mx r`nae`}mxi~`~erxi ak hga}axka ak~hr`m~ash nh naìefxra+

Zrefr`gxi nh }h`r` nak }z`~axi nh zragh ” ~agh fhkhre} zrak zrhthk~` `~h}~`~` }~aak~acam )}emaeiefam g`dera~ ~h` m`~hferaaier nh sar}~` }a zrech}aek ih h}~h sak`~ }a }xzx} zrh}axkaier zeia~amh }aak~hrh}hier hmekegamh +

Khfemahraih zhk~rx mìxzxraih nh zxoiama~`~h nak `mh}~ }z`~ax caakn m` zrh~ mhih gà g`ra+ Zh e ta nhixmrx ) }z`~axi nh }`go`~` }a nxgakam` h}~h xk }z`~ax m`rh ak frai` nh zrefr`g h}~h òern ~ }hz`r`~ ) a`r }z`~axi hshkaghk~xixa }zer~as ) mxi~xrì)zeia~am ,fhk m`gz`kaa! }xk~ zrhf`~a~h }a khfema`~h mx gxi~ ~agzakàk~h nh nh}c`}xr`rh` ier) r`gakakn i` rhteis`rh` ak cxkm~ah nh m`z`ma~`~h` nh geoaiat`rh) erf`kat`rh }a dxrkìa}~am` kxgà hshkaghk~h m`rh }xk~ agzrhsataoaih2 nh}a ak dxrkìa}gxi genhrk ta`rhih `x hna~aa}mra}h ) mxih}h) }a }~em`~h ak m t m` }h zrenxmh nhmh}xi xkxa }hc nh }~`~ }`x hshkaghk~h nh i`rf akrhrh}+

_`naexi `rh }~em`~h ohkta akrhfa}~r`~h mx nemxghk~`rh r`nae mx `mhih}a }xoahm~h a`r ~hihsataxkh`nemxghk~`rh caig`~h ) akrhfa}~r`~h m`rh ze~ ca eramakn ~r`k}ga}h ak m`t m` }h zrenxmh xk hshkaghk~ naktek` mh` gà i`rf` nh ak~hrh}+ Ak tek` nh ak~hrh} ) nxz` ~r`k}ga~hrh` oxih~akxixa akcerg`~as nh g`|ag``xnahk~` nh rhfxi` }h zxk ak nhto`~hrh zxoiam` i` m`kìhih fhkhrìa}~h ~hgh nh i`rf ak~hrh} }a `m~xìa~`~haghna`~`+

08



Ze}~xraih meghrmaìh ceie}h}m `mh}~ }z`~ax zhk~rx nacxt`rh` caighier nh `m~axkh ) meghnaa) nh}a`z`rhk~ dxrkìa}~xi nh ~hihsataxkh }a nh r`nae ak }mlhih~xi nh mek}~rxm~ah ì fraiha nh zrefr`gh z`rh ` kamakx }h gà rhf`}a ~e~x}a h}~h zrhthk~ nh i` }hmxkn` : ` nh}mlanhraa nh m`kì akmix}as i` rxoramaih nh i`}mlezakf) ak ~e`~h mhihiì~h zrenxm~aa `xnaesatxìh‑ }z+dxrkì+ `xnaesatxì+ak megz`r`~ah mx mhi nh zrh}`}mra}` h}~h m` ak r`nae }a ~hihsataxkh `m~asa~`~h` nh zrenxm~ah dxrkìa}~am` zrezxkh rafe`rh) ernakh)na}maziak`) zrefr`gh nh cix| aknx}~raì }a `m~asa~`~h akmix}as i` rhn`m~`rh` xkxa }agzix nh}c`}xr`~er+

H|4 m`}h~` nh ~hih}lez h}~h zrhix`~` nh i` carg` m`rh ` zrenx}'e) }h }~òaih}m nh~ìaaih ~hlkamh}h c`m ca}h~h nh nacxt`rh ak `}` chi akma~ zrak kerg` MK@ }h ze`~h rhc`mh eramakn }xr}` gh}`dxixanacxt`~ )a`r ~agz nh 6 taih ) makh }h }ag~h aknrhz~`~a~ `rh nrhz~xi i` rhziam`+

_hziam` `xnaesatxì` h}~h kerg`~` zrak ihfh + Ak zrh}` mek~hgzer`k` genhrk`) `~a~ zrh}` }mra}`}a r`nae ) ~s i` g`~+) nem+ m`rh ~ak nh `kmlh~h }emaìh+ ]h `kf`dh`t` mòakh~h nh `sem`~xr` }`x `sem`~a}zhmaìat`~a m`rh }` zre~hdhth m`kìh nh ~hihsataxkh }`x dxrkìa}~xi nh ze}aoaih nhr`z`dh+ H|4 mla`r hga}axka fhk c`r}` }h c`m mx }hgk`~xr` }a `mmhz~xi mhier m`rh }xk~ agziam`~a ak `mh`}~` +

Nrhz~xi i` iaohr` h|zrag`rh h}~h zhrg`khk~ `sx~ ak shnhrh a`r merhi`~a` narhm~` mx òxtxi nhezakah+ @mh`}~` `r zrh}xzxkh m` }'`r zx~h` c`mh nh~xrk`ra ìh gh}`dxixa zxoiama}~am m`~rh xk gh}`d zxoiama~`r }`x nh ì~ ak~hrh} +

Ak mekmixtah ak `k}`goixi ghnaaier nh megxkam rh r`naexi }a ~hihsataxkh` rhzrhtak~` ?ak}~rxghk~h ghna`~amh ak m`rh semh` m` ak}~rxghk~ nh megxkam`rh ) }xkh~xi) gxtam`) `goa`k~`) m`hihghk~ nh zhr}ekìat`rh }a ag`fakh` m` hihghk~ nh anhk~acam`rh ) rhmek}~rxah}m rhìa~`~h` zrak sìhk~hih

mrh`~ash ìh dxrkìa}~xixa+ Mx e }akfxr` mekna~ah }` }h ak}mrah ak mhrak~hih fraiha nh zrefr`gh+

Z@_ÂMXI@_A^@ÂIH Z_ENXMÂHA AK @XNAESATX@I

Hga}axkaih akcerg`~ash }a nh nashr~a}ghk~ }xk~ negak`k~h ak zha}`dxi `xnaesatxìxixareg`kh}m+ Echr~` nh ~s h}~h megzx}` ak zrakmazì nak m`kìh fhkhrìa}~h ) n`r ak xi~agaa `ka `x `z`rx~m`kìh }zhmaìat`~h mh c`m nak zrenxm~a` nh akcerg`~aa nh }~ara xk }zhm~`mei zhk~rx meez~`rh` zxoiamxixa }a zhk~rx ` negak` za`~` nh zxoiama~`~h ~s , Zre ^s) @k~hk` 0)^sr 0!+ Ak }hm~erxi zrenxm~aha nh ~s }xk~mxzrak}h `zre|ag`~as >: }emah~`~a % cargh nh ~s mh `}afxr` 0= gaa nh erh nh zrenxm~ah zh `k+

Mh` gà agzer~`k~` }emah~`~h Ghna` Sa}aek ) `rh `c`mhra hmekegamh nh >)8 gai hxre }a zrenxmh 4 ^he }lev) S`m`k~` G`rh) @ihfh @}a`) N`k}ht zhk~rx ~akh+ @mh}~h zrefr`gh ' zrenx}h nhmek}xg `nrh}`~h xkxa zxoiam ~ak~` zh e zhrae`n` nh~hrgak`~` nh caig`rh ) mekmhzx~` }a rhìat`~` ak cix|axn+ ]h xrg`rh}~h frai` ze}~xraier mekmxrhk~h) }h }~òaih}~h zxoiamxi ze}aoai nh canhiat`rh }a }h mrhh`t`

zrefr`gxi+@ nex` carg` 4 Ak~`m~ @shr~a}akf ' @k~hk` 0 ' , ^xm` ]lev ) M`kì ^s) Shnh~hih mek~r``~`m`!@ ~rha` 4 Mrh`~ash Sa}aek , Zrag` ^s ! 4 Mezxaa }zxk ixmrxra ~r`}ka~h) N` }a kx+@ z`~r`4 Z^VO ” Sìhrax I`t`res ” A`r~`'g` ) Zieà` nh }~hih) ]xrzrath'}xrzrath+Megz`ka` ]`fa~`rax} ” Nak nr`fe}~h )Oòaieka`+Caakn zrenxm~aa zh o`t` nh mek~r`m~ }h }xzxk rhfxiaier meghrmaìh ” }xk~ i`k}`~h }a rh~r`}h nh zh

za`~` + nhsak zrefr`gh nh cix| m`kn `xnahk~` mekcarg` khmh}a~`~h` zrhixkfaraa mek~r`m~xixa+ Nak zrenxm~aaih ~s nh ~az }hraì }'`x akrhfa}~r`~ ak zha}`dxi `xnaesatxì reg`kh}m nex` zrhgahrh4 I` oiem, Zre ^s ! ) }a Ak c`gaiah , Zrag` ^s ! `mh}~h` mek}~a~xah `n`z~`rh` xkxa }hraì hkfiht) xknh }h }mlago`ne`r iemxi nh caig`rh+

Mekmhz~xi ) k`r`~axkh` ) naìefxi }xk~ cxrkat`~h nh e }emah~`~h hkfiht`+ Mx `mh}~h }hraìh ze}~xraih ~s `x akmhzx~ }` agzxk` aksh}~a~aha zhk~rx zrezra` ag`fakh }a zhk~rx `xnahk~` eo~akx~` nak zrenxm~a` nh ~s ) nh cam~axkh+ Ak zrenxm~a` nh }~ara mh mek}~a~xah cix|xi akcerg`~as `shg e cxrkat`rh nhrhìa~`~h+

M`nrxi dxranam ì meg + `xnaesatxì+]h rhchr` ak gen nhe}hoa~ i` }hrsamaxi zxoiam `xnaesatxì+Zrakmazaaih }xk~4' xkashr}ìa~`~h` ” ~rhoxah }` cah `mmh}aoai` eram`rxa mh~`~h`k nak ~`r`+' nashr}a~`~h` ” zrefr`gh `nrh}`~h xkxa zxoiam nachra~ }a }` rhcihm~h nashr}a~`~h` ak~hrh}hier

zxoiamxixa+' aknhzhknhk~` ” hga}axka c`r` zrh}axka zeia~amh }a meghrmaìh' nak}~akm~asa~`~h` ” }` }h z`r~amxi`rathth hga}axka echra~h nh }hrsamaxi zxoiam c`~` nh mhih

meghrmaìh+S+H+ ` `kìat`~ }z`~axi `xnaesatxì }a zrak ~r`~`~xi nh i` @g}~hrn`g ,011<! }~òaih}~h xk

}~`kn rn fhkhr i nh zhrcerg`k~` zhk~rx cahm`rh ghgorx + @~r fh `~hk~a `}xzr` megzh~a~aha }a~r`k}z`rhk~ha }~`~hier) ze}aoaia~`~h` m` cahm`rh }` erf`kathth ~s zxoiam` nxz` }zhmacamxi }~`~xixa rh}zhm~as+

03



}xk~ nhzhknhk~h nh ag`fakaih na}zekaoaih i` gek~`d+ H|a}~č ze}~xra nh ~hihsataxkh nak Emmanhk~ xknh

rhzer~hraa ëŕa ze~ rhn`m~` g`~hra ihih kxgà nxzč mh sataekh`tč ëk ëk~rhfagh m`}h~` mx caigčraih ŕa)

hshk~xì) ŕa }hmshkŭhih nh `rlasč ihf`~h nh }xoahm~xi rh}zhm~as+ Ëk Sh}~) h|~rhg nh r`r xk rhzer~hr

ixmrh`tč i` gà gxi~ nh xk }xoahm~ zh ta a`r `~xkma mïkn }xoahm~xi h}~h gà megzih|) hi ze`~h }č ixmrhth

mï~h nexč'~rha taih i` xk rhzer~`d+ @mh}~ ixmrx kx }h zrh` ëk~ïgzič ëk _egïka`+ Ëk zragxi rïkn nhe`rhmh zrezrah~`raa ze}~xraier ^S ser }č rhnxmč i` gakag me}~xraih) akmix}as mhih }ì`raìh+ Gà zxŭaka rhzer~hra)

gà zxŭakh }ì`raa nh zič~a~) `mh`}~` z`rh }č cah caie}eca`0 nxzč m`rh }h flanh`tč z`~rekaa ~hihsataxkaier

regïkhŕ~a+ @}~chi mč cahm`rh rhzer~hr ixmrh`tč taikam i` gà gxi~h }xoahm~h ŕa kx gà `rh ~agz }č

z`rmxrfč ëk~rhfxi g`~hraì caig`~+ @mh}~ ixmrx `rh ëk}č ŕa `}zhm~h oxkh+ Ce`r~h gxi~h hmlazh nh caig`rh

}h ëkŭhihf zhrchm~ zh ~hrhk zhk~rx mč ne`r `}~chi ze~ }č ~r`~hth }xoahm~xi ëk~r'xk gen mhi zxŭak `mmhz~òai+

Nakmeie nh frhx~čŭa }`x nh `s`k~`dh) ŕ~arh` nh ~hihsataxkh `rh z`~rx zčrŭa+

@4 M`zxi sanhe m`rh }h gà ze`~h kxga ŕa Ak~re) Ih`n) Lh`n }`x Zrhthk~`rh) ëk cxkmŭah

nh iago`dxi m`r`m~hra}~am cahmčrxa ze}~ nh ~hihsataxkh+ @mh}~` `r ca hmlasìhk~xi Ml`zh`xixa nak zrh}`

}mra}č) }`x ì Ak~renxmhraa nak r`nae+ Ëk ~hihsataxkh) ih`n'xi h}~h ~h|~xi zh m`rh zrhthk~`~erxi ëi ma~hŕ~h nh

zh zregz~hr) h}~h ~h|~xi m`rh `kxkŭč ŕ~arh`+ Nxr`~` `mh}~xa ~h|~ h}~h mxzrak}č ëk~rh 8 ŕa 08 }hmxknh)

m`r`m~hra}~am` ixa nh o`tč caakn `mhh` mč h}~h xk ~h|~ zrhthk~`~ ëk narhm~ nak }~xnaexi nh ŕ~ara ŕa gà h}~h

rhmxke}mx~ ëk nh}cčŕxrč~erxi nh hga}ah ŕa }xo nhkxgarh` nh ‛sanhe‗ }`x ‛ak~re ?‗+ Ëk nexč'~rha cr`th }h

mekmhk~rh`tč h}hkŭ` ëk~rhfaa ŕ~ara+ Mekŭakx~xi }čx kx ~rhoxah }č àoč kamaxk nh~ìax mrxmaì) ŕa `}~` zhk~rx

mč zxoiamxi kx s` `mern` e `~hkŭah nhe}hoa~č zraghier mxsak~h nak ~h|~) mxraeta~`~h` ŕa m`z`ma~`~h` ixa nh

rhmhz~ rh }h gčrh}m òa mč~rh cak ixi g`~hra ixixa+ Ëk fhkhr i i`k}`rh` kx ~rhoxah }č mekŭakč e

akcerg`ŭah h}hkŭaìč) ma }č rč}zxknč i` xk` }`x nexč nak mhih makma ëk~rhočra mxke}mx~h) zhk~rx ` n`

ze}aoaia~`~h` nhtsei~čraa akcerg`ŭaha ëk ‛merzxi=

‗ rhzer~`dxixa+M`zxi sanhe rhzrhtak~č nh c`z~ ‗mïriafxi‗ mx m`rh }h `f ŭč `~hkŭa` zxoiamxixa+ N`mč

zrhthk~`rh` ŕ~araa h}~h ak~hrh}`k~č) mx }afxr`kŭč mč zxoiamxi s` xrgčra g`~hraìxi mx zramak`+ N`mč `mh}~

ixmrx kx }h s` ëk~ïgzi`) n`mč ak~rexi s` ca ziam~a}a~er) `~xkma mx }afxr`kŭč kaghka kx s` ca ak~hrh}`~ }č

xrgčrh`}mč g`~hraìxi nacxt`~

O+ Merzxi ŕ~araa+ @mh}~` h}~h ]~erq'xi zrezrax'ta} ŕa rhzrhtak~č nh c`z~ }xoahm~xi ŕ~araa

nhtsei~`~ ŕa ~r`~ ~ nh rhzer~hr+ Zr`m~am) mx `mh}~` ëkmhzh ŕ~arh` gek~ ~č zrezrax'ta}) ëk m`rh semh` h}~h

}xzr`zx}č nh ag`faka+

M+ ]akmrekxi }`x ak~hrsaxi h}~h e }zhmah ` seroaraa narhm~h m`rh h}~h x~aiat`~č ëk

~hihsataxkh+ ]xr}` zrakmazìč }`x zhr}ek`dxi zrakmazì h}~h ak~hrsahs`~ `namč ëk~rho`~ ŕa ëkrhfa}~r`~ nh

rhzer~hr+ Hi `nxmh e megzih~`rh ~h|~xixa }mra} ëk merzxi ŕ~araa }`x nh~ìa`tč mhi gà agzer~`k~ `gčkxk~+

Ze~ ca gà gxi~h }akmre`kh ëk~r'e }akfxrč ŕ~arh+ Ëk xkhih m`txra) `~xkma mïkn h}~h sero` nh}zrh rhi`~čra

0Zčnxrh`k Mi`xnax ” ]~rxm~xr` ŕ~araa nh ~hihsataxkh)l~~z4%%vvv+ghnaèo}hrshrmixd+re%`r~ameih%hna~`rh+l~g `ŕ` mxg ` ce}~ ëkrhfa}~r`~` ëkm`mlh nh F e e f i h zh n`~` nh 06 @xf ?::3 064>=4:1 FG^

? Thm` ” Oxtxr` N`kahi` ” Dxrkìa}gxi nh ~hihsataxkh) Hn+ Zeiareg) A`ŕa) ?::8) z`f =1

= Očičŕh}mx Gčnčiak` ” G`kxì nh zrenxmŭah }h ~hihsataxkh) Hn+ Zeiareg) A`ŕa) ?::=) z`f 61

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Ag`fakh` zrhthk~`~erxixa nh ŕ~ara ak `xnaesatxìxi reg`kh}m

@zre`zh 1:( nak~rh regïka }h akcergh`tč nh i` ~hihsater) ëk ~agz mh ne`r > (

ceie}h}m r`naexi m` }xr}č nh akcerg`ŭaa ŕa ~e~ z`~rx zremhk~h) zrh}` }mra}č) ze~rasa~ xkxa }~xnax rhìat`~ nh

MX_] i` }eiama~`~h` Mek}aiaxixa K`ŭaekì ì @xnaesatxìxixa ,MK@ ! ŕa n`~ zxoiama~čŭaa zh 08 `xfx}~

?::3+ Mx ~e`~h `mh}~h` ’ŕ~araih nh i` kea }ak~ nhz`r~h) ak gen hsanhk~) }a nh genhixi hxrezh`k) }a nh mhi

`ghram`k+ @meie kx f`}h}~a }~ara nh}zrh zrah~hk` kx }~ax m`rxa ce~oìa}~ }`x rhzer~hra `chm~`~a mxg }ak~ mha

reg`ka) m`rh a}a rhfath`t` zrezraaih ~r`k}ga}aa+ @i~chi }zx}) kex` kh iaz}h}~h rhi`~`rh` }eor` ` c`z~hier }a

}ak~hg agzak}a gà gxi~ m`~rh rhi`~`rh` ezakaaier’) }zxkh _ìx Caiaz zrhŕhnak~hih Mek}aiaxixa K`ŭaekì ì

@xnaesatxìxixa+

Mra~hraxi nh }hihm~`rh ` akcerg`ŭaaier }`x nak~rh akcerg`ŭaa h}~h ce`r~h agzer~`k~ ëk ~hihsataxkh+

Akcerg`ŭa` m`rh mek~h`tč h}~h mh` gà caigòaič) ŕa n`mč kx h|a}~č caig`rh kx h|a}~č kama ŕ~arh) `namč

ŕ~arh`kx }h nč) kx h}~h ’nhgkč‗ nh gamxi hmr`k+ ]h ze`~h }zxkh mč cerŭ` ~hihsataxkaa) cerŭ` seroaraa zrak

ag`faka h}~h ŕa flaxih`x`6 ha ihf`~č nh zamaer+ Ta`rhih ŕa r`naexi kx `x zreoihg` nh ` ca zh ze}~+

^hihsataxkh` e `rh) oakhëkŭhih} ëk `kxga~h iaga~h+ Kx h}~h sero` nhmï~ nh c`z~xi mč cahm`rh ŕ~arh ~rhoxah}č aoč kh`zčr`~ e caig`rh m` }xzer~+ ś~araih Zre S

`x mhi gà g`rh }xmmh}) caakn zrhchr`~h nh =0( nak~rh rhzeknhkŭaa }~xnaxixa+ Xrgh`tč Eo}hrs`~erxi

@k~hkha 0) mx ?1() Dxrkìxi ^S_) mx 0>( ŕa hga}axkaih akcerg`~ash nh i` _hìa~`~h` ^S) zrhchr`~h nh

0:( nak~rh regïka+ Nh `}hghkh`) Zre ^S ŕa @k~hk` 0 zrhtak~č mhih gà merhm~h ŕ~ara zeia~amh) mx ?0(

cahm`rh) xrg`~h nh _hìa~`~h` ^S) mx 03 zremhk~h+

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ze}~ nh ~hihsataxkh+ @ nhshka~ xk or`kn) ëk~rhŭakx~ mx }~rčŕkamah nh ~hihsataxka+

6

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Cafxr` 04 êzxi mhier gà mxke}mxŭa dxrkìaŕ~a nak _egïka`

Cafx` ?4 Mhih gà mxke}mx~h hga}axka nh ~hihsataxkh nak _egïka`

Zremh}xi nh nhzhr}ekìat`rh `mŭaekh`tč) nh `}hghkh`) ëk `gohih }hk}xra+ ś~araih kx `x

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nh iaga~čraih agzx}h nh meknaŭa` ier xg`kč ŕa f`r`k~ïkn `}~chi eoahm~asa~`~h` ŕ~araier+ @mh}~h hchm~h

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Mek}xg`~erxi nh ghna` `rh `}~čta kx gà `rh nh ìh} kxgà ëk~rh ze}~xraih nh r`nae zh m`rh ih ze`~h

m`z~` `z`r`~xi r`nae }`x ëk~rh mhih =:'>: nh m`kìh ^S nacxt`~h nh rhŭh`x` nh ^S zrak mòix i` m`rh }'`

òek`~+ Zh Ak~hrkh~ ze`~h ìhfh eramh ze}~ nh r`nae%^S) nak eramh tekč fhefr`camč ŕa ze`~h sataek`

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Ak~hrkh~xi s` negak` mhihiì~h ghna` mi`}amh ëk saa~erxi `zreza`~+ Ëk ]X@ emxzč nhd` zragxi iem+

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D`zekhtaa `x ëkmhrm`~ xk h|zhraghk~4 mrh`rh` xker mràkama reoe~ m`rh }č zrhtak~h ~hihdxrkìxi+ Mïkn

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Ëk~rho`rh` `r ca4 mïŭa e`ghka `r `mmhz~` m` ŕ~araih }č ih cah zrhthk~`~h nh xk reoe~5

Ëk saa~er seg zx~h` zrasa zrefr`ghih nh ^S kx ne`r zh hmr`kxi geka~erxixa }`x ì

~hihsaterxixa) ma ŕa zh ~hihcekxi geoai }`x mla`r zh mh`}xi nh i` gïkč Nhd` }h meghrmaìath`tč ëk ]X@ŕa D`zeka` ~hihce`kh geoaih zh m`rh }h ze~ satxìat` ŕ~ara mx ag`faka) sanhemiazxra ŕa mh`}xra zh m`rh }h

ze~ ma~a nashr}h akcerg`ŭaa ihf`~h nh srhgh) }zer~) oxr}č) h~m+

Mekmhz~xi nh ~hihsataxkh zh Ak~hrkh~ h}~h xk zam nachra~ c`ŭč nh ~hihsataxkh` mi`}amč+

^hihsataxkh` zh Ak~hrkh~ nacxth`tč zrefr`gh i` mhrhrh) a`r chhno`mbxi zxoiamxixa h}~h ce`r~h xŕer ŕa

r`zan+ Zxoiamxi ze`~h }hihm~` caigxi }`x hga}axkh` era ŕ~arh` m`rh ëi ak~hrh}h`tč zhk~rx sataek`rh+ Ëk

gadiemxi caigxixa) ~hih}zhm~`~erxi ze`~h }hihm~` s`ra`k~` cakìč ` `mh}~xa`+

Faes`ka ]`r~era ëk ixmr`rh` ‛Lege sanhk}) Agohmaiat`rh` zrak ~hihsataxkh ŕa ze}~'

fïknarh`‗ `kxkŭ` mč `g ak~r`~ ëk~r'h hrč ‛gxi~aghnaìč0=‗+ Zrak gxi~aghnaìa~`~h nh ëkŭhihfh) nak zxkm~

nh shnhrh mekmhz~xì) xkacam`rh` ëk~r'xk }akfxr ghnax ` mxsïk~xixa }mra} ŕa seroa~) ` }xkh~xixa ŕa `

ag`fakaa+ Ëk `mh`}~č gxi~aghnaìa~`~h meksahŭxah}m gxi~h ghna` a`r ~hihsataxkh` kx gà h}~h rhfak`

`mh}~er` nh mhs` srhgh+ Kexi }xshr`k h}~h nh `mxg mìmxi`~erxi+ Zrak ak~hrghnaxi `mh}~xa` `}a}~čg i`

zremh}xi nh nafa~ìat`rh ` ~x~xrer ghna`+ Zhr}ekì'megzx~hrxi kx kxgà mč xkacamč mxsïk~xi) }xkh~xi)

ag`fakaih) m`r`m~hra}~amč }zhmacamč ~hihsataxkaa) n`r ak~renxmh ëk rïknxi mhier ‛sataoaih‗ rhìa~čŭa }agxi`~h)

rhìa~čŭa sar~xìh+ ^hihsataxkh` kh c`mh }č shnhg ag`faka ìh xker ixmrxra rhìh) h}~h ce~efr`ca` ŕa

makhg`~efr`ca` mhier h|a}~hk~h+ Ëk }mlago mìmxi`~erxi kh c`mh }č shnhg ag`faka ag`fak`rh+

Keaih crek~ahrh }xk~ Ak~hrkh~xi ŕa mqohr}z`ŭaxi) a`r kexi mxsïk~ nh ernakh h}~h ’}č

nhshkag nafa~ìa‗+ ]ì~xi h}~h }xo}~`kŭaì n`r `mh}~ ixmrx kx ëk}h`gkč m` egxi eoaŕkxa~ }h s` `rxkm`

0= Faes`ka ]`r~era ” Aoanhg) z`f ?>

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`}xzr` mìmxi`~erxixa zhr}ekì ò`knekïkn ~hih'shnhrh`+ @ŕ` mxg r`naexi kx ` ce}~ xma} nh ~hihsater) kx

h|a}~č kama xk ge~as }č zrh}xzxkhg mč ~hihsataxkh` s` ca xma}č nh Ak~hrkh~+ Ëk~rxmï~ `mh}~h ak}~rxghk~h

echrč zrenx}h nachra~h) h iagzhnh mč }h ze~ `nčxf` xkxi ì~xa`+ Zreoihg` kx h}~h mh` ` nhzčŕaraa ma `

mhk~rìa~čŭaa0>+

N`mč ak~hrkh~xi h}~h nash~ra}ghk~) x~aiat`~ zhk~rx nashr~a}ghk~) `~xkma kx gà h `~ï~nh}afxr mč ~hihsataxkh s` ca ëksak}č+ Z`r~h` }iòč ` ~hihsataxkaa zh m`rh e mxke`ŕ~hg h `mhh` mč h

‛fhkhrìa}~č‗) ëk }hk}xi mč kx echrč zrenx}h ëknh`dxk} nh nachrhkŭa`~h+ Ëk gč}xr ëk m`rh Ak~hrkh~xi

mek}~a~xah xk nashr~a}ghk~) e na}m~r`mŭah) ~hihsataxkh` s` ëksakfh ëk rïknxrahih mhier ‛~rïkn`sa‗ }`x ì

mhier eoe}aŭa m`rh zrhchrč }č }~h` }č zrash`}mč) ëk ~agz mh ak~hrkh~xi s` ëksakfh ëk rïknxraih mhier

‛`m~asa‗) ìh mhier mčrer` ih zi`mh }č naìeflhth ŕa }č m`x~h+

]hkt`ŭaekìxi ëk ŕ~araih ~s ,h|hgzih!

Xk zrhthk~`~er nh ŕ~ara ~s) i` xk dxrkì nh ŕ~ara eoaŕkxa~ nh}mlanh zrefr`gxi nh ŕ~ara mx

e cafxrč `zemìaz~amč08) `kxkŭïknx'ŕa ~hih}zhm~`~eraa mč ëk~r'e z`rm`rh nak m`za~ì` xkxa }~`~ erahk~ì

cx}h}hrč nh~ek`~h nexč oegoh ŕa mč h ze}aoai m` mhi zxŭak nea e`ghka }č cah rčkaŭa+ Zhk~rx `'ŕa aix}~r` ŕa

gà oakh ŕ~arh`) zrhthk~`~erxi ak~rč ëk ihfč~xrč mx xk flan ì xkha `fhkŭaa nh ~xra}g regïkhŕ~a `ci`~ mla`r

ëk zrh`dg` iemxixa ëk m`rh }h zrenx}h}h nhci`fr`ŭa`+Naìefxi m`rh ` xrg`~ }h zrhtak~č ëk iakaa g`ra `}~chi4 ’@shg akcerg`ŭaa mč `x ce}~

nh~ek`~h nexč oegoh ëk tek` xkha z`rmčra nak A+ ŕa mč mhi zxŭak nea e`ghka `x ce}~ rčkaŭa) nak~rh m`rh

xkxi fr`s‗+ ’@l) kx) kx ze~ tamh mč `x ce}~ nexč oegoh) ma gà gxi~ nexč zh~`rnh+ Kx ` ce}~ rčka~

kaghka‗+ ’śa ~e~xŕa `shg akcerg`ŭaa mč }'`x `xta~ oxoxa~xra zx~hrkamh ëk tekč‗+ ’Kx) }~`ŭa iakaŕ~a~) `x ce}~

gà gxi~ kaŕ~h zemka~xra m`rh `x }zhra`~ e`ghkaa nak `mh` tekč) n`r kx }'` ëk~ïgzi`~ kagam‗+ ’@meie }h

`cič gxiŭa regïka zhk~rx meghrŭ }`x ëk s`m`kŭč‗+ ’H|`m~+ N`r kx }'` ëk~ïgzi`~ kagam) ~e~xi h ëk ernakh+

Gama zemka~xra mxg `x ce}~ ŕa `kxi ~rhmx~ ëk }~`ŭaxkh` Magoariab) n`r ~xraŕ~aa regïka ze~ shka cčrč kama e

fradč àma) h }e`rh) h e tekč }afxrč) }č kx'ŕa c`mč zreoihgh) `fhkŭa` ke`}~rč ih }~č i` na}zetaŭah) `shg

`x~em`rh hihf`k~h+++‗

@ama ihfč~xr` ` ce}~ ëk~rhrxz~č a`r zrhthk~`~erxi ~s ŕa'` rhix`~ cafxr` }xgorč) rhzh~ïkn

ŕ~arh`) }mrïŕkakn nak nakŭa4 ’Nexč oegoh `x ce}~ nh~ek`~h ëk~r'e za`ŭč nak A) rčkakn mhi zxŭak nea

e`ghka‗+

0>Faes`ka ]`r~era ” Aoanhg) z`f =1

08@knrek`mlh Fòrahi` ” @k~rhk`~ zhk~rx }zhm~`mei )

vvv+reg`kaìaohr`+meg%`r~ameih%?=+:<+?::8

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http://www.romanialibera.com/



@}mxi~ïkn naìefxi mhier nea `g `sx~ ag`fakh` h|`m~č ` chixixa ëk m`rh ~hrera}gxi `

`dxk} e zïakh oxkč nh gïkm`~ zhk~rx ŕ~araŕ~a ŕa e za}amč ge`r~č zhk~rx ezhr`~eraa ~xra}~ama m`rh kx ŕ~ax

mxg }č gà }m`zh nh lea~xi ha+ Mhih nexč zhr}ek`dh ëŕa `zčr`x zrech}a` mx e ëknïrdarh nh aksana ~+

Zrhthk~`~erxi }zxghf` nh cxrah mč `mhi flan kx ëa mekcarg` ŕ~arh` nh }hkt`ŭah) a`r flanxi ~r`k}zar` nak

frhx gakagìatïkn ~e~xi) zhk~rx ` kx'ŕa nxmh nh rïzč `c`mhraih nak tek` ’}afxrč‗+Xk ì~ h|hgzix nh còram`rh ` }hkt`ŭaekìxixa nak ixmrxra megxkh ëi rhfč}ag ëk~r'xk`

nak ŕ~araih nh i` Z_E^S) nh i` ëkmhzx~xi `mh}~xa `k+ ]xoahm~xi `mh}~ha` hr` ~r`k}ga}axkh` ëk narhm~ `

geghk~xixa ëk m`rh }e}h` i` Ak}~a~x~xi G`~ha Oìŕ zragxi z`mahk~ }x}zhm~ nh frazč `sa`rč nak _egïka`+

Xkxi nak~rh rhzer~hraa Zre ^s `ci`~ ëk c`ŭ` ak}~a~x~xixa) meghk~` ìč~xra nh xk aksa~`~

}e}arh `goxi kŭha+ ]h shnh` `goxi`kŭ` ~rčfïkn ëk c`ŭ` r`gzha+ Kagam gà }agzix+ Ëk}č zhk~rx emlaa

h|zhraghk~`ŭa à meghk~`~eraier) geghk~xi ~rhoxa` mek}hgk`~ mx }`s`k~h h|ziam`ŭaa nh fhkxi ’+++shnhg

`mxg mxg `goxi`kŭ` c`mh xk gam emei ŕa }h ezrhŕ~h ëk nrhz~xi r`gzha nh `mmh} ëk }za~ i+++ ‗ '

meghk~`rax }zx} ëk }~ai }hga'MKK) mx semh` xŕer fr`sč ŕa ŕez~a~č) nh z`rmč }h zrhfč~hŕ~h mhs` gčrhŭ)

fhk ëkčiŭ`rh` xkxa }~h`f }`x nhmer`rh` xkxa `~ih~+ Meghk~`raaih }`s`k~h mek~akxč+ ’Ëk `goxi`kŭč shnhg

ghnama‗+

@zea eo}hrsčg dxrkìaŕ~aa `fa~`ŭa mxg ëŕa c`m iem ëk nrhz~xi xŕaa `goxi kŭha zhk~rx `

ce~efr`ca`%ak~hrsahs` oeik`sxi+ Xŕ` }h nh}mlanh) ~`rf` h}~h meoerï~č) aknasanxi `rh c`ŭ` `mezhra~č mx xk

mh`rŕ`c+ Mïŭas` rhzer~hra ëk}č ak}a}~č }č ëkcafč ëk nrhz~xi mh`rŕ`cxixa akhr~ xk gamrecek ŕa }č ëk~rhoh mhs`+

Kx }h ŕ~ah mh) mha nh i` Zre^S `x `sx~ nhmhkŭ` }č kx ~r`k}ga~č ëk narhm~ oeioere}hiaih rhzer~hraier+

Zreoòai `r ca ce}~ e ëk~rho`rh nh fhkxi4 ’]xk~hŭa oeik`s nh frazč `sa`rč5 ‗ + Egxi nh zh ~`rfč kx }'`

eoe}a~ }č rč}zxknč+ Meghk~`raxi nak }~xnae kx ` ëk~ïrta`~4 ’oeik`sxi h}~h mx }afxr`kŭč }hn`~) zhk~rx ` kx

rč}zxknh ëk~rhočraier‗@nhs`r`~hih ŕ~ara }hkt`ŭaekìh }xk~ ëk ì~č z`r~h) }h `~r`fh) ëk gen sea~) `~hkŭa`

zezxi`ŭaha nh i` `nhsčr`~hih rhìa~čŭa) `mxg mïkn gà }xk~ zxŭakh taih zïkč i` `nhr`rh` i` XH+

AK^H_SAXI NH ^HIHSATAXKH

Ak~hrsaxi h}~h e mekshr}`ŭah ëk m`nrxi mčrha` xk dxrkìa}~ }`x gà gxiŭa zxk ëk~rhočra xkha

zhr}e`kh }`x gà gxi~er zhr}e`kh zhk~rx ` `ci akcerg`ŭaa) ezakaa) h|ziam`ŭaa) m`rh zhrga~

mxke`ŕ~hrh` ŕa ëkŭhihfhrh` xkxa c`z~ }`x ` xkha }a~x`ŭaa+

Ak~hrsaxi kx h}~h kama ak~href`~erax kama }mlago nh anha) kama mek~reshr}č) kama khfemahrh) kama zhr}x`}axkh `}xzr` ak~hrsahs`~xixa zhk~rx ` `mmhz~` ezakaaih dxrkìa}~xixa+ Zrak xrg`rh) mxsïk~xi hx `r

~rhoxa }č iaz}h`}mč nak semòxi`rxi mhixa m`rh ak~hrsahsh`tč+

]zhmacamxi ak~hrsaxixa nh ~hihsataxkh

Ghnaxi `xnae'satxì echrč ak~hrsaxixa e }hrah nh z`r~amxi`ra~čŭa4 xkhih mek}~a~xah e ŕ`k}č ëk zix})

ì~hih c`m gà nacamaič gxkm` dxrkìa}~xixa+

  Akcerg`ŭa` satxìč4 zhr}e`k` ak~hrsahs`~č h}~h sčtx~č ŕa m`r`m~hrat`~č nh fh}~xraih zh m`rh ih

c`mh) nh h|zrh}a` mlazxixa) nh genxi ëk m`rh h}~h ëgorčm`~č) nh hshk~xìhih `mmh}eraa2 ~e`~h `mh}~h`

rhzrhtak~č xk na}mxr} mh }h }xzr`zxkh mhixa shroì) ëk~čraknx'i }`x) nagze~rasč) mek~r`tamïknx'i+ Iemxi

==



xknh }h nh}cčŕe`rč ak~hrsaxi) zrak `goa`kŭ` }`) ze`~h ca ak~hrh}`k~ }`x kx) `nhms`~ }`x kx ~hgha

na}mx~`~h2 oakh ìh}) hi gčrhŕ~h fr`nxi nh ak~hrh} ŕa echrč xk zix} nh `x~hk~ama~`~h+

  Akcerg`ŭa` `xna~asč khshroìč4 }hk}xraih `carg`ŭaaier mxzrak}h ëk~r'xk ak~hrsax }xk~ kx`kŭ`~h

}hgkacam`~as nh ak~ek`ŭah) nh ra~gxi ëk m`rh }h serohŕ~h) nh cerŭ` zh m`rh e ~r`k}ga~h semh`) nh

hshk~xìhih hta~čra ŕa z`xth2 `goa`kŭ` }ekerč nč `gzrhk~` }zhmacamč xkxa `kxga~ iem+

  ^hlkam` nh ~hihsataxkh4 hmlaz` nh caig`rh) sanhe m`ghr` ŕa ~e`~h mhihiì~h hihghk~h mh ŭak nh

~hlkamč mrhh`tč xk m`nrx `r~acama i zhk~rx na ief2 hi `chm~h`tč ëk~r'e `kxga~č gč}xrč carh}mxi

megxkamčraa ” mha ak~hrsahs`ŭa ser ca gà zxŭak k`~xrìa ,c`m h|mhzŭah zhr}e`khih zxoiamh mx h|zhrahkŭč

ëk~r'ìh ~hihsataxkaa!+

  Zrhixmr`rh` iaga~`~č ` ëkrhfa}~rčraa4 }zrh nhe}hoarh nh zrh}` }mra}č) ak~hrsaxi nh ~hihsataxkh kx

ze`~h ca ‛rhn`m~`~‗ nhmï~ ëk~r'e gamč gč}xrč) zrak ‛ceke~hm`rh‗) `namč zrak }mxr~`rh` ixa+ Kx }xk~

ze}aoaih rhcergxičra ìh xkha anha) kx h}~h ze}aoai m` ak~hrsahs`~xi }č rhs`nč cerg` cakìč ` ak~hrsaxixa ŕa

}č c`mč hshk~xìh genacamčra zhk~rx ` megzih~`) merhm~` }` kx`kŭ` e `carg`ŭah+

H~`zhih rhìatčraa xkxa ak~hrsax nh ~hihsataxkh

0+Nhmata` nh ` ix` ak~hrsaxi

@mh`}~` h}~h h~`z` akaŭaìč ëk m`rh }h }~òaih}m4 `!~hg` }xoahm~xixa saa~erxixa ak~hrsax) o!}mezxi

zhk~rx m`rh }h a`) m!zhr}e`k` m`rh s` ca ak~hrsahs`~č) n!genxi ëk m`rh }h s` ix` ak~hrsaxi) h!cerg`~xi nh

nacxt`rh) c!nxr`~` ixa `zre|ag`~asč+

?+Zrhfč~arh`

Ëk fhkhrì) zrhfč~arh` xkxa ak~hrsax zrh}xzxkh4

`! eoŭakhrh` mernxixa zhr}e`kha }~òaia~h) cah) n`mč h}~h m`txi) fč}arh` xkha i~h zhr}e kh)

ëk }a~x`ŭa` ak m`rh zrag` kx h}~h na}zekaoaič }`x rhcxtč

o! e nemxghk~`rh `}xzr` ~hgha }`x }xoahm~xixa òern`~

m! e nemxghk~ rh zrasakn zhr}e`k` mh s` ca ak~hrsahs ~č

n! nhcakarh` }~r ~hfaha nh xrg ~ ŕa rhn`m~`rh` ëk~rhočraier+

H|a}~č nexč genxra nh nemxghk~`rh ” xkxi zxkm~xì) zhk~rx xk `kxga~ }xoahm~) ŕa xk ì~xi)

fhkhrì ŕa mek~akxx) mh zrh}xzxkh }č caa i` mxrhk~ mx ‛`m~xìa~`~h`‗ xkxa neghkax gà i`rf+ E oxkč

nemxghk~`rh h}~h zrag` meknŭah ` xkxa ak~hrsax rhxŕa~) h` `}afxrč ëkŭhihfhrh` }xoahm~xixa) zhrga~h

cergxi`rh` ëk~rhočraier) zrhmxg ŕa }~òaiarh` naìefxixa+Ëk m`txi ak~hrsaxraier ëk~ïgzič~e`rh kx h}~h ~agz zhk~rx e nemxghk~`rh }zhmaìč) hih }h o`th`tč

zh h|zhrahkŭ` `mxgxi`~č nh dxrkìa}~+

=+Ix`rh` ak~hrsaxixa

Ëk cxkmŭah nh genxi ëk m`rh }h rhìath`tč ëk~ïikarh` nak~rh hmlaz` nh ~hihsataxkh ŕa zhr}e`k`

ak~hrsahs`~č) h|a}~č xrgč~e`rhih s`ra`k~h4

  Ak~hrsax zi`kacam`~ ” `rh iem cah ëk }~xnae) cah zh ~hrhk) ëk xrg` xkha ëkŭhihfhra zrhìòaih

ëk~rh dxrkìa}~ ŕa zhr}e`k` ak~hrsahs`~č zrasakn ~hg`~am` òern`~č2

  Ak~hrsaxi ëk `ŕ~hz~`rh ” }h nh}cčŕe`rč mx zhr}e`kh zxoiamh) zh m`rh dxrkìaŕ~aa ih'`x

`ŕ~hz~`~) nh h|) i` }cïrŕa~xi xkha ŕhnak~h agzer~`k~h) zhk~rx ` ih mlh}~aek` ëk ihfč~xrč mx mh }'` na}mx~`~

=>



xkxa ak~hrsax) ì~hrkïknx'ih mx cr`fghk~h nh meghk~`rax2 `mh`}~č cergxič gx~č `mmhk~xi nh zh naìef zh

rhghger`rh` xker }a~x`ŭaa ŕa ëk~ïgzičra

  Se| zezxia+

âzeiefa` ak~hrsaxraier nh ~hihsataxkh

Nxzč }mezxi aghna`~ }`x cxkmŭa` ak~hrsaxixa }h mek~xrh`tč xrgč~e`rhih s`ra`k~h4

`! ak~hrsaxi nh akcerg`ŭah4 echrč n`~h) akcerg`ŭaa) rhi`~čra) zrhmatčra) nh}mrahra h~m eoŭakx~h nh

i` mha agziam`ŭa ëk hshkaghk~h) nh i` mha mh ih ‛c`m‗ }`x nh i` g`r~era2 mhh` mh }h xrgčrhŕ~h

}xk~ c`z~hih) n`~hih mekmrh~h

o! ak~hrsaxi nh ak~hrzrh~ rh4 xk }zhma ia}~ }`x xk meghk~`~er }zhmaìat ~) h|ziamč ŕa

ak~hrzrh~h tč xk c`z~) ëkm`nrïknx'i ëk mek~h|~) zrhtak~č c`z~h }agai`rh+ ]zhmaìa}~xi kx'ŕa

zrhtak~č zrezraaih }ìh ezakaa) ma echrč ne`r `mh` akcerg`ŭah zh m`rh `r zx~h` }č e cxrkathth

eram`rh ì~ }zhmaìa}~ nak neghkax) `}~chi m` zxoiamxi }č ëkŭhih`fč nh}zrh mh h}~h sero` ŕa

}č'ŕa cerghth }akfxr e ezakah+ @meie xknh h|a}~č zxkm~h nh shnhrh nachra~h) hi ih s` zrhthk~` merhm~ zh ~e`~h) cčrč }č'ŕa h|zragh zrezra` ezŭaxkh

m! ak~hrsaxi nh ezakah ŕa meghk~`raxi 4 }zrh nhe}hoarh nh ak~hrsaxi `k~hraer) àma ~emgà ezaka`

ŕa zetaŭa` zhr}ekìč }xk~ hsanhkŭa`~h

n! ak~hrsaxi hgeŭaekì 4 `r`~č }~`rh` nh }zara~ ` mhixa ak~hrsahs`~ ” oxmxra` mxas` m`rh ` mïŕ~af`~

xk mekmxr}) }zàg` mhixa m`rh ` ~rhmx~ zrak~r'xk `mmanhk~) cxra` }`x rhsei~` fhkhr`~č nh xk

mekciam~ h~m

h! ak~hrsaxi nh `~ge}chrč4 m`r`m~hrath`tč xk hshkaghk~) xk iem }`x e megxka~`~h zrak chixi ëk

m`rh serohŕ~h mhi ak~hrsahs`~) zrak chixi ëk m`rh h}~h ëgorčm`~ }`x zrak gagam` }`2 mhh` mh

}zxkh h}~h gà zxŭak agzer~`k~2 }h `}h gčkč mx fhkxi `k~hraer) `gohih zx~ïkn ca

mek}anhr`~h) mhi zxŭak ëk z`r~h ak~hrsaxra nh meier`~xrč

c! ak~hrsaxi nh zreges`rh4 `rh m` ŭhi `~r`fhrh` `~hkŭaha zxoiamxixa `}xzr` xkxa hshkaghk~

mxi~xrì) }zer~as) }emaì h~m

f! ak~hrsaxi zer~rh~ 4 }zhmacamxi `mh}~xa ~az nh ak~hrsax) mïkn kx }h ~r`k}cergč ëk~r'xk ~ìb'

}lev) rhtanč ëk c`z~xi mč }xoahm~xi naìefxixa h}~h ihf`~ mla`r nh zhr}e`k` ak~hrsahs`~č)

xrgčraknx'}h mek~xr`rh` zhr}ekìa~čŭaa }ìh++

Xk ì~ mra~hrax nh mi`}acam`rh h}~h kxgčrxi z`r~amaz`kŭaier i` ak~hrsax+ Zh o`t` ixa }h na}~akf

xrgč~e`rhih ~azxra nh ak~hrsax4

`! xk dxrkìa}~) xk ak~hrsahs`~ ” cergxi` eoaŕkxa~č) mh` gà nh} ëk~ïika~č

o! xk dxrkìa}~) gà gxiŭa ak~hrsahs`ŭa ” s`ra`k~` x~aiat`~č ëk }~xnae) n`r ŕa zh ~hrhk

m! gà gxiŭa dxrkìaŕ~a) xk }akfxr ak~hrsahs`~ ” zh iïkfč mekchrakŭhih nh zrh}č ~r`k}ga}h m`

`~`rh) ëkrhfa}~r`~h }`x ëk narhm~) i` `mh`}~č cergxič }h rhmxrfh `~xkma mïkn }h ak~hkŭaekh`tč

}č }h nh` e `kxga~č ke~č zre~emei`rč ëk~ïikaraa mx e zhr}ekìa~`~h

n! gà gxiŭa dxrkìaŕ~a) gà gxiŭa ak~hrsahs`ŭa ” `mh`}~č cergxič nh}mrah mekchrakŭhih nh zrh}č

mx gà gxiŭa rh}zeknhkŭa2 h}~h x~aiat`~č r`r nak m`xt` m`r`m~hrxixa ha cergì `mmhk~x`~2

=3



ze`~h ca ceie}a~č zhk~rx erf`kat`rh` xkha mekcrxk~čra ~hihsat`~h ëk~rh }x}ŭakč~eraa xker

zetaŭaa nachra~h+

Xk ì~ mra~hrax nh mi`}acam`rh h}~h ixkfagh` ak~hrsaxixa4

`! ak~hrsaxra ce`r~h }mxr~h ” ak}hr~xra nh i` mï~hs` }hmxknh i` mï~hs` thma nh }hmxknh

o! ak~hrsaxra }mxr~h ” nexč ~rha gakx~h

m! ak~hrsaxra ghnaa ” >'8 gakx~h

n! ak~hrsaxra ixkfa ” ?< nh gakx~h ŕa zh}~h

Gč}xr` ëk m`rh xk ak~hrsax h}~h }`x kx zre~emei`r rhzrhtak~č xk ì~ mra~hrax4

`! ak~hrsaxi khzre~emei`r ” mx e`ghka eoaŕkxaŭa

o! ak~hrsaxi }hga'zre~emei`r ” mx ianhra zeia~ama) mx e`ghka nh `c`mhra) mx cxkmŭaek ra

}xzhraera) mx narhm~era h~m ,~e~xŕa) h|a}~č mx `}hghkh` zhr}e`kh ŕa ak~hrsaxra iaz}a~h nh

cergìa}g ” ce`r~h ak~hrh}`k~h ~emgà nak `mh`}~č m`xtč!

m! ak~hrsaxi zre~emei`r ” rhìat`~ mx ŕhca nh }~`~h) nh fxshrkh }`x mx meknxmč~era à xker

agzer~`k~h erf`kat`ŭaa ak~hrk`ŭaekìh ,EKX) K@Ê h~m!

Zrhfč~arh` ak~hrsaxixa nh ~hihsataxkh

]mezxi ak~hrsaxixa ” dxrkìa}~xi ~rhoxah }č'ŕa zrhmathth ce`r~h mi`r }mezxi zhk~rx m`rh xrgh`tč }č

a` ak~hrsaxi+ S` }~òaia mx zrhmatah nh cahm`rh n`~č mh `kxgh nerhŕ~h }č eoŭakč nh i` mhi ak~hrsahs`~+

@ihfhrh` zhr}e`kha ak~hrsahs`~h ” mra~hraxi nh o`tč m`rh ge~ash`tč ezŭaxkh ze`~h ca hkxkŭ ~

`}~chi4 eramakh `rh mhs` nh }zx}) n`~era~č megzh~hkŭha }ìh) zhk~rx mč emxzč e `kxga~č cxkmŭah) zhk~rx mč

` ce}~ g`r~er i` xk hshkaghk~+ Ëk m`txi ak~hrsaxraier nh ~hihsataxkh) `z`rh e h|afhkŭč }xziaghk~`rč)h|a}~č zhr}e`kh ` mčrer megzh~hkŭč ` ce}~ rhmxke}mx~č n`r m`rh kx }xk~ oxka seroa~era+

Eoaŕkxaŭaa m`}ha ” dxrkìa}~xi ŕa mla`r hmlaz` rhn`mŭaekìč nak m`rh c`mh z`r~h `dxkfh i` xk

geghk~ n`~ i` e cergxič megenč ŕa }afxrč zhk~rx ìhfhrh` zhr}e`kha m`rh }č seroh`}mč nh}zrh e

`kxga~č ~hgč+ Zhk~rx mlh}~axka ghnamìh }h `zhih`tč i` nem~erxi \) zhk~rx cak`kŭh i` negkxi Q‣

@mh`}~č }eixŭah ` ce}~ mra~am`~č nh xkaa `x~era zhk~rx mč ëa c`mh zh dxrkìaŕ~a }č kx'a gà m`x~h zh mha m`rh

`r `sh` mx `nhsčr`~ mhs` nh }zx}

Ak~hrsahs`ŭaa ŕa ak}~a~xŭaaih ” zhr}e`khih ak~hrsahs`~h c`m z`r~h nak~r'xk` nak xrgč~e`rhih ~rha

m`~hferaa4

  meknxmč~era) rhzrhthk~`kŭa `x~erat`ŭa) zrhmxg ŕa h|zhrŭa rhmxke}mxŭa à xker ak}~a~xŭaa)

erf`kat`ŭaa }`x cagh

  mha m`rh) ak~hfr`ŭa xkha ak}~a~xŭaa) erf`kat`ŭaa }`x cargh) kx emxzč e zetaŭah ëkì~č ëk

ahr`rla` ak~hrkč) ma xk` nh o`tč) n`r m`rh `}afxrč cxkmŭaek`rh` }a}~hgxixa

  mha m`rh kx c`m z`r~h nak carg`) ak}~a~xŭa` }`x erf`kat`ŭa` ëk m`xtč) n`r e mxke}m ŕa ze~

seroa nh}zrh h`+

_HZE_^@DXI NH HIHSATAXKH

Nhcakaŭah

=6



E ì~č na}~akmŭah h}~h cčmx~č nh N`kahi F`rshq ŕa Vaiia`g _ashr}4

' _hzer~`dxi nh `m~xìa~`~h merh}zxknh cergha ~r`naŭaekìh ` rhzer~`dxixa) `rh

m` eoahm~ xk hshkaghk~ `m~xì+ Nh rhfxič h}~h rhzer~`dxi nh}zrh mhh` mh }h ëk~ïgzič ‛`}~čta‗+ Cergxi`

nxzč m`rh ze`~h ca rhmxke}mx~4 ëk `mh`}~č nagakh`ŭč) ëk `mh`}~č nxzč'`ga`tč h~m+ `mh}~ ~az nh rhzer~`d`rh ŕa nht`s`k~`dh) xkxi nak~rh `mh}~h` ze`~h ca }xzhrcamaìa~`~h`+

' _hzer~`dxi nh zrecxktagh `r zx~h` ca mek}hmakŭ` iefamč ` rhzer~`dxixa nh

`m~xìa~ ~h) `nxmïkn ëk zix} zhr}zhm~as` m`rh rh}~a~xah mek~h|~xi hshkaghk~xixa+ @mh}~` `nxmh ŕa

rč}zxk}xi i` ëk~rhočraih ‛nh mh5‗) ‛mx mh hchm~h5‗) ëk `c`r` mhier ò}eix~ eoiaf`~eraa nak rhzer~`dxi nh

`m~xìa~`~h ,makh) mh) xknh) mïkn) mxg5!+ Cerghih nh zrhthk~`rh }xk~ gxi~azih4 hga}axkh xka~`rč)

mek}`mr`~č xkxa }akfxr }xoahm~) nemxghk~`r) ne}`r }`x r`zer~ rh}~rïk}+ _hfxi` nh `xr ëk `mh}~ ~az nh

rhzer~`d h}~h hmlaiaor`rh` oì`kŭha akcerg`ŭaha zre ŕa mek~r`+

' _hzer~`dxi nh ak~hrzrh~`rh ,`kìa~am! emxzč xk iem khnhcaka~ ëk `xnae'satxì+]mezxi rhzer~`dxixa `kìa~am h}~h nh ` rč}zxknh i` ëk~rho`rh` ‛nh mh5‗+

' _hzer~`dxi'`kmlh~č ” ëk m`nrxi `mh}~xa ~az nh rhzer~`d xk iem agzer~`k~ ëi `rh

h~`z` nh zrhfč~arh ` g`~hraìxixa) m`rh meakmanh mx }~rïkfhrh` neshtaier+ @kmlh~hih rhxŕa~h }xk~ mhih m`rh

`x e cakìa~`~h ëk }ì` nh ~raoxkì+

Xkflaxi nh òern`rh

^hrghk kerg`~as) `mh}~ ~hrghk ze`~h ca nhcaka~ gà ìh} zrak hihghk~h nh }zradak ŕa nh

megz`r ŭah4 h}~h nachra~ nh }xoahm~xi g ~hraìxixa) h}~h xk zxkm~ nh shnhrh zhr}ekì `}xzr`

hshkaghk~xixa) xrgh`tč iefam` ‛carxixa reŕx‗) `dx~č i` ëkŭhihfhrh` ceknxixa zreoihgha ëk nhto`~hrh+

Xkflaxi nh òern`rh h}~h xk }akfxr `}zhm~ ì }xoahm~xixa m`rh ze`~h ca òern`~ `sïkn m`

}mez ičgxrarh` ceknxixa zreoihgha+

Zrenxmŭa` rhzer~`dxixa

Zhk~rx ëknhziakarh` meknaŭaaier anhìh nh zrenxmŭah ` rhzer~`dxixa ~rhoxah ëknhziaka~h z`~rx

h|afhkŭh4

0! C`gaia`rat`rh` mx }xoahm~xi ” zrh}xzxkh e r`zanč hsìx`rh ` akcerg`ŭaha) nak zxkm~xi nh

shnhrh ì agzer~`kŭha }ìh ŕa ì ak~hrh}xixa ze~hkŭaì ì zxoiamxixa) shracam`rh` shranama~čŭaaakcerg`ŭaha akaŭa ih) na}emahrh` n`~hier mekshrfhk~h nh mhih nashrfhk~h ëk r`zer~ mx

hshkaghk~xi+

?! Iemìat`rh` hshkaghk~xixa ” h}~h e c`tč zrhfč~a~e`rh) ëk m`rh }h }~òaihŕ~h mek~`mx~i mx

`m~eraa hshkaghk~xixa) m`rh }xk~) hshk~xì `sat`ŭa `}xzr` ak~hkŭaha nh ` c`mh xk rhzer~`d ŕa

mčrer` ia }h mhrh hshk~xì) `mernxi+ H}~h ëk}č nh nera~ m` dxrkìa}~xi }č hsa~h mek~`m~hih

ecamaìh+

=! Nemxghk~`rh` `}xzr` hshkaghk~xixa ” }mezxi caakn eoŭakhrh` xkxa g`|ag nh akcerg`ŭah

nh}zrh `m~eraa) m`nrxi ŕa mek~h|~xi hshkaghk~xixa+ ]xr}hih nh nemxghk~`rh mhih gà i`

>:



]'` mek}~`~`~ mč ak~hrh}xi zxoiamxixa }h ëknrh`z~č mč~rh ŕ~ara ,gh~he) x~aia~`rh! ŕa }zer~+ Xi~hraer

shkakn ak~hrh}xi mč~rh caig) gxtamč) nashr~a}ghk~) hnxm`ŭah+

N`mč ze}~xraih zxoiamh nh r`nae ŕa ^S cxkmŭaekh`tč zh o`t` xkha ihfa erf`kamh ëk m`rh }xk~

rhfihghk~`~h mhrakŭhih ŕa ëkn`~eraraih ze}~xraier) m`kìhih nh ^S meghrmaìh cxkmŭaekh`tč zh o`t` ihfaa

}emah~čŭaier meghrmaìh+@mh`}~č ëk~rho`rh ihf`~č nh makh `rh zraera~`~h ëk }~òaiarh` nh zrefr`gh) ak~hrh}xi zxoiamxixa

}`x ak~hrh}xi m`kìxixa nh ^S5

Ëk xi~agaa `ka m` hchm~ ì `sì`kŕha nh akcerg`ŭaa zxoiamxi }'` erahk~`~ ŕa }'` canhiat`~ ëk cxkmŭah

nh sïr}~č) zrhemxzčra) }~xnaa ŕa mla`r }h|+

@mh}~ ak~hrh} ì zxoiamxixa rhtxi~`~ ëk xrg` }ekn`dhier ` nx} i` mrh`rh` xker m`kìh nh ^S

}zhmaìat`~h zh ŕ~ara) k`ŭaekìh }`x ak~hrk`ŭaekìh+

Fhk nh ^S ” ŕ~arh` ` mrh`~ xk m`kì }zhmaìat`~ zh ŕ~ara

' meghk~ raxi }zer~as }h fč}hŕ~h ëk m`kìh }zhmaìat ~h zh }zer~

' nemxghk~`rhih `x mrh`~ S }zhma iat`~h

Ëk }z`ŭaxi nh zrefr`gh h|a}~hkŭ` }z`ŭaxixa zxoiama~`r nh~hrgakč zrefr`g`rh` xker hga}axka

mek}~rxa~h zh xk `kxgh }z`ŭax nh ak~hrh}+ Ëgzčrŭarh` xkxa ~rek}ek nh ?> nh erh nak }z`ŭaxi xkha ^S `rh

m` zrag ak~hrh} }z`ŭaxi mx mh` gà g`rh `xnahkŭč+

@fhkŭaaih nh zxoiam~`~h xrgčrh}m ~emgà `mh}~ }z`ŭax+ Ëk `c`rč nh }z`ŭaxi kxga~ zragh ~agh ,0<'

?=!) gà }xk~ xrgčra~h mx ak~hrh} hga}axkaih }zhmaìh) hshkaghk~hih mxi~xrìh) }zer~ash }`x hga}axkaih nh

ak~hrh} zeia~am ŕa mxi~xrì+

Hga}axkaih m`rh }xk~ zrezx}h ëk }z`ŭaaih mekshka~h zrak fraič nhmxrf nak~r'e mhrhrh nh echr~č ëkm`rh }xk~ mxzrak}h }eiama~čraih m`kìxixa4 ~azxi nh zrefr`g) tax` ŕa er` nh nacxt`rh) zxoiamxi ŭak~č)

`xnahkŭ` }eiama~`~č ŕa oxfh~xi+

Cčrč mek}~rxmŭa` oxfh~xixa kx }h ze`~h zerka ëk mek}~rxmŕa xkha hga}xka+ Oxfh~xi mxzraknh

mlhi~xahia g`~hraìh4 sìe`rh` `z`r`~xraa x~aiat`~h zh kxgčr nh erh zi`kacam`~h zhk~rx cahm`rh zremhnhx

nak cix|xi nh ^S) ëkrhfa}~r`rh) gek~`d) nacxt`rh) `rlas`rh }`x zhk~rx ~r`k}ga}a` ëk narhm~) ëkrhfa}~r`rh)

nacxt`rh ŕa `rlas`rh+

@i neaih` ~az nh mlhi~xahia }xk~ mx zhr}ekìxi) mx mhihiì~h rh}xr}h x~aiat`~h ëk rhìat`rh`

hga}axkaa+

H|4 nrhz~xra nh `x~er) nh `mlataŭah nh anha) nh }mhk`raa) nrhz~xra mekh|h) x~aiat`rh semaa h xk

m`za~ei m`rh ~rhoxah mxzrak} ëk oxfh~+

Ëk c`z~ xk zrefr`g nh ^S) e hga}axkh }`x ~r`k}ga~hrh` xkha }agzih ŕ~ara }h c`mh o`t` xkxa cix|

aknx}~raì) a`r `}zhm~xi `r~a}~am ŕa mrh`rh` agz`m~xixa mč~rh zxoiamxi ~hih}zhm~`~er rhzrhtak~č cerŭ` ge~ramh

mh nč ^hihsataxkaa `mh}~ gar`d ì cr`fghk~xixa nh rhìa~`~h+

Cxkmŭaaih ^S m` gadiem nh megxkam`rh ëk g`}č }xk~ nh akcerg`rh) nhcerg`rh ŕa nh

nashr~a}ghk~+ ê`~h `mh}~h` }h rhfč}h}m ëk~r'xk m`kì fhkhrìa}~ }`x cahm`rh ëk z`r~h }h rhfč}hŕ~h ëk

m`kìh }zhmaìat`~h+

>?



]~xnaaih }emaeiefamh nh i` }cïrŕa~xi `kaier <: mek}~`~`x mč egxi m` caakŭč r`ŭaekìč zx~h` }~` ëk

c`ŭ` ^S cčrč }č gaŕ~h) }č }ag~č khsea` xkha genacamčra nh mekŭakx~ ëk ak~hraerxi zrefr`gxixa 8'3 gakx~h+

Mxro` nh ak~hrh} ëk `kxga~h fhkxra nh hga}axka `dxkfh` zïkč i` 0: gakx~h+

Cix|xi akcerg`~as

Ëk mek}~rxarh` cix|xixa akcerg`~as ì taiha }h `rh ëk shnhrh ~e~nh`xk` ~azxi nh m`kì nh ^S

zhk~rx m`rh hi }h mrh`tč+ Ëk zrefr`g`rh` ŕa zi`kacam`rh` zrefr`ghier nh ^S hi }h kxghŕ~h z`mlh~xi

taikam+ ]xo zrh}axkh` ~hihsataxkaier }zhmaìat`~h kxgà zh zrefr`gh akcerg`~ash) fhk MKK) zrefr`ghih

nh ŕ~ara ìh ~hihsataxkaier fhkhrìa}~h }'`x `n`z~`~ `mh}~xa ra~g ,h|4 mi`}amhih ~hihdxrkìh! `zhiïkn i`

gh~eneiefa` nh ixmrx ` ~hihsataxkaier }zhmaìat`~h+

Zrefr`g`rh` hga}axkaier nh ŕ~ara h}~h cčmx~č ~e~nh`xk` ëk cxkmŭah nh zxoiamxi }~òai ì ze}~xixa+

N`mč zïkč ëk 011: rhfxi` hr` m` ~e`~h cerŭhih rhzer~hramhŕ~a }č cah m`kìat`~h zhk~rx dxrkìxi nak er` nh

g`|agč `xnahkŭč) `}~čta }xo `mh }~č zrh}axkh ` m`kìhier nh ŕ~ara }zhma iat`~h }'`x mrh`~ cix|xra

akcerg`ŭaekìh zhk~rx erh m`rh `x nh~hrgak`~ ŕa e zhr}ekìat`rh ` genxixa nh hna~`rh ` dxrkìhier

~hihsat`~h rh}zhm~ash+

Nacxt`rh` zh `kxga~h ~rek}e`kh er`rh eoiafč i` mek}~rxarh` xkxa oxih~ak nh ŕ~ara ~hihsat`~

merh}zxktč~er zxoiamxixa nak }~xnaaih }emaeiefamh m`rh `x nhgek}~r`~ mč g`dera~`~h` zrasa~eraier `x

`kxgh m`r`m~hra}~ama nh sïr}~č) zrech}ah+ Ëk mek}~rxarh` dxrkìxixa nh nagakh`ŭč4' ~rhoxah }č h|a}~h nak`ga}g

' ez~aga}g

' ~rhoxah }č akcerghth }xzr` hshkaghk~hier nak ~agzxi kezŭaa

' akcerg`ŭaaih taiha

Dxrkìxi nh zrïkt4

' hshkaghk~xi taiha

' ŕ~araih m`rh }h `nrh}h`tč xkxa `kxga~ }hfghk~ nh zxoiam ,canhiat ~!

Dxrkìxi nxzč `gahtaa4

' ŕ~ara akcerg`~ash

' ŕ~ara meghk~`~ash

Dxrkìxi nh }h`rč4

' h}~h mhi gà agzer~`k~ dxrk i

Dxrkìxi kezŭaa4

' ‛me`n`‗ zxoiamxixa

@mh}~h cix|xra er rh }h }xzxk nak zxkm~ nh shnhrh dxrkìa}~am ihfaier zre|aga~čŭaa+ Zrak

zre|aga~`~h }h ëkŭhihfh rhi`ŭa` m`rh }h }~ oaihŕ~h ëk~rh ~hih}zhm~`~er ŕa ŕ~arh+

>>



' mxsak~h cxkmŭaekìh ” xkhi~hih fr`g`~amìh ,h|4 zrhzetaŭaaih) mekdxkmŭaaih)

`nshrohih!

' mxsak~h mlhah ” mhih m`rh rč}zxkn i` ëk~rhočraih cxkn`ghk~ìh ih ŕ~araa

' mxsak~h nh ëkmčrmč~xrč ” hih }xk~ }xzer~xi mxsak~hier mlhah+ _hzer~hrxi ëŕa

zxkh `gzrhk~` zhk~rx mč ze`~h ceie}a hihghk~h m`rh ŭak nh }~rčixmarh` iagoaa,hza~h~hih) megz`r`ŭaa!

3+ Mehrhkŭ` ” m`z`ma~ ~h` nh ` rhi ~` }`x rhn`m~` xk hshkaghk~ }`x xk c`z~ m`rh }č àoč xk

agz`m~ nh ëkŭhihfhrh `}xzr` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa+ Mehrhkŭ` eoiafč i` rh}zhm~`rh` mi`ra~čŭaa+ Ëk

^S mxie`rh` kx }h rhchrč i` mxieraih megzekhk~h ëk m`nrx ma i` genìa~`~h` nh megzxkhrh)

nh }mraa~xrč ` ŕ~araa

6+ Mrhnaoaia~ ~h` ” mhrakŭhih }mraa~xraa dxrk ia}~amh nh ^S }xk~ 3 ,mha 3 M!4

0+ Merhm~a~xnakh

?+ Mekmatah

=+ Mi`ra~`~h

>+ Mehrhkŭč

8+ Mxie`rh

3+ Mrhnaoaia~`~h

Ëk mek}~xarh` ŕ~araa ŕa ëk mek}~rxarh` cahmčrxa cix| akcerg`~as ì taiha }h `rh ëk shnhrh eoiaf`~erax

ceie}arh` xker }~rxm~xra }hg`k~amh ŕa }ak~`m~amh nh kashi ghnax+ Eramh ò}~r`m~at`rh ra}mč }č }mlagoh

}hk}xi+ Zhk~rx zxoiamxi }zhmaìat`~ }'`x akshk~`~ ~hihsataxkaih nh kaŕč+

@n`z~`rh` }~aixixa ze~rasa~ ” ŭakh nh ghk~ìa~`~h` zezxi`ŭaha mčrha` }h `nrh}h`tč rhzer~hrxi ŕa nh

zrhdxnhmčŭaih nh `mmhz~`rh ìh zxoiamxixa+Ëk cakì agzer~`k~ h}~h `}afxr`rh` xkxa hmlaiaorx ëk~rh rhfxiaih }mraa~xraa dxrkìa}~amh ŕa ihfaih

zre|aga~čŭaa+ I` ~e`~h `mh}~h` }h `n`xfč ag`fakh` zrhthk~`~erxixa nh ŕ~ara m`rh ` nhshka~ xk chi nh

‛ak}~a~xŭah‗ ëk }akh ŕa h}~h mek}anhr`~č xk akfrhnahk~ agzer~`k~ zhk~rx ze}~) xk or`kn) }'`x ~r`k}cerg`~ ëk

kaŕ~h megxkam`~era) }xk~ shnh~hih m`rh `}afxrč ihfč~xr` ze}~xixa mx zxoiamxi ŕa }xk~ zreges`~h mx

ak}a}~hkŭč nh cahm`rh ze}~ ëk z`r~h+

Ëk dxrkìa}~am` nh ^S) ëk cix|xi akcerg`~as ì taiha) ìč~xra nh ihfaih zre|aga~čŕaa) rhfxiaih

}mraa~xraa) zrhthk~`~erxi nh ŕ~ara) xk rei agzer~`k~ ëi `rh g`rbh~akfxi m`kìxixa nh ^S nhe`rhmh hga}axkh`

nh ŕ~ara h xk zrenx} m`rh saknh ŕa mxgzčrč ŕa mx m`rh }h `}ema`tč ag`fakh` ze}~xixa rh}zhm~as nh ^S+

Cerg`~xi nh hga}axkh

Ëk zxoiama}~am` nh ~s ~hrghkaa xtxìa nh hga}ah) ~r`k}ga}ah ŕa hga}axkh nhcakh}m zremhnhh

~hlkamh nachra~h) n`r ëk `mhi`ŕa ~agz }zhmacamh gxkmaa nh ~s+ Hga}a` rhzrhtak~č `m~asa~`~h` zrak m`rh

zrenxmŭa` nh zrefr`gh ` xkxa ze}~) ` xkxa m`kì) ` xkha }~`ŭaa }h nxmh mč~rh ~hih}zhm~`~era+ Ag`fakh`

ez~amč }h mekshr~hŕ~h ëk~r'e ag`fakh merh}zeknhk~č ŕa }h ~r`k}ga~h zrak r`naenacxtah+ Zhk~rx m` }hgkìxi

nh i` }~`ŭa` nh hga}ah }č ze`~č ca ~r`k}ga} ëk ~e`~h tekhih ŭčraa ëk }a}~hgxi nh ~r`k}ga}ah `kìef) `mh}~

}hgkì h}~h ranam`~ nh r`naerhihhih ~hrh}~rh+

>3



Zraghih hga}axka nh ~s `x ce}~ ŕa zraghih hga}axka nh nashr~a}ghk~+ ^hihsataxkh` `kaier 3: `

ëk}hgk`~ ëkmhrm`rh` nh ` `nxmh ag`fakh` meier ëk ak~hraerxi ~hihsate`rhier) `mh`}~` }h zrenxmh zh xk

zrakmazax4 }h nh}megzxkh ag`fakh` ëk ìo`}~rx) shrnh ŕa reŕx ŕa }h zrenxmh xk ì~ zremh} ~hlkam ëk

ak~hraerxi ~xoxixa m`~enam ëk `ŕ` chi ëkmï~ ag`fakh` ìo'khfrx }h c`mh meier+ @kaa 6: }h z`r~amxi`rath`tč

zrak ak~renxmhrh` ~s zrak mòix) zrak }`~hia~ ëk @ghram` ŕa Hxrez` Mhk~rìč+ Ëk `kaa <: }h ëkmh`rmč ŕa ëk_egïka` ak~renxmhrh` hga}axkaa meier ŕa hga}a` meier+ Ëk `mh`}~č zhrae`nč ëkmhzh }č }h zrenxmč e echr~č

nh zrefr`gh rhìat`~č nh megz`kaa }zhmaìat`~h zh hga}axka nh ~s+ Ëk `kaa 1: }h zrenxmh e nashr}acam`rh `

zrefr`ghier ŕa ~s) mekmega~hk~ mx zhrchmŭaek`rh` ~hlkamaier nh ~r`k}ga~hrh ` akcerg`ŭaaier+ Ëkmhzx~xi

gaihkaxixa = fč}hŕ~h ^hihsataxkh` ëk ~ezxi zrhchrakŭhier nh nashr~a}ghk~ ` zezxi`ŭaha+ Nashr~a}ghk~xi nh

~hihsataxkh ` zrhix`~ mxsïk~xi nak zrh}` }mra}č ŕa ia~hr`~xr` nh nashr~a}ghk~) ` `zčrx~ nxzč nashr~a}ghk~xi

nh r`nae n`r }h ceie}hŕ~h nh }xkh~xi nak nashr~a}ghk~xi nh r`nae ŕa ` zrhix`~ ag`fakh` nak makhg`~efr`cah

ŕa }h ceie}hŕ~h nh h|zhrahkŭ` nak neghkaxi nashr~a}ghk~xixa+ @z`raŭa` ak~hrkh~xixa ŕa ` m`z`ma~čŭaa nh `

mrh` ag`fakh sar~xìč ` nx} i` x~aiat`rh` `mh}~ha` ëk hga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~+ ]h ze~ rhìat` }~xnaexra

sar~xìh) mx nhmerxra sar~xìh+ Hchm~hih mi`}amh `x ce}~ `xfghk~`~h) gxi~aziam`~h mx mhih hihm~rekamh+

Hga}axkaih mi`}amh nh nashr~a}ghk~ `sh`x e mek~akxa~`~h ixkfč mx ~hih}zhm~ ~eraa) }h sataek`x

ëk~r'xk m`nrx c`gaiaì ŕa `}hgčkč~er xkxa ra~xì+ Kex` hrč nak taihih ke`}~rh }h nachrhkŭa`tč zrak~r'e

~hk}axkh mrh}mx~č `}xzr` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa) }eiama~`ŭa cčrč ëk~rhrxzhrh nh `kag`~eraa zrefr`ghier nh

nashr~a}ghk~+ N`mč ëk xrgč mx ?: nh `ka }h x~aiat` mxsïk~xi ’~hih}zhm~`~era‗ ŕa ëk `mh}~ mxsïk~ hr`x

mxzrak}h m`~hferaa nashr}h nh zxoiam m` sïr}~h) zrhemxzčra) ak~hihm~) }h|) nxzč `kxi ?::: mekmhzhrh` ŕa

rhìat`rh` hga}axkaier nh nashr~a}ghk~ }h c`mh x~aiatïkn ~enh`xk` xk cemx}) e ~hlkamč nh }ekn`d) rhìat`~

zh zxoiamxi ŭak~č+ Sataek`rh` hga}axkaa nh nashr~a}ghk~ kx }h gà zrenxmh ëk~r'xk m`nrx nh c`gaiah) nh

ra~xì m`}kam+ Echr~hih sahŭaa genhrkh c`m nak cahm`rh ghgorx ì c`gaiaha) xk ì~ ghgorx ŭak~č ŕa ëkg`dera~`~h` er ŕhier mx zh}~h ?::+::: iemxa~era nak _egïka h|a}~č ŕa ì neaih` ~hihsater ëk~r'e

fe}zenčrah+

Nhmerxraih hga}axkaier nh nashr~a}ghk~ nh i` `gzie`rh` ~h`~r ič) }zhm~ mxie}xi fr`knae})

oìh~xi nh ~az Leiiqveen) me}~xg`ŭa` ezxihk~č }'`x ~r`k}cerg`~ ëk nhmerxra `nh}h` mek}~rxa~h nxzč

genhixi ak~hrae`rhier ~hih}zhm~`~eraier) genhr`~erxi mx ~ek c`gaia`r) }eiama~č ëk zhrg`khkŭč zxoiamxi }č

cah z`r~amaz`k~ i` genxi megziamh ëk hga}axka megzetaŭah) ëk m`r }h `gh}~hmč ëk gen khna}~akm~

akcerg`ŭa` mx nashr~a}ghk~xi+

Nak zxkm~xi nh shnhrh ì zxoiamxixa m`rh sataekh`tč hga}axka nh ~s) zrasa~xi nashr~a}ghk~xixa i`

~s h}~h mhi gà ahc~ak+ Ëk }mlago zhk~rx zrenxmč~erxi xkha hga}axka nh nashr~a}ghk~ me}~xraih xkha `}~chi

nh zrenxmŭaa kx }xk~ ahc~akh+

]h ze`~h }zxkh mč `mmh}xi i` nashr~a}ghk~ h}~h c`mai) mekshkòai cak`kma`r zhk~rx zxoiamxi ŭak~č)

n`r frhx nh rhìat`~ zhk~rx e zrenxmŭah mxrhk~č+

Zrenxmŭa` xkha hga}axka nh nashr~a}ghk~ }h eoŭakh ëk xrg` xkha iama~`ŭaa nh zrefr`gh mek}~a~xa~č

nh mč~rh xk m`kì }`x e }~`ŭah) zh o`t` xkha mhrhra nh echr~č+ @mh`}~č mhrhrh nh echr~č `rh e mek}~rxmŭah

eoiaf`~erah zrak m`rh }h echrč mhixa m`rh ak~hkŭaekh`tč }č rhìathth xk `}~chi nh zrefr`g hihghk~hih

mek}~a~x~ash ìh zreahm~xixa nh ~s+ Ëk xi~agaa `ka zreahm~xi nh hga}axkh h}~h `nh}h` `}agai`~ mx cerg`~xi

hga}axkaa+ Cerg`~xi hga}axkaa h}~h ìmč~xa~ nak `mhih hihghk~h m`rh }xk~ rhzh~a~ash ëk ak~hraerxi

hga}axkaa) zh o`t` mčrer` }h ze`~h m`r`m~hrat` hga}axkh`) ič}ïkn h|zragčraa `r~a}~amh) zxoiama}~amh)

>6



mrh` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa m`rh }č akcixhkŭhth zhrmhzŭa` hihghk~hier zrhthk~`~h ŕa ëk cakì }č }h eoŭakč rh`mŭa`

nera~č nh rhìat`~er+

M` ŕa ëk m`txi rhn`m~čraa ŕ~araier ŕa i` caig`rh` ŕa gek~`rh` xkxa g`~hraì zxoiama}~am nh ^S

g`dera~`~h` ëkm`nr`~xraier ŕa gaŕmčraier m`ghrha }h c`m ëk cxkmŭah nh }xoahm~xi caig`~ ŭakïkn mek~ nh

mra~hraa h}~h~amh ŕa gà zxŭak nh ak~hkŭa` ezhr`~erxixa }`x ` hna~erxixa nh gek~`d+ Ta`ra}~xi nh ^S h}~h xkmegzekhk~ ì hmlazha nh caig`rh n`r ëk `mhi`ŕa ~agz nhmanhk~xi mh `kxgh caigh`tč m`ghr`g`kxi) ëa

}eiama~č ~azxi nh m`nrx nh caig`rh) ëkm`nr`~xrč) a`r hi h}~h `mhi`ŕa m`rh ëk rhi`ŭah narhm~č mx hmlaz` nh

gek~`d) aknamč }xmmh}axkh` ëkm`nr`~xraier ëk `ŕ` chi ëkmï~ hih }č }h ëkm`nrhth fhkxixa zxoiama}~am zhk~rx

m`rh ` ce}~ hiòer`~ g`~hraìxi caig`~+

Hchm~hih nh }~xnae eoŭakx~h ëk xrg` zetaŭaekčraa c`}mameihier nh ixgakč }xk~ x~aiat`~h ëk

hga}axka m`rh khmh}a~č cr`fghk~`rh` na}mxr}xixa zxoiama}~am) ezrarh` ëk~r'xk `kxga~ zxkm~ ì `mh}~xa` ŕa

rhìat`rh` xkha ak~re}zhmŭaa zhk~rx xk hihghk~ m`rh }č `nxmč xk zix} nh shranama~`~h }mhk`raxixa+

_hìat`rh` xkha hga}axka4

' x~aiat rh ëkm nr ~xraier

' ~rhmhrh` nh i` xk m`nrx i i~xi

' gek~`dxi

' }xkh~xi

' sìe`rh` mxieraa

Ëkm`nr`~xraih

Ëkm`nr`~xr` }h m`r`m~hrath`tč zrak na}~`kŭ` `z`rhk~č nak~rh m`ghr` nh caig`rh ŕa }xoahm~ ŕa

agziama~ zrak nachrhkŭ` nak~rh m`k~a~čŭaih nh akcerg`ŭaa nh}zrh }xoahm~ m`rh `z`r ëk m`nrx+ Ëk cxkmŭah nh zi`kxi ceie}a~ i` ëkm`nr`rh` }xoahm~xixa zx~hg ~r`k}ga~h ~hih}zhm~`~eraier }hkt`ŭa` rhmhz~čraa xker gh}`dh

}xziaghk~`rh+ Nak ge~ash ~hlkamh nh }~`kn`rnat`rh ŕa h}~h~amh }h ceie}h}m > ~azxra nh ëkm`nr`~xra+ Ëk `r~`

h|zhrgahk~ìč }xk~ ceie}a~h ŕa ì~h ~azxra+ Mhih z`~rx ëkm`nr`~xra }xk~4 fre}'zi`kxi) zrag'zi`kxi) zi`kxi

ghnax ,zi`k `ghram`k! ŕa zi`kxi fhkhrì+ ^rhmhrh` nh i` e ag`fakh i` ì~` }h c`mh zrak gaŕm`rh nh m`ghrč

}`x nh eoahm~as nh m`ghrč ŕa `mh}~h` nxm i` nexč gh~enh4 z`ker`g`rh` ,}~`kf`) nrh`z~`! ŕa ~r`k}cem`rh`+

Ëk caigčraih gà megzih|h }h ceie}h}m g`m`r`x` ŕa ~r`shiakf ,nhzi`}`rh` m`ghrha ëk dxrxi }xoahm~xixa

caig`~!+

Fre}'zi`kxi h ëkm`nr`~xr` ce`r~h nh `zre`zh ` }xoahm~xixa) `}~chi ëkmï~ }č cah sataoaih nh~ìaaih

m`rh ëk gen kergì kx `r ca eo}hrs`~h+ Fre}'zi`kxi h}~h x~aiat`~ zhk~rx ` ëk~čra) zhk~rx ` mek~r`tamh e

`carg`ŭah cčmx~č nh xk `kxgh zhr}ek`d) zhk~rx ` `carg`%akcarg`+ Mhih gà nh} fre}'zi`kxra x~aiat`~h i` e

caakŭč xg`kč }xk~ emlaa ŕa gïakaih+ H|a}~č e meksakfhrh zezxi`rč ëk~čra~č nh }~xnaaih z}aleiefaier m`rh `x

cčmx~ nak gaŕmčraih merzxixa xg`k ŕa }zxk mč emlaa ŕa gïakaih ~rčnh tč) rhzrhtak~č hihghk~xi merzxixa

xg`k m`rh ze~ ca ce`r~h frhx mek~rei`~h) `}~chi ëkmï~ zrak eo}hrs`rh` ier }h ze~ ~r`fh mekmixtaa zrak m`rh

}h nhseìh`tč ak~hkŭaaih) fïknxraih zhr}ek`dxixa rh}zhm~as+ X~aiat`rh` fre}'zi`kxraier echrč rhìat`~erxixa

^S ze}aoaia~`~h` nh ` ~r`k}ga~h akcerg`ŭaa) }hkt`ŭaa) }hk~aghk~h) mx rh`mŭah }afxrč ,h|+ zrhthk~`rh` xker

emla crxgeŕa) iagzhta) g`ra nč e }hkt`ŭah nh }akmhra~ ~h) akemhkŭč) mrhnaoaia~`~h) m`z~h`tč `~hkŭah)

oxkčseakŭč2 emlaa gama) m`rh }h gaŕmč khmek~hka~ ~r`k}ga~ e }hkt`ŭah nh kh}afxr`kŭč) kh`nhsčr) mrh`tč

}hk~aghk~xi mč ser }č `}mxknč mhs` ŕa mla`r rčx~`~h!+ Emlaa ëgoč~rïkaŭa) mx e zrasarh oiïknč) ceie}aŭa ëk

>1



zrag'zi`k n`x }hkt`ŭa` nh ëkŭhihzmaxkh+ Gïakaih ceie}a~h ëk fre}'zi`k crxge`}h) mx nhfh~h ixkfa)

ëkfrada~h n`x zhr}ek`dxixa e ke~č nh ŭakx~č) `x n`rxi nh ` ëk~čra `carg`ŭaaih }x}ŭakx~h nh seroa~er }`x n`m`

}xk~ caig`~h ëk gaŕm`rh aknxm ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa }hk~aghk~xi mč seroa~erxi h}~h e carh nak`gamč+ Gïakaih

caig`~h mïkn }h }~rïkf) }h crh`mč) mrh`tč e }hkt`ŭah nh khiakaŕ~h) crčgïk~`rh) ~h`gč+ Gïakaih m`rh }xk~

`ŕht`~h mìg n`x xk }hk~aghk~ nh }agzia~`~h ŕa zrecxktagh+ Gïakaih m`rh }h `fa~č zrak `hr n`x }hkt`ŭa`xkxa zhr}ek`d h|z`k}as m`rh srh` }č }zxkč gà gxi~) ze~ ca x~aiat`~h ëk m`r`m~hrat`rh` xker zhr}ek`dh

m`rh `x ŕa e anhh ak}xcamahk~ nh oakh h|zrag`~č ëk mxsak~h+

@mh}~h fre}'zi`kxra `x m`z`ma~`~h` nh ` meksakfh ~hih}zhm~`~erxi a`r ghm`ka}gxi `zre`zh

}xoiagakì zrak m`rh hih meksakf ~hih}zhm~`~erxi h}~h xaga~er+ Nh rhfxič h}~h rhmeg`kn`~ }č cah ceie}a~h

zh ‛iakaŕ~h‗ ,cr`fghk~xi nh rhìa~`~h x~aiat`~ ëk hga}axkaih ^S) }akfxr` nh}mezhrarh ` ^S!+ Mxsïk~xi

`z`rŭakh zrh}ha }mra}h) }xkh~xi makhg`~efr`caha) iakaŕ~h`) ~hihsataxkaa+

Zrag'zi`kxi h ëkm`nr`rh` m`rh zrhtak~č }xoahm~xi nh i` ~er`mh ëk }x}) cčrč }č a }h s`nč gïakaih+

Ceie}arh` `mh}~xa m`nrx `rh nrhz~ }mez }xoiakahrh` `carg`ŭaaier `mh}~ha zhr}e`kh zrak ~r`k}ga~hrh` anhaa mč

zhr}e`k` `ci`~č ëk zrag'zi`k ~r`k}ga~h xk gh}`d ce`r~h agzer~`k~+ E nhmi`r`ŭah ix`~č zh }~r`nč `rh xk

gà g`rh agz`m~ n`mč h caig`~č ëk zrag'zi`k nhmï~ mhaiìŭa+ Nč }hkt`ŭa` nh `zrezahrh) m` ŕa mïkn `r ca xk

ak~hriemx~er+ ]xk~ ceie}a~h i` geghk~xi }eie ì ak~hrzrh~xixa) a`r ermlh}~r` ëk zi`k fhkhrì+ Ëk hga}axka nh

nashr~a}ghk~ ëk geghk~h nh naìef }`x gekeief }h ceie}hŕ~h zhk~rx nak`gam }xmmh}axkaa

ëkm`nr`~xraier) ëk hga}axka fhk rhìa~q) ~ìb'}lev) zhk~rx mrh rh` }hkt ŭaha nh mekcrxk~`rh) gatč)

mekciam~) nak`ga}g) `~r`mŭah+ I` caigčra `goa`kŭ` `rh gà zxŭakč agzer~`kŭč) nhmerxi h agzer~`k~ `~ï~ mï~

}h shnh ëk cxknì+ H}~h ceie}a~ `~xkma mïkn akcerg`ŭaaih }xk~ ak~hrh}`k~h }`x ce`r~h agzer~`k~h+ ]h

rhmeg`knč x~aiat`rh` zi`kxraier ghnaa `~xkma mïkn }xk~ nacxt`~h mragh) m`~`}~rech) nht`}~rh+ E`ghkaa

~akn }č `}emahth mlazxi zh m`rh ëi sčn mx akcerg`ŭaaih ~r`k}ga}h+ Nh rhfxič mlazxi xkxa zhr}ek`d mx mï~ hgà x~aiat`~ mx `~ï~ z`rh gà mrhnaoai+ @nxmhrh` ëk c`ŭ` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa ŕa gaŕmčraih ~azamh ìh m`zxixa)

n`x }hkt`ŭa` mč ze~ ~r`k}ga~h `kxga~h fïknxra ,`mmhz~`rh`%rh}zakfhrh` xkha anha ze`~h ca cčmx~č zrak

caig`rh` ne`r ` m`zxixa2 h|zrh}aa nh khëkmrhnhrh) }xrzraknhrh }`x `gxt`ghk~ }xk~ caig`~h ranam`rh`

}zrïkmhkhier) gaŕm`rh` oxthier!+

Zi`kxi ghnax mxzraknh ~e`~č z`r~h` nh nh`}xzr` ~ìaha) akmix}as gïakaih ŕa zìghih+ S`ra`k~` nh

zi`k `ghram`k }h `cič nh`}xzr` fhkxkmlaier+ Xk rei agzer~`k~ ëi `x làkhih) nhmerxi) mxieraih) `gzie`rh`

fh}~xraier x~aiat`~h+ Ëk m`txi ëk m`rh zhr}ek`dhih }xk~ `ŕht`~h zh }m`xk) merzxi }h shnh nh i` ëkmhzx~xi

fhkxkmlaxixa+ H ce`r~h agzer~`k~ mxg }xk~ `ŕht`ŭa fhkxkmlaa ,h|4 n`mč }xk~ iazaŭa }~rïkŕa }xfhrh`tč mč

zhr}e`k` m`x~č }č }h `zhrh) m`x~č xk zxkm~ nh }zradak) h kh}afxrč2 n`mč fhkxkmlaa }xk~ nhzčr~`ŭa zhr}e`k`

h rhi`|`~č) }afxrč zh }akh) xŕer khfiadhk~č!+ @mh}~ zi`k `rh reixi nh ` ~r`k}ga~h e }~`rh nh iakaŕ~h) mìg) nh

nagakx`rh ` mek~r`namŭaaier+ Ëk fhkhrì ~ìb'}lev'xraih m`rh nerh}m }č ~r`k}ga~č e }hkt`ŭah nh hga}axkh

nh~`ŕ`~č) ceie}h}m gh~en` `ŕhtčraa aksa~`ŭaier zh ce~eiaa }`x m`k`zhih+ @mh`}~č `ŕht`rh zhrga~h hchm~x`rh`

nh ëkm`nr`~xra ghnaa }`x zi`kxra `ghram`kh+ Ëk ì~h hga}axka nh `mhi`ŕa fhk }h `ŕh`tč aksa~`ŭaa zh }m`xk)

i` g`}č }`x ëk dxrxi gh}ha zhk~rx ` zx~h` ca ceie}a~h zrag'zi`kxraih ŕa zhk~rx m` ~hih}zhm~`~erxi }z kx cah

cxr`~ ŕa nh ì~h hihghk~h m`rh ze~ `zčrh` ëk m`nrx+ Xk gh}`d agzer~`k~ }h ~r`k}ga~h i` zrag'zi`k ,ZZ!) e

akcerg`ŭah nak~r'e ŕ~arh ze`~h ca }zx}č zh xk zi`k ghnax ëk meknaŭaaih ëk m`rh h `dx~č~e`rh i` akcerg`ŭaaih

zragernaìh+ Zrag'zi`kxi mrh`tč ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa }hk~aghk~xi mč mhh` mh shnh hi h ce`r~h agzer~`k~+

Zi`kxi ghnax mrh`tč }hkt`ŭa` mč }zx}hih mhixa nak zi`k ghnax }h nagakxh`tč+

8:



Zi`kxi fhkhrì kh zhrga~h }č shnhg ~e~ nhmerxi ëk m`rh }h nh}cčŕe`rč `mŭaxkh ) zha}`dxi }`x

`goa`kŭ` caigčraa+ Hi h ceie}a~ m` xk m`nrx nh ihfč~xrč) `sïkn }mezxi nh ` nh~hk}aek` zhk~rx e miazč

`~ge}chr`+ H x~aiat`~ ëk ŕ~arh` nak ~hrhk zhk~rx zi`}`rh` fhefr`camč ` hshkaghk~xixa) n`r ëk zrhthk~ ŕ~araih

nh ^S x~aiath`tč ~e~ gà nh} zrag'zi`kxi ŕa fre}'zi`kxi+ Hi nč }hkt`ŭa` nh ihk~e`rh) nh ~rhmhrh nh ~agz)

h|zragč e nh~`ŕ`rh) n`r ŕa e }~`rh nh z`}asa~`~h+ Nh gxi~h era ceie}arh` `mh}~er zi`kxra fhkhrìh }xk~x~aiat`~h ŕa zhk~rx ` }xrzraknh cr`fghk~xi nh }zhm~`mei i` m`rh zxoiamxi z`r~amazč ìč~xra nh aksa~`ŭaa nak

}zhm~ mei+ I` xk ~ìb'}lev) zi`kxi fhkhrì ëŭa nč ze}aoaia~`~h` }č rhìathta ŕa ëgzčrŭarh` agzer~`kŭha

aksa~`ŭaier+ Aksa~`~xi agzer~`k~ s` }~` ëk }~ïkf` genhr`~erxixa) mhh` mh ëk}h`gkč ëk nrh`z~` hmr`kxixa+

Mhi gà zxŭak agzer~`k~ h `ŕht`~ ëk nrh`z~` genhr`~erxixa+ Ceie}arh` xker }m`xkh nachra~h }xk~ x~aiat`~h

mx }xmmh} ŕa mx h|zrh}asa~`~h m` caakn megzekhk~h ŕa zxr~č~e`rh nh akcerg`ŭaa ëk nemxghk~`rh+

Zhk~rx xk dxrkìa}~ ^S x~aiat`rh` ëkm`nr`~xraier mx sìeraih nh h|zrh}ah ìh `mh}~er` zhrga~

rhìat`rh` ~x~xrer fhkxraier zxoiama}~amh mx hihghk~h }zhmacamh nh ~r`k}ga~hrh ` akcerg`ŭaha }`x nh

}zhm~`mxie}+

Zi`kxraih nh ~rhmhrh }xk~ z`ker`g`rh` ŕa ~r`k}cem rh`+ Z`ker`g`rh` zrh}xzxkh gaŕm`rh`

m`ghrha nh i` }~ïkf` i` nrh`z~` }`x akshr} mh mekchrč hga}axkaa ze}aoaia~`~h` nh ` nh}mrah nak zxkm~ nh

shnhrh ì ag`fakaa iemxi caigčraa ŕa h}~h nh eoamha x~aiat`~č m` }xzer~ zhk~rx meghk~`raaih nh}mraz~ash+

Ixkfagh` `mh}~er zi`kxra echrakn ze}aoaia~`~h` nh ` ak~renxmh ~hih}zhm~`~erxi ëk zesh}~h) ëk ëkmhzhrh`

`mŭaxkaa }`x `~xkma mïkn }h nerhŕ~h e ~hgzerat`rh) e iakaŕ~arh ` na}mxr}xixa zxoiama}~am ëk~rh ? geghk~h nh

`mŭaxkh nak`gamč+

^r`k}cem`~erxi h}~h ëk c`z~ xk `mmh}erax ì `z`r`~xixa nh caig`~ m`rh `rh m`z`ma~`~h` nh `

`zreza` }`x ëknhzčr~` }xoahm~xi c`ŭč nh zrasa~er+ ]xo}~`k~asxi ` mrh`~ sero` ŕa `mh`}~č gaŕm`rh ceie}a~č ëksa~hth nachra~h ,iakč) }`m`n`~č) r`zanč! ze`~h `sh` sìera h}~h~amh nachra~h+

@mh}~h ~azxra nh zi`kxra ëk hga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~) ceie}a~h zh nhmerxra `gzih) mx gaŕmčra

nh zhr}ek`dh nashr}h) ëk }hmshkŭh nh oìh~) n`k}) mrh`tč nak`ga}g) }zhm~`mei kxgà ëk meknaŭaaih ëk m`rh

zrak ~čah~xr` nh gek~`d ëk ~agzxi ëkrhfa}~rčraa }`x xi~hraer i` hna~`rh` sanhe gaŕmčraih nh m`ghrč)

ëkm`nr`~xraih) zi`kxraih merh}zxkn m` nxr`~č ŕa }hgkacam`ŭah ra~gxixa) }h ëkm`nrh`tč ëk mxr}asa~`~h

gxtamìč ` }hmshkŭha+ Mhi gà g`rh }zhm~`mei oakh fïkna~) rhzh~`~) `k}`goi`~ ëk nhmer) ra}mč }č `dxkfč

xk ca`}me n`mč }xmmh}axkh` nh zi`kxra kx megxkamč ëk }akmrek mx gh}`dxi `r~a}~am+

H|a}~č ze}aoaia~`~h` nh ` x~aiat` m`ghrh nh caig`rh ëk gaŕm`rh ŕa m`rh mrh`tč ëk cxkmŭah nh

xkflaxi zh m`rh ëi c`mh m`ghr` c`ŭč nh }xoahm~ h|zrh}aa `r~a}~amh zh gč}xr` }eiama~čraa }mhk`raxixa+

Xkflaxi z`rìhi kergì h}~h mhi ëk m`rh m`ghr` }h `cič i` kashixi emlaier+ @~xkma mïkn m`ghr` h `ŕht`~č

nh`}xzr` }xoahm~xixa a`r eoahm~asxi m`ghrha h ëknrhz~`~ mč~rh }xoahm~) xkflaxi nh caig`rh }h kxghŕ~h

ziekdhx+ @}~chi nh ag`faka kx }xk~ rhmeg`kn`~h zhk~rx ` ca x~aiat`~h nhmï~ i` `kxgaŭa }xoahmŭa zhk~rx mč

`x m`z`ma~`~h` nh ` gčra) nh ` ëkfreŕ` naghk}axkh` zhr}ek`dxixa+

H|a}~č xk xkfla ëk m`rh m`ghr` h zetaŭaek`~č mx eoahm~asxi nh de} ëk }x} }zrh }xoahm~ ŕa }h

kxghŕ~h r`mxr}a }`x mek~r`ziekdhx+ @mh}~ xkfla nh caig`rh echrč gčrhŭah) ixkfhŕ~h }xoahm~xi ŕa h}~h nh

rhfxič x~aiat`~ `~xkma mïkn }xoahm~xi rh}zhm~as megxkamč xk gh}`d negak`~er+

80



âgzxi) nxr`~` `mh}~er xkflaxra nh caig`rh h ëk ghnah nh = }hmxknh+ Hga}axkh` nh nashr~a}ghk~

genhrkč h rhìat`~č nak zi`kxra gek~`~h ëk }a}~hg `zre`z~h g~sa}~) nh sanhemiaz+ Kx ~e`~h ~azxraih nh

hga}axka }h zrh~h`tč i` `}~chi nh gek~`dh+

Hga}axkh` nh nashr~a}ghk~

Hga}axkh` nh nashr~a}ghk~ h xk zrefr`g megzih| nh ~s mh zrh}xzxkh geoiat`rh nh rh}xr}h

~hlkamh) `r~a}~amh) xg`kh nhe}hoa~h) xknh ìč~xra nh rafe`rh` h|hmxŭaha ~hlkamh ` nhmerxraier) ` gek~čraa

ier ëk zi`~exi nh caig`rh) zetaŭaek`rh` m`ghrhier nh caig`~ ŕa ëkm`nr`~xraih }h mek}~rxah}m zh xk }mhk`rax

ŕa xk nh}cčŕxrč~er iòerae}) gakxŭae} cčmx~h zh }hmxknh ŕa gakx~h) n`r m`rh ëk cakì `nxm rhmegzhk}`

ghra~`~č+ Nxzč hga}axkaih akcerg`~ash) hga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~ }xk~ zrak~rh zraghih zrhchrakŭh+

Zhk~rx m`kìxi ~s m`rh ih zrenxmh) hga}axkh` nh nashr~a}ghk~ ze`~h ca zi`}`~č ëk fraič mx gxi~h rhixčra)

mhh` mh ëk cakì nxmh i` `ger~at`rh` ha+ Hga}axkh` nh nashr~a}ghk~ `rh m`z`ma~`~h` nh ` ak~r` zh

}mlagoxraih ak~hrk`ŭaekìh gxi~ gà xŕer ŕa r`zan nhmï~ xk rhzer~`d) ~ìb'}lev }`x `kmlh~č+ Hih }xk~

zrenxmŭaa m`rh `z`rŭak nh eoamha ze}~xraier meghrmaìh ŕa ëk }z`ŭaxi `xnaesatxì regïkh}m cerg`~xi

`mh}~er` h `mlataŭaek`~ nak }~rčakč~`~h+

Cerg`~xi rhzrhtak~č hihghk~hih m`nrx zh m`rh }h mek}~rxahŕ~h e hga}axkh) hihghk~h mh `x

rhzh~òaia~`~h ëk ~e`~h mhihiì~h hnaŭaa) z`r~amxi`rath`tč hga}axkh` ŕa e c`m }č cah anhk~acamòaič+ @mh}~h`

}xk~ xk chi nh g`~raŭč ŕa n`x zhmh~h`) }zhmacamxi) z`r~amxi`ra~`~h` hga}xkaa4 tek` }emaìč nak m`rh }h a`x

}xoahm~hih) sïr}~` zhr}ek`dhier) ~azxi nh naìef) ~azxraih nh caigčra) zxoiamxi ceie}a~) ak~hk~ŭ` h|zrag`~č)

fhkhramxi) }ekeratčraih) negak`k~` nh mxie`rh }`x ~azxi nh zrhthk~`rh+

Semh`

Ëk mek}~rxmŭa` fhkxraier zxoiama}~amh nh ~s ìč~xra nh ~h|~ mx ëkmčrmč~xr` ixa }~aia}~amč) ag`fakh mx

ëkmčrmč~xr` ha h}~h~amč) semh` eghkh`}mč `rh m`z`ma~`~h` }č ~r`k}ga~č xk gh}`d i` chi nh zx~hrkam zrak

zetaŭaek`rh` ha }`x n`mč h` kx hoakh r~amxi`~č }č nxmč i` rh}zakfhrh` gh} dxixa+

Semh` `rh ze}aoia~`~h` }č xrmh ŕa }č meoe`rh ~ekxi ëk seroarh) a`r xkhih ~ekxra }h `gziacamč ëk

cxkmŭah nh h|z`k}axkh` }xkh~xixa ëk m`sa~`~h ŕa ëkčiŭagh` ixa+ Ëk semh }h na}~akf ~rha rhfa}~rh4

' rhfa}~rxi nh zahz~ ,fr`s!

' rhfa}~rxi ghnax ,gadiemax!

' rhfa}~rxi nh m`z ,ëkì~!

_hfa}~rxi nh zahz~ h}~h mhi gà ëk~rhoxakŭ`~ i` gamrecek+ Ëk `mh}~ rhfa}~rx semh` }xkč mìn ŕa

zx~hrkam+ E semh ëk rhfa}~rx nh zahz~ h|zragč }hk~aghk~h zrecxknh) }akmhrh) nr`g`~amh) h` eoiafč i`

`}mxi~`rh) i` `~hkŭah+ I` saor`ŭaaih semaa zh zahz~ z`r~amazč ëk~rh`f` mx~ah ~er`mamč+ @mh}~ ixmrx }h ze`~h

mek}~`~` ŭakïkn gïk` ëk nrhz~xi }~hrkxixa `~xkma mïkn }h hga~ }xkh~h fr`sh ìh semaa zh zahz~+

_hfa}~rxi ghnax h}~h mhi gà nh} ceie}a~ ëk zxoiama}~am` nh r`nae ŕa ~s zhk~rx mč h}~h i`

ëknhgïkč+ H}~h mhi nh ~rhmhrh nak}zrh rhfa}~rxi fr`s ŕa ëkì~+ Zetaŭa m`zxixa c`serath`tč ~e~ ~agzxi i`

8?



gamrecek zetaŭa` nh xkfla nrhz~ c`ŭč nh gamrecekxi ceie}a~) gà ìh} n`m` h}~h nh ~az xkanarhmŭaekì+

M`zxi ranam ~ mx očroa` ëk }x} h zetaŭa` m`rh c`serath`tč semh` ëkì~č+ @mh }~č semh h x~aiat`~č `~xkma

mïkn }h c`m ma~`~h nak `kxga~h zhr}ek`dh) nak `kxga~h cr`th m`rh nhkxgh}m `kxga~h zhr}ek`dh+ Zetaŭa`

m`zxixa zihm`~) mx očroa` ëk zahz~) xŕer) nxmh i` eoŭakhrh` xkha sem mx rhtek`kŭč m`rh mrh`tč

~hih}zhm~`~erxixa e zhrmhŭah nh e `kxga~č }eorah~`~h ŕa }eihgka~`~h+ M` }č mïŕ~afh ~agorx ŕa `gzie`rhsemh` ~rhoxah }č }h zrez`fh) }č }h nhtsei~h ŕa }č }h nh}čsïrŕh`}mč ëk m`sa~čŭaih nh rhtek`kŭč+ ê`~h

zetaŭaekčraih }xk~ nh~hrgak`~h nh ëk~rhoxakŭ`rh` `hrxixa h|zar`~ zhk~rx ` }h zrenxmh semh`) zhk~rx mč kx

}h serohŕ~h `~xkma mïkn }h ak}zarč+

Mìa~čŭaih semaa }xk~ n`~h nh `mh}~ zrenx} m`rh }h eoŭakh ëk saor`ŭa` me`rnhier semìh ŕa ` `hrxixa

h|zar`~+

Semh` `rh `mhih`ŕa mìa~čŭa m` eramh }xkh~4 ëkčiŭagh) ak~hk}a~`~h) ~agorx) i` m`rh }h `n`xfč

mìa~čŭa }zhmacamh semaa4 ëk~aknhrh`) ŭh}č~xr` ŕa rhta}~hkŭ`+

Ëkčiŭagh` h xk` nak~rh ëk}xŕaraih zrakmazìh ìh }xkh~xixa ŕa h rhtxi~`~xi kxg`rxixa crhmshkŭha ìh

saor`ŭaaier xkxa merz }eker+ Mx mï~ }h zrenxm gà gxi~h saor`ŭaa ëk~r'e nxr`~č nh ~agz mx `~ï~ }xkh~xi

h}~h+

Ëkčiŭagh` }xkh~xixa semaa xg`kh nhzaknh nh kxgčrxi nh mek~r`mŭaa hchm~x`~h nh me`rnhih

semìh+ Kxgčrxi `mh}~er saor`ŭaa zrenx}h nh me`rnhih semìh nhzaknh ëk zragxi rïkn nh akcix|xraih m`rh

}xk~ ~r`k}ga}h zrak meg`kn` khrse`}č nh hkmhcì+

Ak~hk}a~`~h` h ~čra` xkxa }xkh~ ŕa h nh~hrgak`~č nh `gzia~xnakh` saor`ŭaaier+ @gzia~xnakh` kx

akcixhkŭh`tč ëkčiŭagh` }xkh~xixa+ Ak~hk}a~`~h` h ŕa fr`nxi nh cerŭč ` semaa xg`kh cčrč m` `mh`}~` }č }h

}xrghkhth+ Ëk geghk~xi ëk m`rh ak~hk}a~`~h` `dxkfh i` iaga~` nh }xrghk`d) `z`rh semh` mx m`r`m~hr nh

ŭazč~) zaŭafčaìč) eoe}a~e`rh) m`rh ~r`k}ga~h e }~`rh nh rh}zakfhrh+ N`mč semh` h oakh zet`~č ëk}h`gkč mč}h rhìath`tč xk mek}xg nh `hr r`ŭaekì ŕa mx `~ï~ ak~hk}a~`~h` nhzaknh ŕa nh na}~`kŭč+ Ëk zxoiama}~am` nh

^S na}~`kŭ` ëk~rh iemxi xknh }h zrenxmh xk }xkh~ ŕa iemxi xknh h zhrmhzx~ kx h xk agzhnaghk~ ~hlkam+

M`z~`rh` }xkh~xixa nh semh }h ze`~h c`mh mx `z`r`~xrč }xzhr zhrcerg`k~č+ Ëk zxoiama}~am` nh ~s }h

ceie}hŕ~h semh` ghnah) a`r hga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~ caakn x~aiat`~h gà gxi~h ~azxra nh semh4 ŕe`z~`

~agor`~č ,xŕer) za`ka}}age!) }hgasemh ,za`ke!) semh` cer~h ŕa semh` zx~hrkamč ,cer~a}}age!+

âgorxi h mxie`rh`) m`r`m~hrxi xkxa }xkh~) h z`r~amxi`ra~`~h` semaa+ H `gzrhk~` semìč zhk~rx mč

~agorxi h nh~hrgak`~ nh4 k`~xr` me`rnhier semìh ŕa mx~a` ~er`mamč2 m`z`ma~`~h` i`rakfhixa nh ` `gziacam`

ŕa hihghk~hih `rgekamh) zhr}ekìh m`rh ëk cakì n`x semaa xg`kh mxie`rh) rhiahc ŕa zhr}ekìa~`~h+

Ëk~aknhrh` xkha sema h ~e~ìa~`~h` }xkh~hier m`rh ze~ ca hga}h cčrč hcer~+ Kx }h rhmeg`knč

kamaen`~č cerŭ`rh` semaa cčrč e gakagč ëkmčitarh }`x ëkmhzhrh` ihm~xraa xkxa ~h|~ i` gamrecek cčrč xk

h|hrmaŭax semì ŕa nh geoaia~`~h ` g`|ai`rxixa+

ůh}č~xr` h z`r~h` m`rh ŭ~akh nh mi`sa`~xrč) m`rh ëa nč ze}aoaia~`~h` nh ` e x~aiat` m` xk

ak}~rxghk~+ H` echrč ze}aoaia~`~h` dxrkìa}~xixa nh ~s ëk fhkxra m` rhzer~`dxi) nemxghk~`rxi }č x~aiathth

`mh}~h ŭh}č~xra ìh semaa zh nachra~h ~h|~h ëk m`rh kx`kŭhih h|zrag`~h }č mrhhth ëk gak~h` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa

cr`fghk~xi nh rhìa~`~h+ _hta}~hkŭ` h c`mxi~`~h` zh m`rh e `rh semh` nh ` ixmr` gxi~) cčrč }č eoe}h`}mč ŕa

ŭakh `~ï~ nh afahk` semaa mï~ ŕa nh ~azxi nh sa`ŭč fhkhrìč zh m`rh ëi nxmh ta`ra}~xi+ H|a}~č ze}aoaia~`~h` m`

zrak h|hrmaŭaa semh` }č cah cerg`~č) zrak h|hrmaŭaa mla`r nhchm~hih }č cah merhm~`~h) zrak cr`t`rh ta`ra}~xi }č

zxkč ëk hsanhkŭč `kxga~h mxsak~h nak~r'e zrezetaŭah zhk~rx ` ~r`k}ga~h gh}`dxi gà ak~hk}+ Ëk ihm~xr`

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~h|~xixa zhk~rx ~s sarfxi` g`rmlh`tč fr`cam z`xth }mxr~h) n`r ŕa ranamčra nh ~ek ŕa agzxkh xk `kxga~ ra~g

ì seroaraa ŕa e `kxga~č ak~ek`ŭah+ Zxoiama}~am` genhrkč ` agzx} ëk dxrkìa}gxi nh ^S ëk zrhthk~ e

hga}ah semìč cčrč z`xth) cčrč e cr`t`rh ëk m`rh }č }h na}~akfč mi`r hihghk~h nh }ak~`|č+

Nemxghk~`rxi

H}~h fhkxi zxoiama}~am ëk ~s ëk m`rh ëkŭhih}xi ak~hihm~xì }h megoakč mx mhi hgeŭaekì+ M` fhk

makhg`~efr`c ` `sx~ zhrae`nh nh `}mhk}axkh ëk 01?:) ŕmeì` makhg`~efr`camč }'` cčmx~ mxke}mx~č+ Zragxi

nemxghk~`r }h mek}anhrč ` ca xk caig nh}zrh h}mlageŕa ŕa `z`rŭakh xkxa nemxghk~`ra}~ m`k`na`k+ I`

ëkmhzx~ nemxghk~`rxi }h emxz` nh `}zhm~h h|e~amh) zh}mčrhŕ~a) hih akmixtïkn e k`r`ŭaxkh) e kek'camŭaxkh

zrak m`rh e rhìa~`~h hr` `nx}č ëk `~hkŭa` ezakaha zxoiamh+ M` fhk `r~a}~am nemxghk~`rxi ëk zhrae`n`

rčtoeaxixa h ceie}a~ ëk ak~hrh}xi zrez`f`knha nh rčtoea+ Nxzč mhi nh' i neaih` rčtoea gekna i

nemxghk~`rxi ak~r`}h ëk~r'xk }~`nax nh nhmiak+ @z`raŭa` ~s ëk `kaa 8: ëk ]X@ ŕa fhkhrìat`~č ëk 83) 86 ëk

Hxrez`) ` ëkmhzx~ rhi`k}`rh` nemxghk~`rxixa+ Gxiŭa `ka ëk _egïka` ëkàk~h` caighier `r~a}~amh }h

nacxt`x dxrkìhih nh `m~xìa~čŭa ŕa mï~h xk nemxghk~`r+ Zrak `kaa 3: }'`x }me} dxrkìhih nh `m~xìa~čŭa+ ]'

`x akmh~čŭhka~ nacxtčraih nh nemxghk~`rh zrenx}h nh ŕmeì` regïkh`}mč ,]~xnaexi ]`la`!+ Ëk `mh}~

geghk~ ëk _egïka` serohŕ~a nh ~hihsataxkh+ Nxzč `kaa 3: }h ze`~h seroa nh rhi`k}`rh` nemxghk~`rxixam` fhk zxoiama}~am ëk ~s+

Ëk r`zer~xi zh m`rh ëi `rh ~s ëk r`zer~ mx nemxghk~`rxi `rh = h~`zh4

' `kaa nh ëkmhzx~ nh nemxghk~ ra}~amč ëk ~s mïkn genxi nh rhìat rh `

nemxghk~`rxixa hr` àneg` xkha ihmŭaa nh ŕmeìč2 z`rmč ~hih}zhm~`~erxi hr` xk

hihs m`rh ëŕa ix` ke~aŭh+ @mh}~` h nemxghk~`rxi mi`}am rhìat`~ zrak ~hlkamč nh

gek~ d) zrak megzai`ŭa nachra~hier }xr}h nh akcerg`ŭah) zrak ce~efr`caa) zrak

nemxghk~h nak nachra~h atse`rh ŕa zrak~r'e k`r`ŭaxkh }mei`}~amč mx ëkmhzx~)

mxzrak} ŕa }cïrŕa~+

' Ëk ` nex` h~ zč }h rhg rmč `~a~xnakh` zrenxmč~eraier ŕa rh iat`~eraier nh `

~r`k}cerg` eramh zrenx} ëk~r'xkxi nh mek}xg nh g`}č+ Zrenxmŭa` nh

nemxghk~`r ëkmhzh }č àoč m` zrhthk~`~era `m~era) e`ghka mhihora ëk nachra~h

neghkaa ,h|+ B`ri F`f`r!

' @kaa 1: ” ëk `mh`}~č h~`zč nh nhtsei~ rh ` ~s zh m rh e kxgh}m ~s nh

megxkam`rh) zhk~rx zrenxmč~eraa nh nemxghk~`rh zhr}ek`dhih m`rh megzxk

xk caig ëkmhz }č }h nashr}acamh ìč~xra nh ce~efr`cah) nemxghk~) k`r`ŭaxkh)

mhihora~`~h) ak~rč m` zhr}ek`d ëk ak~hraerxi nemxghk~`rxixa hmlaz` nh caig`rh)

m`ghr` ŕa ëk chixi `mh}~` `z`rh nemxghk~`rxi mx ? `z`r`~h nh caig`~ ,xkxi ëi

caigh`tč zh mhiči i~!+ @mh`}~č nashr}acam`rh ` zhr}ek`dhier nak ak~hraerxi

8>



mek}~rxmŭaha nemxghk~`rxixa mrh`tč }hk~aghk~xi mč ~hih}zhm~ ~erxi h xk

aknasan ëk nacamxi~`~h nh ëkŭhihfhrh) h|ziam`ŭaaih }xk~ mi`rh) ceie}aknx'}h

rhmek}~a~xarh` a}~eraha mx cafxr`ŭah+

Nxzč `kaa 1: m` rč}zxk} i` mhrakŭ zxoiamxixa `z r m`kìhih }zhma iat ~h zh ~azxra nh

nemxghk~`rh+Fieoìaq`rh` akcerg`ŭaha) ` megxkam ŭaha) òxknhkŭ` akcerg`ŭaek ič ` zrenx} xk

oego`rn`ghk~ `frh}as `}xzr` ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa m`rh ëk~r'xk ak}~akm~ nh mek}hrs`rh ŕa'` mčx~`~ ‛kaŕ`‗)

m`kìxi nh ~s m`rh ëa merh}zxknh `}zar`ŭaaier) ak~hrh}hier }`x m`rh ëa }`~a}c`mh mhrakŭhih aghna`~h+ Ëk chixi

`mh}~` }'`x mrh`~ m`kìh }zhmaìat`~h zh zrenxmŭa` nh nemxghk~`r+

Nemxghk~`rxi nh ~s h xk fhk zxoiama}~am me}~a}a~er+ Ëk _egïka` ëkmč kx ` `zčrx~ xk m`kì

}zhmaìat`~ zh zrenxmŭa` nh nemxghk~`r ëk}č g`dera~`~h` m`kìhier }zhmaìat`~h zh nemxghk~`r nh ŕ~aakŭč)

a}~erah h~m+ E hmlazč zhk~rx rhìat`rh` xkxa nemxghk~`r h ìmč~xa~č nak mhi zxŭak 8 zhr}e`kh4 ?

eoiaf ~erax zh ~hrhk) xk rhìat`~er ŕa xk m`ghr`g`k) = ëk zrenxmŭa` ak~hrkč) rhìat`~erxi nh zrenxmŭah)

hna~erxi ŕa mek}xi~`k~xi ŕ~aakŭacam+ N`mč i` ëkmhzx~ nemxghk~`rxi `sh` `}zhm~ nh ‛}akh shra~á‗) `mxg `rh

`}zhm~ nh ‛nemxnr`g`‗+ Mhihiì~h hmlazh ze~ ca mla`r thma nh zhr}e`kh `kf`d`~h ~hgzer`r) cafxr`kŭa)

mek}xi~`kŭa zh nachra~h neghkaa ŕa }zhmaìaŕ~a+ Zhk~rx xk }akfxr nemxghk~`r }h ze~ x~aiat` thma }`x mla`r

0:: nh za}~h nh }xkh~+ H|4 xk }xkh~ m`rh h semh` k`r`~erxixa) ëk ~agz mh sïk~xi o`~h) tfege~xi z`ŕaier)

ghnax `goa`k~+

C`ŭč nh ŕ~arh nemxghk~`rxi `rh `kìatč+ C`ŭč nh rhzer~`d nemxghk~`rxi `rh k`r`ŭaxkh) `rh

zesh}~h) m`rh zhrga~h ëkŭhihfhrh` }xoahm~xixa2 rhzer~`dxi eoiafč i` e r`zer~`rh aghna`~č mx hshkaghk~xi)

a`r rhzer~hrxi h ~e~ ~agzxi zrh}`~ nh ~agz+ C`ŭč nh nhto`~hrh nemxghk~`rxi kx h ëk mek~r`namŭah) hi ih `rh

akmix}h zrak nhcakaŭah+ Ak~hrsaxraih zrak ~hlkam` nh gek~`d ze~ ca zx}h ëk~r'xk naìef narhm~) mï~hen`~čmekciam~xì) mx rhziamč eoŭakx~č ~e~ zrak ~čah~xr` nh gek~`d+ @mh`}~č gh~enč mrh`tč nak`ga}g ŕa meknxmh

i` xk ak~hrh} mrh}mïkn ` zxoiamxixa+ Zhk~rx rhìat`rh` xkxa nemxghk~`r }h zerkhŕ~h nh i` }mraz~+ ]mraz~xi

h hkxkŭxi anhaa i` m`rh }h `n`xfč ŕa ak~hkŭaaih `x~erxixa+ ]mhk raxi mxzraknh ŕa nhmxz`dxi rhfater i+ M`

~hlkamč dxrkìa}~amč eramh fhk zxoiama}~am ëk ~s `rh `mhh`ŕa mxr}asa~`~h ëk nh}cčŕxr`rh4

' zrhnemxghk~`rh` zrh}xzxkh anhk~acam`rh` neghkaxixa) ` zreoihg`~amaa ŕa

dx}~acam`rh` ak~hrh}xixa+ Ëk xrg` `mh}~ha h~`zh cahm`rh zrenxmč~er }h fïknhŕ~h

n`mč ghra~č }`x kx

' nemxghk~`rh` akmixnh4 }xr}hih ŕ~aakŭacamh ,oaoiaefr cah) oaefr cah ” }xr}č

narhm~č) xg`kč) zhr}ek`dh m`rh ze~ nhzxkh gčr~xrah nh}zrh neghkaxi m`rh kh

ak~hrh}h`tč) zrh}xzxkh mčx~čra) }h rhìath`tč nh nemxghk~`ra}~!) zi`kacam`rh`

~r`}hxixa zhk~rx caig rh) zi`kacam`rh ak~hrsaxraier) zi`kacam`rh` ~agzxixa

zhk~rx }hmshkŭhih mxrzak}h ëk nhmxz`d) khmh}`rh iemìatčraa nemxghk~`rxixa)

zi`kacam`rh` ~agzxixa zhk~rx ixmrxraih khzrhsčtx~h) ~e`~h }h zi`kacamč zh xk

oxfh~ ,rh}xr}h cak`kma`rh) ~hlkamh) xg`kh!+ Zi`kacam`rh` zhk~rx caig`rh

~rhoxah }č àoč ëk shnhrh `mh}~h rh}xr}h ŕa ëkm`nr`rh` ëk hih+ Nh rhfxič

}xoahm~xixa nemxghk~`rxixa nh ~s }h nh}cčŕe`rč ëk iemxra xknh }h `dxkfh frhx+

Eramh ixmrx m`rh kx ` ce}~ ix`~ ëk mìmxi ra}mč }č kx gà ze`~č ca caig`~+

88



' Caig`rh` zrezrax'ta}č }h ëkm`nrh`tč ëk zrefr gxi mekshka~ }`x }h rhghna`tč

i` c`ŭ` iemxixa eramh khmh}a~`~h taikamč) ì~chi ëk mòak` nh gek~`d }č cah zrh`

~ïrtax+

' Gek~ dxi zrezrax'ta} ëkmhzh zrak sataek`rh` g ~hraìxixa caig`~) `zea }h

ëgz`r~h g`~hraìxi caig`~ zh m`}h~h nh ixmrx ,h|4 xk` ak~hrsaxi) ì~` aix}~r`ŭa`!

Nhcaka~aaih zrakmazìaier aknam`~era nh `xnahk~`

' _`~akf,_^F(! rhzrhtak~` kxg`rxi ghnax nh ~hih}zhm~`~era zh gakx~ à xkha

hga}axka ,}`x ak~hrsì er`r! nacxt`r` nh e }~`~ah ^S+ _`~akfxi ze`~h ca

h|zrag`~ ak macrh ò}eix~h ,gaa ~hih}zhm~ ~era! }`x m` zremhk~ nak ~`rfh~xi

`kìat`~+

' G`rbh~ ]l`rh,Me~` nh za`~` ” ]L_(! rhzrhtak~` r`zer~xi zremhk~xì

nak~rh kxg`rxi ghnax nh ~hih}zhm~`~era ,_^F(! à xkha hga}axka,}`x ak~hrsì

er`r! ` xkha }~`~aa ^S }a kxg`rxi ghnax nh ~hih}zhm~`~era nh zh Ê@^H

}~`~aaih ^S) mìmxi`~ zhk~rx `mhi`}a ak~hrsì er`r ,}`x hga}axkh!+

' _h`ml,_ML(! rhzrhtak~` kxg`rxi nh ~hih}zhm~ ~era NACH_AÂ m`rh `x

sataek`~ mhi zx~ak xk gakx~ nak~r'e hga}axkh ^S }`x ak~hrsì er`r `kìat`~+ I`

chi m` }a ak m`txi aknam`~erxixa _`~akf) _ML( ze`~h ca h|zrag`~ zrak macrh

ò}eix~h,gaa ~hih}zhm~`~era! }`x m` zremhk~ nak ~`rfh~xi `kìat`~+

' @caka~ ~h ,^f@cak! h}~h r`zer~xi nak~rh _^F( ì ~`rfh~xixa `kìat`~ }a

_^F( xkxa ~`rfh~ nh rhchrak~` | 0:: ,~`rfh~xi nh rhchrak~` ~rhoxah }` akmixn`

~`rfh~xi `kìat`~ zhk~rx m` sìe`rh` aknam`~erxixa }` ào` }hk}+! @caka~`~h`

h}~h xk aknh|) a`r n`m` sìe`rh` rhtxi~`~` h}~h zh}~h 0:: ak}h`gk` m`

zhkh~r`rh` ,ak~hrh}xi! `xnahk~ha ak ~`rfh~xi `kìat`~ h}~h gà g`rh nhm`~

~`rfh~xi nh rhchrak~`+

' âgh Or`kn‑} Aknh|,ÔAknh|! rhzrhtak~` r`zer~xi nak~rh }l`rh'xi hga}axkaa

}a }l`rh'xi ghnax ì }~`~aha zh ~e`~` tax`) }hgkacam kn mek~raox~a` zh m`rh `

`sx~'e hga}axkh` ak `~r`fhrh` ~hih}zhm~`~eraier m`~rh rh}zhm~asxi m`kì zhnxr ~` nacxt raa ha+ N`m sìe`rh` `mh}~xa aknam ~er h}~h nh zh}~h 0::

ak}h`gk` m` hga}axkh` ` rhx}a~ }` `~r`f` xk kxg`r nh ~hih}zhm~`~era gà

g`rh nhm`~ ` rhx}a~ m`kìxi ak ghnah zh ak~rh`f` ta+

' ]~rxm~xr` nh zxoiam,^f]`~(! rhzrhtak~` rhz`r~a~a` `xnahk~ha zh m`~hferaa

}emae'nhgefr`camh,fhkxra)}~xnaa)frxzh nh s`r~}`) h~m!+

83



]Z@ÂXI @XNAESATX@I@ ]A _EIXI IXA AK ]EMAH^@^H@ _EG@KH@]M@

]z`~axi `xnaesatxì` reg`kh}m ze`r~` `gzrhk~` chkeghkxixa nh ~hihsataxkh ì m`rxaakmhzx~ }'` zrenx} ak taihih ixa nhmhgorah 01<1+ @g `sx~ zrag` rhseix~ah ~r`k}ga}` ak narhm~) xi~hraer

seg `sh` zrak MKK }a zragxi r`toea ~r`k}ga} ak narhm~) `zea zrag` nho`rm`rh gaia~`r` ~r`k}ga}` aknarhm~) i` }c`r}a~xi ixa ?::3 zrag` h|hmx~ah zrak }z`ktxr`rh ~r`k}ga}` ak narhm~) }a mek~akx`~` mx~e`~hmhihiì~h hshkaghk~h zeia~amh) }emaìh ~r`k}ga}h ak narhm~ m`rh `x g`rm`~ ~e`~h megzekhk~hih }emah~`~aa+

M` zrag` rhg`rm` }h ze`~h mek}~`~` m` ~r`k}ga}a` ak narhm~ m`rh akàk~h nh 01<1 hr``z`k dxi hshkaghk~hier }zer~ash) mxi~xrìh) ` nhshka~ xk ken nh ` ~r`k} zeia~am `kxga~h `~a~xnaka }`xak~hrh}h+

Xk ì~ chkeghk m`rh ` g`rm`~ zhrae`n` nak 011: z`k` ak zrhthk~ h}~h gxi~aziam`rh`shm~eraier nh megxkam`rh ~hihsatxì`) `z`ra~a` ` kxghre`}h ze}~xra nh ~hihsataxhk }a nh r`nae }a ~a~ixra nh zrh}` }mra}`+ Ak `mha`}a zhrae`n` }a kxg`rxi m`kìhier nh r`nae }'` g`ra~ n`r agz`m~xi `}xzr` zxoiamxixakx ` f`}a~ `mha`}a rhtek`k~`+

G`k`~ z`rm` nh oaoiam` tamhrh ‛}` shta }a }` mrhta‗ zxoiamxi }'` `rxkm`~ zr`m~am akgrhdhih hga}axkaier nh ~hihsataxkh a`r m`xthih `r ca xrg`~e`rhih4

0+ zhrae n` hzemaa Mh`x}h}mx ak m`rh zrefr`gxi nh ~hihsataxkh cx}h}h iaga~ ~ i` ? erh zh ta2

?+ khsea` nh ihm~xr` carh`}m` ” kxg`rxin h ta`rh cx}h}h iaga~ ~ ak megxka}g2=+ h|a}~hk~` xker }xoahm~h nh}zrh m`rh ì~ n ~` kx }h aknr`tkh` ` }h seroa ak zxoiam i` m`rh }h

`n`xf` e }~r`~hfah nh g`rbh~akf k`}mema~` zhk~rx ` ak~rh~akh fx}~xi zxoiamxixa }zrh }hkt`~aekì)nhraterax) }xzhrcamaì) hsanhk~ m` ak ~e`~` `mh`}~` l`r~` ` zrefr`ghier) hga}axkaih nh zreges`rh` xker hihghk~h m`rh ~ak nh mxi~xr` }a masaiat`~ah `x ah}a~ nak frai` ze`}~xraier nh r`nae }a ~s }a }'`x ~r`k}cerg`~ ak m`kìh nh }akh }~`~`~e`rh+ H|hgzix4 hga}axkaih m`rh ~akh`x nh hkmamiezhnah }'`x rh}~r`k} i` ze}~xi ~s Na}meshrq) zh }z`~axi reg`kh}m ]_^ }a'` mrh`~ xk m`kì zrezrax ^S_ Mxi~xrì+

@mh`}~` echr~` nh zrefr`gh ze`~h z`rh` i` zra` shnhrh }`~a}c`m`~e`rh n`m` `kìat`g zxoiamxi nak tekhih xro`kh) n`r ~rhoxah }` rhg`rm`g m` >3( nak zezxi`~a` ~`raa iemxah}~h ak tek` rxrì`}a kx `rh `mmh} nhm`~ i` ^S_ 0+

Hihghk~xi m`rh m`r`m~hrath`t` }z`~axi `xnaesatxì reg`kh}m h}~h mhh` mh ak zrh}`}mra}` }h kxgh}~h ~òieanat`rh ,chkeghk k`}mx~ ak 011? en`~ mx Hshkaghk~xi Taiha!) ak ~hihsataxkh h}~h

xk chkeghk m`rh ` akmhzx~ }` mxzrakn` mla`r }a }z`~axi nh ~hihsataxkh zxoiam`+ Hi ` ce}~ zrhix`~ nak zrh}`}mra}` }a }'` g`kach}~`~ ak nex` ~azrxa nh hga}axka4 ak mhih akcerg`~ash xknh `x ce}~ `s`k~`d`~h }~araihnh}zrh c`z~h nashr}h ranam`~h i` r`kfxi nh akcerg`~aa k`~aekìh }a ak hga}axkaih nh nashr~a}ghk~) hga}axkamek}~rxa~h zh xk megam c`mai) nh iago`d mx nxoix ak~hih} }`x mx }xoak~hih}) zh xk megam nh }a~x`~ah }a~x`~i` iaga~` nhmhk~ha }a zh e r`mern`rh i` rhìa~`~h` reg`kh`}m` nh zhrachrah+ Mla`r }a ixgh` }`~xixa h}~hranamxiat`~` ak }mlhg` rhi`~aaier zrhe~ ” zrag`r ” zeia~a}~) caakn c`serat`~h hihghk~hih g`rfakìh nakixgh` }`~xixa+

@}~chi hga}axkaih hnxm`~ash kx `x gà rhx}a~ }`'}a f`}h`}m` xk rhfa}~rx nh ak~hrh}fhkhrì+ ]xr}hih nh akcerg`~ah gxi~aziam`knx'}h ak~hrh}xi zxoiamxixa }'` m`kìat`~+

Akcixhk~`rh` re}~araa iagoaa reg`kh+ Genhixi zreges`~ nh ~hihsataxkaih z`r~amxi`rh ak m`rh `mmh}k~x rh` }`m`n`~` mx

hihghk~h nh cr`t`rh zrhix`~rh nak dxrkìa}gxi `kfiecek `x nhcerg`~ re}~arh` mi`}am` ` iagoaa reg`kh)ghrf`kn z`k` i`xk hkxk~ m`k~`) ihf`~ ak m`rh mx frhx }h na}~akfh zr`m~am gh}`dxi+

Nh rhfxi` ze}~xrxaih nh r`nae meghrmaìh `x ~r`k}cerg`~ zrhthk~`~eraa ak zrhthk~`~eranh na}me~hm` ND+

^r`k}cerg`rh` zhr}ekìa~`~aier }a zhr}ek`dhier zeia~amh ak kxgh xtxìh ak zhr}ek`dhm`rh }xk~ i` aknhg`k` zxoiamxixa h}~h xk ì~ hihghk~ ì megxkam`raa `xnaesatxìh m`r`m~hra}~am g`}}'ghnaha reg`kh}~a+ H|hgzix4 ‛O`}h}mx }'` ak~ìka~ `}h`r` mx ^`ramh`kx‗) `}~chi akcerg`~a` `nxmh i`kashixi ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa ag`fakh` zhr}ek`dxi zeia~am }agziacam`~`+ Z`k` i` xk `kxga~ zxkm~ `mh`}~`rhn`m~`rh c`mh z`r~h nak m`r`m~hra}~amaih sah~aa nhgemr`~amh+ X~aiat`rh` ha ak h|mh} nxmh ak}` i` g`}acam`rh)a`r g`}acam`rh` h}~h zhramxie`}` nhe`rhmh kx gà `rh rhzhrh sìeramh+

ê`~h shnh~hih nh r`nae reg`kh}~a `x ak~r`~ ak mek}~aak~` zxoiam` mek}`mr`~h caakn nh~hihsataxkh+ Ak zrhthk~ eo}hrs`g m` `mha`}a f`th~`ra shnh~`) cerg`~era nh ezakah }xk~ ziago`~a zh ~e`~hm`kìhih nh ~hihsataxkh mx ~e`~h hihghk~hih nh mek}~a~xah) nh mrh`rh) nh mek}~rxm~ah ` xkha shnh~h+

]h akmh`rm` nh mhi zx~ak thmh `ka }a}h rhx}h}~h mek}~rxarh` shnh~ha zeia~amh zrak~hihsataxkh) xi~ag` shnh~` zeia~am` ~az remb caakn ^rà`k O`}h}mx+

86



]z`~axi `xnaesatxì ` ce}~ emxz`~ g`}as nh g`kach}~`raih taikamh ìh zeia~amaa a`r zrhthk~`rh`rhìa~`~aa }a ` akcerg`~aaier khmh}`rh zxoiamxixa }xk~ }xcem`~h nh zrh}axkaih akcerg`~aekìh ìh`mh}~er ak~hrh}h m`rh }xk~ sataoai h|zrag`~h zhk~rx m` ak oxk` g`}xr` z`~rekaa ze}~xraier c`m ha ak}a}a zeia~am`+

Hga}axkaih nh }zer~ }'` ~r`k}cerg`~ ak m`gz`kaa m`rh ~ak }h`g` nh hshkaghk~hih}zer~ash }`x }xk~ negak`~h nh xk }akfxr }zer~ zhk~rx m` }a àma ` ak~hrshk~a `z`ra~a` ze}~xraier nh ka}`+

Nh rh`g`rm`~ m` }a ak zrh}` }zer~as` nh r`nae }`x nh ~hihsataxkh }h zeta~aekh`t` shnh~`meghk~`~er ì`~xra nh shnh~` nh }zer~ ak}` i` shnh~` nh }zer~ `ci`g nak mh ak mh gà zx~akh ixmrxranh}zrh }zer~ }a nak mh ak mh gà gxi~h ixmrxra nh}zrh `mmh}eraaih shnh~ha+

Ak}~a~x~a` zxr~`~erxixa nh mxs`k~ ixmrh`t` zr`m~am mx ~hlkamaih Z_'xixa }a ak cakìnacxt`rh` xkha akcerg`~aa ~akh nh zeia~am` nh g`rbh~akf+ @mh`}~` zeia~am` nh mhih gà gxi~h era zragh`t`c`~` nh zeia~am` hna~eraì`+ Mhi m`rh nhmanh ak cakì h}~h `}mxi~`~erxi }`x ~hih}zhm~`~erxi+

MEKMIXTAA

Dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì rh m` cerg` fhkhrì` nh h|zrag`rh ak hga}axkaih akcerg`~ash 4 }~arh`)rhi`~`rh`) meghk~`raxi h}~h ce`r~h }mxr~ }a }~ram~ nh~hrgak`~ ) `mh}~h hga}axka `x xk cerg`~ ca| mx erh ca|hnh nacxt`rh 2 ak hga}axkaih }zer~ash ~r`k}ga}aaih ak narhm~ }h o`th`t` zh fhkxi zxoiama}~am megoak`~ ak~rh

}~arh) rhi`~`rh }a meghk~`rax a`r mhihiì~h ~azxra nh hga}axka }h mek}~rxah}m zh o`t` }mhk`raxixa hiòer`~nh rhfxi` nxz` hchm~x`rh` zrhnemxghk~`raa }a nemxghk~`raa+

]mhk`raxi h}~h xrg`~ nh nhmxz`d m`rh mek~akh }xmmh}axkh` }hmshk~hier mh xrgh`t` }` cahgek~`~h ak cerg` cakì` ` hga}axkaa + Ak rhzer~`dhih) nemxghk~`rhih nh `m~xìa~`~h ak~rh }mhk`raxihiòer`~ }a caig`raih nak ~hrhk ze~ h|a}~` genacam`ra nh~hrgak`~h nh hihghk~hih ak~aika~h i` iemxi caig`raa +

Fhkxraih m`rh mek~ak hihghk~h nh caie}ecah) rh~eram ) `}emahra mekmhz~xìh ) meghk~`raa }xk~ nhrhfxi` ak}e~a~h ak }xmmh}axkh` nhmxz`dxixa nh gek~`d nh mhh` mh ak dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatxì }h kxgh}~h ‛iaka}~h+‗ N`m` i` akmhzx~xi makhg`~efr`caha sìe`rh` nh agz`m~ `}xzr` zrasa~erxixa ` n`~'e `zrezahrh` )ga}m rh`)zrag'zi`kxi cr`~aier I` Ixgahrh+ ^hihsataxkh` kx gà `sh` mh }` nh}mezhrh nak zxkm~ nhshnhrh makhg`~efr`cam+

I` akmhzx~ ` ce}~ caigxi gx~) `zea ` ce}~ g`rh` m`zenezhr` makhg`~efr`cam` }eker` }a nxz`018: gamxi faf`k~ ` akmhzx~ }` negakh ixgh` agzrh}aekakn'e zrak zi`kxraih ag`fakaih m`rh kx gàmek~akh`x kama xk chi nh h|zrh}ah shroì`+

Ak ~hlkam` nh gek~`d nh r`nae }a ~s ~hrghkxi nh ‛iaka}~h ‛ m rh }h mx k~acam` ak~r'xk kxg`r nh}hmxknh ) a`r `mh`}~` iaka}~h h}~h g`rm`~` ak ak~hraerxi }zarhier nh o`kn` zh m`rh }h akrhfa}~rh`t`hga}axkh` mx e o`kn` mrxn` khakrhfa}~r ~` m`rh }h iazh}~h ak~rh xi~agxi mxsak~ ì xi~agxixa seroa~er }a zragxi mxs`k~ ì `mhixa`} }`x ì~xa`+

O`kn` nh iaka}~h `rh sìe`rh nh akmhzx~) `~r`fh `~hk~a` `}mxi~`~erxixa ) ai zxkh zh f`knxra ) zhrga~h ezhr`~erxixa ak m`ghr` nh hga}ah }` c`m` `kxga~h megx~`ra+ Ak ~agz `mh`}~` iaka}~h ` `dxk} }`mek}~a~xah zhk~rx r`nae geghk~ nh megoak ~ah }eker` a`r i` ~s ` nx} i` mrh rh` xker rxorama mxke}mx~h}xo ~a~xi`~xr` ‛ ke meghk~‗+

M`kn ag`fakh` seroh}~h }a }ekerat`rh` h}~h nh i` c`~` iemxixa+ @}hgxa~` mx hihghk~h nak zrh}`}mra}` iaka}~h` nak r`nae }a ~s h}~h ìoxi nak z`fak` nh ta`r+

@oxknhk~` nh mxsak~h) re}~arh` }`m`n ~`) zrh` gxi~h meghk~`raa aknhz`r~h`t` }ar`nae`}mxi~`~eraa }a ~hih}zhm~`~eraa nh gh}`dxi dxrkìa}~am+ Hmlaiaorxi ak~rh ag`fakh }a mxs`k~) gxtam`)}ekerat`rh }h mrhh`t` }a nak rh}zar) `r~a}~am`) iaka}~h` m`rh n`m` h}~h zrh` g`rh ra}m` }` nxm` i` zahrnhrh``~hk~aha rhnae`}mxi~`~erxixa }`x ~hih}zhm~`~erxixa+ N m` h}~h zrh` gam` ra}m` }` kx cah o`f ~` ak }h`g` }a}` kx àoh hchm~+

Ak mekmixtah dxrkìa}gxi `xnaesatx i ak ~e`~h cerghih nh hga}axka nachr` zh frai` ~x~xrer ~azxraier nh m`kìh 2 h}~h mek}~a~xa~ nak mxsak~h }a ag`faka ) }hmshk~h }ekerh) gxtam` }a iaka}~h ceie}a~h ak`rgekah mx fhkxi zxoiama}~am xrg`ra~ ak `}` chi akm`~ }` }h rhmegk}~rxa`}m` rhìa~`~h` +

_hìa~`~h` h|a}~`) akcerg`~a` }h mrhh`t`

OAOIEF_@CAH

0+ Oì }h}mx G ” G`kxì nh zrenxm~ah nh ~hihsataxkh) Hn+Zeiareg) A`}a) ?::=

?+ Meg`k G ” G`kxì nh dxrk ia}g ”sei+? ” Hn+Zeiareg ) A }a 0111

8<



Meg`k G+ ' G`}}'ghna`) ga~ }a ra~xì ” Hn+ Zeiareg+?::=

=+ Oxmlhrx A) Chkeghkxi ~hihsataxkh 'Cxkn+ _eg`ka` nh Gaakh+ 0118

>+ Ml`~ì`) Lhkrq Zahrrh ” Hzem` nhtakcerg`raa ” Hn+ Gaia~`r` 0110+

8+ Fre}} Zh~hr ” Meie}xi mx zamae`rh nh ix~ ” Hn+ Zeiareg 0111

3+ De`kh}mx Arhkh ” _`naexi genhrk +^r ~`rh` akcerg`~aha }a zrakmazìhih fhkxra akcerg`~ash+Hn+@ii) Oxmxrh}~aa 0111

6+ Zezh}mx Fre}x H+ ” Dxrkìa}g r`nae + ]zhmacamxi r`naecekam+ ” Hn+^her` ) Oxmxrh}~a 011<, Meihm~a` Màh~hih `xnaesatxìxixa!

<+ Zezh}mx Fre}x H+ ” Dxrkìa}g ^S + ]zhmacamxi ~hihfhkam+ ” Hn+^her` ) Oxmxrh}~a 011<, Meihm~a` Màh~hih `xnaesatxìxixa!

1+ Zrx~a`kx ]~hc`k ” @k~rhk`ghk~xi òaia~`~aier nh megxkam`rh ” sei+0 ” Hn+Zeiareg ” A`}a ?::>

0:+ ]`r~era F+ ” Lege sanhk}+Agohmaiat`rh` zrak ~hihsataxkh }a ze}~ f`knarh +Hn+Lxg`ka~`})?::8

00+ ^xner Nek` ” G`kazxi`rh` ezakaha zxoiamh ak mekciam~h `rg`~h ” Hn+N`ma`) Mixd'K`zem` ?:::^xner Nek` ” Ke~h nh mxr}

0?+ Thm` ” Oxtxr N+ ” Dxrkìa}gxi nh ~hihsataxkh ” Hn+Zeiareg A`}a ?::8Thm` ” Oxtxr` N+ ” ^hihsataxkh` nxz` Oaf ore~lhr ” Hn+Zeiareg A`}a ?::6

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