Evrei, Crestini si Musulmani La Ierusalim - Breviar de Fapte Istorice

8/14/2019 Evrei, Crestini si Musulmani La Ierusalim - Breviar de Fapte Istorice

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JH]K\C KOEDHA WK]NAH

Wcaxjxa NN

HW\HN M\HVNON NJX]XAJKON AKNH\X]KANJ

L\HWNK\ FH GKPVH N]VC\NMH*H}hx Fcmxjhovk|*

jkjhn jhah!Vdkmn \kn}k Edh|}mdcwnmn

KJW Fh}}neo # Jkn


2/29

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M/;/ O KONN CMXPKNHN \CJKOH ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Mco}xaxa M|k}x} mcofxmh p|njk mkjpkonh |cjko jpcv|nwk Pk|nac|/V|hmof p|no Nh|x}kanj ha bhgxnhvh Vhjpaxa/ Hw|hnn }h |hwcav/ K|h acm axpvk

ofhaxoekv |hrn}vho k no}x|ehonac| k}jc|hhon! mcofxn fh gnxa axn K|n}vclxa ka NN*ahk! Kahtkofh|/ Kmh}vk h}vh xmn} n =0/000 fh hw|hn fno Ekanahhk }xov wofxn mk}makwn/*8; *=0 Mco}xaxa Mhrk| mxmh|hvh Henpvxa n c fhmak| ph Mahcpkv|k |heno/

*64Axpvk ov|h Mhrk| n Pcjphn }h fhmnfh o lvank fh ak Pdk|}kac}/ Pcjphn h}vhxmn}/ Fnov|h oclnann nxfhn mk|h a }p|nbno ph Mhrk| }h |hjk|m Dn|iko Kovnpkvh|$Kovnpkv|c} Dc|icoc}.! xo p|no dkjcoknv/ Mhrk| a oxjhvh Hvok|d ka Nxfhnn/Dn|iko! jp|hxo mx ahenxonah |cjkoh px}h ak fn}pcrnnh fh p|ck}pvxa njph|kvc|

og|oeh ph hw|hnn }v|on o bx|xa axn Hrhmdnk} n nov| mx ahenxonah }kah o Nh|x}kanj/

Oxjhvh ph gnxa }x N|cf $Dc|cfc}. mk exwh|okvc| ka Ekanahhn $Ekana./ Kmh}vk }h|hjk|m olxnof jnm|nah fh |hwcav kovn|cjko k hw|hnac|*66 L|xvx} a xmnfh ph Mhrk| o ]hokv/ Kovconx} h}vh fhmak|kv njph|kvc|/ oNxfhhk! kfwh|}k|nn axn Dn|iko }h |hwcav/ Kmh}vk h}vh cv|wnv $*6=./*60Pk|nn cmxp Nxfhhk/ Oxjh}m |heh ph Kovnecox}/ Kx acm axpvh ov|h fhjonvk|nnxfhn 2 xonn n }p|nbno ph |cjkon! kann ph pk|n! po o koxa $*=4. mof pk|nn }xov

og|on fh |cjkon/*=5 N|cf nov| mx ;7 ahenxon |cjkoh! mcofx}h fh ]c}nx}! o Nh|x}kanj n xongnmNxfhhk/ Ha h}vh oxjnv fh ]hokvxa \cjko Kjnmx} hv ]cmnx} Pcpxan $P|nhvhoxa nKankvxa pcpc|xaxn \cjko./*=; Njph|kvc|xa Kovconx} h}vh og|ov fh Cmvkwnkox} Kxex}vx} o axpvk fh akKmvnxj/*=; * ;6 Cmvkwnkox} Kxex}vx} jp|kv ak \cjk/ Kankv mx ownoevc|xa h}vh n N|cf/Ocxa njph|kvc| a wk oxjn \heh ka Nxfhnn/ \hekvxaxn n }h kfkxe! ak fn}pcrnnk axnCmvkwnko 2 Ekrk! Nh|ndco n pc|vxa Nkgk $Nkggc./ N|cf p|hnk n gxomnk fh Jk|h P|hcv kaVhjpaxaxn/ X|jhkr c ph|nckf fh jk|n mco}v|xmnn k nog|k}v|xmvx|nn x|lkoh npc|vxk|h 2 }xov |hmco}v|xnvh acmkanvnah Kovnpkv|c}! ]hlk}vc}! Mh}k|hhk $oxjnvk}vgha o mno}vhk mhrk|xaxn |cjko Kxex}vx}./ ]xov mco}v|xnvh pc|vx|n ak Mh}k|hhk nKovhfco/ H}vh c|ekonrkv c |hhk fh n|neknn o ke|nmxavx|/ Jk|hah Vhjpax fh ak

Nh|x}kanj h}vh |hmco}v|xnv $*./ N|cf }h |rlxo g| nh|vk|h jpcv|nwk mhac|mh n }h cpxo// n wk xmnfh fcn fno p|cp|nn gnn 2 ph xoxa fno hn o x|jk xohn |hwcavhkovn|cjkoh $*;


4/29

kxvc|nvkvhk |cjko $}p|nbnonv fh }kfxmhn./ k|k }h mcog|xov mx c |hwcav jcmonvmk|h wk htpacfk fxp jck|vhk axn N|cf/*5 ]h okvh Ncko Lcvhrvc|xa! gnxa |klnoxaxn Rkdk|nk n ka Han}klhvhn/ Wk gnKovhjh|evc|xa axn Nn}x}! kpanmof hw|hnac| xo lcvhr fh px|ngnmk|h o kphah

Nc|fkoxaxn//*7 Okvh|hk axn Nn}x} o vnjpxa xoxn |hmho}jov ak Lhvdahhj/P|xomxa h}vh |hmxoc}mxv mk gnnof Jh}nk fh mv|h mnclkonn Jn}|kha! vhgko nMdn|nkm 9 p|hmxj n fh jkenn Ek}pk|! Jhamdnc| n Lkavkrk| $mcofxn fh c }vhkpo ak }vkxaxa o mk|h Jk|nk a*k o}mxv./ Ak pkv|xrhmn fh rnah ha h}vh mcogn|jkv$mcogc|j |nvxkaxaxn jcrknm. o Jk|hah Vhjpax fno Nh|x}kanj fh mv|h xo p|hcv $op|hrhok c|vcfctxaxn m|hfnomnc} jcrknm ]njhco n k wnrncok|hn Kok! whonn oVhjpax ak mdhjk|hk Fxdxaxn ]gov/ ]njhco p|hwh}vhvh jkjhn jhon|hkP|xomxaxn n fx|h|hk hn! mk jkj mh c wk kwhk! o wnnvc| fh ph x|jk kmh}vxnk 9

fxp mk|h kf|h}hkr c}kok axn Fxjohrhx m n*k |h}phmvkv p|cjn}nxohk fh k*a noho wnk po ak whon|hk axn Jh}nk 9 kmxj ha jx|nof gh|nmnv m a*k wrxv./ N|cf mh|h } gnh cjc|n p|xomnn po o fcn kon 9 fh vhkj mk kmh}v mcpna } oxfhwno xo ocx Nxfk Jkmklhxa; $}h pk|h m k fcx*k rn fxp pahmk|hk axn Nc}ng!Jk|nk n Nn}x} fno Lhvdahhj./ Gkjnank axn Nn}x} }h |hgxenkr o Henpv! o FhavkOnaxaxn/6 Jck|h |hehah N|cf/ Gnxa }x K|dhakx} h}vh fh}hjokv fh N|cf mk x|jk/ ]hokvxa|cjko fhmnfh jp|n|hk |hekvxaxn Nxfhnn o v|hn p|cwnomnn2 N|cf Kovnpk} p|njhvhEkanahhk n noxvxa Ph|hk9 K|dhakx} Nxfhhk n ]kjk|nk9 Gnanp $gnxa Mahcpkv|hn n k axn

Kovconx}. p|njhvh Lhvkonk! V|kmconvnfk! Kx|konvnfk n Nvx|nk $Pkohk}./ Gnanphtvnofh c|khah Lhv}knfk n Mh}k|hhk/H}vh v|njn} ak Nh|x}kanj ]klnox}! o mkanvkvh fh p|cmx|kvc| ka lxox|nac| njph|nkah!phov|x k gkmh xo nowhovk| ka |h}x|}hac| |hekvxaxn/ \hmho}jovxa gmxv fh |cjkonn }axblkn nxfhn fhvh|jno |hwcavk pcpxaknhn! }x}noxv n fh c pk|vh k |klnonac|/]h mcognex|hkr c jnmk|h kovn|cjko! fh hanlh|k|h! }xl mcofxmh|hk axn NhdxfkEkanahkoxa n k |klnoxaxn pdk|n}hx ]kfcm/ ]klnox} mdhkj ahenxonah axn Wk|x}!phov|x k |h}vklnan pkt |cjkok/Jnn fh |}mxakn }xov m|xmngnmkn o koxa 7/

;o ph|nckfk fcjonhn axn Kovncdx} Hpngkoh} $ *


5/29

8 =08 Okvh|hk axn ]kxa fno Vk|} $acmkanrkv fh fnwh|}h }x|}h ov|h 8*;0./ P|cwhonvfnov|*c gkjnanh fh oclnan nxfhn! m|hnk n }h kmc|fk}h mhvhonh |cjko! ha wk gnno}v|xnv phov|x k fhwhon |klno ak ^hnwk axn Ekjkanha mha Lv|o fno Vk|}/ Mk vo|

jhjl|x o ]kodhf|no }h wk |hjk|mk o p|neckok jpcv|nwk mcjxonvnac| fh hw|hnm|hvnon/ Wk pk|vnmnpk fn|hmv ak k}k}nok|hk ]govxaxn fnkmco vhgko/ \hmcowh|vnv akM|hvnon}j }xl oxjhah Pkwha! wk fhrwcavk jn}ncok|n}jxa Hwkoedhanhn axn N}x}!

ov|h hw|hn n oh hw|hn o k|hkaxa C|nhovxaxn Jnbacmnx n Jhfnvh|kohhko/7 Nxfhhk h}vh fhmak|kv p|cwnomnh |cjko mcofx} fh xo p|cmx|kvc|/ K|dhakx}h}vh htnakv o Ekank/ [xn||nox}! oxjnv p|cmx|kvc| omhph |hnowhovk|nh|hk lxox|nac||hekvxaxn axn K|dhakx}/ Mcovnox |}mckahah mcofx}h fh Nhdxfk n ]kfcm/ Hn }xovoxjnn fh |cjkon rnacn/\hovck|mh|hk gkjnanhn axn Nn}x} fno Henpv/ ]h wc| }vklnan o Okrk|hv/ ]h }x}no p|no

jh}h|nk fh vjpak| k axn Nc}ng! ph mk|h c wk owk n Nn}x}/ Ak }|lvc|nah fh Pkvn!vo|xa wk xnjn ph owknn fno Vhjpax p|no kfomk pv|xofh|h o owvx|nahVc|hn/7 Koo $Dkoko.! gnxa axn ]hvd h}vh oxjnv fh [xn||nox} Jk|h p|hcv ka Vhjpaxaxn//;6 Jck|h jp|kvxa Kxex}vx}/ H}vh kah} jp|kvxa Vnlh|nx} $;6 =5./ Wk gnmcovhjpc|ko mx okvh|hk }hmvhn axn M|h}vx} n mx p|njhah |hp|nj|n fno pk|vhkhw|hnac| jcrknmn/ Wk v|kvk fngh|hofxa mk c p|clahj novh|o Ahenn Jcrknmh!phfhp}nof fck| mh mcov|kwhohk Ahenn \cjkoh/;5 X|jk|h k cpcrnnhn }x|fh k ]kodhf|noxaxn gk fh |cjkon Wkah|nx} E|kvx} a

oacmxnhvh ph Koo mx Nc}hg Lho Mknkgk $;5 * =5./


6/29

mcjxonvkvh fh vnp h}honko $lxox|nah o mcjxo! ov|*kbxvc|k|hk jhjl|nac|mcjxonvnn! hanjnok|hk }km|ngnmnnac| n cg|kofhac| jkvh|nkah 9 }noex|k cg|kof gnnofmnok rnaonm phov|x e|hhan n cgh|n|hk }pn|nvxaxn phov|x k gn bxfhmkv fh laofhhkFnwno./

Jh}nkon}jxa }x wk ehoh|k c pcak|nrk|h k mhac| }|kmn n k mhac| ohjxaxjnn fhk}xp|n|hk kfjnon}v|knhn nxfhc*|cjkoh! mpvof o koxa * =0 kmmhovh fh|hwcav pk}nw/=0 Nn}x} h}vh m|xmngnmkv ph ;6 On}}ko! o vnjpxa }|lvc|nac| fh Pkvn $fxp kavhnrwck|h o koxa ==. gnnof ph|mhpxv fh canek|dnk nxfhc*|cjko mk xo |hgc|jkvc|}cmnka n |hanenc} gck|vh ph|nmxac}/=0 80=0 * =8 Gc|jk|hk p|njhac| jk|n mcjxonvn fh hw|hn m|hvnon ak Nh|x}kanj n oNxfhhk/ Mcog|xov|n mx hw|hnn jcrknmn o Jk|hah Vhjpax/

=< Akpnfk|hk ]govxaxn fnkmco vhgko/ Pahmk|hk hahonvnac| o mcjxonvn hw|hnhvnfno kgk|k Nxfhnn $Kovncdnk! Lh|h! Vk|}! hvm./=< Mcowh|vn|hk |klnoxaxn ]kxa! ph f|xjxa Fkjk}mxaxn/ ]h wk |hv|keh o Vk|}$kp|ctnjkvnw ;< kon.! phov|x k ox gn xmn} kvv fh dklcvonmnn jcrknmn mv n fh hw|hnnhahonvn $phov|x akpnfk|hk axn vhgko./ == jp|kvxa Vnlh|nx} f fn}pcrnnh Ahekvxaxn fh ]n|nk! Wnvhanx}! } fh}vnvxh phjk|hah |klno Mknkgk n |hmdhkj ph |hp|hrhovkovxa \cjhn Pnakv! gnnof oacmxnv mx}hokvc|xa Jk|mha/ Fh}p|h }hokvc|xa Jk|mha }h }pxoh m k| gn fhwhonv xo kfhpvm|hvno! Fxp xohah nrwck|h fcmxjhovk|h ha k| gn gc}v ekrfk kpc}vcaxaxn Phv|x ak\cjk/ Nogc|jknk h}vh jhoncokv fh G|komh}mc Pkcac \nrrnc! mk gnnof mxp|no}

ov|*xo kpcm|ng Gkpvhah axn Phv|x! ak }g|nvxa }hmcaxaxn ka NN*ahk! v|kfx} o akvno}xl vnvaxa Gkpvhah axn Wh|nmhan/== 6= Mcowh|vn|hk xoc| mhvhon |cjkon $jkn kah} fno |ofxa jnanvk|nac| n mk}vhnmkwkah|nac|. ak m|hvnon}j! x|jk|h k jh}nkon}jxaxn axn Phv|x/=8 Vnlh|nx} mh|h }hokvxaxn \cjko } hjnv c aheh p|no mk|h } fhmak|h m k gnm|hvno h}vh aheka/ ]hokvxa hjnvh xo }hokv*mco}xav p|no mk|h fhmnfh oco anmnv h}}hm|n}vnkoc}/=5 * 6;Mkanexak njph|kvc| ak \cjk/=5 Ke|nppk N fhwnoh |heh ka |henxonac| vhv|k|dnmh Gnanp n An}konk/ o => p|njhvh fno

pk|vhk \cjhn Ekanahhk n Ph|hk! o 6; Nxfhhk n ]kjk|nk/ Wk clnoh fh ak jp|kvxa Mkanexak } gnh |haxkvh |nvxkax|nah jcrknmh n px|vk|hk whjnovhac|}kmh|fcvkah fh mv|h |klnon o Jk|hah Vhjpax Jcrknm/ Wk gkmh mc|p mcjxo mx|klnonn fno ]kodhf|non o fhmkpnvk|hk Ln}h|nmnn m|hvnoh fh ak Nh|x}kanj/ Wk kondnakjnm|nah fh nofhphofho k nxfhnac| jpcv|nwk fcjnoknhn |cjkoh/6; * 86 Makxfnx njph|kvc| ak \cjk/ Wk oxjn |heh ka Nxfhnn ph Ke|npk N/ Wk gn c}vnam|hvnon}jxaxn! kvv mha fno |ofxa hw|hnac| mv jkn kah} ka htpko}nxonn kmh}vxnk ohanvk jnanvk| n pcanvnm fno \cjk/6< Mkrxa v|hmh|nn ak m|hvnon}j ka gkjnanhn k|n}vcm|kvnmh k axn Kxac Pakxrnc n ka

Pcjpconhn E|khmnok! lakjkv fh mx|vhk njph|nka/

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7/29

6< Ke|npk N k|h}vhkr mcofxmh|hk Ln}h|nmnn fh ak Nh|x}kanj fh Pkvn/ Phv|x|hxhvh } nk} o jcf jn|kmxac} fno omdn}ck|h/ Nkmcl mha Jk|h h}vh fhmkpnvkv/Nkmcl mha Jnm p|hnk mcofxmh|hk mcjxonvnn m|hvnoh fno Nh|x}kanj/Phv|x wk p|}n Nh|x}kanjxa mcovnoxof jn}nxohk kpc}vcanm/ P|hrhok axn Phv|x

ak \cjk h}vh acmkanrkv o 6

Fxp kavh nrwck|h fcmxjhovk|h o 64*6>/66 Jck|h Ke|nppk N/66 * 8< Nxfhhk mcofx} fh p|cmx|kvc|n |cjkon 2 Mx}px} Gkfx} $66*67.! Vnlh|nx}Kahtkof|x} $67*64.! Whovnfx} Mxjkox} $64*8 Fhrc|fnon fh }v|kf p|cwcmkvh fh mcoganmvhah ov|h hw|hnn m|hvnon n jcrknmn ak\cjk/ Makxfnx f xo hfnmv p|no mk|h hw|hnn m|hvnon }xov nreconn fno \cjk/6> * 80omhph haklc|k|hk Hwkoedhanhn axn Jk|mx! $mcomcjnvhov mx p|hfnmk|hk axnPhv|x ak \cjk! ak mh|h|hk mkwkah|nac| |cjkon m|hvnokn./80 4080 K|h acm Mcomnanxa Ln}h|nmnn M|hvnoh fh ak Nh|x}kanj/ Mcofxmvc|nn Ln}h|nmnnfhrlkv mxj v|hlxnh } |h}phmvh ocnn kfhpn oh hw|hn Ahehk M|hvno/ H}vh hjn}Hpn}vcak fh ak Nh|x}kanj p|no mk|h pcpck|hah fh kavh |nvx|n fhmv mha jcrknm }h pcvmcowh|vn ak m|hvnon}j gnnof htmhpvkn fh ak }v|nmvk |h}phmvk|h k Ahenn Jcrknmh/P|nov|h kavhah hn ox h|kx clanekn ak lcvhrxa mn|mxjmnrnhn }kx } |h}phmvh |hexanahkanjhovk|h }v|nmvh $novh|fnmnk fh k mco}xjk kanjhovh }px|mkvh! fhgnonvh o |nvxkaxanxfknm./ Ox ah h|k novh|rn} } nov|h o mk}hah mhac| fh kav |hanenh }kx k n p|njn mkjx}kgn|n/ ]noex|hah mh|noh h|kx } p|njhk}m lcvhrxa mx kp! } ox gkm cg|kofh}kx }km|ngnmnn rhnac| 9 } |h}phmvh Mhah Rhmh Pc|xomn 9 } }h klno fh ak mco}xjxafh konjkah }xe|xjkvh }kx fh }oeh/ Kmh}vh fh|ce|n ox h|kx wkaklnah phov|xhw|hnn m|hvnon! hn v|hlxnof } |h}phmvh o heka j}x| ph|mhpvhah Ahenn Jcrknmh/80 * 8= K fcx*k jn}nxoh kpc}vcanm k axn Pkwha o Jkmhfconk $Gnanpnxj. n E|hmnk$]kaconm! Mc|nov! Kvhok! Hgh}./ Knmn! e|xpxa jn}ncok| p|njhvh o |ofx|nah nonnknac|

p|njxa fn}mnpca njpx| hvonm/ H}vh wc|lk fh Vnjcvhn! c|nenok| fno An}v|c}/ Phov|x kox omamk pcrnnk nonnknac| hw|hn m|hvnon! ha h}vh lcvhrkv o ovn |nv jcrknm! kpcnm|hvno 2 mx kp n lcvhrxa p|no ]pn|nvxa ]gov/ Kmvnwnvkvhk novho} k e|xpxaxnjn}ncok| ox ovjpno e|hxvn }h|nck}h fno pk|vhk kxvc|nvnac| |cjkoh/ Cpcrnkhw|hnac| jcrknmn }h jkongh}v fn|hmv }kx nofn|hmv p|no nomnvk|hk pcpxaknhn acmkah/K}vgha o 8; ak Mc|nov }kx o 8= ak Hgh}! p|no nomnvk|hk k|enovk|nac|! mk|h n whfhkxjxomk ph|nmanvkv p|no |hoxok|hk mhac| m|hvnokn ak mco}v|xn|hk fh vhjpah n }vkvxnphov|x rhn/ Wk gn ognnokv k fcx*k jk|h Ln}h|nm M|hvno fno Kovncdnk/ Hk wk axkacmxa Ln}h|nmnn fh ak Nh|x}kanj mk mhov|x ka fhrwcav|nn jh}nkon}jxaxn m|hvno/ o 85 n

}h wk kavx|k Ln}h|nmk m|hvno fno Hgh}/ Kmh}vhk }xov p|njhah o mk|hp|hpcofh|hok h}vh fh pk|vhk m|hvnonac| oh hw|hn/

5#


8/29

8 Bxfhmkvk axn Pkwha o gkk |hehaxn Ke|nppk ka NN ahk k|h acm o Mh}k|hhk/ H}vhp|hrhov Ahekvxa |cjko Gh}vx} n c fhaheknh k ]kodhf|noxaxn/ Fhmnrnk gkwc|klna k|hehaxn h}vh mcovh}vkv fh Jk|hah |klno Koo/ Pkwha mh|h n clnoh v|njnvh|hk axn}p|h k gn bxfhmkv fh no}vkok njph|nka fh ak \cjk! xofh kbxoeh o 70/7< P|hghmvxa \cjhn! Lx||c a fhmak| ohwnocwkv ph Kpc}vcaxa Pkwha/ Jn}xohkhwkoedhanm k axn Pkwha ak \cjk $70*75./7< Oh|c fhmak| rhngnmk|hk }k clanekvc|nh o ov|hexa njph|nx/ ]xov x|j|nn mhn mhox c |h}phmv $}vcnmnn e|hmn n m|hvnonn./ Hw|hnn jcrknmn fno \cjk gcac}h}m vckvhjnbackmhah $nomax}nw lxowcnok }cnhn hw|hnmh k axn Oh|c! Pcjpconk. phov|x kehoh|k c kvjc}gh| fh }x}pnmnxoh n x| jpcv|nwk m|hvnonac| ak \cjk/76 Phov|x k fh}m|nh xo nomhofnx mk|h } gnh mco}hjokv o cph|k }k pchvnm! Oh|cc|ekonrhkr nomhofnh|hk \cjhn/ Fxp mk|h fhmak| wnocwkn ph m|hvnon/P|cmx|kvc|xa \cjhn! Vnehaanox}! c|ekonrhkr k|h}vk|hk o jk} k m|hvnonac|!xmnfh|hk ac| o kjgnvhkv|h/ Oh|c pxoh ak fn}pcrnnh phov|x jk}km|h p|cp|nnahe|fnon/77*5= Nxfhhk }h |}mcka jpcv|nwk fcjnoknhn \cjkoh/ \hrn}vhok fx|hkrkpvh kon/ No}x|hmnk Nxfhnac| h}vh pxomvxa mxajnokov ka |hwcavhac| mh }*kxfh}gx|kv om fh ak omhpxvxa }hmcaxaxn! fxp jck|vhk axn N|cf $6./ Nh|x}kanjxa

h}vh hanlh|kv p|no kmnxohk mcjxo k pcpc|xaxn n k |klnonac|/ Mh}vnx} Ekaax}jclnanrhkr ahenxohk k TNN*k n kavh mcdc|vh! phov|x k kvkmk Nh|x}kanjxa/ H}vh

og|ov fh ]xmmcv $}|lvck|hk mc|vx|nac|./ Nxfhhk h}vh fhmak|kv nofhphofhov/ ]hgc|jhkr xo Exwh|o No}x|hmncoka gc|jkv fno 50 jhjl|nn/ Nxfhnn gc|jhkr v|hnk|jkvh 2 mhk fh ak Nh|x}kanj mcofx} fh Nc}hg Ex|nco n Jk|hah |klno Dkokko 9mhk fno noxvxa Hfcjnnac| mcofx} fh Nhdc}xkd Lho Vrhgkgk n Hahkrk| LhoDokon 9 mhk fno Ekanahhk mcofx} fh Nc}hg Lho Jkvnvkdx/ H|kx o vcvka ;00/000|rlcnonmn/ Oh|c fh}hjohkr ph Wh}pk}nko n Vnvx}! o g|xovhk k 700/000 fh}cafkn } kvkmh v|xphah nxfhh/ \cjkonn fhlk|m ak Kmm|k $Kmmc. ph mk|h c

mxmh|h}m/ V|xphah fno Ekanahhk }xov og|ovh n ehoh|kaxa Bc}hpd Lho Jkvnvkdx }hp|hf $wk gn mco}nfh|kv fh hw|hn v|fvc| n oxjhah }x wk gn vh|} fno n}vc|nk

4#


9/29

hw|hnac|9 fk| wk |joh o n}vc|nk xonwh|}ka mk Bc}hgx} Gakwnx} p|no axm||nah }kahp|nwnof \rlcknhah Nxfhnac|./ o 50 Vnvx} cmxp Nh|x}kanjxa/ Jk|hah Vhjpax h}vhnomhofnkv/ Fno ha wk |joh fck| Rnfxa Paoeh|nac|! po k}vrn/ Hw|hnn |hrn}v ofnwh|}h gc|vngnmknn/ Kx acm axpvh o novh|nc|xa vklh|hn nxfhnac| ov|h kfhpn kn pmnn mx

|cjkonn n rnacnn axn Ncko fh En}dkak/ ]njco Lk| Enc|k |hxhvh } gc|jhrh c ocxk|jkv n kvkm Nh|x}kanjxa fk|! fkvc|nv fn}ho}nxonac| novh|oh hw|hnn }xov fno ocxog|on/ Xavnjk gc|vngnmknh mk|h mkfh wk gn Jk}}kfk! kp|kv fh }nmk|nn axn Hahkrk|/o koxa 5=! fh Pkvn! vcn kp|vc|nn jp|hxo mx gkjnannah ac| }h wc| }noxmnfh/ Hw|hnn}xov wofxn mk }makwn }kx xmnn o axpvhah fh eakfnkvc|n fno ]n|nk/ C pk|vh fno vnoh|n}xov o|cakn o Ahenxohk |cjko Jkmhfconmk $mk|h wk kbxoeh n ph jhahkex|nahcavhoh./ Kwh|nah vhjpahac| jcrknmh }xov fkvh vhjpahac| |cjkoh/ Lk| Enc|k h}vhxmn} o vnjpxa mhahl||nn v|nxjgxaxn axn Wh}pk}nko n Vnvx} ak \cjk/Ph|nckfk h}vh jk|mkv fh kpk|nnk xoc| vhtvh jh}nkonmh ak hw|hn/ Kpcmkanp}k fxp

Ncko phov|x hw|hnn m|hvnon $ak Pkv|c}! o E|hmnk. 9 Jn}dok n Rcdk| phov|x hw|hnnjcrknmn/owknn jcrknmn! }xl mcofxmh|hk |klnoxaxn Ncdkoko Lho Rkikn n k axn EkjkanhafNkwoh $50. gc|jhkr ak Nkwoh $Nk}jnok. c ~hnwk ak mk|h }xov no}v|xnn |klnonnphov|x |hrn}vhok p|no mcomhpvxa fh ]vkv ]pn|nvxka Hw|hx/ Pcpc|xa h}vh xonv ox p|noxonvkvhk fh vh|nvc|nx mn P\NO XONVKVHK O M\HFNO/ Hw|hnn m|hvnon |hgxr }}h kavx|h no}x|ehonac|/75 Kpc}vcann Phv|x n Pkwha jk|vn|nrkn ak \cjk/74 Oh|c }h }noxmnfh! Ekalk njph|kvc|/7> * 5> Wh}pk}nko njph|kvc|/ Wh}pk}nko n Vnvx} wc| omhvk p|neckok jpcv|nwkm|hvnonac|! kwof o whfh|h n |hgxrxa kmh}vc|k fh k }h kavx|k no}x|ehohn nxfhnac|/Kx acm v|hmh|n ak m|hvnon}j o gkjnank njph|nka $Gakwnx} ]klnox}! g|kvhah axnWh}pk}nko./ Gkpv jhoncokv fh Bc}hgx} Gakwnx} o \rlcnxa Nxfhnac|/ Ph|nckfp|cpnmh phov|x fhrwcavk|hk Ln}h|nmnn m|hvnoh fh ak \cjk/4; 7 Fcjnnko njph|kvc|/ \hp|h}nxoh k}xp|k ln}h|nmnn m|hvnoh fh ak \cjk/Fcjnnko wk mxvk } fn}v|xe htn}vhok m|hvnon}jxaxn o |ofxa mkwkah|nac| nk|n}vcm|knhn |cjkoh! o omh|mk|hk fh k |hnjpxoh mxavxa rhnac|/ Mkf Fcjnvnaak!mco}xaxa Kmdnanc! Eakl|ncoh! mco}xaxa Gakwnx} Mahjhovnox} $w| mx Fcjnnko./

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>#


10/29

;08*;;8 Pkpk Kahtkof|x N ak \cjk;;5*;=4 Kf|nko jp|kv/ ]vklnahvh e|konk ph Hxg|kv! omdhnof pkmhk mx Pk|nn/ C|}mcka k nxfhnac| fno ;;5 h}vh og|ov fh v|xphah |cjkoh mcofx}h fh jkx|xaAxmnx} [xnhvx}/ Kmh}vk fhwnoh Ahekv ka Nxfhnn/ Kf|nko h|k xo jk|h kfjn|kvc| ka

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11/29

Iknjk Fcejkvk2 x|j|n|hk n ph|}hmxvk|hk m|hvnonac| mk|h ox |h}phmv ahenah}vkvxaxn/ Kpcehxa h}vh kvno} ak A~co xofh jnn fh m|hvnon jcovkonvn }xov xmnn/P|nov|h hn n kpcacehvxa Nx}vno/ Ln}h|nmk m|hvno fno Anco! fhmnjkv! h}vh mx|of|hwnec|kv fkvc|nv axn N|nohx/

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12/29

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13/29

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14/29

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15/29

kfcpvh clnmhnx|n jx}xajkoh! } pk|vnmnph ak }|lvc|n jx}xajkoh/ Ox kwhkx wcnh} mco}v|xnk}m acmxnoh jkn okavh fhmv kah jx}xajkonac|/ Mnxfkv fhk}hjovck|h mx mhah kpanmkvh o n}vc|nh fh kavh |henjx|n novcah|kovh }kx thocgclh!ph m|nvh|nn |hanenck}h }kx ox * Nomdnrnnk! gk}mn}jxa! mcjxon}jxa! hvm Mkangnn fno

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M/6/ O KONN CMXPKNHN M\XMNKNAC\;0>> ;;;0>7 \hekvhah m|hvnoh! c fkv mco}vnvxnvh ov|*c kanko $mk|h wk fxmh ak gc|jk|hkNjph|nxaxn \cjkoc*Eh|jko.! }xl mcofxmh|hk }pn|nvxka k pkpnac|! n mkokanrhkrgc|k htpko}nw }xl }vnofk|fxa hanlh||nn Jc|jovxaxn ]gov/ omhph p|njkM|xmnkf/ V|xphah fh jh|mhok|n mcofx}h fh oclnan G|komn }h fhpak}hkr }p|hNh|x}kanj/ o f|xjxa ac| p|kmvnm htvh|jnok|hk oh m|hvnonac|/ o }ph fnomcjxonvnah hw|hnhvn ovaonvh/ Jcvnwxa |hanenc}; h|k fh gkkf/ Nn}x} k gc}v xmn}! fxp mxj kj wrxv! fhcanek|dnk ]kodhf|noxaxn Jcrknm n fh kmhn hw|hnn fno Nh|x}kanj! nomnvkn fh jk|hahmah| jcrknm fh kvxomn/ ]h jk}mk gkpvxa m g| kpc}vcann hw|hn m|hvnon! pcpck|hahm|hvnoh ox k| gn gc}v m|hvnoh/ H|k ph|nckfk o mk|h! }p|h hthjpax vhtvxaAxmkonko Gkpvhah Kpc}vcanac| wk gn k}mxo} xrxaxn m|hvnoxaxn fh |of/ H|k ngn|h}m fhck|hmh k|exjhovxa wnohn pcpc|xaxn Hw|hx ox k| jkn gn kwxv k|exjhovh/Jcvnwxa |hka h|k jkn p|crknm 2 bkgxa hw|hnac|! mk|h h|kx o}v|nn/ Jhvcfk }h wk kpanmkkp|ckph ocx }xvh fh kon/

;wnok pcpc|xaxn hw|hx fh k a gn cjc|v ph Nn}x}

;8#


16/29

K|h acm axpvk phov|x Nh|x}kanj/ =0/000 fh axpvvc|n nxfhn }h kp| mx fn}ph|k|h nh|cn}j/ Jk|hk jkbc|nvkvh mkf o k}hfnx/ Ph ;8 nxanh c|kxa h}vh mxmh|nv/ Mhn p|non}xov wofxn mk }makwn oclnanac| m|hvnon/ Mhnakan nxfhn }h |hv|ke ak Kihaco xofh wc|mcovnoxk |hrn}vhok po o ;;8=/ Mcjxonvnah fh m|hvnon p|hfkx rcok ac| g|

axpv/ Ph|nckfk m|xmnkv k a}kv ph vh|nvc|nxa Pkah}vnohn oxjh|c}h ln}h|nmn m|hvnoh!jo}vn|n n gc|vx|n! kah m|c| x|jh }h e}h}m n krn/ Jxavh fno hah kx gc}vv|ko}gc|jkvh o jc}mdhn/ Mcjxonvnah fh nxfhn h|kx e|xpkvh o rcok |x|kafhck|hmh m|xmnknn ox kx cjc|v knmn ckjhon! kwof ohwcnh fh p|cfx}h ke|nmcahphov|x ek|onrckohah ac|/ Nxfhnn h|kx v|kvkn ak gha mk c|nmh oh m|hvnon/ Mx jnmnhtmhpnn an }h novh|rnmhk }vklnan|hk ak Nh|x}kanj/ K}vgha xo e|xp fh =00 fh |klnonp|kmvnmkon gh|whon kn mxavxaxn jcrknm! fno G|kok n Koeank! p|njh}m f|hpvxa fh kacmxn ak Nh|x}kanj $;


17/29

}h wc| fnjnoxk! jhonoofx*}h jkn jxav ph vh|nvc|nxa kmvxkaxaxn Anlko $\nvxaJk|conv./ Fcjnoknk Jkjhaxm }h vh|jno c fkv mx nowkrnk cvcjko/

M/7/ O KONN CMXPKNHN CVCJKOH ]NCON]JXA 2 EHOHRK

\HOVCK\MH\NN;8;7 ;>;5;8;7 V|xphah njph|nxaxn cvcjko cmxp Pkah}vnok n Henpvxa! o x|jk lvanhn fh akFhlhi/;64;*;8;< Lknkrnf Nafh|nj }xavko/ \hwno e|xpx|n jk|n fh Hw|hn fh |nv ]hgk|f; mk|h}h no}vkahkr o phono}xak Nlh|nm/ Kx gc}v htpxarkn fno ]pkonk o ;6>< n xavh|nc|fno Pc|vxekank/;500*;555 ]c}hvh xo wka fh hw|hn kihokrn< whonn fno Pcaconk! o x|jkp|neckohac| kovn}hjnvh/Pxvh|nah m|hvnoh omhk|m }p|nbnon|hk hjne||nn n njpakov|nnfh mcjxonvn gc|jkvh fno }|ln! lxaek|n n e|hmn/ Jhvcfk h|k fh k pavn wn}vh|nhnvx|mhvn njpc|vkovh }xjh fh lkon phov|x mk kmhak mk|h n*k jhonoxv m|hfnokm|hvno } fhwno }xpx} kx}v|nkm! hoeahr }kx g|komhr/ K}vgha kwhkx pc}nlnanvkvhkfh k p|kmvnmk kvv mxavxa m|hvno $mkvcanm! c|vcfct }kx p|cvh}vkov. mv n fh khth|mnvk c jh}h|nh phov|x k}nex|k|hk htn}vhohn/ M|hvnonn v|nkx o bx|xakhrjnovhac| |hanenck}h! mk|h jkn h|kx/;54> \hwcaxnk G|komhr f f|hpvx|n hekah vxvx|c| mhvhonac|! nomax}nw hw|hnac| fnomcjxonvnah kgakvh }xl bx|n}fnmnh G|komhr/ P|njxa ]kodhf|no aheka ka hw|hnac| fnoka hw|hnac| fno hpcmk jcfh|o $;408. h}vh noxv ak Pk|n}/

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18/29

kihokr fno Eh|jkonk. fh ovck|mh|h kmvnw o V|jxa p|cjn};/ ]p|h fhc}hln|hfh p|kmvnmk |klnonac| fh k }h |xek mk Nkdwh $Fxjohrhx. } n fxm okpcn oV|jxa P|cjn}! ha jnanvhkr phov|x |hovck|mh|hk hghmvnw k hw|hnac| oPkah}vnok! mx }p|nbnoxa vxvx|c| mcjxonvnac| hw|hnhvn fno Ekaxv $fnk}pc|k

hw|hnk}m./ E|xpxa fh kfhpn m|hvh po ak fhmh}xa |klnoxaxn/ Kmhvnk fxm kmh}vhnfhn o mcjxonvnah fh p|cwhonho/ P|nov|h hn h}vh n lxonmxa axn Vdcjk} Dh|ra! fnoMcjxonvkvhk Hw|hnk}m fno Lxfkph}vk 9 lkomdh|/ Ha wk fhfnmk wnkk axn n kwh|hkgkjnanhn |hkanr|nn p|kmvnmh k kmh}vxn fhrnfh|kv! |hkanrof mckexak|hk Jnm|nn fh\hovck|mh|h k Hw|hnac| o bx|xa Mcoe|h}xaxn Jcofnka ]ncon}v fh ak Lk}ha $;4>5./;480*;>;6 Kmnxon nofnwnfxkah kah xoc| jkeokn hw|hn phov|x \hovck|mh|h/Fhrwcavk|hk jnm|nac| ]ncon}vh o |nah Hx|cphoh n ]XK fhwnoh jcvc|xa n}pco}c|xa p|nomnpka $p|no c|ekonrknnah fh vnp Bcnov. ka fnwh|}hac| hvkph fh\hovck|mh|h/ Mcovnnok okncoka }h fhrwcav o mcjxonvnah hw|hnhvn fno

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19/29

o }mdnjlxa kmcph|n|nn fhgnmnvxaxn hoc|j ka wn}vh|nhn njph|nxaxn Cvcjko/ Jk|nnlkomdh|n hw|hn fno Hx|cpk ox a }p|nbno/ ]h wk of|hpvk }p|h jnm|nah fh vnoh|hv$Mdcwhwhn Rnco. }p|h novhahmvxkanvkvhk okncokan}v hw|hnk}m! }p|h hw|hnn fno mak}kjnbacmnh fno vckvh |nah Hx|cphn/ Hgc|vx|nah }kah }xov omxoxokvh fh Mcoe|h}xa

]ncon}v fh ak Lk}ha Hawhnk $;4>5./ ]xov fhgnonvh fn|hmnah fh kmnxoh$c|ekonrkvc|nm! gnokomnk|! |hanenck}! mxavx|ka. phov|x \hovck|mh|h/ o vnjpc|ekonrknk wk axk oxjhah fh Mcoe|h}xa Jcofnka Hw|hnh}m/\hovck|mh|hk wk mcovnoxk kvv p|no wcaxovk|nkvxa vnoh|nac| hw|hn fno Hx|cpk! mv np|no hjne|k|hk gkjnannac| fno rcoh }xpx}h jnm|nac| kovn }hjnvh $\x}nk! Ekannk!Anvxkonk! Pcaconk! Lnhac|x}nk.! }kx k jnm|nac| |hwcaxncok|h $;>08./;>;5 ;>;4Ak nov|k|hk v|xphac| Hoeahrh $mcofx}h fh eho/ Kaahol~. o Pkah}vnok!pcpxaknk! gc|jkv fno 870/000 fh K|kln! 88/000 fh hw|hn v|nk ph xo vh|nvc|nx k|nfn }|mnv fh kfjnon}v|knk Vx|m9 fh |rlcn n lacmkf/

Vnoh|n hw|hn n gkjnann wno } mxavnwh pjovxa o N}|kha / Kank*xk hw|hnac| }h htvnofhfh ak rcohah x|lkoh }p|h mhah |x|kah/ Hw|hnn ocn whonn |hnkx cmxpknn ke|nmcah omcofnnn gck|vh e|hah }hmof jakvnon9 gmof gk phox|nhn kanjhovk|h n lcanac| $o}ph jkak|nk./ Fh jhoncokv m p|njnn hw|hn hjne|kon! mk|h kx ognnokv acmkanvnke|nmcah o rcoh k|nfh kx gc}v mhn fno \cjonk $mcofxn fh Jch Fkwnf Nkomcwnmn./Kx x|jkv mhn fno ^hjho $;440=.! Xm|knok nLk}k|klnk $Dk| Dkaxvr pnconh|n! ;>08*;>;5 * ;>64;>;4o nkoxk|nh! fxp Fhmak|knk Lkagcx| fkv ak Anek Oknxonac| fh ak Ehohwk! kxacm mcovkmvh ov|h |hp|hrhovkon n anfh|n kn Jnm|nn ]ncon}vh $Jnmk|hkOkncokan}v Hw|hnk}m! }vkvxvkv o x|jk Mcoe|h}xaxn fh ak Lk}ha *;447/ ]mcpxa hnh|k \hovck|mh|hk Hw|hnac| ph vh|nvc|nxa Whmdnxaxn N}|kha! phov|x k n |h}vklnan xoMjno Okncoka! pxoof mkpv ph|he|no|nn n ph|}hmnnac| * mk jnoc|nvk|n * o |n}v|noh.n Jnmk|hk Pko K|kl $Jnmk|h Okncokan}v fh gc|jk|h k Jk|haxn ]vkvK|kl * mk|h k| gn nomax} kmvxkaxa vh|nvc|nx fno N|ko! N|ki! K|klnk ]kxfnv! Nhjho!Pkah}vnok! ]n|nk! ]nokn 9 nonnkv fh Hjn|xa Dx}}hno! ak omhpxvxa }hmcaxaxn TT! kwofmk jhovc| ph Ac|fxa Aku|komh n mco}nanh|n jnanvk|n Hoeahrn./;>;4*;>;>V|kvkvnwhah ov|h p|hhfnovhah Mcoe|h}xaxn Jcofnka Hw|hnh}m! MdknjU hnvrjkoo $anfh| ka Mcoe|h}xaxn Jcofnka ]ncon}v! xoxa fnov|h p|njnn jhjl|nn knc|ekonrknhn fh vnoh|hv Mdcwhwhn Rnco fno Lh|ano $Mhn mh nxlh}m Rnco*xa konn;450 ;440 * mk|h jnanvkx p|kmvnm phov|x \hovck|mh|hk o N}|kha.9 p|nomnpkaohecmnkvc| ov|h ;>;4 *;>649 p|njxa P|hhfnovh ka ]vkvxaxn N}|kha fxp jkn ;>64.

n Hjn|xa Ghn}ka * wnnvc|xa mcofxmvc| ka K|klnhn ]kxfnvh! vnofhkx mv|h c Kanko]hjnvnm fk| novh|h}hah Koeanhn n G|kohn kx lacmkv kmh}v jcjhov xonm fh

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20/29

pc}nlna mcaklc|k|h! fxmof ak xo |rlcn ov|h wh|n mh fx|hkr po kmxj/o wk|k koxaxn ;>;4! Mdknj Uhnrjkoo k|h c ovaon|h ak Kiklk! pc|v ak Jk|hk\cnh o phono}xak ]nokn! mx Ghn}ka $gnxa hjn|xaxn Dx}}hno n anfh| ka \hwcavhn K|klhFno vnjpxa p|njxaxn \rlcn Jcofnka./ Ha }x}noh nfhhk xohn kankoh o v|kvkvnwhah fh

pkmh fh ak Pk|n}/ Ghn}ka }ph|k } clno }p|nbnoxa ]ncon}v o axpvk fh mxan}h ph mk|h c fxmhk mxfnpacjknk G|komhr phov|x mcv|caxa ]n|nhn/ Pxomvxa mxajnokov $pcrnvnw. kpk|h ofhmhjl|nh ;>;4! ak xo p|or cgh|nv fh ac|f \cvmd}mdnaf/ Knmn Ghn}ka fhmak|;/Onmn xo K|kl ox pckvh } gnh }x}pnmnc} o mh p|nwhvh okncokan}jxa Hw|hx}pxoHw|hnac| Lnoh kn whonv Kmk} n wcj mccph|k mx hn o anjnvhah ]vkvxaxn K|kl;> Hjn|xa Ghn}ka! o mxwovk|hk }x}noxv o gkk Mcogh|nohn

fh Pkmh fh ak Pk|n}! o mk|h }canmnv nofhphofhok K|klnhn! jhoncohkr kmc|fxa nek|konk }k phov|x c Pkah}vno 2 homakw k ]nconvnac| Hw|hn/]ph|kok axn Ghn}ka h|k mk Uhnvrjkoo } }p|nbnoh vcvka ph k|kln o fngh|hofxa ac| mxG|kok phov|x anvc|kaxa ]n|nko! gc|jof c Kovkov ]hjnvnm/ Mdknj Uhnvrjkoo h|k fhphofhov fh pcanvnmk Hoeahr mh kwhk o whfh|h fck|

jp|n|hk C|nhovxaxn Jnbacmnx ov|h Koeank n G|kok! }xl gc|jk kk oxjnvhac|Jkofkvh mh ah k}nex|k mcov|caxa pxvh|nn n k |h}x|}hac| phv|canh|h/ Kjlhah jk|npxvh|n ox fc|hkx xo ]vkv K|kl pxvh|onm! fhnovc| ka jkbc|nvnn mjpx|nac|

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mcogc|j xoc| ocvnh kah axn V/H/Aku|homh! mco}nanh|xa }x


21/29

phv|canh|h/ Ph }mx|v p|nomnpnxa \cjko Fnwnfh hv njph|k k gc}v fh oh fhpnv phov|xjnmk|hk ]ncon}v/ Uhnvrjkoo }gvxnhvh ph K|kln } ox }h novh|gh|hrh mxG|komhrnn o p|clahjk anvc|kaxaxn ]n|nko/

o wk|k axn ;>;> Ghn}ka ov|h|xph ovaon|nah mx pk|vhk }ncon}v n kfcpv fcmv|nok

Pkah}vnohn K|klh! nofnm hjn}k|nac| hw|hn } pck|vh v|kvkvnwh fn|hmvh mx k|klnnPkah}vnonhon n o vckjok axn ;>;> ov|h|xph c|nmh v|kvkvnwh mx hw|hnn }nconvn/V|kvkvxa |joh }hm|hv! oh gnnof jhoncokv kon jxan onmn fh pk|vhk mcofxmh|nnk|klh! onmn fh hw|hn/ Fno vckjok koxaxn ;>;>! mcnomnfho }kx ox! omhp |}mckah k|klh o Pkah}vnok/]xov kvkmkvh khr|n hw|hnhvn! }xvh fh hw|hn jmha|nn/ Hoeahrnn |hkmncohkr }akl!kwof o whfh|h novh|h}hah wnnvc|xaxn Jkofkv L|nvkonm o Pkah}vnok/ o kmh}vh mcofnnn Mcjn}nk fh ak ]ko \hjc haklc|hkr Dk|vk JkofkvxaxnL|nvkonm o Pkah}vnok $;>64 Pkah}vnok }xl jkofkv l|nvkonm/ Hw|hnn }h mcog|xov mx jntkbxa|hwcavhac| k|klh n k novh|h}hac| l|nvkonmh o rco/ L|nvkonmnn w|cnkx } jhono o}gh|k ac| fh nogaxho ocxa }vkv K|klnk ]kxfnv! p|hmxj n kmmh}xa p|nwnahenkv ak|h}x|}hah phv|canh|h fno N|ki! K|klnk ]kxfnv! N|ko! Ixuhnv! Hjn|kvhah fno EcagxaPh|}nm/ Fh kmhhk |hwcavhah k|klh fno Pkah}vnok h|kx xo }hjo m |haknnah

}phmnkah mx Jnmk|hk ]ncon}v v|hlxnkx vhjph|kvh/F|hpv x|jk|h! omhpof mx ;>

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22/29

M/4/ O KONN ]VKVXAXN H\HVR N]\KHA;>64 64Ak ;8 Jkn! c fkv mx |hv|keh|hk L|nvkonm! Lho Ex|nco fhmak| nofhphofhok]vkvxaxn H|hvr N}|kha/ o kmhkn ockpvh omhp mcog|xov|nah p|njxaxn \rlcn k|klc*n}|khanko! omdhnkv p|no k|jn}vnnx ak 6>/ Wc| x|jk mcog|xov|n mcovnoxhpo krn/ Fno pxomv fh whfh|h |hanenc} }vkvxa hw|hx h}vh vcah|kov fk| ohfc|nvc| fh k*nkjnovn fh c|nenonah nxfknmh kah m|hvnon}jxaxn/ Fno nogc|jknnah ph mk|h ah kj $;>>6.!ak Nh|x}kanj htn}v c mcjxonvkvh fh Hw|hn m|hvnon fh mn|mk =/000 fh ckjhon!p|cwhonv fno m}vc|nn jntvh/ Ox h}vh lnoh wrxv fh mcokncokann ac| jcrknmn/Htn}v fhk}hjhon m|hvnon fh c|nenoh pkah}vnonko $fh |nv jk|conv! mk n m|hvnonn fnoAnlko.! jkn kah} ak Lhvdahhj! \kjkak! o Mn}nc|fkonk/ o mcovhjpc|kohnvkvh htn}v mvhwk mx|hovh p|c m|hvnon}j fh }c|enovh nxfknm/

Jhoncohr ph mha ka Nxfhnac| Jh}nkonmn/ Nxfkn}jxa Jh}nkonm h}vh c jnmk|h|hanenck} ka m|hn kfh|hon }x}no m N}x} fno Okrk|hv $mx oxjhah hw|hnh}m^h}dxk. h}vh! ph fh c pk|vh! Jh}}nk Hw|hnac| |hownkv! ph fh kavk pk|vh kwof cc|nenoh fnwno/ o ;>>= h|kx ;70/000 kfhpn o ]vkvhah Xonvh n =80/000 o axjh/ o;8 nk gnno Kankok Novh|okncoka k Hw|hnac| M|hvnon fnoKjh|nmk $Vdh Dhl|hu*Md|n}vnko Kaankomh cg Kjh|nmk DMKK./ o ;>58 DMKK fhwnoh Kankok Jh}nkonm fno Kjh|nmk$Jh}}nkonm Bhun}d Kaankomh cg Kjh|nmk JBKK.! fh mk|h }h fn}cmnkr mcoe|heknn

jkn jnmn $mxj k| gn Jh}}nkonm N}|kha Kaankomh! Gn|}v G|xnv} cg Rnco! kof vdh Mckanvncocg Vc|kd Cl}h|wkov Jh}}nkonm Mcoe|hekvnco}./ Vhcacenm Nxfkn}jxa Jh}nkonm h}vh }vxfnxa axn Fxjohrhx n ka ]m|npvx|nn fnoph|}phmvnwk }k/ Mkoconmh }xov Whmdnxa Vh}vkjhov! Ocxa Vh}vkjhov mk gnnof xo vhtvno}pn|kv fh Fxjohrhx! Hpn}vcahah ]g/ Pkxa mco}nfh|kvh ph fhpano mcoe|xhovh mxNxfkn}jxa Jh}nkonm $|h}pno}h fh xohah mcoe|heknn mk gnnof mkoconmh./ Vhtvhahmkoconmh }xov2 Vc|kd! Ohwnnj! Ihvxwnj! Hwkoedhannah fxp Jkvhn!Jk|mx!Axmk nNcko! Gkpvhah Kpc}vcanac| $Axmk.! Hpn}vcahah axn Ncko! Phv|x n Pkxa kf|h}kvhHw|hnac|! Kpcmkanp}k $Mk|vhk \hwhaknhn fno Ocxa Vh}vkjhov./

Fcmv|noh Gxofkjhovkah2


23/29

Fxjohrhx M|hfnok o Fxjohrhxa $Hacdnj. Lnlanm2 kvcvpxvh|onm! cjonp|hrhov!hvh|o! m|hkvc|! nognonv n lnohwcnvc|/ ^hd}dxk $Nn}x}. Jh}}nk Jh}}nk Nxfhx! mk gnnof ^DWD $^h Dc Wkx Dh.

ov|xpkv o mk|oh n ]kawkvc|xa }xgahvhac|/

Vc|kd ]m|n} Vc|kd $Phovkvhxvd.! Mhah Mnomn M|n kah axn Jcn}h }xovmco}nfh|kvh mk gnnof fhpanoh phov|x mcowhokovxa mx Fnwnonvkvhk/ ]h mco}nfh| gkpvxam Nn}x} k |hkgn|jkv n p|hfnmkv M|hfnok }k o Vc|kd/ Gnn axn N}|kha kx gc}v! }xov n wc| |joh k gn pcpc|xa axn Fxjohrhx9 gmof pk|vhfno Pakoxa }x Fnwno oheof oacmxn|hk }k fh c|nmh gha fh Ln}h|nm fno Pakoxa Fnwno/ Lnlank Vkokid n ]m|nh|nah Kpc}vcanmh $L|nv Mdkfk}k. }xov fh No}pn|knh Fnwnophov|x Nxfhnn Jh}nkonmn/ H}mdkvcacenk Hw|hnn Jh}nkonmn }xov kfhpn kn x|jvck|hac| m|hfnohh}mdkvcacenmh2 Rnxk ]g|nvxaxn! K Fcxk Whon|h k axn Nn}x} mk xo Jh}}nk ownoevc|!

|hmco}v|xn|hk N}|khaxaxn! |hmco}v|xn|hk mhaxn fh ka v|hn*ahk Vhjpax! \hownh|hkJc|nac| $p|hmxj n Nn}x} k |hownkv.! ]dklkv*xa Jnahok| $fcjonk axn Nn}x} ph}vh caxjh kwof mk|kmvh|n}vnmnah Pk|kfn}xaxn./ Ahehk C|ka Vc|k C|ka om|npvkv o Vkajxf! cl}h|wkok ahenac| nxfknmh n kv|kfnnnac| fno Dkakik/ Ox }xov kfhpnn mcowh|vn|nac|/ Kmh}vhk }xov |k|h n |hrxavkvxa xoc| nfhovngnm|n}pn|nvxkah mx Nxfkn}jxa Jh}nkonm! ofhaxoe p|clkvh n x|j|nvh fh Mcjxonvkvhk omk|h k}pn| mha wnrkv/ Hn mco}nfh| |hovck|mh|hk gnnac| axn N}|kha |}pofnn p|nov|hOhkjx|n mk gnnof o jcjhovxa |hovck|mh|nn axn Nn}x}/

Jhono |h}phmvk|hk mhac| 7;= Jnvrwcv x|n/ ]xov jpcv|nwk }km|ngnmnnc| fhkonjkah }kx fh Hw|hn $}xov mnvkn \klln Kinwk n \klln Vk|gco2 fkmk k gc}v o]kodhf|no! onjhon! onmn c fkvk ox pckvh gn cjc|v $Jn}dokd Jkicv ;2;0./ ]hmcofkjo nofn|hmv v|njnvh|hk ak jck|vh k axn Nn}x}! vhgko! n k kavc| Hw|hn m|hvnon!fh*k axoexa vnjpxaxn fh mv|h ]kodhf|no;/ P|kmvnmk|hk ahenac| Vc|kd fxmh ak ]komvngnmk|h! ox n ak ]kawk|h9 kv|nlxnv fck| axnJh}}nk/ Kvv Pkxa mv n Nn}x} kx |h}phmvkv o vcvkanvkvh Mcjkofkjhovhah Vc|kd/

] ox m|hfhn m Hx kj whonv } fn}v|xe Ahehk mn } c jpanoh}m $Jkvhn 82;5*

;> ;5./ Pkxa $ph mk|h fh}hc|n a fhoxjh}m mx oxjhah }x Hw|hnh}m 2 ]dkxa. k |jk} xoPdk|n}hx Nxfhx m|hfnomnc}! xmhonm ka axn Ekjkanha mha Lv|o! po ak jck|vhk }k9xo mcovnoxx cl}h|wkov ka ahenac| n v|kfnnnac| Nxfknmh/ Mxp|no}h o mcomhpvxa Ocxkph|}phmvnw k}xp|k axn Pkxa hah kx c jk|h njpc|vko o Nxfkn}jxa Jh}nkonm/\hmcjkofk|hk Mcomnanxaxn \klnonm ka Nxfhnac| Jh}nkonmn h}vh |h}phmvk|hk}|lvc|nac| Hw|hnhvn! klkv*xa! |hexanah fh fnhv/ Clnhmnk p|nomnpka k Nxfhnac| Jcrknmn w}/ Nxfhnn Jh}nkonmn mco}vk o kmhhk m!mdnk| fkm Nxfkn}jxa h}vh Jh}nkonm! ^hd}dxk $Nn}x}. ox h}vh Jh}nk/

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Nxfhnn Jh}nkonmn ox }xov |hmxoc}mxn mk Nxfhn o ]vkvxvxa N}|kha n o ]vkvxvxaAhenn \hovck|mh|nn o N}|kha k hw|hnac|/ Hw|hnn c|vcfcmn mco}nfh| jnmk|hk mkgnnof c v|fk|h! c gc|j }xlwh|}nw fh kpc}vkrnh9 jkn |hk fhmv c|nmh gc|j fh |nvm|hvno jkongh}vkv fh}mdn}/ Mcogc|j xoxn mnvkv fno Mhov|ka Mcogh|homh cg Kjh|nmko

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25/29

}p|nbnoxa }v|lxonac| nxfhn$J*kj xnvkv n nkv m k whonv fh ak Jnkr Ockpvh xo wovop|kronm! xo oc| e|c}! n xo }ocp fh gcm! mk|h |}pofhk fh bx| jp|hbx| c axjno}v|axmnvck|h/$. Vcv o jnbacm }h jkn whfhkx pkv|x gpvx|n wnn $. Gnhmk|h fno hahkwhkx pkv|x ghh! n gnhmk|h kwhkx pkv|x k|npn $. K|npnah ac| h|kx p|no}h xok fh

kavk/ n mof jh|ehkx ox }h ovc|mhkx o onmn c pk|vh! mn gnhmk|h jh|ehk f|hpvoknovh/ $Hrhmdnha p/;!8!7!>../ Ox ah*k whonv } m|hkf m Nn}x}! mha orh}v|kv mxjn|kmxac}xa dk| ka vjfxn|nn! ox k| }mpk fh phfhkp}k axjhk}m/ Kvxomn mof a*kx wrxv k|h}vkv! mk c|nmk|h fno hn! fxp mh a*kx p|njnv mk xo \heh ak Nh|x}kanj a*kxp|}nv/ Fhjh|}xa p|cghvxaxn Nn}x} phov|x XONVKVHK M\HFNOHN O FXJOHRHXAXONM ehoh|hkr c axpv jnahok| ov|h nonnkn! pcpck|h! mh }h omdno n m|hf okmhakn gnaco hrcvh|nm2 gnh hn JCRKNMN }kx M\HVNON! ak mk|h }h kfkxe ph}vhkpvh }xvh fh kon kfhpnn N]AKJXAXN/ Jcn}h! jk|h nonnkv henpvhko ak Vhlk $}xl

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omdhnh htn}vhok k|} o p|cpc|nk mk} fh c |hwcav k fhjcm|knac| fno mcaconke|hmhk}m M|cvco $no}xa ph mck}vhah Nvkanhn./ Xo fn}mnpca ka }x! Rkjcath wk fxmhfcmv|nok jhovc|xaxn o vh|nvc|nnah Fkmnmh/ Pakvco wk gn mha mh wk v|ko}pxoh fcmv|nokPnvdkec|hnm phov|x x|jvck|hah pkv|x }hmcah fh kx| kah }pknxaxn E|hm p|nomcofxmvc|n mk Ph|nmah n Kahtkof|x mha Jk|h/

Nn}x}! gc|jkv ak kmhahkn nrwck|h hrcvh|nmh! p|hrh|wkvh fh hw|hnn H}honhon! ph|jxa J|nn Jck|vh n o Fhavk Onaxaxn! |hnk fhjh|}xa htv|kpcaof Pcpc|xa axnFxjohrhx fh ak }pknxa nxfknm ak vckvh ohkjx|nah/ H}vh kondnakv p|no m|xmngnmk|h/Kpc}vcann wc| omhph f|xjxa! fxmof MXWOVXA n AXJNOK Hwkoedhanhn }kah okgk|k pcpc|xaxn kah}/ Axoexa n| ka jk|vn|nac| m|hvnon! omhpof mx mhn hw|hn fh hvonh! kx gc}v ckjhonmx|kn ak }xgahv n o wnkk ac| fh rn mx rn/ Ak gha mxj jk|vn|nn hw|hn jcrknmn knjnahonxaxn fcn h|kx gkjnann pnck}h o m|hfnok ac| o Fxjohrhx! ak gha mxjpkah}vnonhonn m|hfnomncn o Fxjohrhx Kaakd }xov om xo pcpc| htnakv kaw|hjx|nac| o mk|h v|nj Ck|h oxjkn phov|x m Fxjohrhx k|h oxjh fngh|nvh3+Mcomhpvxa XONVNN P\NO M\HFNOK O FXJOHRHXA XONM h}vh mk c no}xa

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Oh wcj jxaxjn knmn } kmmhovxj xo }noex| gkpv mk|h on }h pk|h wkaklnaphov|x vckvh ov|hl|nah n phov|x kavhah! mk|h kpk| o jnovhk ock}v|/ Xo |}pxo}clnhmvnw mh k |hrn}vkv vxvx|c| vnjpx|nac|! mk|h k gc}v hoxokv mx jnn fh kon oknovh fhmv|h xo oh hw|hx/ \}pxo}xa p|cc|cmxaxn Lnahkj jkfnkonvxa; fkv |hehaxn Lkaki fno

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om c fkvc|nh2 } |hmxock}m o Bhdc}xkd Nn}x} mxj }pxo m|hvnonn! xo kfhw|kvg|kvh mk|h kfxmh mno}vh! cock|h n lxovkvh pcpc|xaxn hw|hx/

Jh}k|c * KoedhaWk}nah ;>>


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LNLANCE\KGNH

Vnvaxa Kxvc|!hfnvx|k!ko hfnvk|hGkpvhah Kpc}vcanac| Kpc}vcaxa AxmkWhmdnxa Vh}vkjhov """Cph|h wca NN Pakvco! Hfnvx|k vnnongnm n Homnmacphfnm Lxmx|hvn!

;>57Mxwnovh fh kx| Gkl|h fCanwhv Hfnvx|k V~pce|kgnh fh ak Wnaah! Pk|n}!

;45=Jk|n nonnkn kn Hrcvh|nhnKovnmh

Hfxk|f ]mdcx|h! Hfnvx|k Ekaanjk|f! Pk|n} ;>>=

N}vc|nk N}|khaxaxn Jch Jkx| Vha Kwnw ;>58Ln}h|nmk o p|njhah }hmcah G|kmh}mc Pkcac \nrrnc Hfnvx|k ]h|kgnmk \cjko!


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Jh}k|c Koedha Wk}nah , KOEHAC \COMKAAN * PKPK NCKO KA TTNNN MANPH FHWNK * H}hx Fcmxjhovk|Kf|h}k anoi2 dvvp2##uuu/~cxvxlh/mcj#ukvmd3w:bH}ALu7jn;mJh}k|c Koedha Wk}nah , FCN MKWKAH\N KN KPCMKANP]HN ]HMCAXAXN TT

ONMCAKH LAKO N KAHTKOF\X KG\KO * H}hx Fcmxjhovk|Kf|h}k anoi2 dvvp2##uuu/~cxvxlh/mcj#ukvmd3w:RF0R}rr[0nHJh}k|c Koedha Wk}nah , AHENAH ]CMNKAH KOVNMH KAH AXN JCN]H FNO%FHXVH\COCJ% Kf|h}k anoi2 dvvp2##uuu/~cxvxlh/mcj#ukvmd3w:bH}ALu7jn;mJh}k|c} Koedha Wk}nah Wcaxjxa NAXPVK HW\HNAC\ M\HVNON PHOV\X HWKOEDHANK AXN NN]X]% #


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FH]P\H KXVC\

P|cgna2Oxjh2 Wk}nah Jh}k|c Koedha

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Phov|x anoi*x|n ak kavh axm||n 2 No}h|v ph ECCEAH vhtv 2

jh}k|c} koedha co ohv]hahmvkvn }nvh*xa2 dvvp2##uuu/mk|vnci/|c#fcm#=857;447#kf|h}}h}*jh}k|c}*koedha*uc|i}*co*ohv*kf|h}h*pc}vk|n*ph*ohv*mdkooha}

H*jkna2 wkoedhavdkmn@~kdcc/mcj

Fxjohrhx h}vh Xoxa! Ckjhonn a*kx gmxv jkn jxan2

Xoxa Nxfhx! Xoxa M|hvno! Xoxa Jx}xajko/Ecf n} COH9 jkoinof jkfh dnj jko~2

Coh Jc}knm coh Md|n}vnko coh Jx}anj/
http://www.cartiok.ro/doc/35761886/adresses-mesaros-anghel-works-on-net-adrese-postari-pe-net-channelshttp://www.cartiok.ro/doc/35761886/adresses-mesaros-anghel-works-on-net-adrese-postari-pe-net-channelshttp://www.cartiok.ro/doc/35761886/adresses-mesaros-anghel-works-on-net-adrese-postari-pe-net-channelshttp://www.cartiok.ro/doc/35761886/adresses-mesaros-anghel-works-on-net-adrese-postari-pe-net-channels

Evrei, Crestini si Musulmani La Ierusalim - Breviar de Fapte Istorice

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