TEODORA POPESCU MARIANA TOMA

DICTIONARY

OF

BUSINESS COLLOCATIONS

with Romanian translation and

practice section

TEODORA POPESCU MARIANA TOMA

DICTIONARY

OF

BUSINESS COLLOCATIONS

with Romanian translation and

practice section

ALBA IULIA 2009

Reproducerea integrală sau parţială a textului cărţii, prin orice mijloace, fără acordul autorilor şi al editurii este interzisă. Coperta: Teodora Popescu Tehnoredactare: Teodora Popescu Tiparul a fost executat la Tipografia Universităţii „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. Copyright © Teodora Popescu, Mariana Toma, 2009 Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” Editura Aeternitas Str. Nicolae Iorga, nr. 13 RO 510009 Alba Iulia Tel: 004-1058-811412/122 Fax: 004-0258-812630 E-mail: editura_aeternitas@yahoo.com

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României POPESCU, TEODORA, TOMA, MARIANA Dictionary of Business Collocations. With Romanian Translation and Practice Section / Teodora Popescu, Mariana Toma – Ed. rev. – Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2009 388 p.; 24 cm. Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978-973-1890-54-8 I. Popescu, Teodora II. Toma, Mariana

CONTENTS Preface………………………………………………………………..…….…....7 Prefaţă.................................................................................................................10 Business Collocations.........................................................................................13 Practice Section.................................................................................................342 Bibliography......................................................................................................355 Word Index........................................................................................................356

PREFACE The English-Romanian dictionary of business collocations is intended for students of business, experienced business people and learners of English in general, with an intermediate to advanced level of language proficiency, who need to speak, read and write English for business purposes. It will prove an extremely useful tool for professional translators and interpreters alike. The present edition, the 3rd in 7 years, and the result of over 10 years of lexicographic research, consists of 1228 headwords, occurring within approximately 68,000 collocations (254 more headwords and 14,000 more collocations than in the 2nd edition). The structure of the present dictionary was decided upon considering the need not only for definitions and translation of most commonly used words in the business world, but also for correct usage in different communication contexts. Collocations are understood as the way in which words typically occur with each other. “You shall know a word by the company it keeps” (Firth, 1968: 179). A good knowledge of frequent collocations/word combinations contributes to better language accuracy and fluency for learners of English. The choice of collocations was made based on the principle of frequency. We nevertheless tried to offer as wide as possible a range of collocations, from strong to weak. The sources we used for the compilation of this dictionary were reliable corpora (The British National Corpus, The Brown Corpus, and a self-made corpus consisting of business articles from The Economist, published during 2005-2008). Various existing dictionaries of collocations were also used, as well as well-established company sites (all listed in the bibliographical section). The authors have also included an index, for ease of use. The index lists, in alphabetical order, all entries in the dictionary. An exemplification of the various uses of this dictionary is given in the form of a practice section, containing exercises for those who want to improve their Business English lexis. Each dictionary entry consists of a definition in English (several meanings were given, starting with the more general one, followed by a more specific, business-related use), morphological categories most commonly used with it, and its Romanian translation in the right hand column.

Headwords may be nouns, verbs or adjectives. The entry for a noun contains: headword general meaning business-related meaning translation morphological category

AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion; consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by two or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

verbs which come before the noun verbs which come after the noun adjectives phrases which contain the noun 1. (accord) V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~ V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid A: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~ P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~ 2. (contract) V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~ V: ~ comes into force/effect, expires A: bilateral, binding, commercial ~ P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

1. înţelegere, accord, consens

2. contract scris sau înţelegere verbală

synonyms for each meaning

Verb entries comprise: headword grammatical category definition translation

ASSESS v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth objects which follow the verb

a evalua, a estima, a măsura

assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects, efficiency, the importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits, property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly

adverbs which follow the verb

The entry for an adjective consists of: headword grammatical category definition translation CORPORATE adj. relating to a company or group

de firmă, organizaţional

corporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion, hospitality, identity, image, leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue, sector, structure, tax, welfare

nouns which come after the adjective Abbreviations used in the dictionary: ~ = the headword V: = verb that comes before the noun V: ~ = verb that comes after the noun A: = adjective P: = phrase that contains the noun n. = noun adj. = adjective adv. = adverb v. = verb sth = something sb = somebody esp. = especially etc. = et cetera usu. = usually sg. = singular pl. = plural infml. = informal colloq. = colloquialism A.E. = American English Br.E. = British English USA = United States of America

Prefaţă Dicţionarul englez-român de colocaţii utilizate în engleza de afaceri se adresează studenţilor de la facultăţile de ştiinţe economice, oamenilor de afaceri, traducătorilor, şi în general celor care doresc să înveţe limba engleză, la un nivel mediu spre avansat, precum şi tuturor celor care doresc să citească, să scrie şi să vorbească în limba engleză, într-un mediu economic, de afaceri. Este de asemenea un instrument extrem de util pentru traducători şi interpreţi. Ediţia de faţă, a treia în ultimii şapte ani, reprezintă rezultatul a peste zece ani de cercetări lexicografice şi cuprinde 1228 de cuvinte-titlu, utilizate în aproximativ 68.000 de colocaţii (cu 254 de cuvinte titlu şi 14.000 de colocaţii mai multe decât în ediţia anterioară). Structura dicţionarului de faţă a fost aleasă ţinând cont nu numai de nevoia definirii şi traducerii cuvintelor cel mai des utilizate în vocabularul de afaceri în limba engleză, dar şi de necesitatea cunoaşterii utilizării corecte a acestora în diverse contexte lexicale. Prin colocaţii înţelegem modul în care cuvintele sunt asociate pentru a forma unităţi lexicale şi semantice. O bună cunoaştere a celor mai frecvente expresii frazeologice /asociaţii semantico-lexicale contribuie nemijlocit la o mai bună stăpânire şi înţelegere a modului de funcţionare a limbii engleze. Autoarele au inclus, de asemenea, un index alfabetic al tuturor cuvintelor titlu în limba engleză. La sfârşitul dicţionarului, cititorii vor găsi un set de exerciţii pentru exersarea utilizării corecte a colocaţiilor de afaceri în limba engleză. Fiecare articol este structurat pe două coloane, după cum urmează: - Coloana din stânga conţine text în limba engleză şi cuprinde cuvântul-titlu (cu

caractere aldine), categoria morfologică (vezi lista abrevierilor), definiţia (pentru cuvintele polisemantice, sunt incluse mai multe sensuri, începând cu cel de bază, urmat de sensurile specifice utilizate în limbajul de afaceri) şi clasele morfologice cu care cuvântul-titlu formează unităţi lexicale şi semantice (cu caractere cursive); din nou, în cazul cuvintelor polisemantice se foloseşte diferenţierea acestora pe sensuri, utilizând cifre arabe şi, în cazul substantivelor, sunt date sinonimele aferente fiecărui sens în parte.

- Coloana din dreapta conţine traducerea în limba română a sensurilor cuvintelor-

titlu, separate cu ajutorul cifrelor arabe.

Cuvintele-titlu aparţin următoarelor clase morfologice: substantiv, verb, adjectiv sau adverb (mai rar). Articolele conţinând substantive sunt constituite astfel: cuvânt-titlu sens general sens de afaceri traducere categorie morfologică AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;

consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by two or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

verbe care precedă substantivul verbe care urmează după substantiv adjective expresii care conţin substantivul 1. (accord) V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~ V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid A: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~ P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~ 2. (contract) V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~ V: ~ comes into force/effect, expires A: bilateral, binding, commercial ~ P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

3. înţelegere, acord, consens

4. contract scris sau înţelegere verbală

sinonime pentru fiecare sens

Articolele conţinând verbe sunt organizate astfel: cuvânt-titlu categorie gramaticală definiţie traducere

ASSESS v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth substantive care uremază după verb assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects,

efficiency, the importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits, property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly

a evalua, a estima, a măsura

adverbe care urmează după verb

Articolele conţinând adjective au următoarea structură: cuvânt-titlu categorie gramaticală definiţie traducere CORPORATE adj. relating to a company or group corporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion,

hospitality, identity, image, leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue, sector, structure, tax, welfare

de firmă, organizaţional

substantive care urmează după adjectiv Lista abrevierilor: ~ = cuvânt-titlu V: = verb V: ~ = verb care precede substantivul titlu A: = adjectiv P: = locuţiuni/expresii care conţin substantivul titlu n. = noun (substantiv) adj. = adjectiv adv. = adverb v. = verb sth = something (ceva) sb = somebody (cineva) esp. = especially (în special) etc. = et caetera usu. = usually (de obicei) sg. = singular pl. = plural infml. = informal colloq. = colloquialism (expresie colocvială) A.E. = American English (engleză americană) Br.E. = British English (engleză britanică) USA = United States of America (Statele Unite ale Americii)

A ABILITY n. the skill or talent to do or perform sth successfully abilitate, talent,

aptitudine V: acquire, affect, appraise, appreciate, assess, demonstrate, doubt, develop, encourage,

evaluate, foster, hamper, have, hinder, impair, impede, lack, limit, lose, lower, measure, over/underrate, possess, question, recognise, reduce, retain, show, underestimate, undermine, use ~

A: academic, administrative, apparent, artistic, average, competitive, creative, decision-making, earning, entrepreneurial, exceptional, executive, fund-raising, great, inferior, inherent, innate, innovative, language, latent, leadership, learning, legal, managerial, marked, mental, moderate, natural, outstanding, physical, proven, remarkable, striking, superior, uncanny, unique, working ~

P: ~ to assert oneself, to communicate well, to invest, to lead, to manage change, to meet financial obligations, to (re)pay, to perform tasks, to trade freely, to work under pressure, to work in a team; test of ~ies

ABSENTEE n. a person who is not at a place where they were

expected to be persoană absentă

A: conspicuous, notable ~ P: ~ boss, employee, landlord, level, MP, procedure, rate, record, vote ABSENTEEISM n. frequent absence from work or some other

place, esp. without good reason absenteism, lipsă nejustificată de la serviciu

V: avoid, bring ~ under control, combat, curb, cut, deal with, estimate, halve, measure, prevent, reduce ~

V: ~ came down, decreased, diminished, dropped, fell, increased, is attributable/due to, is on the increase, remained steady, rose, went up

A: alarming, decreased, employee, excessive, high, increasing, low, persistent, reduced, reported, sickness, unnecessary, work ~

P: ~ policy, procedure; ~ at work; ~ in the workplace; ~ from work; amount, case, cause, control, costs, high/low degree, level, rate of ~

ACCEPT v. 1. to take, or agree to receive, sth offered 2. to agree

to, to say yes to an offer, proposal, suggestion, invitation, price, etc.

1. accepta 2. a fi de acord

1. (take/receive) eagerly, gladly, graciously, gratefully, reluctantly, willingly accept

be glad to, be happy to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be unwilling to accept accept sth from sb 2. (agree/admit) blindly, happily, fully, grudgingly, readily, uncritically, unquestioningly accept be forced to, be happy to, be prepared to, be ready to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be

unwilling to, be willing to accept learn to, refuse to have no choice but to accept can/cannot, will/will not accept it is commonly/generally/universally/widely accepted accept sth at face value accept advice, amendment, apology, application, appointment, argument, arrangement,

assertion, assignment, assurance, authority, award, bet, bid, blame, booking, bribe, (credit) card, challenge, charity, cheque, claim, commission, compensation, compromise, condition, congratulations, consequence, counsel, criticism, cut, deal, defeat, definition, delivery, diploma, doctrine, dogma, donation, employment, excuse, existence, explanation, fact, fate, fault, favour, gift, guideline, help, honour, hospitality, idea, immigrant, implication, importance, inevitability, input, instruction, invitation, job, liability, lift, limit, limitation, logic, manuscript, mediation, money, motion, need, nomination, notion, offer, offering, package, payment, penalty, petition, plea, point of view, position, possibility, prize, proposal, proposition, punishment, quotation, quote, reality, reasoning, rebuke, recommendation, reduction, redundancy, reform, refugee, refusal, registration, report, request, reservation, resignation, responsibility, restriction, risk, role, rule, settlement, situation, submission, suggestion, surrender, teaching, tender, term, thanks, theory, thesis, treatment, treaty, truth, ultimatum, validity, verdict, view, wage, wisdom

ACCEPTANCE n. 1. willingness to receive; written or verbal

agreement of conditions, a deal, delivery, price, proposal, etc. 2. a formal agreement by a debtor to pay a draft or bill of exchange when it becomes payable

1. acceptare (a unor condiţii, livrare, preţ, etc.) 2. acceptul trasului de a plăti suma înscrisă pe o trată

1. (agreement) V: achieve, advise against, announce, confirm, encourage, exhibit, find, forbid, gain, give,

guarantee, increase, indicate, meet with, reach, receive, recommend, refuse, require, resign, seek, signify, struggle for, win ~

A: apparent, blind, broad, (un)conditional, consumer, cultural, customer, consumer, definite, early, enthusiastic, eventual, formal, full, general, gradual, grateful, greater, growing, grudging, guaranteed, immediate, implicit, increasing, mainstream, market, official, partial, passive, plucky, prompt, public, ready, reluctant, social, societal, stoic(al), tacit, total, uncomplaining, uncritical, universal, unquestioning, unwilling, user, virtual, wholehearted, wide, widespread ~

P: ~ of sth; degree, level, message, pinnacle, record of ~; ~ address, letter, speech; ~ among 2. (formal agreement) V: acknowledge, advise of, confirm, give, present for, receive, refuse ~ A: bank, blank, clean, collateral, (un)covered, general, guaranteed, (un)qualified, special,

trade ~

P: ~ account, bill, certificate, check, credit, creditor, deadline, declaration, house, letter, liability, line; 3 days after ~; delivery on ~; documents against ~1; conditions, letter of ~

ACCESS n. entry or approach; opportunity for use acces, intrare; drept de

utilizare V: acquire, allow, authorise, bar, be entitled to, block, claim, control,

demand, deny, ensure, facilitate, force, gain, get, give, grant, guarantee, have, improve, insure, limit, lose, make arrangements for, obstruct, obtain, offer, pay for, permit, prevent, provide, reduce, refuse, retain, secure, seek, widen, win ~ A: arbitrary, (un)authorised, centralised, complete, computer, difficult, (in)direct, dynamic,

early, easy, equal, fast, free, full, greater, (un)limited, immediate, improved, indirect, instant, Internet, (un)limited, market, network, online, open, poor, privileged, public, random, ready, reduced, (un)restricted, secure, speedy, swift, unfettered, universal, unprecedented, vehicle ~

P: ~ arrangements, authorisation, card, charge, code, control, denial, devices, failure, group, level, list, method, network, number, panel, path, period, permission, point, policy, privileges, protocol, providers, right, road; ~ to data, company’s books, information; convenience, equality, lack, rights of ~; control, dispute over ~

ACCIDENT n. 1. an unexpected and undesirable event, esp. one

resulting in damage or harm 2. lack of intention; chance 1. accident 2. întâmplare

1. (unfortunate mishap) V: avert, avoid, be involved in, be no ~ that, cause, have, meet with, precipitate, prevent,

recover from, suffer, survive, witness ~ V: ~ happened, occurred, took place A: bad, bizarre, car, deadly, dreadful, fatal, freak, happy, hit-and-run, horrible, horrific,

industrial, major, minor, motor-vehicle, nasty, nuclear, road, serious, slight, small, terrible, traffic, tragic, unfortunate ~

P: ~ black spot, investigation, prevention, rate, report, statistics, victim; cause, scene, victim of ~; spate of, toll of ~s

2. (chance) A: happy, historical, mere, pure, sheer ~ P: by ~; ~ of birth, history ACCOMMODATION n. 1. a place to live, work or stay 2. money

lent for a short time, esp. to meet urgent needs 1. cazare, găzduire 2. împrumut pe termen scurt

1. (housing) V: arrange for, assign sb to, book, find, get, have, hunt for, let, look for, offer, pay for,

provide, rent, request, reserve, search for, secure, seek, supply, take ~ A: (in)adequate, affordable, available, basic, bed-and-breakfast, booked, cheap, clean,

comfortable, cosy, day-to-day, decent, excellent, (in)expensive, first/high/second-class, free, furnished, good, half/full-board, holiday, hospital, hotel, long/short-term, living, luxury, luxurious, office, overnight, permanent, poor, private, quality, rented, residential, satisfactory, secure, self-catering, shabby, sheltered, sleeping, spacious, staff,

1 D/A Documents against acceptance n.pl. instructions from a shipper to his bank that the documents are attached to a time draft for collection and deliverable to the drawee against his/her acceptance of the draft

(sub)standard, student, suitable, superior, support, temporary, tourist, travel, vacation ~ P: ~ allowance, bureau, costs, expenses, package; cost, possibility, provision, scarcity,

shortage, size of ~ 2. (short-term loan) A: bank, short-term ~ P: ~ bill, broker, endorsement, paper, party ACCOUNT n. 1. a story, report, description, explanation 2. a

detailed record of business dealings between parties who are debtor and creditor, and of the manner in which money is received, held, or spent 3.pl. a set of accounting records that reflect how much a business owes or it is owed; and after periodical balancing, how much profit has been made 4. an arrangement with a bank or firm that allows credit for financial and commercial payments 5. a bill, an invoice

1. relatare, descriere, explicaţie, raport, referat 2. evidenţa tranzacţiilor între parteneri, înregistrate ca debit şi credit 3. înregistrări contabile 4. cont al unei firme deschis la o bancă 5. factură, notă de plată

1. (report) V: check, circulate, corroborate, give, obtain, offer, produce, provide, publish, receive, send

in, submit, verify, write ~ V: ~ appeared, is consistent with, circulated, has come in, tallies with A: (in)accurate, authentic, (un)biased, brief, clear, (in)coherent, comprehensive,

(un)convincing, detailed, distorted, dramatic, elaborate, exciting, false, fascinating, fictitious, first-hand, frightening, funny, general, impartial, informative, knowledgeable, persuasive, precise, (un)reliable, succinct, true, truthful, vague, verbatim, vivid ~

2. (transactions record) V: balance, charge to sb’s ~, check, close, do, file, go through, keep, keep a record of,

manage, open, put on sb’s ~, settle, square, verify ~ V: ~ is consistent with, tallies with A: appropriation, brokerage, budget, business, capital, centralised, custodial, custody,

expense, financial, income and expenditure, investor’s, itemised, nominal, offshore, option, profit and loss, revenue, securities, single, suspense, trading ~

P: ~s file, manager; payment on ~; statement of ~ 3. (ledger entries) V: balance, check, correct, do, endorse, examine, file, go through, inspect, keep a record of,

identify, pay into, settle, square, take an amount of money out of, verify ~ A: annual, asset, audited, balanced, bank, blocked, building, business, capital, computerised,

conflicting, consolidated, current, discretionary, doubtful, dubious, end-of-year, expense, final, financial, gold, group, interim, ledger, managerial, monthly, nominal, outstanding, overall, (im)personal, prime, quarterly, real, tax ~

P: ~s clerk, closing, department, file, maintenance, manager, report; ~s payable, receivable; chart, falsification, interpretation, set of ~s

4. (banking arrangement) V: add sth to, close, charge to, credit, draw on, freeze, have, keep, open, overdraw, pay sth

into, put sth into, run down, settle ~ V: ~ is in the red/black, is overdrawn/in credit A: bank, budget, checking, credit, current, deposit, dead, dormant, healthy, illicit, interest-

bearing/earning/paying, joint, loan, numbered, overdue, public, savings, zero-balance ~ P: ~ holder

5. (bill) V: check, pay, prepare, question, receive, render, send in, settle, square ~ A: itemised, overdue ~ ACCOUNTABILITY n. responsibility to sb or for sth răspundere,

responsabilitate V: admit, demand, enhance, ensure, expect, ignore, improve, increase, meet the

requirements of, reduce, restore, strengthen, weaken ~ V: ~ extends beyond, is enforced by, is strengthened by, requires A: auditing, contractual, corporate, customer, democratic, direct, educational, financial,

full, government, group, greater, increased, individual, limited, local, managerial, maximum, ministerial, moral, party, parliamentary, peer, personal, policy, political, professional, public, social, strict, supplier, tax ~

P: ~ procedures; absence, climate, code, degree, element, exercise, form, lack, mechanism, principle, problem, transfer, system, type of ~; ~ for quality of work; need for ~; approach, commitment to ~

ACCOUNTANT n. sb whose job is to keep and check the financial

records of an organisation, or to advise people on income, spending, tax, etc.

contabil

V: become, consult, employ, work as an ~ V: ~ audits, deals with, identifies, operates, records, reports A: asset, assistant, certified public, chartered, chief, company, corporate, cost, elusive, fee-

earning, financial, forensic, head, junior, management, public, qualified, self-employed, tax, tour ~

P: ~’s certificate ACCOUNTANCY n. the work or profession of an accountant contabilitate, meseria

de contabil V: study, work in ~ A: business, chartered, creative, public~ P: ~ articles, body, books, career, course, degree, fees, firm, group, industry, job, office,

practice, profession, rule, services, theory, world; career, degree in ~; principles of ~ ACCOUNTING n. 1. in U.S.A., the same meaning as accountancy

in Britain 2. in Britain, a system of recording the money value of business dealings to enable a concern to see the financial position at any one time

1. contabilitate, meseria de contabil 2. sistem de contabilitate

1. (accountancy) V: study, work in ~ A: business, creative, false ~ P: ~ area, articles, body, books, business, capabilities, career, charges, committee, course,

degree, department, document, fees, file, error, firm, function, group, industry, instructor, irregularities, job, machine, objective, office, practice, profession, profit, rule, scandal, services, team, technicians, theory, tricks, unit, world; career, degree, experience in ~; principles of ~

2. (system of transactions recording) V: complete, work out ~ A: accruals, acquisition, budgetary, cash, commitment, (current/historic(al)/total)cost,

creative, equity, financial, flexible, inflation, insolvency, inventory, investment, management, managerial, public, revenue, separate, uniform ~

P: ~ books, control, cost, cycle, data, deficit, depreciation, entry, equation, expert, exposure, firm, group, information, legislation, manual, method, operation, period, plan, policy, practices, principles, procedure, process, profit, rate of return, ratio, records, regulations, report, rules, service, software, standards, system, technique, trick, year; method of ~

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE n.pl. (esp. U.S.A.) a record of amounts

owed by a company to suppliers of goods and services conturi (de pasiv) de furnizori, clienţi – creditori

V: age, bring ~ to zero, generate report on, list as, pay, reduce, settle ~ A: actual, (un)paid, total ~ P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, entry, financing,

item, ledger, payment, settlement, voucher; report, record of ~ ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE n.pl. (esp. U.S.A.) a record of amounts

owed to a company by suppliers of goods and services conturi (de activ) de furnizori – debitori, clienţi şi conturi asimilate, creanţe

V: accept, age, buy, collect, dispose of, finance, generate report on, process, tally, value ~ A: doubtful, large, overdue, total ~ P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, factoring, financing,

ledger, loan, risk, turnover; report, sale of ~ ACCRUAL n. 1. a gradual and/or automatic increase 2. accrued

charge; expenses attributable to the current financial period but whose settlement will not be effected until a subsequent financial period 3. pl. an adjusting amount added to an account at the end of an accounting period to record a sum owed to or by the firm but not yet paid

1. creştere 2. angajament financiar, obligaţie financiară neonorată 3. conturi de regularizare utilizate în contabilitatea de angajamente

1. (increase) V: allow for, list as, make ~ A: invoice, overall, planned, (pre)tax ~ P: ~ of capital, benefits, debt, discount, funds, interest, principle, taxes; ~ for pensions 2. (accrued charge) V: enter in the books as an, list under ~s, prevent ~ P: ~ basis, bond, concept, date, deadline, information, item, method, month, note, posting,

principle, rate, scale; ~ of customs/storage charges; day, period of ~ 3. (adjusting amounts) A: receivable ~s P: ~s accounting, accounts ACCRUE v. to increase gradually with time a creşte, a spori accrue amount, cost, points advantage, benefits, charges, compensation, debts, dollars, gains, health, income, interest,

knowledge, losses, penalty, profits, revenues, royalties, savings, wealth, well-being accrue/s

ACCRUED adj. financially unsettled until a subsequent period; periodically accumulated over time

neonorat (despre un angajament financiar); sporit, extins

accrued benefits, capital, charges, costs, dividends, effects, expenses, guarantee, income, interest, liabilities, rate, revenue

ACCUMULATION n. an accumulated mass; a heap; a pile or

quantity formed by successive additions acumulare

V: constrain, facilitate, guarantee, lead to, maintain, prevent, reduce, safeguard, stimulate, sustain ~

A: continued, credit, extensive, gradual, great, large, low, massive, rapid, slow, steady ~ P: ~ of capital, energy, fortunes, honours, knowledge, power, wealth, work; law, process,

rate, scale of ~ ACCURACY n. freedom from mistake or error; conformity to truth

or to a standard or model acurateţe; corectitudine

V: achieve, aim at, assess, check, check sth for, confirm, demand, determine with, dispute, doubt, ensure, establish with, examine, fall away of, guarantee, improve, increase, lead to, limit ~ to, look for, maintain, measure, question, take pride in, test, verify ~

A: absolute, amazing, astounding, commendable, complete, considerable, deadly, factual, great, high, historical, improved, increased, overall, perfect, priceless, reach, reasonable, remarkable required, scientific, scrupulous, strict, sufficient, technical, total, uncanny, unerring ~

P: ~ of data, valuation; improvement, increase in ~: respect for ~; degree, level, standard of ~; with ~

ACHIEVEMENT n. attainment; sth carried out successfully realizare, împlinire,

înfăptuire V: acclaim, acknowledge, admire, affect, appreciate, assess, belittle, celebrate,

congratulate on, destroy, disparage, encourage, exaggerate, give sb credit for, hail, magnify, make light of, make possible, marvel at, praise, raise, recognise, record, sneer at, underestimate, undermine, warrant ~

A: amazing, brilliant, coming, creditable, crowning, dazzling, enduring, enormous, fine, grand, great, high, important, imposing, impressive, intellectual, joint, lasting, laudable, magnificent, major, memorable, notable, outstanding, phenomenal, remarkable, significant, solid, splendid, stupendous, supreme, tangible, unique, unparalleled, valuable, wonderful, worthy, worthwhile ~

P: ~ level; ~ of one’s own making; acknowledgement, bedrock, complexity, hierarchies, lack, level, pinnacle, recognition, record, sense, statement of ~; desire for ~

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT n. 1. the act or an instance of

acknowledging; recognition, acceptance 2. a letter or message sent to state that sth has been received

1. recunoaştere, acceptare 2. confirmare de primire (în scris)

1. (recognition) V: amount to, demand, express, get, give, grunt, make ~ to sb/sth, make ~ of sth, nod,

receive, wave ~ A: appropriate, brief, cautious, continuous, explicit, firm, forthright, formal, full, general,

grim, grudging, late, life-long, long-delayed, modest, official, open, personal, political,

public, scant, self-deprecating, special, tacit, unfounded, unjust, unwarranted, usual, worldly ~

P: message, grunt, smile of ~ 2. (confirmation)

V: ask for, issue, receive, refuse, send, sign ~ A: official, unquestionable, written ~ P: ~ of acceptance, debt, indebtedness, order, payment, receipt; letter of ~ ACQUISITION n. 1. act of acquiring sth 2. sth obtained, esp. a

company that has been bought or taken over 1. (acquiring)

1. achiziţionare, dobândire 2. achiziţie, cumpărare (în special la preluarea unei firme)

V: announce, derive benefits from, finance, fund, look for, negotiate, sustain ~

A: big, data, expensive, knowledge, land, language, large, latest, material goods, major, new, order, original, purchase, recent, significant, splendid, substantial, target, valuable ~ P: ~ commission, cost, data, date, deal, department, effort, expense, fee, field, form, format,

list, management, option, period, policy, price, process, reversal, strategy, task, tax; ~ of credentials, data, goods, information, knowledge, riches, territory, title, wealth; ~ in good faith

2. (take-over) V: announce, complete, derive benefits from, finance, fund, negotiate, pursue, support,

sustain ~ V: ~ boosts/enhances earnings, goes ahead A: asset, attractive, company, competitive, compulsory, corporate, gradual, horizontal,

illegal, illicit, improper, indirect, joint, permanent, vertical, target, taxable, tax free ~ P: ~ accounting, agent, agreement, block, check, cost, criteria, deal, debt, plan, price,

procedure, process, strategy, tax; ~ of (financial) assets, capital, company, ownership, property, shares, stock

ACTION n. 1. sth done to achieve a goal; the accomplishment of a

thing; the way sth moves or works 2. legal proceedings in a court

1. acţiune, realizare 2. acţiune în instanţă, proces

1. (act) V: be led into, call for, condemn, condone, contemplate, criticise, decide on, defer, demand,

hamper, hinder, incite sb to, inspire, instigate, judge, justify, lead to, leap into, perform, plan, postpone, preclude, prepare for, press for, prevent, put ideas/plans into, recommend, renew, request, require, roll into, rouse sb to, rush into, spur into, start, take, take part in, translate into, undertake ~

A: aggressive, affirmative, appropriate, bold, careless, clumsy, concerted, constant, co-ordinated, corporate, corrective, covert, daring, decisive, defensive, definitive, deliberate, disciplinary, disgraceful, drastic, emergency, energetic, equal opportunity, evasive, exemplary, extreme, fast, foolish, further, generous, hasty, hostile, human, humanitarian, ill-advised, immediate, industrial, imminent, impulsive, incomprehensible, instant, institutional, joint, legitimate, military, past, precipitated, preliminary, (un)premeditated, prompt, purposeful, quick, rapid, rearguard, remedial, resolute, retaliatory, ruthless,

sensitive, slow, spontaneous, stern, strenuous, supportive, swift, symbolic, thoughtless, unfortunate, unilateral, unprincipled, unwise, urgent, voluntary, wrong ~

P: ~ group, items, plan; course, freedom, lack, line, man, pattern, plan, programme, timetable of ~; sequence of ~s; demand, grounds, pleas for ~

2. (legal proceedings) V: avert, avoid, begin, bring, cause, commence, consider, contemplate, continue, defend,

dismiss, drop, eschew, face, give evidence in, initiate, is statute barred, pursue, risk, suspend, take threaten, win legal ~

A: civil, court, cross, defensive, disciplinary, expensive, frivolous, legal, libel, plaintiff's, probation, slander, vexatious ~

P: cause, settlement of ~ ACTIVITY n. state of doing sth; any specific action or pursuit activitate, acţiune V: ban, be engaged in, be involved in, be mixed up in, boost, cease, curb, discourage,

disrupt, expand, go in for, hamper, improve, indulge in, keep an eye on, limit, monitor, prevent, proceed to, pursue, put a stop to, reduce, share, step up, suppress, sustain, take up, wind up ~

V: ~ extends to sth A: brisk, busy, ceaseless, chief, commercial, competitive, constant, continuous, core,

corporate, covert, criminal, daily, detrimental, economic, educational, energetic, enjoyable, entrepreneurial, evening, excessive, frantic, fraudulent, frenetic, goal-directed, group, harmful, high-risk, hectic, illegal, indoor, intense, joint, lawful, leisure, management, manufacturing, mental, nefarious, new, organisational, outdoor, overseas, particular, physical, policy-making, professional, profitable, recreational, reduced, (un)related, research, rewarding, risky, secret, self-indulgent, social, special, sporting, strenuous, subversive, sustained, trading, uncontrolled, underground, unrestrained, unusual, widespread, worthwhile ~

P: area, burst, field, form, flurry, hive, level, line, range, scurry, surge, wave, whirl(wind) of ~; series, variety of ~s; downturn, fall, growth, pick-up, slowdown, upsurge in ~

ACUMEN n. quick insight; the ability to make accurate judgements

of people or situations putere de pătrundere, discernământ, perspicacitate, simţul afacerilor

V: acquire, develop, establish, have, lack, possess, show ~ A: (keen) business, commercial, considerable, executive, financial, fine, great, legal,

managerial, mental, political, sharp, social, technical ~ ADDRESS n. 1. the place where a person lives or an organisation is

situated 2. discourse delivered to an audience 1. adresă, reşedinţă 2. alocuţiune

1. (residence) V: arrive at, be located at, change, collect from, confirm, deliver to, mail to, receive, remit

to, reply at, send to, take ~ A: above, contact, current, e-mail, forwarding, full, known, last, mailing, new, office, p-mail,

personal, postal, private, secret, shipping, short, temporary ~ P: ~ announcement, book, database, label; change of ~ 2. (speech) V: deliver, give ~

A: brief, election, emotional, farewell, final, formal, inaugural, keynote, moving, national, opening, presidential, short, televised ~

ADMINISTRATION n. the management, control and direction of a

business or organisation conducere, administrare, gestiune a unei firme

V: be in charge of, be responsible for, streamline, take over, tighten up, work in ~ A: bureaucratic, central, city, college, day-to-day, (in)efficient, energetic, financial,

government, justice, labour, legal, manpower, materials, office, overall, personnel, public, poor, regional, routine, school, secretarial, site, social, smooth, successful, trust, university ~

P: ~ charges, consultant, costs, department, effort, expenses, official, order, papers, secretary, union; ~ of assets, estate, inventory, justice, property, securities; ~ by sb; board, cost of ~

ADMINISTRATOR n. sb who has the power to control, direct or

manage a business or other organisation administrator, gestionar

V: appoint, enable, select, serve as ~ A: able, bad, city, clever, college, competent, database, dedicated, efficient, experienced,

financial, former, hard-headed, insolvency, level-headed, network, part-time, poor, project, public, security, senior, skilful, system, tax, temporary, union, university, wise ~

ADMISSION n. 1. the act or process of admitting; the state or

privilege of being admitted 2. the granting of an argument or position not fully proved; acknowledgment that a fact or statement is true

1. admitere 2. recunoaştere

1 (entry) V: apply for, approve, ban, demand, deny, forbid, force, gain, give, grant, need, refuse,

request ~ A: early, emergency, free, full, immediate, (un)restricted, temporary ~ P: ~ charge, criterion, discount, fee, practice, price, procedure, rule; requirements for ~ 2. (confession) V: come out with, force, make, wring an ~ from sb A: candid, embarrassing, frank, full, humiliating, misleading, painful, partial, ready,

reluctant, revealing, tacit ~ P: ~ of defeat, error, failure ADVANCE n. 1. an act of going forward 2. progress 3. a payment

made before due time 4. a loan 1. înaintare, avans(are) 2. progres, descoperire 3. plată în avans 4. împrumut

1. (an act of going forward) V: accelerate, achieve, block, check, delay, facilitate, further, halt, hamper, hold back/up,

impede, keep back, make, oppose, prevent, repel, report, resist, slow down, spearhead, speed up ~

V: ~ gathered momentum, lost impetus, met with setbacks, slowed down, speeded up A: breathtaking, brutal, dramatic, engulfing, exhilarating, great, inevitable, rapid, relentless,

remarkable, significant, slow, steady, sudden, swift, unimpeded ~ 2. (progress) V: achieve, curse, defend, make, mark, reject, welcome ~

A: astonishing, economic, genuine, giant, gradual, latest, major, new, real, research, revolutionary, scientific, significant, small, technical, technological ~

P: ~ in access to justice, automation, communications 3. (payment made before due time) V: accept, make, pay, put in, receive, refund ~ A: cash, late ~ P: ~ billing scheme, compensation, corporation tax, interest, payment, purchasing, royalties,

sales 4. (loan) V: accept, demand, get, make, offer, pay off, reject, secure ~ A: additional, hefty, large, overdue ~ P: demand for ~ ADVANTAGE n. a favourable circumstance; benefit, profit avantaj; profit V: achieve, balance, be at an, bring, confer, counteract, derive, develop, draw, enjoy, erode,

exploit, gain, get, give, have, hold, keep, leave sb at, offer, outweigh, overlook, reap, retain, secure, seize, take (full) of, turn sth into, use sth to sb’ (best), waste, work to sb’s, wring ~

A: added, additional, big, clear, commercial, comparative, competitive, considerable, decent, decided, decisive, definite, distinct, dubious, economic, educational, electoral, enormous, extra, financial, full, great, huge, important, key, lasting, main, major, market, material, mutual, natural, obvious, overwhelming, particular, personal, positive, practical, price, real, significant, slender, special, superb, tax, technical, technological, territorial, time zone, unfair, unjustified ~

P: to sb / sth 's best ~; ~ over competition, competitors; ~ in business ADVERTISE v. making public a product, a service, a job vacancy,

an event, etc.; publicly announce availability or need a face reclamă, a face un anunţ publicitar

advertise a company, cigarettes, a product, an available post, job vacancies, service, wares advertise for sb/sth advertise heavily, locally, nationally, widely ADVERTISEMENT n. public announcement in a newspaper, or on

the radio, television or Internet advertising products, vacancies, or certain events (abbrev. ad)

anunţ publicitar, reclamă

V: agree to, answer to, appear in, back, ban, charge for, conceive, control, create, devise, display, draft, fund, insert, issue limit, monitor, place, produce, put ~ in (newspaper, magazine, etc.), react to, read, refer to, reply to, respond to, restrict, rule out, run, screen, see, select, show, stop, take out, write, expose sb to, tailor ~

V: ~ appeared, aroused great wrath, describes, disagrees with, drew sb's attention, features, inflates the market, lists, mentions, spearheads sth

A: alternative, classified, controversial, conventional, co-operative, costly, coupon, disagreeable, discrete, display, effective, eye-catching, free, front-page, full-page, good, hard-hitting, illustrated, inflatable, Internet, investment, job, large, launch, local, misleading, movie, offending, national, newspaper, political, poor, real estate, reminder, repeat, single, small, spot, straightforward, successful, television (TV), walking, widely acclaimed ~

P: ~ broker, canvasser, column, contents, manager, positioning, rating, spending; an ~ for sb/ sth; draft, format, size of ~; (TV, radio) pause for ~s; in answer/reply/response to ~;

with regard/reference to ~ ADVERTISING n. way of increasing consumer demand by bringing

the product to the attention of the public publicitate, reclamă

V: advise on, be trained in, depend on, increase, reconsider, rely on, specialise in, spend on, stop, study, use ~

V: ~ was hit hard by the recession A: brief, classified, combative, commercial, comparative, constructive, consumer,

controversial, conventional, corporate, counter-cyclical, creative, declining, direct mail, effective, excessive, exterior transit, global, graphic, informative, innovative, institutional, in-your-face, ironic, local, material, nation-wide, national, offensive, outrageous, outstanding, paid, persuasive, point-of-sale, prestige, printed, product, promotional, provocative, radical, sensational, subliminal, successful, sustained, television, transportation, up-to-date, word-of-mouth ~

P: ~ account, activity, agency, agent, allowance, analysis, appeal, approach, art, audience, brochure, budget, bureau, campaign, canvasser, channel, circular, column, consultant, contract, copy, costs, customer, department, director, directory, discount, display, drive, effect, effectiveness, effort, executive, expenditure, expense, expert, film, function, group idea, industry, injury, insert, journal, label, leaflet, letter, mail, man, manager, mass-media, material, medium, message, needs, network, people, plan, product, policy, professional, readership, requirements, revenue, space, spending, staff, strategy, support, time, trade; rebound in ~; forms of ~; ban on ~

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN n. advertising operations spread over a

given length of time and over a fixed range of media, with the object of influencing the consumers

campanie publicitară

V: begin, be involved in, carry out, conduct, coordinate, embark on, initiate, launch, lead, mastermind, maintain, manage, mount, organise, pay for, plan, run, spend on, start, take part in, wage ~

V: ~ aims at, concentrates on, targets students A: comprehensive, corporate, extensive, false, full-scale, global, hard-hitting, in-your-face,

intensive, large, massive, misleading, modest, national, official, public, television, nation-wide, successful ~

P: ~ on cosmetics ADVICE n. 1. information given to sb, esp. by an expert, so that

they know what to do and can make the right decision 2. a document giving sb details about a sale or purchase; a document giving information

1. sfat 2. înştiinţare

1. (helpful information) V: accept, act on sb’, adopt, appreciate, ask (for), avail oneself of, bend sb’s ear for, benefit

from, defy, disregard, follow, get, give, go against, heed, ignore look for, need, offer, profit from, provide, receive, refuse, reject, seek, spurn, sweep aside, take, tender, thank for, welcome ~

A: astute, badly needed, blunt, career, cautious, clear, considered, deficient, detailed, dispassionate, excellent, expert, financial, further, helpful, immediate, impartial, incorrect, invaluable, legal, little, official, practical, professional, prudent, reliable, sensible, sound, straight, unbiased, unequivocal, unsolicited, urgent, useful, valuable,

valued, wise, wrong ~ P: piece, word of ~ 2. (document) V: receive, send ~ P: credit ~; ~ of delivery, dispatch; receipt, letter of ~ ADVISER n. a person who advises, esp. one appointed to do so and

regularly consulted consilier, sfătuitor

V: act as, appoint as, confirm as, consult, fire, hire, search for, serve as, work as ~ A: business, careers, cautious, clear-headed, close, economic, environmental, experienced,

financial, former, government, impartial, independent, insurance, key, lead, legal, medical, official, outside, policy, political, public relations, realistic, statutory, technical, trusted, trustworthy, unbiased ~

P: ~'s role, suitability; appointment, job as ~ AFFAIR n. 1. a concern, a business, a matter to be attended to 2. a

noteworthy thing or event 3. pl. a. ordinary pursuits of life b. business dealings c. public matters

1. (a matter to be attended to)

1. problemă de rezolvat 2. eveniment remarcabil 3.a) treburi, chestiuni cotidiene b) afaceri, tranzacţii c) chestiuni publice

V: attend to, conclude, conduct, end, handle, neglect ~ A: local, public, social ~ 2. (a noteworthy thing or event) V: admit to, analyse, commentate on, conceal, deny, disclose, discuss, investigate, learn

about, reveal ~ A: alleged, embarrassing, gala, intriguing, lavish, low-key, noisy, publicised, puzzling,

somber, sorry, strange, tawdry, tense ~ 3a. (ordinary pursuits of life) V: meddle in, pry into ~s A: casual, disgraceful, every day, family, mundane, routine, social ~s 3b. (business dealings) V: arrange, attend to, be in charge of, conduct, control, deal with, dedicate oneself to,

handle, interfere into, look after, lose control of, make a mess of, manage, neglect, organise, oversee, put efforts into, run, sort out, take charge of, wind up ~s

A: administrative, business, commercial, consumer, corporate, economic, financial ~s

P: man, management, stage, statement of ~; responsibility over ~s 3c. (public matters) V: attend to, conduct, control, dedicate oneself to, handle, run ~s A: civic, community, current, domestic, environmental, external, foreign, global,

governmental, home, internal, international, legal, national, political, public, social, state, world ~s

AGENCY n. 1. a business which represents one group of people

when dealing with another group 2. a relationship between an agent and a principal in which the agent acts for and represents the principal on the basis of the principal's instructions.

1. agenţie 2. (relaţie de afaceri de) intermediere, reprezentanţă

1. (business) V: act through, apply to, be in charge of, form, found, join, launch, manage, register with,

run, set up, work for ~ A: advertising, collection, credit-rating, dating, development, estate, fledgling, global,

independent, international, large, mercantile, news, overseas, press, recruitment, rival, travel ~

P: ~ listing, spokesman, staff 2. (agent-principal relation) V: accept, act on an ~ basis, give, grant, handle a (sole), offer, take up ~ A: actual, apparent, exclusive, express, general implied, ostensible, sole, special, universal~ P: ~ agreement, commission, contract, costs, fee, status, system; ~ by estoppel2, coupled with

an interest AGENDA n. list of matters to be discussed or decided at a meeting;

a series of things to be done ordine de zi (la o şedinţă); chestiuni de rezolvat

V: abandon, add issues/items to, adopt, agree on, amend, appear on, approve, be off, catch up with, compile, devise, discuss, draft, draw up, decide on, exclude from, fix, formulate, get halfway through, go along with, go through, have, include on, place sth at the end of, produce, provide, publish, pursue, put sth on, put sth at the top of, rattle through, remove sth from, review, rule off, set, settle, stick to, vote on, write ~

V: ~ calls for, includes, lists A: attached, clear, clear-cut, common, domestic, enclosed, filled, final, (in)formal, full,

hidden, international, foreign-policy, legislative, open, meeting, national, next week’s, political, provisional, strategic, secret, tricky, world ~

P: ~ issue, item, maker; draft, description, details of ~; item, topic on ~ AGENT n. a person representing another in business agent, reprezentant,

mandatar V: act as, appoint, authorise as, contact, employ, have, look for, require, serve as, work as ~ A: authorised, buying, commercial, customs, employment, estate, exclusive, government,

house, independent, insurance, literary, marketing, press, procurement, publicity, purchasing, (fully-)qualified, reliable, retail, sales, selling, shipping, successful, travel ~

P: ~’s commission AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;

consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by two or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

5. înţelegere, acord, consens 6. contract scris sau înţelegere verbală

1. (consensus) V: abide by, act in ~ with, arrive at, be in full/total ~ with, break, by-pass, carry out, come

to, conclude, confirm, convey, demand, express, go back on, hammer out, have sb’s, honour, ignore, indicate, lead to, make, reach, reject, remain committed to, respect, seek, show, sort out, undermine, uphold, withhold, work out ~

V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid

2 estoppel n. rule of evidence which prevents a person from saying that a formal statement which he had made earlier is untrue, or from claiming that facts which he formerly said were true are untrue.

A: advantageous, amicable, awkward, beneficial, bilateral, binding, broad, commercial, complete, complicated, convenient, crucial, equitable, fair, fair-trade, firm, (in)formal, full, general, gentleman’s, industrial, lasting, mutual, official, price, private, profitable, ready, reciprocal, solemn, standing, standstill, tacit, tentative, timely, threshold, total, unanimous, verbal, wise, workable, written ~

P: acceptance, areas, draft, expression, letter, record, terms of ~; stumbling block to ~ 2. (contract) V: abide by, approve, breach, break, by-pass, cancel, circumvent, conclude, contract out of,

discuss, draw up, endorse, enforce, enter into, extend, get out of, (dis)honour, implement, negotiate, ratify, remain committed to, compromise, renege on, renew, respect, revise, revoke, scrap, secure, sign, terminate, undermine, violate, view, withhold ~

V: ~ comes into force/effect, engenders, expires, holds good, is in force, is null and void, is out of date, is valid, provides for sth, runs out, states sth, takes effect, terminates, will be superseded

A: advantageous, amicable, beneficial, bilateral, binding, commercial, complete, contractual, convenient, draft, equitable, fair, firm, (in)formal, general, industrial, lease, legally-binding, licensing, liquidity, loan, merger, mortgage, mutual, new, nondisclosure, official, preliminary, profitable, provisional, reciprocal, (re)purchase, solemn, (free) trade, verbal, wise, written ~

P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, details, draft, obligations, non-performance, record, revision, terms of ~

AID n. help, esp. to a person, organisation or country in difficulty ajutor, asistenţă V: allocate, appeal for, award, be in need of, bring, call for, channel, come to sb’s, cut (off),

deliver, demand, depend on, discontinue, distribute, enlist, extend, get, give, grant, halt, offer, lend, maintain, misappropriate, need, organise, procure, promise, provide, reduce, refuse, rely on, resume, rush to sb’s, send, seek, stop, summon, suspend, withdraw, withhold ~

A: covert, development, (in)direct, disaster, economic, effective, emergency, essential, external, financial, first, foreign, food, generous, government, housing, humanitarian, immediate, international, invaluable, legal, massive, medical, mutual, overseas, pecuniary, regional, state, substantial, Third World, unemployment, unsolicited ~

P: ~ agency, agreement, donor, fund, kit, loan, organisation, package, payments, programme, scheme, supplies, system; absence, extension, granting, withdrawal of ~; grant-in-~

AIM n. the object to be attained; intention or purpose obiectiv; scop, intenţie V: accomplish, achieve, be successful in, endorse, express, fail in, fall short of, fulfil, further,

have, lower, pursue, reach, secure, serve, set oneself, state, strive towards, succeed in, take (careful/direct), work for/towards ~

V: ~s coincide, collide, conflict, converge, match, overlap A: ambitious, apparent, avowed, basic, broad, chief, clear, common, conscious, declared,

deliberate, eventual, explicit, express, expressed, indirect, distant, eventual, far-reaching, final, first, fundamental, further, general, high, hopeless, immediate, implicit, implied, initial, intermediate, joint, key, legitimate, long/short-term, main, noble, overall, overriding, overwhelming, policy, political, prime, primary, principal, real, recognised, secret, sole, specific, stated, strategic, true, ultimate, underlying, useful, war, worthy ~

P: with the ~ of

ALLEGATION n. a positive assertion; a statement by a party to a legal action of what the party undertakes to prove

afirmaţie, declaraţie; acuzaţie

V: abandon, admit, answer, be at the centre of, challenge, change, come out with, confirm, contest, corroborate, counter, deal with, defend oneself against, deny, disclose, discount, dismiss, disprove, dispute, drop, examine, fabricate, give rise to, handle, investigate, justify, lead to, look into, make, make inquires into, prevent, prompt, protect from, probe, prove, provoke, publish, put forward, raise, react to, receive, refute, reject, report, resist, respond to, retract, spread, submit, substantiate, support, withdraw ~

V: ~ attempts to, becomes formal, contains, is against, may lead to, provides A: actual, baseless, common, corruption, credible, crude, damaging, defamatory, dreadful,

false, forgery, fraud, fresh, further, good faith, grave, harmful, ill-founded, irresponsible, leak, longstanding, malicious, new, precise, (un)proven, scandalous, serious, spurious, unproven, (un)true, unfounded, unsubstantiated, valid, well-founded, wicked, widespread, wild, written ~

P: ~ of breaches, disgraceful conduct, discrimination, dishonesty, ill-treatment, non-compliance with sth, partiality, professional/research/scientific misconduct; reliability, subject of ~; ~ about/concerning/against sb/sth

ALLIANCE n. a bond or connection between families, states,

parties, or individuals alianţă

V: announce, be driven into, break, build, (up), cement, create, develop, dissolve, enter into, establish, expand, forge, form, have, hold together, join, maintain, seek, set up, sever, strengthen, strike up, support

V: ~ broke down, collapsed, foundered, remains in force, resulted from, still holds A: broad, close, defensive, dubious, electoral, flourishing, (in)formal, fragile, global, grand,

loose, new, (un)official, old, opposition, political, powerful, shifting, strategic, strong, tactical, temporary, traditional, transatlantic, uneasy, unhappy, unholy, unlikely, Western, working ~

P: ~ charges, rules; ally, force in the ~; ~ of convenience ALLOCATE v. to set sth aside for a particular purpose; to share or

give sth a aloca, a rezerva; a împărţi

allocate accommodation, an amount, assets, authority, benefits, blame, budgets, capital, control, costs, duties, energy, food, foreign exchange, funds, goods, jobs, land, money, period, power, priorities, property, punishment, resources, responsibility, rights, tasks, time, titles, service, shares, social roles, tasks, work

allocate equitably, fairly ALLOCATION n. 1. the setting aside of a thing, money, etc. for a

specific purpose 2. the dividing-up of total cost into the separate kinds of costs of which it is made up, and then the charging of these separate costs

1. alocare (de fonduri) 2. repartizarea costurilor

1. (distribution) V: accept, receive, start ~ A: additional, advertising, amount, appropriate, asset, bonus, budget, business, capital, cost,

debit, differential, dynamic, (in)efficient, entire, expense, internal, just, land, loss, maximum, overall, personnel, resource, role, space ~

P: ~ arrangements, bonus, ledger scheme, policy; ~ of assets, budget, capital, contracts, duties, finance, funds, income, jobs, money, posts, public authority, resources,

responsibilities, shares, staffing, taxes 2. (cost allotment) A: asset, budget, cost(ing), overhead ~ P: ~ of costs, overheads ALLOWANCE n. money given out regularly to an employee for

business expenses, such as for travel, entertainment, motor-car mileage, and subsistence

indemnizaţie, spor salarial, diurnă, ajutor bănesc

V: ask for, claim, demand, draw, get, give, grant, make, offer, pay, provide, receive, reduce, refuse, reimburse, squander, stop, use (up) ~

A: accommodation, additional, advertising, age, annual, attendance, basic, car, capital (gains tax), cash, charitable, child, Christmas, clothing, commuting, compensation, contingency, daily, depreciation, disability, disablement, disturbance, employment, extra, family, fixed, food, funeral, generous, handicap, hardship, housekeeping, housing, income, meagre, mileage, miserly, mobility, monthly, personal, petty, regular, relocation, settling-in, small, special, substantial, taxable, travel, vacation, (in)valid, weekly ~

P: ~ beneficiary, payment; level, proportion of ~ AMENITIES n.pl. things that make you comfortable and at ease facilităţi, confort V: add, expect, improve, offer, pay for, provide, upgrade, vary in, wreck ~ V: ~ include, provide A: additional, affordable, airport, appropriate, available, basic, complete, employees’, fine,

good, guestroom, hotel, indoor, local, luxury, modern, outdoor, outstanding, recreational, resort, various, workplace, world-class ~

P: ~ management; full array, lack, range of ~ AMORTISATION n. reducing a debt by making payments against

the principal balance in instalments or regular transfers; the writing off the cost of an asset over a period of time in a statement of accounts

amortizare; înregistrarea amortizării în contabilitate

V: accelerate, calculate ~ A: annual, external, internal, loan, mortgage, negative ~ P: ~ adjustment, amount, arrangement, calculation, cancellation, charge, code, control,

costs, deduction, discount, field, forecast, fund, instalment, method, payment, period, rate, reserve, schedule, terms, value; ~ of costs, debts, investment, hidden/undisclosed reserves, a loan, premium

AMOUNT n. a quantity, a sum, considered as a total cantitate, sumă totală V: add to, allocate, bring down/forward, carry down/forward, calculate,

charge, claim, cover, credit with, debit (an account) with, deduct from, deposit, determine, double, draw on sb for, estimate, forward, gain, guarantee, increase, insure, maximise, measure, overdraw, owe, pay, provide, reckon, recover, reduce, refund, reimburse, remit, remove, rise in, settle, spend, state, stipulate ~

V: ~ decreased, diminished, fell, grew, increased, remained steady A: additional, (in)adequate, amazing, appreciable, available, average,

budgeted, considerable, constant, disproportionate, due, enormous, equivalent, exact, excess, fixed, full, great, huge, incredible, invoice, large,

(un)limited, massive, maximum, minimum, moderate, modest, negligible, net, outstanding, overall, reasonable, severance, small, specific, specified, substantial, (in)sufficient, surprising, stated, taxable, token, tremendous, total, typical, unpaid, vast ~

P: ~ above par value; ~ paid on account/in advance; ~ of annuity, business, confusion, control, food, information, money, material, people, time, (paper)work; high/highest, small/smallest in ~; in the right ~; in one ~; by a considerable ~; subtraction of ~

ANALYSIS n. a close, detailed examination or report analiză, studiu,

examinare V: agree with, appreciate, carry out, complete, defy, do, embark on, handle, indulge

in, invalidate, make, offer, present, produce, provide, request, resist, restrict ~ to, send, supervise, undertake, use ~

V: ~ confirms, demonstrates, is based on, shows, suggests A: accounting, annual, authoritative, basic, (un)biased, broad, careful, close, confidential,

(benefit-)cost, critical, customer profile, data, detailed, economic, efficiency, expert, final, financial, foregoing, genuine, harsh, illuminating, impartial, in-depth, informal, job, logical, market, misleading, needs, objective, painstaking, penetrating, perceptive, precise, preliminary, problem, profound, qualitative, quantitative, rational, rigorous, rough, sales, scholarly, simple, situation, sober, sophisticated, statistical, systematic, tentative, thorough, thought-provoking, tough, wide-ranging ~

P: ~ book, paper, programme; ~ of expenses; certificate of ~ ANNOUNCEMENT n. sth announced publicly; written or printed

notice anunţ; notificare

V: broadcast, catch, compose, delay, display, draft, greet, insert, issue, make, miss, notice, place ~ in, print, publicise, publish, put up, receive, send, watch for ~

V: ~ describes, is bound to, lists A: arcane, brief, death, disaster, (un)expected, final, firm, formal, general, important, initial, job-cuts, last-minute,

late, long-awaited, official, preliminary, printed, public, rash, special, written ~ P: ~ date, effect; ~ of decision, judgement, marriage, new products, opinion, sale; in response to ~ ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (AGM) n. yearly meeting of the

members, shareholders and directors of a company Adunarea Generală a Acţionarilor (AGA)

V: attend, be present at, cancel, chair, close, conduct, disrupt, hold, open ~ V: ~ brought together, is held, takes place P: ~ documents, members, minutes, report; notice, proceedings of ~ ANNUITY n. an amount of money paid to sb yearly; an insurance

contract or pension that pays sb a sum of money regularly for life, usu. in return for a large payment

rentă; rentă viageră

V: buy, get, grant, hold, issue, live off an, lose, offer, opt for, purchase, raise, receive, sell, settle ~ on sb

V: ~ comes to an end, expires, has been exhausted, is available A: accident, annual, bank, contingent, deferred, disability, fixed, gift, gross, immediate, joint

and survival, joint-life, life, low, ordinary, pension, retirement, single-life, single-premium, survivorship, taxable, tax deferred, temporary, terminable, variable, widow’s ~

P: ~ agreement, bank, bond, business, certificate, claim, contract, cost, fee, fund, holder, income, insurance, loan, mortgage, payment, plan, policy, quotes, rates, system, type, yield; amount, payment, price of ~

APPEAL n. 1. a formal or urgent request for public support, esp.

financial, for a cause 2. the referral of a case to a higher court 3. attractiveness, appealing quality

1. apel, chemare 2. apel, recurs 3. atracţie, atractivitate

1. (request) V: address, answer, be moved by, ignore, issue, launch, listen to, make, present, refuse,

reject, renew, respond to, turn down, use ~ V: ~ failed, raised $500, succeeded A: charity, confident, desperate, (in)direct, dramatic, earnest, emergency, emotional, final,

global, humanitarian, immediate, last, market, mass, moving, mute, nationwide, passionate, personal, powerful, public, sincere, successful, television, urgent, wide, worldwide ~

P: ~ for a decision, help; ~ to the public, reason, sympathy 2. (court request) V: allow, bring, consider, deny, dismiss, exhaust, file, grant, hear, lodge, lose, make, reject,

throw out, turn down, uphold, withdraw, win ~ V: ~ failed, succeeded, was denied A: cross, defendant’s, plaintiff’s, prosecutor’s ~ P: ~ hearing, judge, tribunal; court, ground, right of ~; on/under/against ~ 3. (attractiveness) V: boost, broaden, diminish, enhance, extend, have, hold, increase, lose, retain, widen ~ V: ~ lies in sth A: advertising, broad, charismatic, commercial, considerable, crossover, enduring,

exceptional, great, growing, immediate, instant, intellectual, irresistible, lasting, limited, little, mainstream, mass, much, obvious, popular, powerful, product, sex, special, strong, timeless, universal, visual, wide, widespread ~

APPEARANCE n. 1. the act or instance of appearing 2. the look or

outward aspect of a person or thing 3. a semblance 1. (appearing)

1. apariţie 2. înfăţişare, aspect exterior 3. aparenţă

V: advise against, await, make, mark, prepare, put in an, recollect ~ A: abrupt, belated, brief, dramatic, early, final, first, guest, inaugural, last, live, one-off,

public, rare, record breaking, regular, scheduled, spectacular, striking, stunning, subsequent, sudden, surprise, television, unexpected, welcome ~

P: ~ fee 2. (outward aspect) V: alter, be lugubrious/modest/secular in, care about/for, change, criticise, enhance, have,

give, improve, keep, mar, oversee, put on, retain, smarten up, soften, spoil, take care of, take pride in one’s, worsen ~

A: (un)attractive, classical, crisp, dishevelled, distinctive, elegant, false, fantastic, fastidious, futuristic, general, gleaming, good, handsome, healthy, imposing, impressive, intimidating, neat, odd, outward, overall, personal, physical, pleasant, pleasing, product, remodelled, scruffy, shabby, smart, sporty, strange, (un)tidy, unconventional, unprepossessing, youthful ~

P: alteration in ~ 3. (semblance) V: keep up an, maintain, mimic, preserve ~ A: deceptive ~

P: ~ of conflict, guilt, partiality, poverty, wealth APPLICANT n. person who formally applies for employment, a

grant of money or admission to a university candidat pentru un post /grant /la admitere, solicitant

V: advise, back, charge, drop, exclude, interview, nominate, notify, refuse, reject, represent, select, shortlist, stand as, support, vote for ~

V: ~ appealed against, rates high, is entitled to, has the privileges, was appointed, was granted a license

A: credit, eager, job, loan, patent, pension, prospective, rival, (un)successful ~ P: ~ screening, selection; ~ for office, a position, a university place, post, work; list of ~s for

a job APPLICATION n. formal request usu. in writing to be given a

particular job, a grant of money or admission to a university cerere (de angajare, etc.) scrisoare de intenţie

V: accept, act on, approve, cancel, consider, deal with, dismiss, draw up, enclose, examine, expedite, file, fill in, grant, invite, is under consideration. judge, lodge, make, process, pursue ~ further, put in, receive, refuse, reject, reply to, respond to, review, send in/out, strike out, submit, turn down, vet, withdraw, write ~

V: the ~ failed, was successful, went ahead A: confidential, detailed, formal, immediate, personal, prompt, written ~ P: ~ fee, form, package, period, procedure, processing; ~ for membership, a credit, grant,

job, line of credit, loan, the position/post of; letter, status of ~; deluge, flood, wave of ~s APPLICATION FORM n. a form to be filled out by an applicant formular de cerere V: complete, fill in/out, print, receive, return, send off/out, sign, submit ~ A: completed, employment, housing, job, obsolete, online, passport, sample, standard, visa ~ P: ~ tips APPLY v. make a formal request for sth; fill in a form or write a

letter, asking formally to be allowed to have a particular job a solicita (oficial); a face o cerere pentru obţinerea unui loc de muncă

apply for admission, asylum, bail, citizenship, clearance, divorce, entry, exemption, extension, grant, injunction, insurance, job, leave, licence, loan, membership, passport, patent, permission, permit, political asylum, position, post, rebate, recognition, registration, relief, renewal, social security, status, writ

apply early, in advance, in person, in plenty of time, in writing APPOINT v. to select or formally choose someone for an official

position a numi, a învesti într-o funcţie

appoint a chief officer, a committee, a coordinator, a deputy director, an expert, an examiner, a manager, a management board

appoint sb chairman, managing director appoint sb to a job, an office, a post, a higher position, a rank, an overseas unit appoint by agreement, consensus appoint for a fixed term

appoint formally, officially APPOINTEE n. person who has been chosen for a particular job or

position persoană numită într-un post

V: appoint, choose, indicate, recruit, replace, release ~ V: ~ is entitled to, is responsible for, is subject to A:(non)career, continuing, fixed term, new, non-mobile, governmental, political,

probationary, tenurable, (non)tenured ~ P:~ eligibility; ~ to an office/department APPOINTMENT n. 1. arrangement to have a meeting at a particular

time 2. a job or position, usu. one involving some responsibility

1. programare, planificarea unei întâlniri 2. numire într-un post

1. (meeting) V: accept, agree on, announce, arrange, be available for, call for, cancel, change, confirm,

have, hold, fix, keep, make, miss, obtain, put off, receive, (re)schedule, set (up) ~ A: alternative, business, convenient, exact, interview, last-minute, lunch, upcoming ~ P: ~ book, calendar, date; by, without ~ 2. (selection for a position) V: accept, acknowledge, announce, apply for, avoid, congratulate on, consider, extend, hold,

obstruct, obtain, offer, oppose, prevent, process, propose, ratify, receive, reject, renew, resign from, take up an, terminate ~

V: ~ carries a(n) annual/commencing) salary A: available, controversial, first/last, fixed-term, formal, good, honorary, ill-fated,

impending, initial, joint, limited, long/short-term, new, paid, permanent, public, recent, (non)renewable, secure, successful, temporary, term, vacant, (in)valid ~

P: ~ end date, period, salary;~ with tenure; ~ for life; ~ on a trial basis; ~ to top positions; letter, period, power, renewal of ~

APPOINTMENTS PAGE n. newspaper page listing jobs or positions

available pagină de ziar cu oferte de serviciu

V: examine, find on, print, read, turn ~ V: ~ appears, shows A: online ~ P: ~ content, header, layout; ~ of a newspaper APPRAISAL n. 1. a judgment or opinion of something or

somebody 2. the evaluation of an employee’s performance over a period of time, often in the form of a formal interview

1. evaluare, opinie 2. evaluarea activităţii depuse de angajaţi, de obicei în cadrul unui interviu

1. (evaluation) V: carry out, conduct, establish by, give, (over)inflate, make, perform ~ V: ~ comes in too high/low, is under way A: accurate, appropriate, candid, career, case, complex, constructive, cool, cost, critical,

cynical, definite, detailed, (non)discriminatory, economic, environmental, familiar, financial, frank, fresh, generous, high, historical, home, honest, independent, individual, inflated, investment, low, mutual, objective, positive, predatory, pricing, project, property, public debt, qualitative, quantitative, quick, real estate, realistic, records, sensitive, stock, supplier, teacher, team, thorough ~

P: ~ approach, expenditures, fee, fraud, process, requirement, services, standard, system, technique, term, value; ~ of cost, debt relief, due diligence, ideas, securities, work

2. (staff evaluation) V: complete, conduct, give, make ~ A: annual, performance, periodical, staff, team ~ P: ~ meeting, interview, session, system; methods, period, principles, programme of ~ APPRECIATION n. 1. a favourable opinion of sth 2. an increase in

the value of an asset or currency in comparison with other currencies

1. apreciere, opinie favorabilă 2. creştere a valorii, apreciere

1. (positive opinion) V: accept sth with, acknowledge, build, demonstrate, earn, enhance, express, extend, foster,

gain, have ~ of, increase, mar, note with, receive, require, roar in, share, show, widen, win ~

A: deep, excessive, exaggerated, fine, frank, full, general, genuine, great, heartfelt, honest, little, perfect, public, real, renewed, scientific, sincere, spontaneous ~

P: ~ award, dinner; expression, gesture, lack, letter, note, sentiment, token, tribute, word(s) of ~

2. (growth in value) V: calculate ~ A: annual, anticipated, capital, currency, excess, market, net, price,( un)realized ~ P: ~ in excess; ~ of assets, currency, prices, real estate, stocks, value; rate of ~ APPROACH n. specific way of thinking or dealing with a problem;

the method used in doing or solving sth abordare, metodă de lucru

V: achieve, adopt, apply, articulate, attempt, change, characterise, choose, cling to, come to a head with, consider, decide on, employ, endorse, envisage, explain, expound, favour, follow, have, illustrate, make, misjudge, modify, object to, pursue, recognise, reject, resist, settle for, show, suggest, take, try, uphold, urge, use, welcome ~

V: ~ appears as, defines, grows in popularity, has scope for improvement, implies, involves, is consonant/in keeping with, pays off

A: aggressive, ambitious, analytic, balanced, basic, best, bold, bottom-up, broad, broad-ranging, can-do, careful, careless, causal, cautious, cerebral, clear, clear-headed, coherent, commendable, concerted, conciliatory, (in)consistent, (un)constructive, (un)conventional, cool, co-ordinated, corporate, crude, data collection, departmental, determined, (in)direct, disciplined, dispassionate, doctrinaire, eclectic, economic, effective, elastic, empirical, energetic, enthusiastic, entrepreneurial, ethical, favoured, firm, flexible, fresh, (un)friendly, global, grass-roots, hands-on/off, hard-line, helpful, holistic, hostile, humane, (un)imaginative, individualistic, innovative, logical, low-key, mature, measured, methodological, neutral, novel, obvious, original, overall, personal, personalised, positive, pragmatic, professional, rationalist, realistic, (un)reasonable, refreshing, relaxed, reliability, resolute, responsible, revolutionary, rigid, rigorous, scholarly, scientific, sensitive, soft, statistical, subtle, synthetic, systematic, tentative, timid, top-down, traditional, ultimate, unique, (un)usual, useful, useless, versatile, vigorous, worthwhile ~

P: acknowledgement, embodiment, lightness, wisdom, of ~; amateurism, commitment, divergence, error, wariness in ~

APPROVAL n. acceptance of sth acceptare, acord V: achieve, apply for, appreciate, ask for, await, check for, confirm, deny, earn, expect,

express, gain, get, give, grant, have, look for, meet with, need, nod, obtain, present sth for, recommend, receive, refuse, request, require, resist, roar, secure, seek, serve as, signify, show, solicit, speed up, submit for, voice, win, withhold ~

A: authorised, bank, board, commercial, conditional, corporate, credit, definite, early, employee, final, financial, firm, formal, friendly, full, general, government, grudging, hesitant, immediate, instant, initial, legislative, managerial, ministerial, official, overwhelming, parental, popular, preliminary, presidential, prior, prompt, provisional, public, qualified, quality, regulatory, reluctant, social, speedy, tacit, tentative, shareholder, universal, unanimous, universal, verbal, wholehearted, written ~

P: ~ of debt cancellation, loan, particular measures; nod, renewal, roar, seal, signature, stamp of ~; goods on ~; petition for ~; ~ policy, process, rating, requirements, time; with/without sb’s ~; subject to ~

APTITUDE n. natural ability or cleverness suited to a particular

kind of work or activity aptitudine, abilitate

V: assess, create, demonstrate, develop, display, encourage, establish, foster, have, inherit, lack, lose, measure, overlook, owe ~ to, possess, reveal, show ~

A: academic, accounting, amazing, brilliant, cognitive, conspicuous, decided, definite, distinct, educational, great, intrinsic, managerial, mental, modest, naked, natural, numerical, natural, occupational, outstanding, personal, pronounced, rare, real, remarkable, sales, social, special, strong, team leader, vocational ~

P: ~ level, survey, test; ~ for figures, foreign languages, leadership, work; on basis of ~ ARRANGEMENT n. 1. an orderly setting out 2.pl. plans, measures

3. an agreement; a settlement of a dispute 1. aranjare, organizare 2. planuri, măsuri 3. înţelegere, acord, rezolvare a unei dispute

1. (display) V: adopt, alter, bring, establish, keep to, maintain, reverse, restore ~ A: beaming, bright, confusing, constant, ingenious, meticulous, neat, ordered, orderly,

perfect, product, room, sample, seating, strict, striking, stunning, symmetrical ~ 2. (measures) V: alter, announce, arrive at, be in charge of, cancel, change, come to, comply with,

conclude, conform to, coordinate, have, implement, inquire about, investigate, keep to, implement, look after, make, plan proceed with, propose, (re)schedule, reverse, review, settle, suggest ~s

A: alternative, appropriate, business, careful, commercial, convenient, credit, definite, detailed, effective, export, final, firm, fixed, flexible, general, import, informal, licensing, necessary, payroll, preparatory, previous, purchasing, regular, royalty, satisfactory, severance, shipping, special, steady, systematic, trading, transportation, travel ~s

P: details, flexibility of ~s 3. (agreement) V: abide by, agree to, approve of, break, cancel, change, come to, comply with, conclude,

consider, discuss, enter into, formalise, get out of, have, implement, make, oppose, reach, respect, reverse, revoke, take advantage of, terminate, work out ~

V: ~ comes into effect, formalised a change, holds good, (no longer/still) holds, is in force meets with approval, was brought to an end, works satisfactorily

A: (dis)advantageous, agreeable, amicable, binding, bank, civic, compromise, convenient, current, exclusive, existing, expensive, financial, formal, friendly, mutual, permanent, private, satisfactory, special, standby, successful, suitable, tacit, temporary, tentative, unworkable ~

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION n.pl. document recording the

regulations and constitution of a company Statutul unei societăţi comerciale

V: alter, amend, change, draw up, require ~ V: ~ act as, are legally binding, control, cover, deal with, establish, impose, lay down,

provide, regulate, set aside/out, state, specify A: current, existing ~ ASSESS v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth a evalua, a estima, a

măsura assess aspects, chances, changes, competence, the condition of sth, contribution to sth, costs,

damage, differences, effects, the effectiveness of sth, efficiency, the impact of sth, the importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits, needs, performance, property, quality, risks, the significance of sth, situation, usefulness, value, work, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, minutely, properly, thoroughly ASSESSMENT n. 1. an evaluation of the amount or quality,

calculation of the value of sth 2. calculation of the amount of tax that has to be paid

1. evaluare 2. calcularea impozitului datorat statului

1. (evaluation) V: agree on, arrive at, carry out, give, make, offer, produce, put sth forward for, reach,

revise, update ~ V: ~ has been made with regard to, is based on, takes into account that A: (in)accurate, adverse, continuous, balanced, broad, candid, careful, competitive,

considered, continuous, (in)correct, critical, damage, direct, economic, educational, expert, external, (un)fair, false, (un)favourable, follow-up, formal, general, gloomy, hasty, health, honest, (in)formal, independent, internal, judicious, limited, medical, monthly, needs, objective, occupational competence, optimistic, overall, poor, quick, rapid, realistic, reasonable, regular, rigorous, social, subjective, succinct, true, upbeat, wise, wrong ~

P: ~ centre, comment, guidelines, experts, framework, method, objective, office, panel, process, schedule; ~ of business, damages, property; mode, stages of ~

2. (taxation) V: agree on, carry out, give, make ~ V: ~ becomes due and payable A: (in)accurate, balanced, considered, (in)correct, (un)fair, false, judicious, income.

revenue, personal, property, real estate, true, wrong ~ P: ~ committee, services ASSET n. 1. sb or sth useful or valuable 2. pl. things owned by a

person or business having a certain money value and that can be used to pay debts or produce goods

1. resursă (umană sau materială) 2. active

1. (resource)

V: employ, enjoy, lose, make use of, take advantage of, waste ~

A: considerable, core, economic, invaluable, key, military, natural, national, political, precious, valuable ~

2. (possessions) V: accumulate, acquire, build up, buy, convert, counterbalance, dispose of, draw on,

exhaust, freeze, impound, invest in, own, pile up, possess, protect ~ (from), recover, release, remove, rent, seize, sell, sequester, shore up, squander, strip sb of, transfer, value ~s

V: ~ are tied up (in), declined, depreciated, disappeared, dwindled, grew, shrank A: active, available, bad, capital, (non)cash, circulating, considerable, contingent,

convertible, corporate, current, deferred, doubtful, extensive, fictitious, (non)financial, fixed, floating, frozen, gross, hidden, invisible, (il)liquid, long-term, movable, net, nominal, non-yielding, operating, permanent, productive, (un)profitable, property, quick, real, realisable, (un)renewable, reserve, slow, solid, specific, (in)tangible, total, unrealised, valuable, wasting ~s

P: ~ -stripping; acquisition, disclosure, disposal, exchange, investment, purchase, record, sale, transfer of ~s; return on ~s

ASSET-STRIPPING n. buying an unsuccessful company and selling

some or all of its assets individually at a profit vânzarea fracţionată a activelor unei companii nerentabile

V: accuse sb of, avoid, be involved in, give rise to, prevent, safeguard against, stop ~ A: alleged, blatant, downright, recent, scandalous ~ P: ~ fraud, opportunity, price, tactics, threat ASSIGN v. 1. to share out task or duty 2. to choose someone for a

certain job or position 1. (give sb task)

1. a trasa cuiva o sarcină 2. a desemna pe cineva într-o funcţie

assign a duty, identity, a job, obligations, responsibility, right, risk, a score, a task, work to sb

assign items of revenue and expense to specific accounting periods 2. (appoint) assign sb to a duty, a job, a position ASSIGNMENT n. a specific duty given to a person or group of

persons to carry out sarcină de serviciu, însărcinare, atribuţie

V: abandon, accept, allocate, assume, be away on, be considered for, carry out, complete, do, fill, fulfil, give sb, handle, move on to, put enthusiasm into, send sb on, take (up), undertake, work on ~

A: crucial, dangerous, dramatic, government, hazardous, important, job, official, onerous, project, secret, special, specialised, team, tough, undercover, urgent, worthy ~

ASSISTANCE n. the act of assisting or the help given to another ajutor, asistenţă V: accord, appreciate, arrange for, ask for, back sb with all, be of (further), benefit from,

call for, count on, deny, extend ~ to sb, get, give (every), grant, invite, lend, need, offer, prohibit, provide, qualify for, receive, refuse, reject, rely on, render, request, require, seek, solicit, summon, supply, thank for ~

V: ~ was forthcoming

A: additional, cash, considerable, continued, covert, development, (in)direct, economic, employee, family, favourable, financial, formal, generous, government, great, humanitarian, immediate, immense, judicial, kind, limited, little, material, mutual, prompt, public, ready, regional, research, secretarial, specialist, supplementary, swift, tangible, technical, tremendous, valuable, vital, useful, welcome, wholehearted ~

P: ~ in kind; ~ grant, package, programme, supplementation; offers of ~ ASSOCIATION n. 1. a group of people, departments or institutions

joined together for a purpose 2. fellowship, human contact or cooperation

1. asociaţie, organizaţie 2. asociere

1. (organisation)

V: belong to, chair, establish, form, found, join, resign from, run, set up, support ~ V: ~ consists of, reports, sponsors, works towards A: architectural, auditing, bar, central, educational, employee, employers’, development,

formal, housing, medical, national, neighbours’, parents’, political, press, professional, purchasing, regional, registered, staff, student, trade, umbrella, wholesale ~

P: ~ agreement, aims, chairman, conference, director, headquarters, member, membership, number, representative, secretary, treaty; articles, chairman, contract, deed, freedom of ~; ~ of banks, hotels, individuals, shareholders

2. (cooperation) V: be in close ~ with, begin, break off, continue, disrupt, encourage, enjoy, enter into,

establish ~ with, exploit, forge, form, give up, have, inspire, renew, sever, terminate ~ A: beneficial, brief, clandestine, close, continued, disgraceful, free, friendly, fruitful,

harmful, harmless, intimate, long, loose, permanent, pleasant, proper, rewarding, useful ~ P: freedom of ~ ASSURANCE n. 1. a declaration that is intended to make sth certain

and thus overcome doubt 2. a solemn promise or guarantee 3. insurance, esp. life insurance3

1. asigurare, încredinţare 2. garanţie (a calităţii) 3. asigurare de viaţă

1. (assertion, guarantee) V: ask for, deliver, demand, expect, extract, exude, gain, give, have, obtain, offer, provide,

receive, search, seek, want ~ A: absolute, categorical, definite, empty, firm, formal, official, personal, positive, real,

repeated, self-contained, solemn, swaggering, welcome ~ P: ~ of confidentiality; ground of ~ 2. (guarantee) V: develop, guarantee quality ~ P: quality ~ department, system 3.( insurance) P: life ~ company, policy, scheme ATTACK n. 1. the act or an instance of attacking; an assault 2. an

expression of strong criticism; hostile comment 1. atac, asalt, ofensivă 2. atac verbal

3 assurance n. the term generally used by insurance companies to denote policies where a sum is payable after a fixed number of years or on the death of the insured person. The term insurance is used in policies relating to events such as fire, accident or death within a limited period. In popular usage, the term insurance is used in both cases.

1. (assault) V: be immune/subject/vulnerable to, be ripe for, beat back, blunt, call off, carry out, come

under, condone, deter, direct, drive home, engage in, evade, fend off, head off, initiate, instigate, intensify, intercept, launch, lead, make, mount, press home, provoke, renew, repel, repulse, resist, scale down, spearhead, step up, suffer, sustain, thwart, ward off ~

V: ~ escalated, failed, fizzled out, gathered momentum, got into its stride, petered out, reached a new pitch, succeeded

A: abortive, all-out, alleged, appalling, arson, audacious, barbaric, blistering, bold, bomb, brutal, bungled, callous, concentrated, concerted, courageous, cowardly, cruel, dangerous, daring, devastating, direct, diversionary, ferocious, fierce, final, frenzied, fresh, frontal, full-scale, furious, imminent, impending, impetuous, latest, major, massive, mistimed, savage, subsequent, sudden, surprise, sustained, terrorist, treacherous, unexpected, unjustified, unprovoked, vicious, vigorous, violent ~

P: series, spate, wave of ~s; brunt, ferocity, intensity, resumption, savagery, suddenness, thrust, victim of ~; vulnerable to ~; in fear of ~

2. (hostile comment) V: deliver, launch, make ~ A: biting, bitter, crude, distasteful, exaggerated, extensive, feeble, forceful, forthright,

impassioned, initial, outspoken, passionate, personal, populist, scathing, scurrilous, strong, sustained, unwarranted, vehement, venomous, virulent, withering ~

AUCTION n. a sale of goods or property at which intending buyers

bid against one another for individual items, each item being sold to the bidder offering the highest price

licitaţie, vânzare

V: acquire at, announce, attend, be on sale at, be up for, bid at, buy at/in, call, come up for, conduct, gather at, get involved in, go to, hold, organise, pick up some bargains at, purchase by, put up for, schedule, sell at/by/in, spend (money) at, withdraw from ~

V: ~ opened with, took place, was oversubscribed, will see the sale of A: annual, antique, bankruptcy, car, charity, closing, compulsory, Dutch, English,

first/second-price, franchise, impromptu, midday, mock, on-line, opening, procurement, public, reverse, silent, successful, Treasury ~

P: ~ algorithm, bidder, block, bridge, catalogue, company, day, fees, gallery, goer, group, house, market, price, proceeds, pitch, record, results, room, sale

AUDIENCE n. a group of people gathered in one place to watch or

listen to a play, film, sb speaking, etc., or the people watching or listening to a particular TV or radio programme

public, audienţă

V: address, appeal to, astonish, attract, bring home to, build up, captivate, capture, caution, communicate to, convey to, deliver message to, disappoint, discover, draw, electrify, enchant, entertain, enthral, establish, face, grip, handle, hold, hold ~ captive, hook, impress, keep, keep the ~ on its toes, keep the ~ rapt, look at, move, mystify, pander to, please, reach, read before/to, retain, rivet, rouse, shock, speak to, stir, struggle for, survey, sway, target, warn ~

V: ~ applauded, booed, heckled, is prone/resistant to, jeered, walked out, whistled A: advertising, alert, applause-prone, appreciative, attentive, average, broad, captive,

critical, demanding, discerning, dwindling, eager, earnest, enthusiastic, exclusive, impressive, large, mass, mixed, nation/wide, packed, peak, potential, prime-time, prone, radio, rapt, receptive, remaining, (un)responsive, select, sizeable, sparse, spellbound, student, (un)sympathetic, target, television, upscale, vast, viewing ~

P: ~ analysis, composition, number, participation, profile, rating, reaction, response, size, turnover; out of the view of the ~; responsibility towards ~; growth in ~

AUDIT n. a detailed inspection of the accounts of an organisation

by a professionally trained person audit, revizie/ verificare contabilă

V: add value to, be certified for, carry out, complete, conduct, go over, make, manage, participate in, perform, undertake ~

V: ~ ascertains, can be extended to, disclosed, evaluates, reveals A: annual, complete, external, governmental, internal, management, procedural, resource,

routine, traditional ~ P: ~ certificate, commission, committee, costs, cycle, documentation, evidence, firm, issue,

log, partner, problem, procedure, register, regulation, report, risk, scheme, strategy, supervisor, survey, system, team, tool, trail

AUDIT v. to examine the accounts of an organisation a efectua un audit

financiar-contabil /o revizie contabilă

audit accounts, invoices, figures, non-profit entities, outsourcers, organisations, profit AUDITOR n. qualified person to audit accounts or to conduct an

audit of a department or organisation auditor, inspector financiar

V: act as, appoint, be examined by, be inspected by, call in, claim against, exercise the profession of, select ~

V: ~ conducts a thorough and expeditious investigation, does not concur, finds, has full power to determine/examine, has access to, investigates, recommends

A: agreeable, appointed, chief, district, excellent, external, independent, internal, nominated, qualified, practising, public, senior, statutory, trained ~

P: ~'s input, recommendation, responsibility, report, role AUTHORITY n. 1. the right to enforce obedience or give orders 2.

a person cited or recognised as an expert 3. power given to sb to act 4. pl. a government or other body that has the power to make and carry out regulations

1. (power)

1. putere, autoritate 2. expert, autoritate în domeniu 3. împuternicire 4. autorităţi (guvernamentale sau locale)

V: abuse, accept, acknowledge, (re)assert, assume, attack, be in, bolster, boost, challenge, consolidate, defy, delegate, deny, diminish, divest sb of, enforce, enhance, establish, evade, exercise, exert, have, impair, imperil, impose, invoke, lack, maintain, (dis)obey, oppose, overstep one’s, overthrow, protest against, question, recognise, resist, respect, restore, retain, share, subvert, support, transfer, undercut, undermine, uphold, use, usurp, weaken ~

V: ~ extends over, is vested in sb, is at stake A: administrative, absolute, civil, clear, competent, discretionary, enforcement, established,

executive, express, full, government, high(er), imperial, individual, inspection, investigating, issuing, joint, legal, moral, municipal, necessary, official, regional, regulatory, royal, superior, supervisory, supreme, surveillance, ultimate ~

P: absence, abuse, figures, limits, position, scope of ~ 2. (expert) V: appeal to, consult, quote, recognise sb as an ~

A: best, distinguished, eminent, (world-)famous, foremost, great, leading, managerial, noted, principal, renowned, sole, statutory, world-wide ~

3. (authorisation) V: claim, countermand, continue, get, give, grant, make use of, obtain, receive, recognise,

take away ~ A: full, written ~ P: ~ record; ~ to accept, act, buy, collect, confirm, conclude, decide, dispose, draw,

export/import, negotiate, pay, sign 4. (administrative body) V: anger, apply to, defy, inform, (dis)obey, rebel against ~ies A: appropriate, central, competent, export, health, housing, immigration, local, military,

monetary, police, proper, public, responsible ~ies AWARENESS n. the degree to which a consumer knows of the

existence of a product

gradul de sensibilizare a consumatorului vizavi de un produs de pe piaţă

V: arouse, create, develop, diminish, elevate, have, heighten, increase, lose, maintain, measure, raise, sharpen, show, strengthen, sustain ~

V: ~ continues to remain low, needs to be continuously reinforced A: advertising, brand, commercial, consumer, consumer rights, constant, continual, critical,

deep, full, growing, information, keen, needs, price, product, public, strong, vivid ~ P: ~ seminar, training; lack, level of ~

Collocation practice I. Fill-in-the blanks: 1. Read the collocations for the headword BRAND. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the grammatical category to be used:

V = verb that comes before the noun V ~ = verb that comes after the noun A = adjective P = phrase

e.g.: The specialists have tested the ______ (A) brand. The specialists have tested the new brand. 1. This is a ______-______ (A) brand on the German market. 2. They cultivated the brand ______ (P) and as a result sales boosted. 3. We want to know how to ______ (V) a brand in less time and with less money by using storytelling techniques. 4. In today’s highly competitive environments, improving consumers’ brand ______ (P) allows marketers to maintain a lasting position in the marketplace. 5. Louis Vuitton postponed the launch of its ______ (A) brand. 2. Read the collocations for the headword CURRENCY. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the grammatical category to be used:

V = verb that comes before the noun V ~ = verb that comes after the noun A = adjective P = phrase

e.g.: The euro is the ________ (A) currency shared by most of the EU member states.

The euro is the single currency shared by most of the EU member states. 1) Banks should _________ (V) currency at a fixed parity to the dollar. 2) Romania will replace the ________ (A) currency with the euro in 2012. 3) The euro is considered to be a ________ (A) currency with low inflation and low interest rates. 4) The US currency ________ (V~) today due to the present uncertainty about the direction of the world economy. 5) We want to find ways to stabilise Europe’s currency ________ (P).

3. Read the collocations for the headword INVESTMENT. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the grammatical category to be used:

A = adjective V = verb that comes before the noun V ~ = verb that comes after the noun P = phrase

e.g.: Home Buying is a _______, _________ (A) investment.

Home Buying is a sound, long-term investment.

1) These are all part of our recent investment __________ (P). 2) They decided to cut interest rates in order to ________ (V) investment. 3) Putting your money into real estate is a _______ (A) investment nowadays. 4) Their large-scale investment ______ (V~) of 30%. 5) After considering all the legal aspects, he decided not to _______ (V) the investment. 4. Read the collocations below for the headword INSURANCE. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the grammatical category to be used:

V = verb that comes before the noun V ~ = verb that comes after the noun A = adjective P = phrase

e.g.: Is swine flue ______(V) by travel insurance?

Is swine flu covered by travel insurance? 1. It is important that you … (V) your insurance when it expires. 2. The task of insurance … (P) is to keep up with customers and court new ones. 3. The medical … (A) insurance market has changed since the 1990s. 4. Insurance … … (~V) to all needs. 5. Floods in Romania have led to compulsory … insurance. 5. Read the collocations below for the headword FREIGHT. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the grammatical category to be used:

V = verb that comes before the noun V ~ = verb that comes after the noun A = adjective P = phrase

e.g.: The Scottish storage firm receives five trains daily carrying over

1500 ______ (P) of freight. The Scottish storage firm receives five trains daily carrying over 1500 tons of freight.

1. The company _____ (V) freight on the railway. 2. Freight ___ (P) ran until 1999. 3. They had to pay extra charges for the _____ (A) freight. 4. Freight charges both in ocean and air transport may be _____ (V) in the currency of the country of export. 5. All freight ______ (V~) onto trucks. 6. Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations: 7. Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above: AMONG the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be hard-pressed to find one that doesn’t believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship. However, of the people who immediately ____________ ___ ________ 1. when one thinks of entrepreneurs—Bill Gates, Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey, for example—few have done more than ____________ ___________ 2. at a business school. Indeed, a recent study by King’s College in London has suggested what many intuitively suspect: that entrepreneurship may actually be in the blood—more to do with genes than classroom experience. All of which ___________ ___________ 3. —does an entrepreneur really need a business-school education? Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a ready answer to this: they don’t actually profess to create entrepreneurs, rather they ___________ innate _________ 4. Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute at Michigan’s Ross School of Business puts it: “A good idea is not enough. You need to know how to transform a good idea into a good business.” Schools do this in a number of ways. One is to ensure that faculty are a mix of classic academics and businesspeople with experience of ____________ their own successful __________ 5. They can also create “incubators” where students nurture ideas and __________ ______________ on a day-to-day basis ________ 6. the external business world, __________ both _________7. and hard cash in the form of investment.

spring

deliver

invite

nurture

set

receive

rub

question

advice

speech

shoulders

mind

firm

ability

to up

with sb

8. Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations: 9. Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above: At the annual gathering of the 1. ______________ ______________ in Cannes at the end of June, all the talk was of the accelerating shift away from established 2. ______________ ______________, especially the 30-second commercial, towards newfangled social media. The winner of the coveted Titanium prize was Barack Obama’s 3. ____________ ___________, which was a combination of “lousy advertising, but great marketing,” says Marian Salzman of Porter Novelli, a unit of Omnicom, another huge 4. _____________ ___________. This 5. __________ much ___________ about how to turn every customer into an evangelist, and how to drive 6. ____________ ___________ using Facebook and Twitter. A forthcoming book by Mr Obama’s chief 7. ____________ _____________, David Plouffe, seems destined to become the ad industry’s new bible. Not everyone is convinced that a revolution is under way. John Deighton of Harvard Business School claims that 8. ____________ __________were crucial to the Obama campaign only in the first half of the primaries, because using them is well suited to “insurgency”. After that, he says, the campaign reverted to a fairly standard effort dominated by 9. __________ ________. Indeed, Mr Deighton believes that the 10. ___________ ____________will remain the mainstay of the advertising industry for years to come. Magna’s Mr Wieser seems to agree, noting that, contrary to reports of its demise, America’s viewing habit continues to grow, and 11. ___________ __________ on 12. __________ ___________ is likely to 13. __________ this year ________ only _______ —a triumph, in the circumstances. Local television advertising in America has been hit much harder, owing to the car industry’s woes, especially the bankruptcies of Chrysler and General Motors. Car dealerships, which are closing in large numbers, are big advertisers. But Benjamin Swinburne, a 14. _________ ________ at Morgan Stanley, is forecasting a surprisingly

ad

advertising

campaign

car and truck

election

grassroots

media

national

social

television

ad

advertising

analyst

campaign

commercial

group

industry

media

spending

strategist

fall

inspire

debate

by 6.3%

strong 15. _________ __________, especially on television, because dealers’ spending on car and truck ads has fallen implausibly low: down by 65% in the first quarter of 2009 compared with the same period last year. II. Correct the mistakes. Read the following text and identify the collocational errors which occur: We can't really afford to ignore these results. The survey was one of the most extensive of its kind and covers a far-reaching range of corporations. We can see in this next slide the results from the American part of the survey. This survey was based on interviews carried out with senior managers in 200 corporations. You can see here ... 35%) of the group of managers classified as participative reached senior management positions. On the other hand, 74% of the more individualistic managers realised senior management status. So, I think the conclusion is self-evident. If you want to attain the top of American companies, you have a much better chance if you adopt a fairly autocratic, top-down approach. What is important here is not to dismiss the last ten years. Ten years, in which the value of participative management has been preached ... No, what we must do is to better understand the motivation of major management. If we look at this next slide, we can see the results from another survey into senior management attitudes. This shows how managers firstly evaluate the qualities of a good manager ... and secondly, how they evaluate the qualities of a good leader. What is quite flagrant is that managers are supposed to be sensitive, adaptable, and cooperative while leaders need to be decisive, dynamic, and single-minded. So, we find there is a massive contradiction. Good managers are supposed to be participative - to make sure they consult and discuss. Good leaders are supposed to be strong individuals - able to make decisions on their own. III. Gapped sentences. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all sentences. 1. She received a glowing ________ of her son's progress.

I've never been there, but it's a beautiful place by all ___________s. The money will be credited to your _________ tomorrow. It is best to settle the ___________ each month.

2. The _____________ of all this information leads me to offer the reward in the hope

of finally lifting the lid on this sordid mystery. The Swiss have also had a much better savings record, because they have encouraged this ______________of private capital. The decision reached in 1938-39 was made after the ____________ of a large amount of data and thorough study thereof.

3. The family is staying in temporary _________ until their house is rebuilt.

Many old people choose to live in sheltered _____________. It is the duty of the local community to provide ____________ for the homeless.

4. You may be able to claim housing _____________. The government has cut unemployment _____________. He's on social security ____________.

5. Local people started a petition and letter-writing _________ to keep the hospital

open. She has fought a one-woman ___________ for ten years about the lack of childcare provision in the town. A ___________ of intimidation was waged against people trying to vote.

6. At the moment it is difficult to assess the extent of the _________________.

Serious _______________ control was needed after the information was leaked to the papers. The insurance policy covers the building for accidental ________________. The power plant will cause untold ______________ to the local environment.

7. Savings are being planned as part of a huge _____________ drive.

Should we be worried that a dollar crisis threatens the ___________________? It was impressive to see her ____________ of movement as she worked the machine. It has been a while since the ___________ experienced a deep economic downturn.

8. You can't put a dollar _________ on the lives ruined by the hurricane.

He was a familiar __________ in the town. The seated __________ in the corner beckoned me over. He cut a dashing __________ in his uniform.

9. The country is experiencing a period of high _______________.

The factory has achieved a steady ____________ in output. A good diet is vital for healthy _____________. Give the plants a good pruning to encourage _____________.

10. The broader _____________ of the plan were discussed.

The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries ______________ of failure. Brian paused for a moment while he digested the ____________ of this statement. You need to consider the legal ____________ before you publish anything.

11. He was sentenced to four years hard ____________ for his crime.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized ____________. He was an industrialist who spoke out on working conditions, pioneering ideas about the division of ______________ and discipline in factories.

12. We look forward to a long and successful ______________ with them.

We are trying to develop a working __________ between local schools and industries. We are working in close _____________ with our Japanese clients.

IV. Translation exercises 1. Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations: 2. Now translate the following article into English, using some or all of the collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may be possible as well:

Negocieri pe sârmă Ping-pong cu România între Bucureşti şi Bruxelles

Avertismentele lansate de oficialii europeni au pus degetul pe rană. Haosul din justiţie, drepturile omului, libertatea de exprimare se află în topul problemelor semnalate. Totuşi, tentativa de suspendare a negocierilor are o miză politică. IOANA MOROVAN, RĂZVAN AMARIEI Un exemplu: dacă mecanismul de aplicare a legilor nu funcţionează, cum vom putea aplica legislaţia europeană? ,,Aşadar, să se suspende negocierile, să se rezolve problema. Apoi se pot relua", cam aşa suna mesajul de luni al Emmei Nicholson. Ce-i corect e corect. Nu putem intra in UE cu această lacună nerezolvată. La ea se adaugă drepturile omului, corupţia, libertatea de exprimare, în topul problemelor semnalate. Acestea există de când e democraţia în România. Neregulile în adopţiile internaţionale au fost cireaşa de pe tort. Aflăm însă că nu numai aceste probleme au zgândărit declanşarea scandalului. Emma Nicholson a recunoscut că unii parlamentari europeni au făcut lobby pentru adopţii internaţionale. Mircea Geoană suspectează o atmosferă tensionată în Parlamentul European, dată de apropierea alegerilor. Analiştii economici văd că oamenii de afaceri europeni nu sunt foarte încântaţi de extindere. Şi, nu în ultimul rând, campania electorală a început prea devreme în România. Iată numai câteva dintre posibilele ,,greutăţi" care înclină într-o parte sau alta negocierile cu UE, care şi aşa mergeau mai mult pe sârmă. (Capital, No. 7/12 February, 2004, p. 3)

bring about

enforce

issue

mend

upset

renew

run up against

set up

balance

law

lobby

negotiations

outbreak

problem

shortcoming

warning

3. Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

4. Now translate the following article into English, using some or all of the collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may be possible as well:

Plasamente sigure pentru investitori După aur şi obiecte de artă, imobiliarele şi diamantele atrag noi investitori Investitorii preocupaţi de un câştig substanţial au început în ultimii doi ani să facă afaceri cu terenuri şi apartamente. Cei de cursă lungă aleg în continuare plasamentele în aur, artă şi, mai nou, diamante. GABRIELA ŢINTEANU MOLDOVEANU Contul în bancă oferă o protecţie. Asigurarea de viaţă îţi asigură viitorul. Tranzacţiile la bursă oferă câştiguri superioare la nivelul unui an. Febra investiţiilor în case şi terenuri a început în urmă cu doi ani şi deja rezultatele se văd. Numai în 2004 preţul caselor a crescut cu 20%. Cei care au achiziţionat imobile în 2002 au câştigat dublul sumei investite în nici doi ani. Si totuşi, există şi alte pieţe de investiţii care dau semne că vor să se dezvolte. Piaţa bijuteriilor din aur este în creştere de la an la an. Atentatele din septembrie 2001 din SUA au adus o creştere importantă a preţului aurului pe bursele internaţionale. Războiul din Irak a condiţionat o nouă maximă a cotaţiilor aurului pe pieţele internaţionale. Tablourile de artă din România nu se mai vând acum la licitaţii sub preţul de zece mii de euro, chiar dacă în cei aproape 13 ani de existenţă, piaţa obiectelor de artă a cunoscut uneori chiar regresii ale valorii acestor tipuri de investiţii. ,,Car cu boi" al lui Nicolae Grigorescu s-a vândut şi în

antiquated

economic

gilt-edged

long-term

real

substantial

terrorist

visible

attacks

estate

gains

jewellery

players

recession

results

securities

bank

consultancy

diamonds

investments

price

firms

dealer

account

stagnations

instruments

life assurance

stock exchange

dealings

policy

2004 cu 35.585 de dolari, în condiţiile în care în 2003 era trecut la cele mai scumpe tablouri vândute cu numai o jumătate de miliard. La ora actuală, piaţa obiectelor de artă s-a stabilizat, chiar dacă românii preferă, în continuare, să cumpere doar bijuterii vechi şi tablouri. Tot anul trecut pe piaţa românească a intrat primul comerciant de diamante, ca instrument de investiţie, nu ca piatră preţioasă, Diamond Investment, care susţine că piaţa diamantelor în România a crescut cu 30%. Toate aceste investiţii au în comun refugiul investitorilor într-un plasament stabil, ferit de recesiunile economice sau intemperiile istoriei. Investiţiile imobiliare (terenuri, case sau alte construcţii), precum şi o serie de alte plasamente în obiecte de artă, antichităţi, obiecte din metale preţioase sunt realizate, de regulă, pe termen lung şi presupun sume însemnate de bani. Întrucât nu există încă pieţe organizate şi reglementate pentru aceste investiţii, tranzacţiile realizându-se în mod direct intre persoanele interesate, valoarea acestor investiţii poate fluctua în timp, iar cea mai bună protecţie este informaţia. Firmele de consultanţă şi analiştii financiari pot oferi informaţii legate de evoluţia preţurilor pe perioade mai lungi, pot explica o serie din caracteristicile specifice fiecărei investiţii în parte şi pot contribui substanţial în luarea unor decizii corecte. Pe termen lung, preţurile proprietăţilor şi ale obiectelor de artă înregistrează creşteri, chiar dacă momentan situaţia economică a României din prezent mai poate determina stagnări ale preţurilor unora dintre aceste investiţii. (Capital, No. 40/30 September 2004, p. 41) 5. Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

sole

payroll

legal

negligible

number

statuses

traders

costs

hold

take

advance

withstand

file

issue

reason

crisis

position

employment record card

statement

bankruptcy petition

work

set

a salary of …

employment contract

desired parameters

a company

enterprise

a/n

for

on

under

up

within

4. Now translate the following article into English, using the some or all of the collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may be possible as well:

Angajaţii fac coadă la Registrul Comerţului să se facă antreprenori VIORICA ANA CHIŞU Tot mai multe firme tind să devină un fel de „clustere“ alcătuite din firme mai mici, persoane fizice autorizate etc. Motivul? Încercarea disperată de a reduce costurile salariale, care atârnă cel mai greu în bugetele de criză ale firmelor. Sunt economist, dar ocup un post de consilier de vânzări la un dealer de maşini. Patronul ne obligă să ne facem persoane fizice autorizate. Sunt agent de vânzări de cinci ani, iar acum firma la care lucrez îmi cere să mă fac PFA. Firma mă obligă să devin PFA cu un salariu de 1.200 lei. Lucrez la o firmă de consultanţă şi publicitate. Au trecut deja două luni de când m-am angajat, iar şeful meu nu vrea să-mi facă carte de muncă, pentru că doreşte ca toţi angajaţii să-şi facă PFA. Toate declaraţiile de mai sus sunt culese de la persoanele venite să se înregistreze ca persoane fizice autorizate (PFA), la Oficiul Registrului Comerţului (ORC) de pe lângă Tribunalul Bucureşti. Situaţia este similară în toată ţara. Directorul ORC Bucureşti, Liviu Chiric, ne spune că numărul solicitărilor s-a dublat faţă de luna trecută. „De la 50 de înregistrări pe zi, acum avem peste o sută. Majoritatea solicită înmatriculări pentru PFA, deşi procedurile şi costurile sunt similare şi pentru celelalte forme: întreprinderi individuale sau familiale.“ Nu sunt necesare explicaţii. Motivele invocate de solicitanţii intervievaţi la ghişeele de la parterul ORC sunt edificatoare. Mulţi sunt obligaţi de patroni „să se facă PFA“ dacă vor să-şi continue activitatea la întreprinderea unde, până acum, au lucrat pe contract de muncă. Din valul nou-veniţilor la ORC în această lună, puţini sunt cei care vor într-adevăr să-şi iniţieze o afacere simplă, pe cont propriu. De aceea nu optează decât un număr nesemnificativ de oameni pentru întreprinderea individuală sau familială, care le permite să angajeze cu contract de muncă terţe persoane, respectiv membri din familie. Multe înregistrări se fac acum on-line. „Există avocaţi care lucrează pentru firme de IT care au câte 200-300 de programatori. Aceştia trimit online documentele pentru înmatricularea programatorilor ca PFA. Dar nu numai. La acest sistem de colaborare recurg acum şi alte firme. Recent, a venit o companie din domeniul serviciilor de pază şi securitate, care are 500 de angajaţi, pentru a le face înmatriculare ca PFA.” Management în derivă, angajaţi sacrificaţi Managementul companiilor nu mai are niciun control asupra zilei de mâine şi apelează la formule contractuale de lucru atipice, pentru a putea supravieţui actualei crize. Adrian Stanciu, managing partner Human Sinergystics, spune că ne confruntăm cu o criză sistemică, imprevizibilă prin natura ei: „Nimeni nu mai poate vedea ce se întâmplă în viitor. Sistemul financiar şi economic a devenit atât de fragil, încât a început să cadă ca un castel din cărţi de joc în toată lumea, nu numai în România.“ Din această cauză, angajatorii recurg la tot felul de forme alternative la contractul de muncă, pentru a-şi continua activitatea în parametrii doriţi. (Capital, 4 Februarie 2009)