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DEFINITION OF THE SOIL UNITS OF THE 1:200,000 SOIL MAP OF ROMANIA USING AN EXTENDED TERMINOLOGY OF THE WRB SYSTEM

DEFINIREA UNITILOR DE SOL ALE HRII SOLURILOR ROMNIEI 1:200.000 FOLOSIND O TERMINOLOGIE EXTINS A SISTEMULUI WRB

Vlad V., Florea N., Toti M., Rducu D., Munteanu I., Seceleanu I., Vintil R., Cojocaru G., Anghel V.A., Cote V., Dumitru S., Eftene M., Gherghina A., Ignat P.,

Mocanu V., Vrnceanu A. National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agro-chemistry and Environmental

(ICPA Bucharest), E-mail: v.vlad@icpa.ro

Key words: soil map legends, soil map legend translation, soil map legend notation, soil mapping units, soil typological units, WRB, SRCS, soil classification harmonisation, SRCS-extended WRB, SRCS-WRB translation dictionaries, 1:200000 Soil Map of Romania.

ABSTRACT The paper presents the method and the actions carried out for the definition of the

soil mapping units of the Soil Map of Romania at the scale 1:200,000 (SMR-200) using an extended terminology of the international soil classification system WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, update 2007):

(1) Developing a "Notation" for a formalised definition of the SMR-200 Legend; (2) Transposing the original definitions (in Romanian natural language) of the soil

mapping units (SMU) of the SMR-200 Legend into formalised (not ambiguous) definitions using the "Notation";

(3) Analysing the differences between the WRB system and the Romanian system of soil classification 1980, "SRCS", used in the original definition of the SMR-200 Legend, and establishing the SMU "translation" method;

(4) Developing certain "translation dictionaries" to transpose the SRCS definition of the soil horizons, soil types, soil subtypes and low-level (taxonomic) soil characteristics and complementary features into the standard WRB terms, modified WRB terms and/or new-defined WRB-like terms (all together named "SRCS-extended WRB" system) aiming at an accuracy of translation as good as possible;

(5) Developing a computer program and translating the formalised definitions of the SMUs of the SMR-200 into the "SRCS-extended WRB" terminology, using that computer program and the translation dictionaries;

(6) Finalising the WRB definition of the SMUs of the SMR-200, by expert reviews of the computer translation and by expert integration of the "SRCS-extended WRB" definitions at the SMU level.

Summaries of the definitions of the "SRCS-extended WRB" terms are presented.

REZUMAT Lucrarea prezint metoda de definire a unitilor cartografice de sol (UCS) ale Hrii

Solurilor Romniei la scara 1:200.000 (HSR-200) utiliznd o terminologie extins a sistemului internaional de clasificare a solurilor WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, actualizarea 2007), sistem impus de metodologia de aplicare a Directivei INSPIRE n Uniunea European. Sunt descrii paii parcuri pentru realizarea translatrii definiiilor originale n terminologia internaional WRB i anume:

(1) Elaborarea unei "Notaii" de definire (specificare) formalizat a Legendei HSR-200;

(2) Transpunerea definiiilor originare (n limbaj natural) ale UCS din Legenda HSR-200 n definiii formalizate univoce (neambigue) utiliznd "Notaia" elaborat;

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(3) Analizarea diferenelor dintre sistemul WRB i Sistemul romn de clasificare a solurilor 1980, "SRCS", folosit la definirea Legendei HSR-200 i stabilirea metodei de translatare a definiiilor UCS n terminologia WRB;

(4) Elaborarea unor dicionare de translatare n WRB a definiiilor SRCS ale orizonturilor, tipurilor, subtipurilor i caracteristicilor/indicatorilor de nivel (taxonomic) inferior ale solurilor, prin utilizarea de termeni standard WRB, termeni WRB modificai i/sau termeni nou-definii, similari WRB (mpreun constituind sistemul "WRB extins-SRCS"), urmrind o ct mai bun acuratee de translatare;

(5) Elaborarea unui program de calculator i translatarea n "WRB extins-SRCS", cu ajutorul acestui program, a definiiilor formalizate ale UCS din Legenda HSR-200, pe baza dicionarelor de translatare;

(6) Finalizarea definirii UCS ale HSR-200 folosind sistemul WRB, prin revizuirea translatrii automate i integrarea de tip expert a definiiilor n terminologia "WRB extins-SRCS" la nivel de UCS.

Se prezint pe scurt termenii sistemului "WRB extins-SRCS" elaborai.

1. INTRODUCTION The interest for the Soil Map of Romania at the scale 1:200,000 (Florea et al., 1963-

1993, 1994a,b; Munteanu et al., 2005), referred in this paper also as SMR-200, is important because it is the soil map of the largest scale available for the whole area of Romania (in fact, the density of information corresponds to the scale 1:100,000) and it provides very useful soil information (Florea et al., 1994b; Munteanu et al., 2005). It is the most important achievement of soil survey activity in Romania (Munteanu et al., 2005). Consequently, it was transposed, with some updates, into a geographical information system SIGSTAR-200 (Vintila et al., 1997, 2004; Vintila, 2009).

The printed version of the SMR-200 comprises 50 sheets, which use together 471 soil mapping units (SMU)1, generically defined as in Lambert et al. (2003), and named also soil genetic units in Florea et al. (1994a). All these 471 SMUs are defined (characterised) in a unitary revised legend of the map (Florea et al., 1994a) and are identified on the map sheets by their codes. That legend preserves also the old codes, based on the soil systematic list of Romania, 1961, existing on the first published 27 sheets. The updated version of the map implemented into the SIGSTAR-200 uses 480 SMUs and that is the version that is taken into account in this work.

A SMU may consist of a single Soil Typological Unit (STU)2 or of an association of 2-5 different STUs which commonly exist within a SMU area. A STU is generically defined as a kind of soil having a set of homogeneous characteristics over a certain area not-identified on the map and may be present in more SMUs.

The SMUs/STUs are described by using the higher taxonomic level terms (soil types and subtypes) and some lower taxonomic level information, defined by the Romanian System of Soil Classification 1980 (Conea et al., 1980), referred as SRCS. The SRCS is a successful soil classification system developed during a long practice in Romania (Florea et al., 1988; Munteanu and Florea, 2002)3.

The SMR-200 comprises more than 80,000 areals (smallest contiguous areas delineated on the map by closed contours, named polygons in the GIS technology). Each areal is described by one SMU and, also, by the predominant textural class and skeleton class of topsoil. Many areals may belong to a same SMU.

1 SMUs are named soil complexes in INSPIRE (2011) and soilscapes in Finke et al. (2001).

2 STUs are named DerivedSoilProfiles in INSPIRE (2011) and soil bodies in Finke et al. (2001).

3 A revised system, the Romanian System of Soil Taxonomy SRTS (Florea and Munteanu, 2003, 2012) is

in use in Romania since 2003.

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Because the SMUs are defined by using the natural language, the use/interpretation of the SMR-200 information is performed with some difficulties especially by computer programs, but also by practitioners. That led to the necessity of a SMU definition method that could facilitate an easier and non-ambiguous interpretation of map information.

In the same time, the need for harmonised georeferenced information (respectively, soil information) at the European Union level, as well as the need for an international terminology in providing map information requested by the present globalisation, determined the development of some important international projects having these objectives (Finke et al., 2001; Lambert et al., 2003; EC, 2007; GR, 2010a,b; PR, 2010). In the last time, the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO-ISRIC-ISSS, 1994, 1998; Deckers et al., 2002; IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007; Munteanu, 2007), referred as WRB, became one of the most widely used classification systems for medium and small-scale soil maps (Krasilnikov and Arnold, 2009a; Keay et al., 2009; INSPIRE, 2011). Consequently, in the EU member states the use of the WRB system was requested by the INSPIRE implementation guidelines (INSPIRE, 2011).

Based on the above considerations, a work was undertaken to provide a formalised non-ambiguous definition of the SMUs of the SMR-200 and a translation of them, using the WRB terminology.

The paper briefly presents the Notation used for the SMU formalised definition using the SRCS and WRB term codes, as well as the method and results of the SMU translation into an extended terminology of the WRB system.

2. THE NOTATION AND THE FORMALISED DEFINITION OF THE SOIL UNITS

A specialised and formalised language, named Notation, was elaborated (Vlad et al., 2012), aiming to precisely define the Legend of the SMR-200 in order to facilitate its interpretation by computer programs and by different users. The Notation establishes univocal rules for unambiguous definition of the STUs/SMUs by using codes and formulae.

The rules of the Notation are described by successively and recurrently defining the terms and operators (operation symbols) to be used in formulae. For that, the generic attributing operator = is used; the different term values are quoted; the terms, operators and definition texts are delimited by the characters ; the formula elements delimited by the characters { and } are optional; inside the formulae the terms and operators are separated between them with the character space.

The main terms, operators, and rules of the Notation are briefly defined below.

. = {} {r:} {u:} {l:} {p:} {f:} {~~}. .. = OR OR ** (= ).

.. = OR OR * (= ).

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.. = OR ;

~ In the case of certain specific low-level characteristics/qualifiers the codes are composed of two parts characteristic subcode and value subcode separated with :, e.g. = , = ~.

.. = . .. = . .. = . .. = .

.. = .

.. = . .. ~ , , , , and are named complementary low-level features of

STUs ~. . = .

. = OR . .. = + = . .. = & = .

. = OR . .. = / = .

.. = @ = .

. = ; .. = {[} {]}; .. = {[} {]}.

By using the above briefly defined Notation, the SMU original definitions of the SMR-200 Legend were redefined by using appropriate formulae, and thus a formalised version of the SMR-200 Legend was obtained.

In the Table 10 some examples of SMU formulae of the SMR-200 Legend are given. Some observations could be emphasized:

(1) For example, in the original definition of the SMU No. 6 the term pe versante (l:versant /on slopes) may be applied only to the STU erodisoluri (ER *) or to both STUs soluri balane tipice erodate (SB ti erd) and erodisoluri (ER *). By using the grouping operators ([ and ]) the ambiguity is solved (both soils are localised on slopes because l:versant is a common term of the two STU formulae).

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(2) The SMU formulae are more readable and more easily to understand/analyse than the original definition. That is more evident in the cases of more complex definitions like that of the SMU No. 283.

(3) The formulae (which have unambiguous syntax) can be interpreted by computer programs for further data processing.

(4) By using the Notation, information is better defined, especially regarding the weightings and frequencies of STUs within SMUs, e.g. the formulae make possible quantitative area estimations on different soil groups/types, soil subgroups/subtypes and other soil characteristics.

3. THE METHOD OF TRANSLATION OF THE SOIL UNIT DEFINITIONS INTO A WRB TERMINOLOGY

The SMU definitions in the SMR-200 Legend use the terms defined by the SRCS classification system. Munteanu (1994) and Florea and Munteanu (2003, 2012) present some information on the SRCS correlation with the 1994 version of WRB (FAO-ISRIC-ISSS, 1994), respectively with the 1998 version of WRB (FAO-ISRIC-ISSS, 1998). The analysis of the SRCS correlation with the 2006 version of WRB update 2007 (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007) undertaken within this work showed some important differences between the two classification systems: - There are some slight differences between the definitions of the corresponding

classification elements/taxa in the two systems: diagnostic horizons/criteria, WRB Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) and corresponding SRCS soil types, and WRB qualifiers and corresponding SRCS soil subtypes. In some specific cases the differences are important.

- The SRCS is more pedogenic-oriented, using quantitative, but also some qualitative/fuzzy criteria, while the WRB has more quantitative criteria and more detailed definitions of diagnostic criteria for the diagnostic horizons / properties / materials, RSGs and qualifiers.

- In the two systems, there are common terms with different meanings and similar concepts with partly different scopes, using partly different weightings and priorities of the diagnostic criteria.

- Some soil taxa in the SRCS system are narrower than the corresponding WRB terms, some others are broader, while some others have only partly correspondence.

- The SRCS has 40 first-level taxa ("soil types") and the WRB has only 32 first-level taxa (RSGs), some of them being not found in Romania, hence some of the SRCS soil types correspond to some WRB second-level taxa ("qualifiers") and two or more soil types may correspond to a same RSG.

- Some diagnostic soil features (horizons / properties / materials) that are not taken into account for the SRCS soil type definitions are considered important by the WRB for the RSG definitions and, consequently, a SRCS soil type may correspond to two or more RSGs.

- In the WRB system, according to the "Key" algorithm, a soil having certain features specific to a RSG may be also classified in a different RSG whether these features are accompanied by some other features specific to the second RSG. In the SRCS system such a situation is not found because the priorities are, by the case, specifically solved.

Having given the above differences, regarding the translation of the SMR-200 Legend into the WRB system, it was concluded that:

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- It is not possible to transpose exactly or at least with acceptable approximation the SMR-200 Legend (SMU) definitions into the WRB system using only its standard terms (taxa) defined by the reference document (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007) because of the differences that exist between the two classification systems.

- The soil re-classification using the WRB, based on the primary information used in original SRCS classification, is also not possible because of some missing information requested by the WRB and not needed by the SRCS.

- To have a WRB standard description of the SMR-200, its SMUs need be redefined using standard WRB terms, a lot of additional soil surveys are necessary to obtain the missing data and a lot of new contours of areals need be re-established according to the new definitions of SMUs. Such a re-mapping solution practically is not feasible.

Some similar conclusions were reported by other papers, e.g. Karklins (2002), Roca Pascal and Pazos (2002), Schad (2008) cited by Krasilnikov and Arnold (2009a), Keay et al. (2009), Krasilnikov and Arnold (2009a,c), and Shishkov (2011).

To obtain an international translation of the SMR-200 Legend usable and as accurate as possible, it was adopted the solution of defining variants of the WRB standard terms accordingly to the SRCS definitions of the corresponding terms, that is defining an extension of the WRB with SRCS-specific terms using WRB terminology system.

The following steps of translation were implemented: - Extending the WRB system to the "SRCS-extended WRB" by adding to the WRB

system certain WRB-like terms appropriately defined to the SRCS requirements and establishing certain "translation dictionaries" between the SRCS terms and the corresponding SRCS-extended WRB terms;

- Developing a computer program and translating the formalised definitions of the SMUs of the SMR-200 into the SRCS-extended WRB" terminology, using that computer program and the translation dictionaries;

- Finalising the WRB definitions of the SMUs of the SMR-200 by expert reviews of the computer translation and by expert integration of the "SRCS-extended WRB" definitions at the SMU level.

4. THE SRCS-EXTENDED WRB AND THE BASIC TRANSLATION DICTIONARIES

Each term definition used by SRCS system was analysed comparatively with the corresponding WRB term definition in order to establish the differences between them. Three categories of terms were encountered: (i) SRCS terms having identical definitions with the corresponding WRB terms; (ii) SRCS terms having slightly different definitions from the corresponding WRB terms; (iii) SRCS terms not-having an appropriate correspondence within the WRB terms.

The first category terms are directly translated into the corresponding WRB terms. The second category terms are translated into the corresponding WRB terms

having the definition modified in order to right meet the SRCS definition. The name of the modified WRB terms is obtained by adding one or two apostrophes (') to the end of the standard WRB term name.

The third category terms are translated into certain new-defined WRB-like terms. They are named by using the WRB methodology (nomenclature) and, if possible, related to the most closed WRB terms. The names of the new-defined diagnostic horizons and primary (prefix) qualifiers have the character "^" as the last character, in order to be identifiable. The names of the new-defined non-primary qualifiers have the first letter written with small case letter, in order to be distinguished from the WRB standard qualifiers, which have the first letter written with capital letter. No new RSGs were defined.

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By using the above procedures, the definition and translation dictionaries/lists for all SRCS terms were established. The definitions are specified by differences from the WRB standard definitions. Three basic definition and translation dictionaries/lists were elaborated: 1) The definition and translation dictionary of the diagnostic horizons comprises four

horizons having not-modified WRB standard definitions, 10 horizons having slightly modified WRB standard definitions and 20 horizons having new-defined definitions. A list of summary definitions of these horizons is given in the Table 1. Many of the new-defined horizons are referred indirectly also in the WRB, without using explicitly certain definitions/names. For example, hypersalic^ horizon definition is used without be named as such in the WRB standard definition of the Hypersalic qualifier.

2) The RSG definition list comprises five RSGs having not-modified WRB standard definitions (Albeluvisols, Histosols, Luvisols, Podzols and Regosols) and 18 RSGs having slightly modified WRB standard definitions. Only the modifications that are strictly necessary to classify the SRCS soil types were included into definitions (taken into account all SRCS soil types). In all cases where it was possible, in order to solve the differences, the definition of certain specific qualifiers was preferred. The definitions of the modifications use the diagnostic horizons of the SRCS-extended WRB. A summary of the RSG definition list is given in the Table 2.

3) The definition and translation dictionary of the qualifiers comprises 14 qualifiers having not-modified WRB standard definitions (Table 3), 54 qualifiers having slightly modified WRB standard definitions, four new-defined primary qualifiers, 20 new-defined secondary qualifiers, of which 12 new-defined soil colours (Table 6) and 69 new-defined low-level qualifiers. One new specifier, "Proxi" (Table 5), was necessary to be defined, having the meaning that the required criteria are fulfilled within 20 cm of the soil surface. A summary of the modified WRB qualifier definitions is given in the Table 4 and a summary of the definitions of the main new-defined qualifiers is given in the Table 5. The qualifier definitions also use the diagnostic horizons of the SRCS-extended WRB.

The diagnostic properties and materials, and other soil descriptions used in all definition and translation dictionaries/lists have the same meanings as in the WRB, respectively as in FAO Guidelines (FAO, 2006), assumed by the WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007). All definition and translation dictionaries/lists include the SRCS names and codes and the SRCS-extended WRB names and codes of all the translated/defined terms.

5. SOIL UNIT TRANSLATION INTO THE SRCS-EXTENDED WRB

By using the RSGs and qualifiers defined in the basic definition and translation dictionaries/lists an overall translation dictionary was elaborated, which comprises the translations of the SRCS term codes/formulae used in the STU formulae of the SMR-200 original Legend into the codes/formulae of the corresponding SRCS-extended WRB terms. The overall dictionary has four parts: (a) all combinations of SRCS soil type soil subtypes (examples are given in the Table 7); (b) all SRCS soil types as generic soils (they are used in the definitions of the SMR-200

Legend); (c) all SRCS low-level characteristics of soils; (d) all SRCS complementary low-level features of soils (underlying rocks, land uses, kinds

of localisation in landforms, weightings and frequencies of soils within SMUs).

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Table 1 Summary of the horizon definitions in the SRCS-extended WRB

Horizon name What is modified from the WRB standard definition

Modified/additional definition requirements in the SRCS-extended WRB

Diagnostic horizons having not-modified WRB standard definition albic (Ea)1) - - argic (Bt) - - fragipan (x) - - spodic (Bhs) - -

Diagnostic horizons having modified WRB standard definition calcic (Cca) calcium carbonate equiv. 15%. calcium carbonate equivalent 12%. cambic (Bv) thickness 15 cm. thickness 10 cm. folic (O) thickness 10 cm. thickness 5 cm. histic (T) thickness 10 cm. thickness 20 cm. mollic (Am) V 50%; chroma 3 (moist);

value 3 (moist) and 5 (dry). base saturation (V) 55%; Munsell chroma and value 3.5 (moist) and value 5.5 (dry).

natric (Btna) exch.Na 15% within the upp. 40 cm of an argic h.; thickn. 15 cm.

exchangeable Na 15% within the upper 20 cm of an argic horizon; thickness 10 cm.

R' layer (R) hard bedrock. hard bedrock, except those referred to Rrz ^layer; it includes gravel, too.

salic (sc) ECe 15 dS/m; thickness 15 cm. electr.condctv. sat.extract: 15dS/m

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Table 2 Summary of the RSG definition modifications in the SRCS-extended WRB

RSG What is modified from the WRB standard definitions

Modified/additional definition requirements in the SRCS-extended WRB

Albeluvisols - - Alisols 1) base saturation (V) < 50 %. V 55 %. Andosols' - dominant andic properties in one of the horizons. Anthrosols' - aric^ horizon. Arenosols' - undeveloped soil from aeolian sand deposits that

have the thickness 50 cm and clay 12 %. Cambisols' cambic horizon starting within 50 cm of the soil

surface. cambic' horizon below an A horizon.

Chernozems' mollic horizon; calcic horizon or secondary carbonates.

mollic' horizon; calcic' horizon or secondary carbonates.

Fluvisols' fluvic material starting within 25 cm of the soil surface and continuing to a depth 50 cm.

fluvic material that underlies an A horizon and has the thickness 50 cm.

Gleysols reducing conditions in some parts of the soil surface layer (50 cm thick) and a gleyic colour pattern throughout.

associated gleyic^ horizon within the soil surface layer (50 cm thick).

Histosols - - Kastanozems' mollic horizon;

calcic horizon or secondary carbonates. mollic' horizon; calcic' horizon or secondary carbonates.

Leptosols [continuous rock within 25 cm of the soil surface] OR [less than 20 % (by volume) fine earth averaged over a depth of 75 cm from the soil surface or to continuous rock].

continuous rock within 20 cm of the soil surface.

Luvisols - - Phaeozems' mollic horizon. mollic horizon. Planosols' having [directly above or below the abrupt

textural change, a layer 5 cm or more thick, that has in some parts reducing conditions for some time during the year] AND [in half or more of the soil volume [stagnic colour patern] OR [an albic horizon] ].

[ [paraalbic^ horizon] OR [albic horizon] ] AND [ [stagnic^-argic horizon starting between 50 200 cm of the soil surface] OR [hypostagnic^-argic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface] ].

Podzols - - Regosols - - Solonchaks' salic horizon starting within 50 cm of the soil

surface. hypersalic^ horizon starting within 50 cm of the soil surface.

Solonetz' natric horizon starting within 100 cm of the soil surface.

[natric' horizon (natric conditions within the upper 20 cm of an argic horizon)] OR [sodic^ horizon starting within 20 cm of the soil surface].

Stagnosols' having within 50 cm of the soil surface [in some parts, reducing conditions, for some time during the year] AND [in half or more of the soil volume [stagnic colour patern] OR [albic horizon] ].

stagnic^ horizon [starting within 50 cm of the soil surface] AND [sited within the first 50 cm of a B horizon].

Technosols' artefacts in the upper 100 cm from the soil surface.

artefacts within the surface layer, that has the thickness of 50 cm or more.

Umbrisols' umbric or mollic horizon. umbric' horizon. Vertisols' vertic horizon starting within 100 cm of the soil

surface. vertic' horizon starting at the soil surface OR underlying an A horizon.

________________________

1) Modified WRB terms are marked by an apostrophe ( ' ) as the last character of their name.

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Table 3 List of the not-modified WRB standard qualifiers used in the SRCS-extended WRB WRB qualifier Corresponding SRCS term WRB qualifier Corresponding SRCS term Abruptic Planosol 1) Limnic Limnosol 1) Albic albic 2) Luvic argiloiluvial 2) Bathycalcaric - Nudilithic - Calcaric semi-carbonatic 3) Protic - Endocalcaric slab levigat 3) Spodic Podzol 1) Fragic fragipan 3) Subaquatic - Glossalbic glosic 2) Thionic tionic 2)

1) soil type; 2) soil subtype; 3) soil low-level (taxonomic) characteristic.

A SRCS soil type as generic soil comprises all soils of that type indifferently of subtypes that they could be (e.g. the formula means all Regosols of any subtypes). The translation of a soil type as generic soil was obtained by integrating the translations of the combinations of that soil type with all subtypes found within the SMR-200 Legend, that is, with those found in the part (a) of the overall dictionary. This translation result the part (b) of the overall dictionary is given in the Table 8 and Table 9.

A SRCS soil (STU) is usually translated into the SRCS-extended WRB using a RSG completed with one or more qualifiers in a certain order, which is established accordingly to the importance/relevance of the corresponding properties in the respective SRCS soil definition. Three categories of qualifiers are established (Table 5): - primary qualifiers correspond to the most important/relevant diagnostic

characteristics/features related to the definition of the given SRCS soil type-subtype; in the translated soil name they are considered as prefix qualifiers, separated with space;

- secondary qualifiers are the other qualifiers that are necessary for the translation of the given SRCS soil type-subtype; in the translated soil name they are considered as suffix qualifiers and are placed in brackets, separated with commas;

- low-level qualifiers correspond to the other characteristics/features specified in the definition of the given soil (STU); in the translated soil name they are placed behind the end bracket of the secondary qualifier sublist and are separated with commas.

By applying the WRB Key it is possible that a SRCS soil to be translated into an association of SRCS-extended WRB soils. In these cases the rules and operators of the Notation defined in the Chapter 2 are used.

A computer program was developed, which automatically translates the SRCS codes/formulae of the soil types-subtypes, low-level characteristics and complementary low-level features of each SMU from the formalised version of the SMR-200 original Legend (Chapter 2) into SRCS-extended WRB codes/formulae and names, by using the above overall dictionary. By running this computer program, a preliminary version of the SRCS-extended WRB Legend of the SMR-200 was obtained.

Each SMU definition resulted from automatic translation was analysed, revised and integrated by soil scientist expert judgement, thus the final version of the SRCS-extended WRB Legend of the SMR-200 was obtained. Some examples of final translation of SMU definitions are given in the Table 10. The expert reviewing was necessary to apply the rules that were too difficultly to be implemented into the computer program, such as the priority order of the qualifiers (the importance in the soil definition), their separation into the three categories, removing the qualifier similarities (redundancy) and removing the unlikely soils from associations. For example, in the automatically translated version, the definition of the SMU No. 6 (Table 10) contained hypereroded Cambisols, Luvisols, Solonchaks and Vertisols, resulted from the automatic translation of the generic soil (Erodisols). Because it is unlikely that these soils to be found in association with Calcaric Kastanozems located on slopes, they were removed by expert reviewing in the final definition of the SMU No. 6.

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Table 4 Summary of the modified qualifier definitions in the SRCS-extended WRB

Qualifier name What is modified from the WRB standard definition

Modified/additional definition requirements in the SRCS-extended WRB

Arenic' text. of loamy fine sand or coarser, thickn. 50 cm, within 100 cm of the soil surface.

texture of loamy fine sand or coarser, thickn. 50 cm, starting within 100 cm of the soil surface.

Aric' disturbed by deep ploughing. disturbed or totally modified or mixed by deep ploughing or other mechanical actions.

Bathycalcaric' (moderat levigat)

calcaric, 100-200 cm from the soil surface. calcaric, 100-150 cm from the soil surface.

Bathycalcaric'' (puternic levigat)

calcaric, 100-200 cm from the soil surface. calcaric, 150-200 cm from the soil surface.

Bathyhypogleyic' (freatic-umed)

hypogleyic layer between 100-200 cm from the soil surface.

layer having gleyic features between 5-15 % of the soil section area, that has the depth > 150 cm.

Bathyorthogleyic' orthogleyic, 100-200 cm from the soil surf. oxigleyic^ horizon, 100-200 cm from the soil surf. Calcaric' calcaric material between 20-50 cm calcaric material between 0-50 cm Calcic' calcic horizon. calcic' horizon. Cambic (ca)1) cambic horizon, which does not part of an

albic horizon. cambic horizon, chrome values 10%) and low vol. weight.

Epileptic (li) continous rock starting within 50 cm of the soil surface.

continous rock starting between 20-50 cm from the soil surface.

Eutric' V 50%. V > 55%. Fluvic' fluvic material in a layer, 25 cm or more

thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. fluvic material in a layer, 50 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface.

Folic' (organic) folic h. starting within 40 cm of the s. surf. surface folic horizon. Gleyic (gc) layer having gleyic features within 100 cm

of the soil surface, thickness 25 cm. gleyic^ horizon starting within 125 cm of the soil surface (85 cm for Arenosols).

Greyic (slab luvic)

uncoated silt and sand grains on structural faces; chroma 3 when moist, value 3 when moist and 5 when dry.

mollic /greymollic^ /ochrA^ horizon with uncoated silt and sand grains on structural faces not enough to be an E horizon (albic, paraalbic or spodialbic^).

Histic' (TB) histic horizon starting within 40 cm of the soil surface (histic hor. thickness 10 cm).

histic horizon starting at the soil surface, having the thickness > 50 cm.

Hypergleyic Gleyic: having gleyic features within 100 cm of the soil surf., a thickness 25 cm.

gleyic^ h. starting at the soil surf. and having gleyic col. pattern in more than 70% of the s.section area.

Hypoabruptic' (pl) abrupt textural change (within 7.5 cm) within 100 cm of the soil surface.

abrupt textural change within 7.5-15 cm.

Hypoandic (an) Andic: one or more layers with andic or vitric prop. within 100 cm of the soil surf.

non-dominant material with andic properties at least in one of the horizons.

________________________________________________________________________

1) Between brackets, the corresponding SRCS name/symbol for the qualifier (soil type/subtype/characteristic).

626

Table 4 Summary of the modified qualifier definitions in the SRCS-extended WRB (cont.)

Qualifier name What is modified from the WRB standard definition

Modified/additional definition requirements in the SRCS-extended WRB

Hypogleyic (gz)1)

Gleyic: layer having gleyic features within 100 cm of the soil surface, and having the thickness 25 cm.

[gleyic^ horizon starting below 125 cm depth (85 cm for Arenosols)] OR [oxigleyic^ horiz. within the 200 cm of the soil surface (135 cm for Arenosols)].

Hypostagnic (pz)

Stagnic: stagnic features in > 25% (of the soil volume) within 100 cm of the soil surface.

[stagnic^ horizon (stagnic features > 50%) within 50-200 cm of the soil surf.] OR [hypostagnic^ hor. (stagn.feat.: 6-50%) within 100 cm of the soil surf.].

Lamellic (lamelar)

clay lamellae with the combined thickness 15 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface.

clay lamellas with the combined thickness 15 cm within 150 cm of the soil surf.

Mollic (mo) mollic horizon. mollic horizon. Natric natric h. starting within 100 cm of the soil surf. natric horiz. starting within 100 cm of the soil surf. Paraalbic (lv) albic h. starting within 100 cm of the soil surf. paraalbic horizon formed above an argic horizon. Paraentic (cp) not having an albic horizon and having a loose

spodic horizon. not having a spodialbic^ horizon AND having a cambic horizon with accumulation of Al oxides

Pararendzic (PR)

Rendzic: mollic horizon that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40 % calcium equivalent.

pararendzic^ horizon starting within 150 cm of the soil surface and mollic horizon formed from the underlying pararendzic^ horizon.

Pararendzic (pr)

Rendzic: mollic horizon that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40 % calcium equivalent.

pararendzic^ horizon starting within 150 cm of the soil surface and an A horizon formed from other materials than the underlying pararendzic ^horizon.

Proxicalcaric (carbonatic)

Calcaric: calcaric mat. between 20-50 cm calcaric mat. within 20 cm of the soil surface ...

Proxihistic (turbificat)

Histic: histic horizon starting within 40 cm of the soil surface (histic hor. thickness 10 cm).

surface histic horizon with the thickness < 20 cm.

Proxihypersalic' Episalic: salic h. start. within50cm of the s.surf hypersalic^ horizon within 20 cm of the soil surf. Proxisodic' Sodic: exchangeable Na plus Mg > 15%

within 50 cm of the soil surface. sodic^ horizon (exchangeable Na > 15%, thickness of min. 10 cm) within 20 cm of the soil surface.

Rendzic (RZ) mollic h. that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40% calc.equiv.

Rrz^ layer starting within150cm of the soil surf. and mollic hor. formed from the underlying Rrz^ layer.

Rendzic (rz) mollic h. that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40% calc.equiv.

Rrz^ layer start. within150cm of the s.surf. and A h. formed from other mat. than the underlying Rrz^ l.

Rhodic (ro) Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, with a Munsell hue of 2.5 YR or redder, a value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a value, dry, no more than one unit higher than the moist value.

Having a B horizon that has in its lower part and at least on mottles (more than 50 %) in its higher part a Munsell hue of 5YR or redder with a value and a chroma 3.5 when moist, both on the faces and in the insides of the structural elements.

Rustic (fe) spodic horizon in which the ratio of the percentage of acid oxalate (pH3) extractable Fe to the percentage of organic carbon is 6.

rustispodic^ horizon (which is dominated by Fe and Al oxides).

Salic' salic horizon starting within 100 cm of the soil surface.

[hypersalic^ hor. between 50-100 cm of the s. surf.] OR [a salic' horizon or a hyposalic^ horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface].

Sodic' (ac) exchangeable Na plus Mg > 15% within 50 cm of the soil surface.

[sodic^ horizon (exchangeable Na > 15% with a tickness of min. 10 cm) between 20-100 cm of the soil surf.] OR [a hyposodic^ horizon (exchangeable Na 5-15%) starting within 100 cm of the soil surf.].

Stagnic' (pg) having within100cm of the s.surf.in some parts reducing cond. for some time during the year and in 25%or more of the soil vol., single or in combination, a stagnic col.pattern or an albic h.

[stagnic^ horizon (stagnic features > 50%) starting between 20-50 cm of the soil surface] AND [the stagnic^ hor. sited within an A or E hor. AND, at least, within the first 50 cm of a B hor.].

Umbric (um) umbric horizon. umbric horizon. Vermic (vm) vermic activity 50% in the upper 100 cm. vermic activity 30% in the surface horizon and

25% in the folowing horizon. Vertic (vs) having a vertic horizon or vertic properties

starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. having, between bottom of an A horizon and 100 cm from the s.surf., [the upper limit of a vertic horizon] OR [cracks that go up to the soil surface].

________________________________________________________________________

1) Between brackets, the corresponding SRCS name/symbol for the qualifier (soil type/subtype/characteristic)

627

Table 5 Summary of the new qualifier definitions in the SRCS-extended WRB (extract)

Qualifier name What is modified from the WRB standard definition

Modified/additional definition requirements in the SRCS-extended WRB

Primary qualifiers/specifiers new-defined in the SRCS-extended WRB Darkcoatic ^ (Cernoziomoid) 1)

- mollic and [AC or B] horizons; dark colour; AC /B horizon has organic-mineral coatings with chroma < 2 and values < 3.5 when moist; the mollic' horizon has a difference 1.5 between the colour values, or values and chroma, when moist and dry.

Proxi (..x) 2)

- the required criteria are fulfilled within 20 cm of the soil surface.

Silicatohumic^ (humicosilicatic)

- humified organic matter easily detachable by rubbing from the silicon mineral part.

Spodialbic^ [Albic: having an albic horizon starting within 100 cm of the soil surface].

having a spodialbic ^horizon formed above a spodic horizon.

Xeroforestic^ (xf) - having a xeroforestmollic^ horizon. Secondary qualifiers new-defined in the SRCS-extended WRB (except soil colours)

epiC - having a C horizon (parent material) starting near the soil surface and underlying an A horizon.

eroded - eroded soil having diagnostic horizons. hypereroded - C or B horizon partially eroded and starting at the

soil surface. ochrA - having an ochrA^ horizon. ochrumbric - having an umbriochrA^ horizon. proxi 3) - the required criteria for RSG are fulfilled within 20

cm of the soil surface; (only for Solonchaks'). subproxi - not having the stagnic or hypersalic conditions

within 20 cm but between 20 and 50 cm of the soil surface; (only for Stagnosols and Solonchaks).

thinochrA - having an ochrA^ hor. that has the thickn. < 20 cm.

Low-level qualifiers new-defined in the SRCS-extended WRB (extract) B-only-stagnic - stagnic features only in the B horizon. branchog (branciog) Rrz^ layer of lime or lime-dominant gravel. continental (continental)

- continental (only for sand/deposit).

emerged (emers) - emerged from water (only for Gleysol or Fluvisol). erubasic (erubazic) - Rrz^ layer of basic/ultrabasic eruptive/metamorphic

rock. great depth to the natric horizon

- depth to the natric horizon 15 cm (only for Solonetz).

marine (marin) - marine (only for sand/deposit). overlying gypsum rock (gipsic)

- Rrz^ layer of gypsum (dominant) rock.

overlying limstone or dolomite (calcaro-dolomitic)

- Rrz^ layer of limestone or dolomite.

recarbonated (regradat) - carbonates brought up from deeper layers. relictgleyic (relict gleic) - having relict gleyic features (drained soil). sandy (nisipos) - sandy texture. shifting (nefixat) - shifting (only for sand). small depth to the groundwater level

- 3 m (if medium-fine texture); 2 m (if sandy texture).

small depth to the underlying gravel

- depth to the underlying gravel 50 cm.

thinspodialbic (brun) - discontinuous or very thin spodialbic^ horizon. _____________________

1) Between brackets, the corresponding SRCS name/symbol of the term (soil type/subtype/characteristic);

2) specifier; 3) qualifier.

628

Table 6 New-defined soil colours (secondary qualifiers) in the SRCS-extended WRB

Colour name Horizon Munsell hue Munsell value (moist)

Munsell chroma (moist)

vertichromic (cromic) 1)

vertic > 2

reddishbrown (brun-roscat)

argic 7.5 YR 3.5 3.5

brown (brun) argic 7.5 YR 3.5 3.5 chromicbrown cambic /

gleyic^ / oxigleyic^ 3.5 3.5

palebrown cambic > 5 YR (yellower than 5 YR)

3.5 3.5

yellowishbrown argic 10 YR 3.5 3.5 lightgrey (albic) argic > 5 YR > 5 < 3.5

mollic > 2 chestnut (balan) AC < 3.5 < 3.5 partdark (melanic)

argic, a part only

< 3.5 < 3.5

mollic / umbric / umbriochrA^

2 dark

AC / AR / B < 3.5 < 3.5 mollic 2 verydark

(negru) B < 3.5 < 1.5 vertipellic vertic 2

______________________

1) Between brackets, the SRCS name of the colour.

In order to design the new definition of the SMR-200 Legend, the WRB Guidelines for constructing small-scale map legends (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2010) and the Manual of procedures of the 1:250,000 Georeferenced Soil Database for Europe (Finke et al., 2001) were analysed and found not applicable. The first guidelines refer to the soil maps at the scale 1:250,000 and smaller, and are not applicable because of the complexity of the SMUs of the SMR-200 (taken into consideration that its information density corresponds to the scale 1:100,000). The second guidelines are database-oriented and do not provide proper rules for legend design.

6. CONCLUSIONS

1. The soil map legends defined in natural languages are sometimes difficultly interpreted especially by computer programs, but also by practitioners because of some possibly fuzzy and ambiguous definitions. A useful and practical solution of that problem is the use of a specialised formalised language in order to precisely define the soil map legends. Such a language, named Notation, was successfully used for redefining unambiguously the Legend of the Soil Map of Romania at the scale 1:200,000 (SMR-200).

2. In order to provide a formalised definition of the legends of the medium scale soil maps, a notation need comprise (i) certain elaborated terms and rules appropriate to different kinds of soil information (attributes), characterising different soil typological units and their weightings and frequencies within the soil mapping units, and (ii) certain elaborated mechanisms (operators and rules) appropriate to define soil complex associations (soil mapping units), e.g. grouping operators and different types of association operators and alternative operators for soil typological units.

629

Table 7 SRCS SRCS-extended WRB Dictionary for SRCS Soil Types-Subtypes Examples

SRCS SRCS-extended WRB Formula Name Formula Name

BD pz Sol Brun Argiloiluvial pseudogleizat

LV stw'-yebrn.oA Hypostagnic' LUVISOL (yellowishbrown, ochrA)

BM pr Sol Brun Eu-mezobazic pseudorendzinic

CM' eu'.rzr''-plbrn.oA Pararendzic'' Eutric' CAMBISOL' (palebrown, ochrA)

BM ti Sol Brun Eu-mezobazic tipic CM' eu'-plbrn.oA Eutric' CAMBISOL' (palebrown,ochrA) BP ha Sol Brun Luvic tipic holoacid AL' abr'-yebrn.oA Paraalbic' ALISOL' (yellowishbrown, ochrA) BP ob Sol Brun Luvic tipic

oligobazic LV abr'.hdp'-yebrn.oA Epihyperdystric Paraalbic' LUVISOL

(yellowishbrown, ochrA) BP pz Sol Brun Luvic pseudogleizat LV abr'.stw-yebrn.oA Hypostagnic Paraalbic' LUVISOL (yellowishbrown,

ochrA) CM gz Sol Cernoziomoid gleizat PH' dkct^.glw' Hypogleyic' Darkcoatic^ PHAEOZEM' CZ ti Cernoziom tipic CH' ha-dk Haplic CHERNOZEM' (dark) CZ vm Cernoziom vermic CH' vm'-dk Vermic' CHERNOZEM' (dark) CZ vs Cernoziom vertic VR' mo'-dk Mollic' VERTISOL' (dark) CZ vs-ro Cernoziom vertic-rodic VR' mo'.ro'-dk Rhodic' Mollic' VERTISOL' (dark) CZ xf Cernoziom xeroforestic CH' xef^-dk Xeroforestic^ CHERNOZEM' (dark) HS cp Sol Humicosilicatic

criptospodic UM' sihu^.etr^-dk @ UM' sihu^.etr^-ochrum.dk

Paraentic^ Silicatohumic^ UMBRISOL' (dark) @ Paraentic^ Silicatohumic^ UMBRISOL' (ochrumbric, dark)

LC sc-ac Lacoviste saraturata (salinizata-alcalizata)

CH' ng'.sz'.so'-dk @ PH' ng'.sz'.so'-dk @ SC' mo'.ng'.so'-sprox.dk

Sodic' Salic' Endogleyic' CHERNOZEM' (dark) @ Sodic' Salic' Endogleyic' PHAEOZEM' (dark) @ Sodic' Endogleyic' Mollic' SOLONCHAK' (subproxi, dark)

PR ca Pseudorendzina cambica CH' rzr'.cm'-dk @ PH' rzr'.cm'-dk

Cambic' Pararendzic' CHERNOZEM' (dark) @ Cambic' Pararendzic' PHAEOZEM' (dark)

SA ls Sol Aluvial litic FL' el'-oA Epileptic' FLUVISOL' (ochrA) SA ls-gz Sol Aluvial litic-gleizat FL' el'.glw'-oA Hypogleyic' Epileptic' FLUVISOL' (ochrA) SB ti Sol Balan tipic KS' cc.ca-chnt Calcaric Calcic KASTANOZEM' (chestnut) SN lv Solonet luvic SN' na'.abr'-oA Paraalbic' Natric' SOLONETZ' (ochrA) SN sc Solonet salinizat SN' na'.hsp'-oA @

SN' na'.sz'-oA Epihypersalic' Natric' SOLONETZ' (ochrA) @ Salic' Natric' SOLONETZ' (ochrA)

VS gz-ac Vertisol gleizat-alcalizat VR' glw'.so'-vrtpe Sodic' Hypogleyic' VERTISOL' (vertipellic)

3. Some important differences between the Romanian System of Soil Classification SRCS, which is used in the SMR-200 Legend definition, and the WRB international soil classification system, were identified: - There are some slight differences between the definitions of the corresponding

classification elements/taxa in the two systems. In some cases the differences are important.

- The SRCS is more pedogenic-oriented, using quantitative, but also some qualitative/fuzzy criteria, while the WRB has more quantitative criteria and more detailed definitions.

- In the two systems, there are common terms with different meanings and similar concepts with partly different scopes, using partly different weightings and priorities of the diagnostic criteria.

- Some soil taxa in the SRCS system are narrower than the corresponding WRB terms, some others are broader, while some others have only partly correspondence.

- Some of the SRCS first level taxa (soil types) correspond to some WRB second-level taxa ("qualifiers") and two or more soil types may correspond to a same RSG.

- Some diagnostic soil features that are not taken into account for the SRCS soil type definitions are considered important by the WRB for the RSG definitions and, consequently, a SRCS soil type may correspond to two or more RSGs.

630

Table 8 Translation of the SRCS Soil Types into the SRCS-extended WRB system

SRCS Soil Types SRCS-extension WRB Reference Soil Groups / Qualifiers Class Code Type Formula1) Name1)

SB * Chestnut Soils KS' * cc'.ca'-chnt SC' * mo'.cc'.ca'-sprox.chnt

* Calcaric' Calcic' KASTANOZEMS' (chestnut) * Calcaric' Calcic' Mollic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, chestnut)

CZ * Chernozems CH' * -dk VR' * mo'-dk SC' * mo'-sprox.dk

* CHERNOZEMS' (dark) * Mollic' VERTISOLS' (dark) * Mollic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, dark)

CC * Cambic Chernozems

CH' * cm'-dk PH' * cm'-dk VR' * mo'.cm'-dk SC' * mo'.cm'-sprox.dk

* Cambic' CHERNOZEMS' (dark) * Cambic' PHAEOZEMS' (dark) * Cambic' Mollic' VERTISOLS' (dark) * Cambic' Mollic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, dark)

CI * Argillo-illuvial Chernozems

CH' * lv-dk PH' * lv-dk VR' * mo'.lv-dk SC' mo'.lv-sprox.dk

* Luvic CHERNOZEMS' (dark) * Luvic PHAEOZEMS' (dark) * Luvic Mollic' VERTISOLS' (dark) Luvic Mollic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, dark)

CM * Chernozemoid Soils

PH' * dkct^ CH' * dkct^ VR' * mo'.dkct^

* Darkcoatic ^PHAEOZEMS' * Darkcoatic^ CHERNOZEMS' * Darkcoatic^ Mollic' VERTISOLS'

CN * Grey Soils PH' * gz'-dk CH' * gz'-dk

* Greyic' PHAEOZEMS' (dark) * Greyic' CHERNOZEMS' (dark)

RZ * Rendzinas CH' * rz' PH' * rz'

* Rendzic' CHERNOZEMS' (dark) * Rendzic' PHAEOZEMS' (dark

1. Mollisols

PR * Pseudorendzinas CH' * rzr'-dk PH' * rzr'-dk VR' * mo'.rzr'-dk

* Pararendzic' CHERNOZEMS' (dark) * Pararendzic' PHAEOZEMS' (dark) * Pararendzic' Mollic' VERTISOLS' (dark)

BR * Reddish-Brown Soils

LV * -rdbrn.oA PH' * lv-rdbrn VR' * lv-rdbrn.oA

* LUVISOLS (reddishbrown, ochrA) * Luvic PHAEOZEMS' (reddishbrown) * Luvic VERTISOLS' (reddishbrown, ochrA)

BD * Argillo-illuvial Brown Soils

LV * -yebrn.oA LV * ro'-oA PH' * lv-yebrn VR' * lv-yebrn.oA AL' ha-yebrn.oA

* LUVISOLS (yellowishbrown, ochrA) * Rhodic' LUVISOLS (ochrA) * Luvic PHAEOZEMS' (yellowishbrown) * Luvic VERTISOLS' (yellowishbrown, ochrA) Haplic ALISOLS' (yellowishbrown, ochrA)

RP * Luvic Reddish-Brown Soils

LV * abr'-rdbrn.oA VR' * lv.abr'-rdbrn.oA

* Paraalbic' LUVISOLS (reddishbrown, ochrA) * Paraalbic' Luvic VERTISOLS' (reddishbrown, ochrA)

BP * Luvic-Brown Soils

LV * abr'-yebrn.oA LV * abr'.ro-oA VR' * lv.abr'-yebrn.oA AL' * abr'-yebrn.oA

* Paraalbic' LUVISOLS (yellowishbrown, ochrA) * Rhodic Paraalbic' LUVISOLS (ochrA) * Paraalbic' Luvic VERTISOLS' (yellowishbrown, ochrA) * Paraalbic' ALISOLS' (yellowishbrown, ochrA)

SP * Albic Luvisols LV * ab-ltgry.oA LV * ab.ro'-oA VR' * lv.ab-ltgry.oA ST' * lv.ab-sprox.ltgry.oA B-only-stagnic AL' * ab-ltgry.oA AB * -ltgry.oA

* Albic LUVISOLS (lightgrey, ochrA) * Rhodic' Albic LUVISOLS (ochrA) * Albic Luvic VERTISOLS' (lightgrey, ochrA) * Albic Luvic STAGNOSOLS' (subproxi, lightgrey, ochrA) B-only-stagnic * Albic ALISOLS' (lightgrey, ochrA) * ALBELUVISOLS (lightgrey, ochrA)

2. Argi-luvisols

PL * Planosols PL' * lv.stw' PL' * lv.st' VR' * ap.lv

* Hypostagnic' Luvic PLANOSOLS' * Stagnic' Luvic PLANOSOLS' * Luvic Abruptic VERTISOLS'

BM * Eu-mesobasic Brown Soils

CM' * eu'-plbrn.oA PH' * cm'-plbrn VR' * cm'.eu'-plbrn SC' * cm'.eu'-sprox.plbrn ST' cm'.eu'.glw'-sprox.plbrn.oA

* Eutric' CAMBISOLS' (palebrown, ochrA) * Cambic' PHAEOZEMS' (palebrown) * Eutric' Cambic' VERTISOLS' (palebrown) * Eutric' Cambic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, palebrown) Hypogleyic Eutric' Cambic' STAGNOSOLS' (subproxi, palebrown, ochrA)

TR * Red Soils (Terra Rossa)

CM' * eu'.ro'-oA * Rhodic' Eutric' CAMBISOLS' (ochrA)

3. Cambisols

BO * Acid Brown Soils CM' * dy'-crbrn.oA CM' * dy'.etr'-crbrn.ochrum

UM' * cm'-crbrn

* Dystric' CAMBISOLS' (chromicbrown, ochrA) * Paraentic' Dystric' CAMBISOLS' (chromicbrown, ochrumbric) * Cambic' UMBRISOLS' (chromicbrown)

1) the main corresponding terms are in bold characters

631

Table 8 Translation of the SRCS Soil Types into the SRCS-extended WRB system (cont.)

SRCS Soil Types SRCS-extension WRB Reference Soil Groups / Qualifiers Class Code Type Formula1) Name1)

PB * Ferri-illuvial Brown Soils

PZ * et' HS hip'.et'

* Entic' PODZOLS Entic' Epihistic' HISTOSOLS

4. Spodosols

PD * Podzols PZ * sdab^ HS hip'.sd.sdab^

* Spodialbic^ PODZOLS Spodialbic^ Spodic Epihistic' HISTOSOLS

NO * Acid Dark Soils UM' * cm'-dk * Cambic' UMBRISOLS' (dark) HS * Humico-silicatic

Soils UM' * sihu^-dk * Silicatohumic^ UMBRISOLS' (dark)

5. Umbrisols

AN * Andosols AN' * -dk * ANDOSOLS' (dark) LC * Lacoveshte

PH' * ng'-dk CH' * ng'-dk VR' mo'.ng'-dk SC' * mo'.gl'-sprox.dk GL' * mo'-dk

* Endogleyic' PHAEOZEMS' (dark) * Endogleyic' CHERNOZEMS' (dark) Endogleyic' Mollic' VERTISOLS' (dark) * Gleyic' Mollic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, dark) * Mollic' GLEYSOLS' (dark)

NF * Slope-hydromorphic Dark Soils

PH' * glw'.stw'-vdk CH' * glw'.stw'-vdk VR' * mo'.glw'.stw'-vdk

* Hypostagnic' Hypogleyic' PHAEOZEMS' (verydark) * Hypostagnic' Hypogleyic' CHERNOZEMS' (verydark) * Hypostagnic' Hypogleyic' Mollic' VERTISOLS' (verydark)

GC * Gleyic Soils GL' * -crbrn ** * ng'-crbrn SC' glp'-sprox.oA.crbrn HS hip'.glp'-crbrn

* GLEYSOLS' (chromicbrown) * Endogleyic' ** (chromicbrown) Epigleyic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, ochrA, chromicbrown) Epigleyic' Epihistic' HISTOSOLS (chromicbrown)

6. Hydro- -morphic Soils

PG * Pseudogleyic Soils ST' * VR' * st'-oA HS * hip'.st'

* STAGNOSOLS' * Stagnic' VERTISOLS' (ochrA) * Stagnic' Epihistic' HISTOSOLS

SC * Solonchaks SC' * hsx' VR' * hsx'-oA

* Proxihypersalic' SOLONCHAKS' * Proxihypersalic' VERTISOLS' (ochrA)

7. Halo- -morphic Soils SN * Solonetz SN' * * SOLONETZ'

8.Vertisols VS * Vertisols VR' * * VERTISOLS'

LS * Lithosols LP' * -oA HS * fo'.el'

* LEPTOSOLS' (ochrA) * Epileptic' Folic' HISTOSOLS

PS * Psammosols AR' * -oA PH' * ar' CH' * ar' GL' * ar'-oA SC' * ar'-sprox

* ARENOSOLS' (ochrA) * Arenic' PHAEOZEMS' * Arenic' CHERNOZEMS' * Arenic' GLEYSOLS' (ochrA) * Arenic' SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi)

AA * Alluvial Protosols FL' * -thinoA * FLUVISOLS' (thinochrA) SA * Alluvial Soils FL' * -oA

FL' * mo' FL' * um' VR' * fv'-oA

* FLUVISOLS' (ochrA) * Mollic' FLUVISOLS' * Umbric' FLUVISOLS' * Fluvic' VERTISOLS' (ochrA)

RS * Regosols RG * -epiC.oA PH' * -epiC UM' * -epiC SC' * -sprox.epiC

* REGOSOLS (epiC, ochrA) * PHAEOZEMS' (epiC) * UMBRISOLS' (epiC) * SOLONCHAKS' (subproxi, epiC)

ER * Erodisols RG * -erodh ** * -erodh

* REGOSOLS (hypereroded) * ** (hypereroded)

CO * Colluvisols 2) RG * co'-epiC * Colluvic' REGOSOLS (epiC)

DD * Deep-plowed Soils 2)

AT' * ai' * Aric' ANTHROSOLS'

9. Undeve- loped/ Truncated/ Deep-plowed Soils

PA * Anthropic Protosols 2)

TC' * * TECHNOSOLS'

10. Histosols

TB * Histic Soils HS * hi' * Histic' HISTOSOLS

11. Limnisols

LM * Limnosols 3) FL' * lm.sq HS * lm.sq

* Subaquatic Limnic FLUVISOLS' * Subaquatic Limnic HISTOSOLS

1) the main corresponding terms are in bold characters

2) not-used in the Legend of the SMR-200

3) extension of the SRCS system during the 2009-2011 updating of the SMR-200

632

Table 9 Correspondence between SRCS Soil Types and WRB Reference Soil Groups

WRB

SRCS

HS

AT'

TC'

LP'

VR'

FL'

SN'

SC'

GL'

AN'

PZ

PL'

ST'

CH'

KS'

PH'

AB

AL'

LV

UM'

AR'

CM'

RG

1 SB X

CZ X X

CC X X

CI X X

CM X X

CN

RZ

PR X

2 BR X X

BD X X X

RP X

BP X X

SP X X X X

PL X

3 BM X X X X

TR

BO X

4 PB X

PD X

5 NO

HS

AN

6 LC X X X

NF X

GC X X X X X X X

PG X X

7 SC X

SN

8 VS

9 LS X

PS X X X X

AA

SA X

RS X X X

ER X X X X

CO

DD

PA

10 TB

11 LM

: main correspondence; X : secondary correspondence.

633

Table 10 Translation of the SMR-200 Soil Mapping Units into the SRCS-extended WRB system Examples

SMU No.

SMU Code

SMU Original Definition using the SRCS

SMU Original Formula using the SRCS

SMU Translated Definition using the SRCS-extended WRB

SMU Translated Formula using the SRCS-extended WRB

6 SBti/e/1- Soluri balane tipice erodate si erodisoluri (pe versante)

[SB ti erd + ER *] l:versant

[Calcaric' Calcic' Kastanozems' (chestnut, eroded) + * Regosols (hypereroded)] on slopes

[KS' cc'.ca'-chnt.erod + RG * -erodh] l: slope

9 CZ/kf Cernoziomuri carbonatice freatic-umede

CZ * kar fru * Bathyhypogleyic' Proxicalcaric Chernozems' (dark) @ [* Bathyhypogleyic' Proxicalcaric Mollic' Vertisols' (dark) @ *Bathyhypogleyic' Proxicalcaric Mollic' Solonchaks'(subproxi,dark)]

CH' * cax.glwd'-dk @ [VR' * mo'.cax.glwd'-dk @ SC' * mo'.cax.glwd'-sprox.dk]

16 CZti/lk Cernoziomuri tipice semicarbonatice (inclusiv vermice semicarbonatice pe terase cu depozite loessoide)

CZ ti semikar & CZ vm semikar r:dloessoid l:terasa

Calcaric Chernozems' (dark) & Calcaric Vermic' Chernozems' (dark) from loessoid deposits, on terraces

CH' ca-dk & CH' vm'.ca-dk r:loessoiddep l:terrace

24 CZvs Cernoziomuri vertice sau vertice rodice

CZ vs / CZ vs-ro Mollic' Vertisols' (dark) / Rhodic' Mollic' Vertisols' (dark) VR' mo'-dk / VR' mo'.ro'-dk

102 CI/p/2 Cernoziomuri argiloiluviale (slab luvice) si soloneturi luvice, freatic-umede

CI * lvslab fru + SN lv fru

[*Bathyhypogleyic' Greyic' Luvic Chernozems' (dark) @ * Bathyhypogleyic' Greyic' Luvic Phaeozems' (dark) @ [*Bathyhypogleyic' Greyic' Luvic Mollic' Vertisols' (dark) @ Bathyhypogleyic' Greyic' Luvic Mollic' Solonchaks' (subproxi, dark)] ] + Bathyhypogleyic' Paraalbic' Natric' Solonetz' (ochrA)

[CH' * lv.gz'.glwd'-dk @ PH' * lv.gz'.glwd'-dk @ [VR' * mo'.lv.gz'.glwd'-dk @ SC' mo'.lv.gz'.glwd'-sprox.dk] ] + SN' na'.abr'.glwd'-oA

120 CMgz/1 Soluri cernoziomoide gleizate puternic si lacovisti cu gleizare relicta (drenate)

CM gz gzpu + LC * gzrelict

Hypogleyic' Darkcoatic^ Phaeozems' ~Epihypogleyic'@Endoorthogleyic'~ + [* Endogleyic' Phaeozems' (dark) @ * Endogleyic' Chernozems' (dark) @ [Endogleyic' Mollic' Vertisols' (dark) @ * Gleyic' Mollic' Solonchaks' (subproxi, dark) @ * Mollic' Gleysols' (dark)] ] relictgleyic

PH' dkct^.glw' ~glwp'@glon'~ + [PH' * ng'-dk @ CH' * ng'-dk @ [VR' mo'.ng'-dk @ SC' * mo'.gl'-sprox.dk @ GL' * mo'-dk] ] relictgl

148 RZ/4 Rendzine erubazice si soluri brune eu-mezobazice

RZ * erubazic + BM * * Rendzic' Phaeozems' (dark) erubasic + [* Eutric' Cambisols' (palebrown, ochrA) @ [* Cambic' Phaeozems' (palebrown) @ * Eutric' Cambic' Vertisols' (palebrown) @ Hypogleyic' Eutric' Cambic' Stagnosols' (subproxi, palebrown, ochrA)] ]

PH' * rz'-dk rz:erubasic + [CM' * eu'-plbrn.oA @ [PH' * cm'-plbrn @ VR' * cm'.eu'-plbrn @ ST' cm'.eu'.glw'-sprox.plbrn.oA] ]

151 RZls/2 Rendzine litice si roci compacte la zi

RZ ls + #R [Epileptic' Rendzic' Chernozems' / Epileptic' Rendzic' Phaeozems'] + Nudilithic Leptosols' ~continuous rocks~

[CH' rz'.el' / PH' rz'.el'] + LS' nt ~continuous rocks~

191 BDpz/1 Soluri brune argiloiluviale pseudogleizate si soluri brune luvice pseudogleizate

BD pz + BP pz Hypostagnic' Luvisols (yellowishbrown, ochrA) + Hypostagnic' Paraalbic' Luvisols (yellowishbrown, ochrA)

LV stw'-yebrn.oA + LV abr'.stw'-yebrn.oA

227 BPti/o/6 Soluri brune luvice tipice oligobazice si/sau holoacide si soluri brune acide

[BP ob @ BP ha] + BO *

[Epihyperdystric' Paraalbic' Luvisols (yellowishbrown, ochrA) @ Paraalbic' Alisols' (yellowishbrown, ochrA)] + [* Dystric' Cambisols' (chromicbrown, ochrA) @ [* Paraentic' Dystric' Cambisols' (chromicbrown, ochrumbric) @ * Cambic' Umbrisols' (chromicbrown)] ]

[LV abr'.hdp'-yebrn.oA @ AL' abr'-yebrn.oA] + [CM' * dy'-crbrn.oA @ [CM' * dy'.etr'-crbrn.ochrum @ UM' * cm'-crbrn] ]

634

Table 10 Translation of the SMR-200 Soil Mapping Units into the SRCS-extended WRB system - Examples (cont.)

SMU No.

SMU Code

SMU Original Definition using the SRCS

SMU Original Formula using the SRCS

SMU Translated Definition using the SRCS-extended WRB

SMU Translated Formula using the SRCS-extended WRB

283 BM/3 Soluri brune eu-mezobazice (tipice sau pseudorendzinice) si pseudorendzine (predominant cambice) frecvent asociate cu erodisoluri si/sau regosoluri

[BM ti / BM pr] + [PR ca p:predom + PR *] + [ER * @ RS * ] f:frecv

[Eutric' Cambisols' (palebrown,ochrA) / Pararendzic'' Eutric' Cambisols' (palebrown, ochrA)] + [Cambic' Pararendzic' Phaeozems' (dark)] predominant + [* Pararendzic' Phaeozems' (dark) @ * Pararendzic' Mollic' Vertisols' (dark)] ] + [ [* Regosols (hypereroded) @ [* Cambisols' (hypereroded) @ * Luvisols (hypereroded) @ * Vertisols' (hypereroded)] ] @ [* Regosols (epiC, ochrA) @ * Phaeozems' (epiC)] ] frequently associated

[CM' eu'-plbrn.oA / CM' eu'.rzr''-plbrn.oA] + [PH' rzr'.cm'-dk p:predom + [PH' * rzr'-dk @ VR' * mo'.rzr'-dk] ] + [ [RG * erodh @ [CM' * erodh @ LV * erodh @ VR' * erodh] ] @ [RG * epiC.oA @ PH' * epiC] ] f:freq

342 PD/1 Podzoluri si soluri brune feriiluviale (podzolice); local, litosoluri si stancarie

PD * + PB * & LS * ~local~ & #Z ~local~

* Spodialbic^ Podzols + * Entic' Podzols & * Leptosols' (ochrA) ~local~ & Nudilithic Leptosols' ~rock outcrops, local~

PZ * sdab^ + PZ * et' & LP' * -oA ~local~ & LS' nt ~rock outcrops, local~

352 HScp Soluri humicosilicatice criptospodice (local litosoluri)

HS cp & LS * ~local~ [Paraentic^ Silicatohumic^ Umbrisols' (dark) @ Paraentic^ Silicatohumic^ Umbrisols' (ochrumbric, dark)] & * Leptosols' (ochrA) ~local~

UM' sihu^.etr^-dk @ UM' sihu^.etr^-ochrum.dk & LP' * -oA ~local~

367 LCsc-ac/a Lacovisti saraturate pe depozite fluviatile si fluvio-lacustre recente

LC sc-ac r:dfluvlacre [Sodic' Salic' Endogleyic' Chernozems' (dark) @ Sodic' Salic' Endogleyic' Phaeozems' (dark) @ Sodic' Endogleyic' Mollic' Solonchaks' (subproxi, dark)] from recent fluviatile or fluvio-lacustrine deposits

[CH' ng'.sz'.so'-dk @ PH' ng'.sz'.so'-dk @ SC' mo'.ng'.so'-sprox.dk] r:refluvlacdep

397 SC/1 Solonceacuri (pe depozite continentale) si soloneturi salinizate

SC * r:dcontl + SN sc [* Proxihypersalic' Solonchaks' @ * Proxihypersalic' Vertisols' (ochrA)] from continental deposits + [Epihypersalic' Natric' Solonetz' (ochrA) @ Salic' Natric' Solonetz' (ochrA)]

[SC' * hsx' @ VR' * hsx'-oA] r:contldep + [SN' na'.hsp'-oA @ SN' na'.sz'-oA]

410 VSgz-ac/a Vertisoluri gleizate-alcalizate pe depozite fluviatile si fluvio-lacustre recente

VS gz-ac r:dfluvlacre Sodic' Hypogleyic' Vertisols' (vertipellic) from recent fluviatile or fluvio-lacustrine deposits

VR' glw'.so'-vrtpe r:refluvlacdep

440 Nc/2- Nisipuri, psamosoluri si cernoziomuri cambice, pe nisipuri (relief valurit eolian)

[#N contl + PS * r:nisip + CC * r:nisip] l:relveol

[Protic Arenosols' continental ~sands~ + [* Arenosols' ochrA @ [* Arenic' Phaeozems' @ * Arenic' Gleysols' (ochrA) @ * Arenic' Solonchaks' (subproxi)] ] from sands + [* Cambic' Chernozems' (dark) @ * Cambic' Phaeozems' (dark) @ * Cambic' Mollic' Solonchaks' (subproxi, dark)] from sands] on aeolian undulating landforms

[AR' pr contl ~sands~ + [AR' * oA @ [PH' * ar' @ GL' * ar'-oA @ SC' * ar'-sprox] ] r:sand + [CH' * cm'-dk @ PH' * cm'-dk @ SC' * mo'.cm'-sprox.dk] r:sand] l:aeolundullandform

458 SAls Soluri aluviale litice, uneori gleizate, (pe conuri de dejectie)

[SA ls / SA ls-gz f:uneori] l:condej

[Epileptic' Fluvisols' (ochrA) / Hypogleyic' Epileptic' Fluvisols' (ochrA) seldom] on sedimentary dejection cones

[FL' el'-oA / FL' el'.glw'-oA f:seldom] l:dejcone

469 TB/d/1 Soluri turboase, districe si turbe oligotrofe

TB * distric + #T otrof * Dystric' Histic' Histosols + Dystric' Histic' Histosols ~peats~ HS * hi'.dy' + HS hi'.dy' ~peats~

472 CZxf/k (Xk)

Cernoziomuri xeroforestice (castanii) carbonatice, sub paduri xerofile si sibleacuri

CZ xf kar u:padxe Proxicalcaric Xeroforestic^ Chernozems' (dark) in xerophile forest/shrub land

CH' xef^.cax-dk u:xeforest

635

4. These differences led to some important conclusions, regarding the translation of the SMR-200 Legend into the WRB system: - In the case of the SMR-200 (and probably of the most soil maps that were defined

earlier than the WRB) a direct precise translation into the WRB is not possible; - The soil re-classification using the WRB, based on the primary information used in

original SRCS classification, is also not possible because of some missing information requested by the WRB and not needed by the SRCS.

- To have a WRB standard description of the SMR-200, its SMUs need be redefined using standard WRB terms, a lot of additional soil surveys are necessary to obtain the missing data and a lot of new contours of areals need be re-established according to the new definitions of SMUs. Such a re-mapping solution practically is not feasible.

5. To obtain an international translation of the SMR-200 Legend usable and as accurate as possible, an appropriate solution is the definition of variants of the WRB standard terms accordingly to the SRCS definitions of the corresponding terms. In this respect, the WRB was extended with WRB-like terms specific to SRCS, obtaining the SRCS-extended WRB. The appropriate translation dictionaries were established containing not-modified WRB terms, slightly-modified WRB terms and new-defined WRB-like terms. The modified terms are named with the original WRB name having one or two apostrophes as the last character(s) and the new-defined terms are named using the WRB nomenclature system. By removing the apostrophes and eliminating the new-defined terms from a SRCS-extended WRB translation, an approximation as good as possible of the translation into the standard WRB can be obtained.

6. In the case of the soil map legends having a large number of complex soil mapping units, by using together a formalised Notation, an appropriate translation dictionary and a computer program, a hard and huge part of the work for their translation is eliminated. However, also in that case, the expert reviewing of the automatic translation output is necessary.

7. To translate the soil typological units defined in a medium-scale soil map (like the SMR-200) into the WRB system, three categories of qualifiers are proposed: primary (most relevant, used as prefix qualifiers), secondary (others needed for translation of the higher level taxa, used as suffix qualifiers) and low-level qualifiers (the others). By strictly applying the WRB standard designation of the qualifiers as prefix and suffix, some relevance of translation is lost. Also, different WRB qualifiers possibly need be placed in different taxon levels. In order to translate the earlier-defined soil map legends, using the two WRB standard categories and defining only a third category of the WRB to accommodate local diversity at country level, seems not to be a feasible solution. A hierarchy of three levels could be established only for the new-designed local/national soil classification systems, which in that way could partly loose the links with the traditional definitions / terms.

8. The SRCS-extended WRB version of the SMR-200 Legend and the SRCS SRCS-extended WRB translation dictionaries are useful both to the Romanian soil scientists and practitioners that want to internationally describe the Romanian soils, and to the soil scientists and practitioners without knowledge of the Romanian language that want to use the SMR-200 or other soil maps described in the SRCS system terms.

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