D2105 Limba Engleza II_I Pacurar

8/13/2019 D2105 Limba Engleza II_I Pacurar

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ENGLISH ESSENTI LS

NOTE DE CURSANUL II

CORINA PACURAR


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CONTENTS

Chapter one..4I1. Function.4

I2. Form .....5

I3. Position..5

I4. Types of adverb6

I5. Comparison8

Test paper ..11

Chapter two The pronoun13

II1. Personal pronoun..13

II2. Demonstrative pronoun15II3. Possessive pronoun16

II4. Interrogative pronoun...18

II5. Reflexive pronoun..20

II6. Reciprocal pronoun21

II7. Indefinite pronoun.22

Test paper25

Chapter three The preposition, conjunction and interjection26

III1. The preposition.26III2. The conjunction27

III3. The interjection.29

Test paper.31

Appendix 133

Appendix 235

Bibliography.39


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We continue our work, ENGLISH ESSENTIALS, with three new chapters,

THE ADVERB, THE PRONOUN, THE PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION

AND THE INTERJECTION.

As seen in the title of each chapter, we offer quick and convenient guidance to thefundamentals of the English language. Students must gain knowledge of these new

parts of speech. They must be sure to make a difference between adverbs andadjectives, which can be very confusing! They will know all types of pronoun,

when you say meor mineorI. Also, the shortest words in English will finally havea definition!

We still use our pictures; you remember them from the first course:

when we give examples. This way, you find them very easy!!

when we want to emphasize something important.

this announces a test paper!

announces the objectives of the chapter.


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I. THE ADVERB

This chapter will teach the students to make a difference between

adjectives and adverbs. You will learn about the functions, forms and position ofadverbs, also how to make comparisons.

An adverbis a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb qualifies ormodifiesa verb(The man ranquickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives

(Tara is reallybeautiful), or even other adverbs(It works verywell).Many different kinds of word are called adverbs. We can usually recognize an

adverb by:

1. Function (Job)2. Form3. Position

I1. Function

The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs,

adjectives and other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in boldandthe word that it modifies is in italics.

Modify a verb:- Tomspeaksloudly. (How does Tom speak?)

- Susan liveslocally. (Where does Susan live?)- Mom neversmokes. (When does mom smoke?)

Modify an adjective:- He is reallyhandsome.

Modify another adverb:- Grandma drives incrediblyslowly.

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:

Modify a whole sentence:- Obviously,I can't know everything.


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Modify a prepositional phrase:- It's immediatelyinside the door.

I2. Form

Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -lyto the adjective.

Here are some examples:

quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestinglyBut not all words that end in -lyare adverbs.Friendly, for example, is an adjective.

Goodis an adjective and is always used as an adjective. Never usegoodto modifya verb.

I feel good. (referring to the condition of the subject)Well is both an adjective, meaning in good health, and an adverb of manner,answering the question howsomething is done.

I feel well. (referring to the condition of the subject) She writes well. (modifies the verb)

Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:

well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

I3. Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:Front(before the subject):

Nowwe will study adverbs.Middle(between the subject and the main verb):

We oftenstudy adverbs.End(after the verb or object):

We study adverbs carefully.In general, avoid splitting a verb phrase when using an adverb. While the rule is notcarved in stone, it is a good one to keep in mind.


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I4. Types of Adverbs:

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency answer the question How often?or How frequently?

They tell us how often somebody does something. often, rarely, sometimes, usually, seldom, etc.

Adverbs of frequency come beforethe main verb (except the main verb tobe):

We usuallygo shopping on Saturday.

I have oftendone that. She is alwayslate.

Occasionally,sometimes, often,frequentlyand usuallycan also go at the beginning

or end of a sentence:

Sometimesthey come and stay with us.

I play football occasionally.Rarelyandseldomcan also go at the end of a sentence (often with very):

We see them rarely. John eats fruit very seldom.

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place indicate position. They answer to the question: Where?

here, there, in the room, on the table, etc.


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Adverbs of place come afterthe main verb, direct object (if there is one) or adverbof manner (if there is one):

Marysearchedeverywhere, but she couldnt find her ring. I took the childrento the zoo. They were playing happilyin the garden.

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time indicate the time at which something happened. They answer to

the question: When?

then, yet, still, now, today, in the afternoon, etc.Adverbs of time are placed at the very beginning of the clause or at its very end.

The end position is more usual.

Last week I met his girl friend. Mom and dad went to the opera yesterday.

Note:-stillis placed before the main verb or after the verb to be:

He still thinkshe is the best in his class. Heisstill in denial.

-yetis placed at the end of the sentence.

Tom hasnt come yet. Are we there yet? (usually with a negative answer)


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Adverbs of Time/ Frequency (When?)

always frequently occasionally

before never often

eventually now once

forever Monday seldom

Adverbs of Place/ Direction (Where?)

across in there

around out through

backward over under

here sideways upstairs

Adverbs of Degree ( How much?)

completely less nearly

entirely mildly somewhat

excessively most thoroughly

however much

Adverbs of Manner ( How?)

beautifully equally thankfully

carefully handily quickly

coldly hotly resentfully

earnestly nicely tirelessly

Adverbs indicating time, direction, place, or degree may look the same as nouns,prepositions or adjectives.

I5. Comparison of Adverbs

Normally adverbs of two or more syllables form the comparative with more and

the superlative with most.


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Adverbs that are identical in form with adjectives: fast, hard, late, long, quick,high, far, deep, near use the endings -erfor the comparative and-estfor the superlative.

Tom must study harderfor this exam. You can drive faster. My daughter danced more gracefullythan ever.

! Do not use the double negative!

The term double negative refers to the use of two negatives to express a single

negation. Like the double comparison, the double negative is grammaticallyredundant.

If used with an unnecessary negative such as not, nothing, or without, the adverbshardly, barely, andscarcelyare still considered unacceptable.

Incorrect:

I couldnt hardlyquit in the middle of the job.The motion passed without scarcelya protest.

Correct:

I could hardlyquit in the middle of the job.The motion passed with scarcelya protest.

Bibliography

1. Baugh, L. Sue,Essentials of English Grammar, McGraw-Hill Inc, NY, 20052. Zdrenghea, M. Mihai; Greere, L. Anca;APractical English Grammar with

Exercises, Ed. Cusium, Cluj-Napoca 1999


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3. http:// esl.about.com.


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TEST PAPER

1.Translate into English:

a) Unchiul meu care a murit mi-a lasat o gramada de bani mostenire.

b) E foarte ciudat ca el sa intarzie.c) A desent o linie abia vizibila.

d) E alb ca varul, in curand va lesina.

2.Choose the suitable word in brackets:

a) (pleasant, pleasantly) We had a time in Mamaia.b) (clear, clearly) Jim spoke very when he told us about that.

c) (thorough, thoroughly) I cleaned the car that very day.

d) (pleasant, pleasantly) The man was smiling at the baby.e) (soft, softly) Yes, she said in a voice.f) (soft, softly) Yes, she said

3.Choose the meaning that fits the sentence, write a letter in the box:

(www.English.org)

1.a.-He only ate a bit of bread.

b.-Only he ate a bit of bread.

Nobody else ate it.

2.a.-Honestly, do you think he will get it?b.-Do you think he will get it honestly?

I want your sincere opinion.

3.a.-Frankly, she doesnt want to talk about that.b.-She doesnt want to talk about that frankly.

To tell you the truth, she doesnt feel like talking.4.a.-We have often told them not to do that .

b.-We have told them not to do that often .We dont want them to repeat the same action so many times.

5.a.-Mary only promised to write once a month.

b.- Only Mary promised to write once a month.

Nobody else said they were going to write.

6.a.-I dont really like his parents.

b.-I really dont like his parents.


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I dont like them at all.

7.a.-Has he come late?b.-Has he come lately

Was he late?

8.a.-Just wait here.b.-Wait just here.

Dont do anything else.9.a.-This is her last play.

b.-This is her latest play.

She isnt going to write more plays.

10.a.-At length, I wrote to the manager of the company and complained.

b.-I wrote to the manger of the company at length and complained

It was a long letter

II. THE PRONOUN


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Like nouns, pronouns can be used to refer to a person, place or thing.

Students learn how to substitute persons, places or things, how to expresspossession, or how to refer to unspecified people.

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun

instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some,each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We

would have to say things like:

Do you like the new teacher? I don't like the new teacher. The new teacher istoo pompous.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you like the new teacher? I dont like him. Heis too pompous.

II1. Personal PronounsPersonal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:

number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we) person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)

number person gender personal pronouns

subject object

singular 1st male/female I me

2nd male/female you you

3rd male he him

female she her

neuter it it

plural 1st male/female we us

2nd male/female you you

3rd male/female/neuter they them


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gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it) case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

We use personal pronouns in place of the personor peoplethat we are talking

about.

Here are the personal pronouns:

Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second anobject pronoun):

Ilike chocolate.

Tom called me.

Do youlike chocolate? Tom likes you. Heruns fast. Did Tom call him? Sheis beautiful. Does Tom like her? Itdoesnt work. Can daddy repair it? Wewent for a walk. Susan invited us. Do youneed a table for four? Did Tom and Susan beat youat doubles? Theyplayed tennis. Tom and Susan beat them.

When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it.We often use itto introduce a remark:


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Itis nice to have a holiday sometimes. Itis important to be educated. Its difficult to raise a child. Is itnormal to see them together?

We also often use itto talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:

Its raining. Itwill probably be cold this week. Is itnine o'clock yet? It's 20 kilometers from here to the next village.

II2. Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:((to demonstrate -verb:

to show; to indicate; to point to)

near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those)

near far

singular this that

plural these those

Here are some examples with demonstrative pronouns:


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You can eatthis. Have you read this? Theseare bad times. Do you like these? Thatis something new. Look at that! Thosewere the days! Can you see those? Thisis longer than that. Theseare better than those.

II3. Possessive Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things

(the antecedent) belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an

animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:

number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours) person: 1st person (eg:mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his) gender: male (his), female (hers)

Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Notice

that each possessive pronoun can:

be subject orobject refer to a singular orplural antecedent

number person gender (of "owner") possessive pronouns


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singular 1st male/female mine

2nd male/female yours

3rd male his

female hers

plural 1st male/female ours

2nd male/female yours

3rd male/female/neuter theirs

All these houses are so small. Mineis the big one. (subject = My house) I like your dress. Do you like mine? (object = my dress) I went to the post office. I posted my letter but I forgot to post yours. (object

= your letter)

My house is so big. Yoursis so small. (subject = Your house) All the essays were good but hiswas the best. (subject = his essay) Tom wrote his vows but Susan didnt write hers. (object = her vows) These are your tickets. Oursare at home. (subject = Our tickets) Each couples books are color-coded. Yoursare red. (subject = Your books) I don't like this familys garden but I like yours. (object = your garden) These arent John and Marys children. Theirshave black hair. (subject =

Their children)

John and Mary dont like your car. Do you like theirs? (object = their car)Whose can also be a possessive pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).Look at these examples:


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This car is new, whose is it? I wonder whose dress is the most beautiful.

II4. Interrogative Pronouns

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronounrepresents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).

The interrogative pronouns are invariable for gender and number.

There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which

Notice that thepossessive pronoun whosecan also be an interrogative pronoun (aninterrogative possessive pronoun).

subject object

person who whom

thing what

person/thing which

person whose (possessive)

Notice that whomis the correct form when the pronoun is the object of the verb, as

in Whomdid you see? (I saw John.) However, in normal, spoken English we

rarely use whom. Most native speakers would say (or even write): Whodid you

see?

Look at these example questions. In the sample answers, the noun phrase that the

interrogative pronoun represents is shown in bold.

question answer

Whotold you? Tom told me. subject
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-possessive.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-possessive.htm


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Whomdid you tell? I told Susan. object

What's happened? An accident's happened. subject

Whatdo you want? I want milk. object

Whichcame first? The Mercedescame first. subject

Whichwill the doctor see first? The doctor will see the

childfirst.

object

There's one car missing. Whosehasn't

arrived?

Tom's (car)hasn't arrived. subject

Weve found everyone's paper. Whosedid

you find?

I found Tom's (paper). object

Sometimes we use the suffix -everto make compounds from some of thesepronouns (mainly whoever, whatever, whichever). When we add -ever, we use it

for emphasis, often to show confusion, anger or surprise. Look at these examples

Whoeverwould want to do such a horrible thing? Whateverdid you do to upset her like that? They're all beautiful! Whicheverwill you choose?

II5. Reflexive Pronouns


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We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subjectof the

sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in -self (singular) or -selves(plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns: (reflexive -adj. : reflecting back on the subject,like a mirror)

reflexive pronoun

singular myself

yourself

himself, herself, itself

plural ourselves

yourselvesthemselves

Examples:

I see myselfin the mirror. You cut yourselfshaving. He sent himselfthe letter. Children cannot look after themselves.

All the above reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns. An intensivepronoun emphasizes its antecedent. Look at these examples:

I made it myself. I myselfmade it. Have you yourselfseen it? ORHave you seen it yourself? The President himselfpromised to stop the war. She spoke to me herself. ORShe herselfspoke to me. The exam itselfwasn't difficult, but exam room was horrible. Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.


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You yourselvesasked us to do it. They recommend this book even though they themselveshave never read it.

ORThey recommend this book even though they have never read itthemselves.

II6. Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects is acting in the

same way towards the other. For example, I am talking to You, and You are talkingto Me. So we say:

A and B are talking to each other.The action is reciprocated. Tom talks to Susan and Susan talks to Tom. I keepyour secret and you keep my secret.

There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words:

each other one another

When we use these reciprocal pronouns:

there must be two or morepeople, things or groups involved (so we cannotuse reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and

they must be doing the same thing

Examples:

John and Mary love each other. Peter and David hate each other. The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. Both teams played hard against each other. We gave each other gifts. Why dont you believe each other? They cant see each other. The gangsters were fighting one another. The boats were bumping against each other in the storm.


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In general we use each other more often than one another, which sounds a little

formal.

II7. Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It isvague and not definite. Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything,

few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Remember! Do not use double negatives!Incorrect:

He did notkeep norecords.

Mary did notsee nobodyin the room.

Correct:

He did notkeep any records. (or: He kept norecords.)Mary did not see anybody in the room. (or: Mary saw nobodyin the room.)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. Some of them can be

singular in one context and plural in another.

Examples:

Singular:

another an additional or different person or thing anybody /anyone no matter what person anything no matter what thing each every one of two or more people or things, seen

separately

either one or the other of two people or things enough as much or as many as needed everybody/ everyone all people everything all things less a smaller amount little a small amount much a large amount


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neither not one and not the other of two people or things nobody/no-one no person nothing no single thing, not anything one an unidentified person other a different person or thing from one alreadymentioned somebody/someone an unspecified or unknown person something an unspecified or unknown thing you an unidentified person (informal)

Plural:

both two people or things, seen together few a small number of people or things fewer a reduced number of people or things many a large number of people or things others other people; not us several more than two but not many they people in general, informal

Singular or plural:

all the whole quantity of something or of some things or people any no matter how much or how many more a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things most the majority; nearly all none not any; no person or persons some an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of

people or things

such of the type already mentioned

Examples:

This apple is rotten, I would like another.


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Is there anybody who can answer my question? Is anything wrong? Each will receive a ticket. Its you or Tom, no one else applied for this position. Either is suited. But

neither gets the job if the answers arent correct. Enough is enough, dont you agree? Everybody worksout. I guess everything is at its right place. If you eat red meat, less is healthy. Little is known about her boy friend. Nothing matters to you. Dont drink somuch, one getsthe idea youre an alcoholic. Somebody was here before. Something bad is happening. I have twins! Both are red-haired! Few know the answer and fewer have the courage to spell it. Many try to win the contest. Othershave seen this movie and enjoyed it, too. All weretired, several left the room. / All isforgotten. Areany singing tonight? /Isthere any on the table? Somesayyou are wrong. / Hereissome. Most isforgiven. / I invited my class, most havearrived.

Bibliography

1. Baugh, L. Sue,Essentials of English Grammar, McGraw-Hill Inc, NY, 20052. Thurman, Susan; Grammar and Style Book, Adamsmedia, Avon,

Massachusetts, 2008

3. Zdrenghea, M. Mihai; Greere, L. Anca;APractical English Grammar withExercises, Ed. Clusium, Cluj-Napoca 1999

TEST PAPER (www.english.org)


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Exercise A

Fill out the correct possessive pronoun!

1. I have a bike. Its bike.

2. Mum and I have a boat. Its boat.

3. The horse has an apple. Its apple.

4. John and Max have a skateboard. It's skateboard.

6. You have a dog. Its dog.

7. Max and you have a dad. Its dad.

Exercise B

Fill out the correct possessive pronoun!

1. I have a dog. That dog is !

2. She has a cat. That cat is !

3. We have a car. That car is !

4. They have a bike. That bike is !

5. He has a key. That key is !

6. You have a hat. That hat is !

Exercise C

Fill out the correct personal pronoun!

1. My name is Andrea. am 10 years old.

2. Pedro and Pablo are my friends. are from Mexico.

3. Pedro and Pablo look alike and mostpeople ask them, Are twins?

4. Pedro and I like to play tennis. play at the club.

5. Pablo likes to play football. plays with his neighbors.

6. Linda is my sister. does not like sports.

7. My older brother has a horse. is a gentle mare.

8. He asked, Linda, do want to go horseback riding?

III. PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS AND

INTERJECTIONS

....

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.........

....

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......

....

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How many times did you confuse in with at or beyond with behind?

Now you will learn some rules to use them correctly. Also, some funny interjectionsmay come at handy, you never know!

III1. Prepositions

A preposition is a word that linksa noun or pronoun to some other word in a

sentence. We can call prepositions connecting words that show the relationshipamong words in a sentence.

Examples:

Jack and Jill went upthe hill. (upis the preposition connecting wentandhill)

Little Mary sat in a corner. ( inis a preposition connectingsatand corner)The most common prepositions

about behind down off to

above below during on toward

across beneath except onto under

after beside for out underneath

against between from outside until

along beyond in over up

among but inside past upon

around by into since with

at concerning like through within

before despite of throughout without

Some prepositions (called compound prepositions) consist of more than one word,like in spite of,next to, on top of, and together with.

Prepositions are among the most overworked words in English grammar. Use the

following guidelines to avoid committing two of the more common errors.


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1. Avoid putting unnecessary prepositions at the end of the sentenceIncorrect: Where are my keys at?Correct: Where are my keys?

Incorrect:Can I go with?

Correct: Can I go? Can I gowithyou?

2. In formal writing and business communications, avoid putting thepreposition at the end of a sentence. Rewrite the sentence so that it has acorrect prepositional phrase.

Avoid: They were not sure which college they should apply to.

Better: They were not suretowhich college they should apply.

III2. Conjunctions

A conjunctionlinkswords or group of words to otherparts of the sentence andshows the relationship between them. Conjunctions are divided into three

categories: coordinating, correlative and subordinating.

A.Coordinating conjunctionsinclude and,but,or,nor,for,soandyet. Theyjoin two or more elements of equal rank.

Examples:

The telescope andits lens were repaired. (nouns)


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We drank andate till midnight. (verbs) She is a sore butvictorious player tonight. (adjectives) You can work quickly orthoroughly. (adverbs) He andI never agree. (pronouns) Jane went home andfound her husband cooking for her. ( clauses)

B. Correlative conjunctionscannot stand alone; they must have a relative

nearby, usually in the same sentence. They are coordinating conjunctions used inpairs and include both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/also, and not only/but

also. Correlative conjunctions also join elements of equal rank and you have tomake sure that the elements following each part of the construction are truly equal.

Examples:

Tell eitherJohn orJack about the party. (nouns) She isbothlaughing and crying at the same time. (verbs) The new boss was neitherhostile norfriendly. (adjectives)

C. Subordinating conjunctionsjoin elements of unequal rank in a sentence. They

can be used to introduce a sentence as well as to join elements within it.

Following is a list of commonly used subordinating conjunctions:

after how than

although if that

as in order that though

as if in that unless

as long as inasmuch as until

as much as now that when

as soon as once where

assumingthat

providingthat

whenever

because since wherever

before so long as whether

even though so that while


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III3. Interjections

Hey, you dont know what an interjection is? Its a word or phrase that expressesemotionor is used to catch the readers attention. If an interjection is part of a

sentence, it doesnt have a relation to other words in the sentence;if you take it out,the meaning of the sentence remains unchanged.

Examples:

Ouch! did you step on my toe? (strong interjection punctuated with anexclamation point)

Hey, how are you? (mild interjection set off by comma)

A note of caution: use interjections with moderation, if at all!

Here are some of the most common interjections:

ah hey no way

alas hooray oh

congratulations hurry ouch

good grief my goodness outstanding

great never ugh

help no wow

Bibliography

1. Marius, Richard; Wiener, S. Harvey; The McGraw-Hill College Handbook,4thedition, McGraw-Hill Inc, NY, 1994

2. Thurman, Susan; Grammar and Style Book, Adamsmedia, Avon,Massachusetts, 2008


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TEST PAPER 1

Insert prepositions at/on/in (www.english.org.)

1. I get up 7 oclock every day.

2. I was born 21 May.

....

....


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3. Mary likes to go to the seaside summer.

4. Steve reads the newspaper the morning.

5. We are going to the picnic the weekend.

6. My mother is home now, but Im work.7. My friend was born 1975.

8. I will be back 5 minutes.

9. His brother is going to get married the age of 25.

10. We have English lessons Monday and Wednesday.

11. They are busy the moment.

12. Olga and Nick arrived the same time.

TEST PAPER 2

Rewrite the sentences using the paired conjunctions given in brackets.

Make any necessary changes. DO NOT USE ANY PUNCTUATION MARKS!

Example:

Tom doesnt lie to his friends. Paul doesnt either. (neither...nor)Neither Tom nor Paul l ies to their fr iends.1. Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda.

(both...and)

2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen?

(either...or)3. We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths.

(not only...but also)4. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem.

(neither...nor)

5. Ive betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me.

(not only...but also)6. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood.

(both...and)

....

....

....

.... ....

....

....

....

.... ....

....

....


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7. Brian isnt very considerate. Neither is Tom.

(neither...nor)8. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving.

(both...and)9. Rachel should apologies or leave.

(either...or)

10. Richard and John didnt keep her secret.(neither...nor)

boufriendshipBOTH...AND / EITHER...OR / NEITHER...NOR / NOT ONLY...BUT A

Appendix 1

There are no fixed rules for forming the past tense and past and present participle of

irregular verbs. It is necessary to memorize the forms and to keep a good dictionary


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handy. For reference, some of the most commonly used irregular verbs are listed

here.

Basic Form Past Tense Past Participle Present

Participle

be was been being

begin began begun beginning

bite bit bitten biting

blow blew blown blowing

break broke broken breaking

bring brought brought bringing

burst burst burst bursting

buy bought bought buying

catch caught caught catching

come came come comingdo did done doing

draw drew drown drawing

drink drank drunk drinking

drive drove driven driving

eat ate eaten eating

fall fell fallen falling

fight fought fought fighting

flee fled fled fleeing

fly flew flown flyingforget forgot forgotten forgetting

get got got/gotten getting

go went gone going

hang hung/hanged hung/hanged hanging

hide hid hidden hiding

know knew known knowing

lay laid laid laying

leave left left leaving

lend lent lent lendinglie lay lain lying

lose lost lost losing

lost lost lost losing

pay paid paid paying

ride rode ridden riding

ring rang rung ringing


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rise rose risen rising

run ran run running

see saw seen seeing

set set set setting

shake shook shaken shakingshine shone shone shining

shrink shrank shrunk shrinking

sit sat sat sitting

speak spoke spoken speaking

steal stole stolen stealing

strike struck struck striking

take took taken taking

tear tore torn tearing

throw threw thrown throwing

wear wore worn wearing

write wrote written writing

Appendix 2

The meaning and spelling of the following words are commonly confused. Practiceusing them until the correct usage is familiar to you.

accept, except

accept-to take, to agreeI accept the offer.

except-excluding, omittingEveryone left except me.


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advice, advise

advice-opinion, counsel

She needs your advice.advise-to counsel

Please advise him of his rights.

affect, effect

affect- to influence, change

Inflation always affects our level of income.effect-(n.) impression, results; (v.) to cause

The computer has had a profound effect on our everyday lives.It has effected a complete change in the way we do business.

imply, inferimply- to suggestAre you implying that I was at the scene of the crime?

infer- to deduce from evidence

Your gloves were found in the room, we infer that you visited the deceased

sometime last night.

its, its

its- contraction of it is or it has

Its [is has] been a long day.

its- possessive form of the pronoun itWhen the ship fired its guns, the blast was deafening.

later, latter

later- after a time

Theyll mail it later today.latter- last mentioned of two

If its a choice between the beach and the mountains, Ill takethe latter.

lead, led, leadlead-(v.) to go before; (adj.) first

The boys always lead the rush to the beach.led-(v., past tense of lead) went before

They led the parade playing their kazoos.lead-(n.) heavy metal; graphite

The paperweight is made of lead.


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lie, lay

lie- to rest or recline (lie, lay, lain)

The cat always lies down on my sweater. Yesterday he lay on it all day. I wish hehad lain somewhere else.

lay- to put or place something (lay, laid, laid)

I will lay the sweater on the couch. Yesterday I laid it there without thinking aboutthe cat. I have laid it there many times.

lose, loose, loss

lose- misplace

Dont lose the tickets.loose- not fastened down; release

The screw is loose on the showerhead,

loss- deprivationHis leaving was a loss to the company.

past passed

past-(n., adj.) preceding

The past president gave the gavel to the new president.passed- (v., past tense of pass) went by; gone by

We passed my cousin on the road.

personal, personnel

personal- individualCan I ask you a personal question?

personnel- a department; workersThe human resources (personnel) office keeps records on all company personnel.

precede, proceed

precede- to come before

My older brother precedes me by one grade at school.proceed- to go ahead

We can proceed with your game as soon as the weather clears.

principle, principal

principle- rule, standard

Sound principles can help you make good decisions.


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principal-(adj.) main, chief; (n.) superintendent

Ill never forget my grade school principal, Mr. Harvey.

quiet, quite

quiet- silent

The valley is quiet as dusk.

quite- completelyHe was quite upset with himself for losing the race.

rise, raise

rise-(v.) to go up, to get up; (n.) reaction

The moon rises later each night.raise-(v.) to lift, bring up; (n.) an increase

Raise the picture a little higher.

sit, set

sit- to rest in an upright position

We had to sit on the plane for three hours before we took off.

set- to put or place something

They set the coffee on the table.

stationary, stationery

stationary- still, fixed

The chair is stationary.

stationery- letter paperHe took out a sheet of stationery and wrote a letter.

than, then

than- after a comparison; when

Vivian is taller than Kelly.then- nest; in that case

She took Freds order and then mine.

that, which

that- used to introduce a phrase or clause essential to the meaning of the sentence;not set off by commas

The shipment that arrived yesterday had to be returned.We ate the 15 doughnuts that Jan brought to work in the morning.

which- used to refer to a specific noun or pronoun and to introduce a phrase orclause not essential to the meaning of the sentence; usually set off my commas

We ate 15 doughnuts, which was 15 too many.


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The shipment, which arrived yesterday, had to be returned.

Exception: thator whichcan at times be used interchangeably to avoid too manyrepetitions of either word in a sentence.

there, their, theyre

there- a place

The book has to be on the table, I saw it there just a minute ago.their- possessive form of they

Why dont theytake their skateboards and go home?

theyre- contraction of they areTheyre upset that the watermelon fell of the table.

weather, whether

weather- climate

The weather has been changing slowly over the past fifty years.whether- if; regardlessThey have to know whether you are going. You should tell them whether you fell

like it or not.

whos, whose

whos- contraction of who is or who was

Do you know whos [who is] coming to the party tonight? No, I dont know whos[who has] been invited.

whose- possessive form of who

Whose purple car is parked outside out house?

youre, youryoure- contraction of you are

Youre going to be late for dinner.

your- possessive form of youYour dinner is cold.

Bibliography

1. Baugh, L. Sue,Essentials of English Grammar, McGraw-Hill Inc, NY, 20052. Hodges, C. John; Horner, B. Winifred; Miller, Robert; Webb, S. Suzanne;

Whitten, E. Mary;Harbrace College Handbook, 11thedition, Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich Publishers, Orlando Flo, 1990


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3. Marius, Richard; Wiener, S. Harvey; The McGraw-Hill College Handbook,4thedition, McGraw-Hill Inc, NY, 1994

4. Thurman, Susan; Grammar and Style Book, Adamsmedia, Avon,Masachusetts, 2008

5. Zdrenghea, M. Mihai; Greere, L. Anca;APractical English Grammar withExercises, Ed. Cusium, Cluj-Napoca 1999

6. http:// esl.about.com.7. http://www.4hb.com


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