UNIVERSITATEA DIN BACU

FACULTATEA DE LITERE

BACU 2007

COORDONATOR: prof.univ.dr.Cmeciu Doina AUTORI: Asist.univ.drd. Andrioai Gabriela: II.1.1.; II.2.2.1-4; II.2.7.5-8; III.1.1.7-8 ; III.1.6.2-3. Conf.univ.dr. Bonta Elena: I.2; I.3; I.4; III.1.1.3-.4; III.1.1.11 ; III.11. Asist.univ.drd. Bonta Raluca: III.1.1.1-2 ; III.1.1.10; III.1.1.3. Lect.univ.dr. Cmeciu Camelia Mihaela: III.1.1.10; III.1.1.5; III.I.1.2. Prof.univ.dr. Cmeciu Doina: I.1; III.11; III.2; III.3; III.5. Asist.univ.drd. Corban Carmen Diana: II.2.3.1-5; II.2.6.1-2; III.2-4. Asist.univ.drd. Culea Mihaela: II.2.5.5-10; II.2.7.1-4; III.1.1.11; III.1.5; III.5-6. Asist.univ.drd. Dinulescu Mariana Alexandra: III.1.4-5; III.1.6.1. Asist.univ.drd. Horubet Mircea: III.1.1.9; III.1.1.1-2. Asist.univ.drd. Morarasu Nadia Nicoleta: I.4; II.1.1-3; II.2.2.5.1-4; III.1.6.1-3. Asist.univ.drd. Nica Ioana: II.2.4.1-5; II.2.6.3-5; III.1.1.1-2; III.1.1.5-6. Asist.univ.drd. Popescu Roxana-Iuliana: II.2.1.1.-6; III.1.1.10; III.7-10.

CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I GENERAL ENGLISH TOPICS

I.1. Education in Great Britain................................................................................................ 7 I.2. Shopping in London.................................................................................................... ....16 I.3. Getting to Great Britain & Away.................................................................................... 24 I.4. Engineering Jobs and Career Opportunities................................................................... .33

PART II TECHNICAL ENGLISH TOPICS II.1. GENERAL TECHNICAL TEXTS

II.1.1. The Importance of Learning Engineering English or Technical English.............50 II.1.2. The Industrial Revolution.....................................................................................53 II.1.3. The Romanian Industry after 1990.......................................................................56

II.2. SPECIALIZED TECHNICAL TEXTS

II.2.1 TEXTS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

2.1.1. Industrial Design......................................................................................60 2.1.2. Automotive Design..................................................................................64 2.1.3. Graphic Design........................................................................................68 2.1.4. Driving an Electric Car............................................................................71 2.1.5. Cigarette Pack Graphics..........................................................................74 2.1.6. Denim......................................................................................................78

II.2.2. TEXTS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENERGETICS AND MECATHRONIC ENGINEERING 2.2.1. How Radar Works....................................................................................84 2.2.2. The Electric Circuit and its Elements.......................................................87

2.2.3. Electrical Generators................................................................................90 2.2.4. Random Noise in Electronic Devices.......................................................93

II.2.3. TEXTS FOR INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT 2.3.1. Management.............................................................................................96 2.3.2. Management Historical Development (1).............................................99 2.3.3. Management Historical Development (2)...........................................102 2.3.4. Industrial Management...........................................................................106 2.3.5. Quality Management..............................................................................110 II.2.4. TEXTS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.4.1. Mechanics...............................................................................................114 2.4.2. Determination of Velocity Ratio............................................................119 2.4.3. Aeroplane Crashes..................................................................................123 2.4.4. Train Crashes..........................................................................................127 2.4.5. Sea Collisions.........................................................................................131

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II.2.5. TEXTS FOR CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING

2.5.1. Acids, Bases and Salts...........................................................................135 2.5.2. Oxidation and Reduction........................................................................137

2.5.3. Catalysis.................................................................................................140 2.5.4. Aminoacids and Proteins........................................................................143 2.5.5. Food Fats................................................................................................146 2.5.6. Can Honey Heal?....................................................................................149

2.5.7. Are You Looking After Yourself? ........................................................153 2.5.8. The Humble Spud...................................................................................157 2.5.9. Eating Out Some Rules For Diners.....................................................160 2.5.10. Food Poisoning.....................................................................................163 II.2.6. TEXTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

2.6.1. Development of Environmental Engineering........................................166 2.6.2. The Scope of Environmental Engineering.............................................169 2.6.3. Micrometereology..................................................................................173 2.6.4. Earthquakes (1).......................................................................................176 2.6.5. Earthquakes (2).......................................................................................179

II.2.7. TEXTS FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

2.7.1. The Era of Communication...................................................................182 2.7.2. Microchips: A Look to the Future.........................................................186 2.7.3. Computer Viruses..................................................................................191 2.7.4. Messaging..............................................................................................195 2.7.5. Sampled-Data Systems..........................................................................198 2.7.6. Stored-Program Concept.......................................................................201 2.7.7. Time Sharing.........................................................................................204 2.7.8. Error Detection......................................................................................207

PART III ENGLISH GRAMMAR (THEORY AND PRACTICE) III.1. THE VERB

III.1.1. THE INDICATIVE MOOD 1.1.1. The Present Tense Simple......................................................................211 1.1.2. The Present Tense Progressive...............................................................213 1.1.3. The Past Tense Simple...........................................................................218 1.1.4. The Past Progressive...............................................................................219 1.1.5. The Present Perfect Simple....................................................................224

1.1.6. The Present Perfect Progressive.............................................................225 1.1.7. The Past Perfect Simple..........................................................................230 1.1.8. The Past Perfect Continuous..................................................................231 1.1.9. The Future and Futurity.........................................................................236 1.1.10. Modals and Semimodals......................................................................243 1.1.11. The Passive Voice................................................................................254 III.1.2. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.................................................................258 III.1.3. THE CONDITIONAL MOOD................................................................261 III.1.4. THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES..............................................................267

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III.1.5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT/ REPORTED SPEECH..........................274 III.1.6. NONFINITE FORMS

1.6.1. The Infinitive..........................................................................................280 1.6.2. The Participle..........................................................................................281 1.6.3. The Gerund.............................................................................................282

III.2. THE NOUN............................................................................................................286 III.3. THE ARTICLE............................................................................................295 III.4. THE ADJECTIVE................................................................................................301 III.5. THE PRONOUN...................................................................................................308 III.6. THE NUMERAL..................................................................................................314 III.7. THE ADVERB......................................................................................................319 III.8. THE CONJUNCTION........................................................................................324 III.9. THE PREPOSITION...........................................................................................330 III.10. THE INTERJECTION.....................................................................................339 III.11. LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS....................................................................342 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................349

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

abbr. = abreviere. ac. = acuzativ. adj. = adjectiv adv. = adverb. agr. = agricultur. alim. = termen alimentar. AmE = engleza american. anat. = anatomie. appr. = n sens admirativ. arheol. = arheologie. arhit. = arhitectur. astr. = astronomie. auto. = auto(mobilism). autom. = automatic. av. = aviaie. biol. = n biologie. bis. = (termen) bisericesc. bot. = botanic. BrE = engleza britanic. chim. = n chimie. cib. = cibernetic. cin. = cinema. com. = comer; n domeniul comercial. comp. = gradul comparativ (d. adjective). conj. = conjuncie. constr. = construcii. d. = despre. dim. = diminutiv. disappr. = n sens peiorativ, dezaprobator. ec. = economie. el. = electricitate. ent. = entomologie. etc. = et cetera; i aa mai departe. etym. = etimologic. farm. = farmaceutic. fem. = feminin. ferov. = (termen) feroviar. fig. = n sens figurat. fin. = finane. fiz. = fizic. fiziol. = fiziologie. gen. = genitiv.

geogr. = geografie. geol. = geologie. geom. = geometrie. inf. = infinitiv. info. = n informatic. inf. = informal, neoficial. interj. = interjecie. intr. v. or v.i. = verb intranzitiv. irreg. = neregulat (d. verbe) jur. = juridic; termen legal. lit. = (uzaj) literar. man. = management. masc. = masculin. mat. = matematic. med. = medicin. met. = metalurgie. meteor. = meteorologie. mil = (termen) militar. muz. = muzic. n. = substantiv. n.ph. = expresie substantival. nav. = navigaie. nom. = nominativ. pict. = pictur. pl. = plural. pol. = politic. prep. = prepoziie. pron. = pronume. psih. = psihologie. pt. = pentru. reg. = regulat (d. verbe). rel. = religie. sg./ sing. = singular. smb. = cineva. smth. = ceva. sp. = scriere corect; ortografie. superl.= gradul superlativ (d. adjective). tehn. = termen tehnic, tehnic. tel. = telecomunicaii. tr.v. or t.v. = verb tranzitiv. usu. = de obicei. v. = verb. v.ph. = expresie verbal.

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PART I GENERAL ENGLISH TOPICS

I.1. EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain does not have any constitutional provisions for education. The system of education is determined by the National Education Acts. Schools in England are supported from public funds paid to the local education authorities which are responsible for organizing the schools in their areas. Scotland & Nothern Ireland have their own education systems.

Education in Britain mirrors the country's social system: it is class-divided and selected. The majority of schools in Britain are supported by public funds and the education provided is free. They are maintained schools, but there is also a considerable number of public schools. Most pupils go to schools which offer free education, although fee-paying independent schools also have an important role to play.

Another important feature of schooling in Britain is the variety of opportunities offered to schoolchildren. The English school syllabus is divided into Arts/or Humanities/and Sciences which determine the division of the secondary school pupils into study groups: a science pupil will study Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Technical Drawing, Biology, Geography; an Art pupil will do English Language and Literature, History, foreign languages, Music, Art, Drama. Besides these subjects they must do some general education subjects like PE, Home Economics for girls, Technical subjects for girls, General Science. Computers play an important part in education. The system of options exists in all kinds of secondary schools.

The National Education Act in 1944 provided 3 stages of education: primary, secondary and further education. Everybody has a duty to make sure that the child goes to school until he or she is 16; that means that education is compulsory from the age of 5 to 16 /11 years. There is no law which provides for education on the underfives. In England about 47% of three and four-year-olds receive education in nursery schools or classes. In addition many children attend informal pre-school play groups organized by parents and voluntary bodies.

The National Curriculum introduced in 1994 sets out in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested. The tests are designed to be easier for teachers to manage than they were in the past. Most pupils will also be entered for GCSEs (General Certificate of the Secondary Education) or other public examinations, including vocational qualifications if they are 16. Until that year, headmasters and headmistresses of schools were given a great deal of freedom in deciding what subjects to teach and how to do it in their schools so that there was really no central control at all over individual schools. The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subject it will teach.

According to The National Curriculum schools are allowed to introduce a fast stream for bright children. Actually after young people reach 16 they have 4 main 'roads' of their next life: they can leave the school, stay at school, move to a college as a full time student, combine part-time study with a job, perhaps through the Youth Training programme. School-leavers without jobs get no money from the government unless they join a youth training scheme, which provides a living allowance during 2 years of work experience. But a growing number of school students are staying on at school, some until 18 or 19, the age of entry into higher education or universities, Polytechnics or colleges. Schools in Britain provide careers guidance. A specially

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trained person called careers advisor, or careers officer helps school students to decide what job they want to do and how they can achieve that.

(adapted from Internet URL: http://schools.keldysh.ru) A. VOCABULARY I. EDUCATION I.1.a. Entry words

education n. = 1. instruire. 2. nvmnt. 3. educaie. educational adj. = educaie/nvmnt (an ~ film/institution). educationist, educationalist n. = pedagog teoretician. educationally adv. = eg. a school for the ~ subnormal. to educate v. = a educa. a instrui. educated adj. = instruit. nvat (an ~ man; the educated). educative adj. = educativ. educator n. = educator.

I.1.b. Related words Ministry of Education = Ministerul Educaiei Naionale (n Anglia). Educational television = televiziune public (televiziunea ce asigur instruirea elevilor

(a studenilor, cteodat prin circuit nchis). I.1.c. Synonyms

- n.: education. guidance. instruction. teaching. tuition = nvmnt. private tuition = lecii particulare. tutorship = meditaii. acquisition of knowledge. cultivation. erudition. grind = toceal. learning. scholarship. study. wide reading.

- v.: to acquire/gain knowledge. to be taught. to bone up on = a toci. to burn the midnight oil. to grind = a toci. to learn by heart = a nva pe de rost. to plunge into reading. to study.

- adj.: diligent. hard-working. industrious. painstaking = srguincios.

I.1.d. Types of education - all-round education = nvmnt de cultur general.

compulsory ~ = nvmnt obligatoriu. free ~ = nvmnt gratuit. further ~ =nvmnt dup terminarea colii obligatorii exceptnd cel universitar). higher ~ = nvmnt superior. pre-school ~ = nvmnt precolar. primary ~ = nvmnt primar. secondary ~ = nvmnt liceal. university ~ = nvmnt universitar. vocational ~ = nvmnt profesional.

- artistic ~. economic ~. feminist ~. philosophical ~. political ~. practical~ / training. religious ~.

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I.2. Systems of education - The old system of education:

- The "Eleven Plus" = children took an examination at the age of 11. If they passed they went to a grammar school - its name comes from the medieval system of teaching Latin grammar as the basis of education. If they failed they went to secondary modern schools which were closed after 1965 when comprehensive schools were introduced. - The "monitorial" system = the younger pupils were largely taught by the older ones.

- The new system of ~ = under the new system there is no examination at the age of 11. The grammar and secondary modern school were replaced by large comprehensive schools in 1965 to provide an equal secondary education for all people, regardless of ability. Some comprehensive schools are "streamed" - streams A, B, C: A = "the top stream"; C = the "bottom stream"; while others are "unstreamed": children of mixed ability are placed together in the class. The average size of a class is 30 pupils. I.3. Places where education is performed

kindergarten, nursery = grdini. college = colegiu. training centre/college = centru de perfecionare/institut. polytechnic. school. university. (day-care) centre.

II. SCHOOLING II.1.a. Entry words

school n. = 1. locul unde snt educai i instruii elevii. 2. lecii, cursuri.3.secie, colegiu, facultate. 4. curent literar/ artistic. metod (idei, opinii mprtite de un grup de oameni). 5. banc de delfini; grup de balene. 6. (pl) examen. 7. clas.

to school v.=1. a nva, a trimite la coal. 2. a instrui. 3. a sftui. 4. a mustra. 5. a dresa. II.1.b. Related words

schoolage = vrst colar. ~ bag = ghiozdan. ~ day = zi de coal. ~ holiday: Easter ~. Christmas ~. spring ~. summer ~. winter~. ~ leaver = elev care termin coala, absolvent. ~ subject = obiect de studiu. ~ work = activitate colar. ~ yard = curtea colii.

II.2. People involved in the educational process

teaching staff = corp profesoral/didactic. - teacher = nvtor, dascl, profesor. coach = preparator, meditator. crammer = meditator.

instructor. master. mistress. pedagogue. tutor = ndrumtor. private tutor = profesor particular.

- tutor/professors assistant on probation=preparator universitar. lecturer. senior lecturer = lector. reader = confereniar. professor.

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- learner = elev, colar. schoolchild (schoolboy; schoolgirl). pupil: academic pupil = elev dotat. non-academic ~ = less able pupil.

- student = elev; student; cercettor, savant = orice persoan care studiaz. - undergraduate = student.

fresher/freshman = student n anul I/boboc. - graduate = liceniat.

post-graduate = persoan care continu studiile dup terminarea facultii, persoan care urmeaz cursuri post-universitare.

doctoral candidate = doctorand. - scholar = bursier; persoan care studiaz; savant; erudit; umanist:

Greek ~ = elenist; om nvat. - beginner = nceptor.

apprentice = ucenic. colleague = coleg de serviciu. deskmate = coleg de banc. classmate. schoolmate. fellow student = coleg de facultate.

II.3. People in charge of a school/university - caretaker = intendent al unei cldiri, instituii.

cleaner = femeie de serviciu. deputy master = director adjunct. formmaster/mistress = diriginte/dirigint. headmaster/headmistress = director/directoare. supervisors = personal de supraveghere (kitchen/midday supervisor).

- parent teacher association = PTA. - assessor = someone who checks for quality = inspector.

schoolboard = consiliu de administraie. governing body = the members of the governing body of an English school may be appointed

by the LEA or may be elected by parents and staff. - chancellor = the head of a British university = rector onorific. He is usually a prominent statesman or Peer and is elected for life.

rector = rector. vicechancellor = (pro)rector. dean = decan al unei faculti. don = membru al corpului didactic universitar, persoan marcant. fellow = membru al consiliului. the Senate = senat. the council of the Senate = biroul senatului. governing board = consiliu de administraie. examination board = comisie de examinare. head of a chair = ef al unei catedre.

II.4. Types of schools/academies/colleges/courses/centres - state schools: approved~ (= coal de corecie).comprehensive ~. grammar ~. high ~ (= liceu). secondary modern ~. nursery ~. primary ~. junior~. middle ~. - private schools: public ~ = fee-paying ~ = coal privat/cu taxe/particular. - residential ~ = boarding ~ = coal cu internat. - single sex school = coal de biei / de fete. mixed ~ = coal mixt. - day school = cursuri de zi. evening ~ = cursuri serale. summer ~ = cursuri de var. Sunday ~ = cursuri de duminic (pentru ore de religie n special). - Academy of Economic Sciences. ~ of music = conservator. Military ~ = Academie militar.

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- college of commerce = colegiu/institut de comer. ~ of art. ~ of education = institut pedagogic. training ~ = institut de perfecionare. technical ~ = coal tehnic postliceal.

- Faculty of Arts. ~ of Biology. ~ of Chemistry. ~ of Agriculture and Land Use. ~ of Ecology. ~ of Earth Sciences. ~ of Economics: (marketing = studiul pieii; management = tiina conducerii; science of commodities = merceologie; tourism; business correspondence; etc.).~of Engineering. ~ of Law. ~ of Medicine. ~ of Dentistry. ~ of Social Work and Social Policy. ~ of Statistics. ~ of Sociology, etc. - advanced courses = cursuri pentru avansai.

degree ~ = cursuri pentru obinerea unei diplome. extra-mural ~ = cursuri fr frecven; cursuri inute de profesorii unei universiti n afara

instituiei la care snt ncadrai. sandwich ~ = cursuri intensive. TV ~ = courses for the Open University students.

- adult education centre = centru de nvmnt pentru aduli. youth training centre = a centre training unemployed school-leavers.

II.5. Periods of study and recreation - academic/school year.

class = or de predare. course = un numr de prelegeri universitare. courses may be part-time, full-time and postgraduate. form class = or de dirigenie. lab-classes = ore de laborator. lecture = or de curs. practical ~ = ore de lucrri practice. semester = semestru. seminar = seminar. teaching practice = practic didactic. term = trimestru. training period = a period that involves teaching or learning the skills that are needed for a

job = perioad de practic. tutorial = consultaie.

- holiday = vacan colar. vacation = vacan n universiti/colegii. II.6. Certificates, Degrees, Examinations, Assessments - oral/written examination.

entrance ~ = examen de admitere. final ~ = qualifying school-leaving exam = examen de absolvire, bacalaureat. preliminary ~ = examen pregtitor. partial ~ = examen parial. qualifying ~ = examen de calificare.

- The "O" level exams = the General Certificate of Education, Ordinary Level, was replaced by the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). This is the name of the examination taken by school children at the age of sixteen. Grades go from A to G, but pupils can fail completely. The "A" Level - Advanced Level - was introduced in 1951. It is an examination taken by pupils at the age of 18 and it is open to anyone who has studied for it. The "O" levels are taken in eight or nine subjects while the "A" levels in two or three subjects. In order to be accepted by a university a pupil needs eight good grades at "O" levels and 3 "A" level passes. Seven independent boards at the major universities are required to write the "A" levels topics for the exams which are

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taken in May and June. If the pupils fail, they can re-take the exams in November or January. - diploma paper = lucrare de licen. essay = eseu. dissertation = dizertaie; referat. research project = proiect. doctoral thesis = tez de doctorat. - degrees = grade didactice.

baccalaureate = university degree of bachelor. Bachelor of Arts / Science = licen. Master of Arts (= grad didactic intermediar ntre licen i doctorat). Master of Philosophy = this is a research degree. Students who wish to study for such

degrees are usually registered in the first instance for a Master of Philosophy, then for a Ph.D = degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The M. of Phil. thesis, of not more than 65,000 words, is required to show ability to conduct original investigations, to test ideas whether the candidate's own or those of others and to understand the relationship of the candidate's investigations to a wider field of knowledge. The Ph.D thesis must run to 100,000 words and should make a significant contribution to knowledge. II.7. Curriculum/ curricula - Arts (= obiecte umanistice). Sciences (= tiine exacte). Algebra. Arithmetic. Archeology. Botany. Drama. Geography. Geology. Geometry. History. Home Economics = HE: cookery and needlework. Philosophy. Physics. Psychology. Physical Education = PE: athletics, cricket, gymnastics, swimming etc. Reading. Religious Education = RE. Social Sciences. Writing. Art and Craft: metalwork, woodwork; colouring, drawing, dyeing (= vopsitul esturilor), glueing, modelling, painting, sewing. Design: fashion ~ (= design vestimentar); environmental ~ (= design ambiental). Computer Studies. - Tuition. The PE and Music Departments in most English schools are also served by visiting teachers who can be available for the child with the ability and will to learn how to play an instrument or to take part in a wide variety of games and outdoor activities. Children receiving tuition are expected to take part in the musical ensembles and teams of the school. - Extra-curricular activities involving teachers, other mates, adults. - Club and society activities: library work; expedition work; photography; lace / toy / soft toy making; choir; keyboarding (= dactilografie); karate; wind band; string group; outings (= excursii scurte de o zi); extended excursions to other parts of the country; charity work. II.8. Stationery and other requirements

A4 paper = hrtie format A4. ball-point pen = pix. blotter = sugativ. blotting paper = sugativ. book-marker = semn de carte. brush = pensul, perie. carbon paper = indigo. cardboard = carton. cassette.

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colour and wipe-off book = carte de colorat care poate fi tears. coloured chalk = cret colorat. coloured pencils = crayons = creioane colorate. computer. copy-book = caiet. cover = copert. drawing = schi. drawing paper = hrtie de desen. drawing pin = pionez/caps pentru hrtie. envelope = plic. flip chart = diagram (care se nfoar i se deschide uor). folder = pliant, map, dosar. fountain pen = stilou. the gummed flap of an envelope = partea plicului cu lipici pe ea. headed paper = hrtie cu antet. ink = cerneal. ink-pot = climar cu cerneal. jotter/note-book = caiet de nsemnri/de notie. label = etichet. L-shaped square = vinclu. nib = peni. a pair of compasses = compas. paper = hrtie. pencil-box = penar. pocket-calculator. propelling pencil = creion automat. protractor = raportor. punch = perforator. refill = min rezerv. refill pad = rezerv (plicuri). rubber = radier. ruler = linie. set tracing square = echer. sharpener = ascuitoare. simple charts = tabele, desene, grafice care uureaz transmiterea informaiilor. soft cloth = crp, material folosit la orele de desen pentru a terge pensula. staple = agraf/caps pentru prins dou coli de hrtie. stapler = capsator. student's pad = map studeneasc. title strip = etichet cu titlu. tracing = schi, desen, reproducere. typewriting paper = hrtie de scris. xerox ~ = hrtie de xerox. water colours = acuarele. writing pad = map cu plicuri.

II.10. School facilities

facility/facilities = dotri. classroom ~. blackboard. desk. teacher's desk. map. educational ~ = dotri de nvmnt. indoor ~. leisure/recreation ~.

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outdoor ~. research ~ = dotri pentru cercetare. art and craft room = atelier. chalk = cret. cinema-projection hall = sal de proiecie. club. arts ~. science ~. computer room. drawing-board = planet. duster = crp de ters tabla. festivity hall = sal de festiviti. gymnasium = sal de gimnastic. games hall (equipped for basketball, handball, etc.; swimming pool, heated indoor ~ = bazin de not - cu ap cald, acoperit). laboratory = lab (containing special equipment for experiments or research in biology, chemistry, foreign languages, physics) lecture hall = amfiteatru. library (including: lending department = secie de mprumut. reading-room = sal de lectur. reading-table. study-carrel = box pentru studiu individual. card catalogue = fiier. computing facilities. photocopying room). light-switch = ntreruptor. meteorological office weather station = staie meteorologic. playground. workshop = atelier colar.

II.11. Facts and figures - Length: imperial and metric equivalents:1 yd (yard) = 0.91m; 1 in (inch) = 25.4mm = 2.54 cm; 1mm = 0.04 in; 1 m = 1.09 yd or 3.28 ft (feet); 1 km = 0.62 miles; 3 feet = 1yd. - Capacity: 1 pint = 0.035 ounces; 1 gallon = 4.546 litres; 1 litre = 1.759 pints. - Weight: 1 g = 0.035 ounces; 1 kg = 2.21 pounds; 1 tonne = 0.98 tons; 1 ounce = 28.35 g; 1 pound = 0.45 kg; 1 stone = 6.35 kg; 1 hundred weight = 50.8 kg or 0.51 quintals. - Fractions: 1. vulgar fractions: 1/2 = a half; 1/3 = a third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 15 1/4 = fifteen and a quarter; 1/20 = a twentieth. 2. decimal ~: 0.5 = (nought) point five; 0.33 = (nought) point three three; 16.25 = sixteen point two five. II.12. Shapes angle = unghi. hexagon. circle = cerc. horizontal line = linie orizontal. concave = concav. oblong = dreptunghiular. convex = convex. rectangle = dreptunghi. cone = con. octagon. crescent = semilun. pentagon. cross = cruce. pyramid. cube = cub. square = ptrat. cylinder = cilindru. straight line = linie dreapt. diagonal = diagonal, oblic. triangle = triunghi. dome = n form de bolt. vertical line = linie vertical. II.13. Secretarial work - application form = formular de cerere.

assessment = evaluare.

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certificate = adeverin, certificat. copy = copie. degree = diplom; grad didactic. examination board = comisie de examinare (internal ~ = comisie de examinare din interiorul colii; external ~ = comisie de examinare din exteriorul colii). form = slip = formular. grade = calificatif la un examen (grades may be: excellent, very good, good, average, weak, poor / lowest). letter of recommendation = scrisoare de recomandare. list of attendance = caiet de prezen. matriculation = nmatriculare.

pass = examen luat cu un calificativ satisfctor. pass mark = not de trecere. qualification = calificare. reference = referin; caracterizare. registration = nscriere; nregistrare. report = referat. roll-call = apel, strigarea catalogului. typewritten copy = exemplar dactilografiat. - to award a certificate = a acorda un certificat. to certify = a adeveri. to fill in an application form = a completa o cerere. to give a certificate/reference/a certificate of competence. to issue a card = a elibera o legitimaie. Requirements of application forms To complete such forms applicants should:

- use a typewriter/write legibly/or use block letters. - consult the prospectus before making formal application. - submit (= a prezenta) a record of their activity to date. - give reference forms to referees.

Samples of certificates: - Certificate of attendance: X attended the Summer school at the University of ... from ... to ... . The course ...

included lectures and tutorials on ... and was attended by ... overseas members and ... English/Welsh/Scottish teachers. Area officer - signature.

- Certificate of qualification: This is to certify that (= se adeverete prin prezenta c ...) X has been awarded this certificate in ... . He/She was awarded Grade Excellent/Pass/. He/She attended ... out of ... hours of the ... course in ... at this Institute/Teacher Training Institute/University/etc. from ... to... . Director. Examination Board. Secretary. Date.

B. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION 1. The qualities of a good language learner. 2. The drawbacks and advantages of boarding-school education. 3. The influence of education on personality. 4. What is success in education? Is education motivated by self-interest? 5. The more you learn, the less you know - what do you think about learning?

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I.2. SHOPPING IN LONDON

London is world famous for its shopping areas and famous shops. This presentation concentrates on the shopping streets and places that anyone is most likely to visit.

The best known street for shopping in London is Oxford Street, where you can buy souvenirs, clothes, and so on. The good news about shopping at Oxford Street is that so many big retailers are represented here that you will be spoilt for choice. The bad news is that you may have to be prepared to struggle from store to store. To avoid the worst of the crowds you have to be an early riser and come between 9am and 10am, when most of the other London shoppers are either in bed or having a breakfast. The nearest tube stations are: Marble Arch, Bond Street, Oxford Circus or Tottenham Court Road.

The second London street that you are most likely to visit to do your shopping is Regent`s Street. With Oxford Circus tube station on one end, and Piccadilly Circus on the other, this street is packed with all kinds of shops. The main reason for us mentioning this one is, the Hamley`s store. Hamley`s is every child`s dream come true. Packed with all kinds of toys this shop will make a hole in your pocket from demands from your children.

Just off Oxford Street, less known and less crowded, but more expensive are New Bond Street and Old Bond Street. These streets have designer shops ready to dazzle you. Most stores have a doorman who is there to open the doors for you, smile at you and wish you a nice day. The main difference with these two streets compared with the Oxford Street is the friendliness of staff working there and the price of the things they will try to sell you. So if you are looking to buy designer clothes, expensive furniture, paintings, or maybe go to an Auction then this is the right place for you to be in.

Leaving it all behind, a few minute`s walk is Shaftesbury Avenue from where Soho and the world famous Covent Garden and Chinatown are waiting for you. Any time of the day or night there is always something going on in Soho. Covent Garden with its market is a trendy place to have cup of coffee or maybe something stronger. A huge number of cafes gives you chance to explore different foods. If you can force yourself to rise early, go there on Sunday morning, sit outside and just watch surrounding streets waking up. To experience a different culture and taste an exotic meal go to Chinatown. Inexpensive restaurants and the chance to buy Far East spices are there and if you are here for a Chinese New Year then you are in for a treat.

Still looking and not buying? Then go to the Bayswater Road. Just on the northern side of the Hyde Park you will come across dozens of artists who bring their paintings here so you can appraise them and maybe buy from them. Although many of whom of these artists are amateurs you may be pleasantly surprised by the craftsmanship displayed.

Harrods store, the most famous shop in London, began, in 1849, as a small grocer`s shop and was further developed by the son of the founder, Henry Harrods. It can boast that it is the store that has delivered an elephant to Ronald Reagan, gooseberries to Saudi Arabia and a skunk to an American`s ex-wife. This was the first store in the world to install an escalator and Victorian customers were so overcome by the experience of riding a "moving staircase" that the store posted attendants at the top of the to administer brandy to gentlemen and smelling salts to the ladies. Currently it is

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owned by the Egyptian Mohamed Al Fayed and employs in excess of 3000 staff. It is four acres in size and with more than 300 departments, bars, restaurants and even own pub this store is London`s third top attraction with around 30,000 customers passing it trough on daily basis.

(adapted from Internet URL: http://www.londononline.co.uk/Shopping/) A. VOCABULARY I. TOWN I.1.a. Entry words

town n. = 1. ora. 2. oreni; toi locuitorii unui ora. 3. centru administrativ. townlike adj. = orenesc.

I.1.b. Related words townspeople/townsfolk = town-council/hall/house = primrie. oreni.

townsman/woman = orean/c. I.1.c. Synonyms

county town/seat = ora de reedin borough = trg. capital = capital. city = ora mare. market town = orel;trg. country-town = ora de provincie. metropolis = metropol.

I. 2. Services offered to people I.2.1. At the public library - An English public library has different departments. - The Lending department/Loan Room (= secie de mprumut).

Here you can find the card catalogue (= fiier). It is in two sections: the name section (lists all the books by author or editor, and often title); the subject section (lists the same books by their subject).

The classmark is a combination of letters and numbers that tells you where the book can be found on the shelves. The book number or call mark (= cota crii) is special to each copy or volume of a work. Books are arranged in classmark order. Periodicals are arranged within each class in alphabetical order of their titles.

To borrow books, you will need a borrower's badge. The badges can be obtained from the Issue Desk. Loan periods (= perioadele de mprumut) vary. You can renew your books or reserve any that are on loan (= mprumutate) to others, by applying in person to the Issue Desk. - The Restricted Loan Room contains a collection of material which is in heavy demand and this is why it is allowed out of the Library for short periods only. Most material can be borrowed only overnight or for the weekend. For overdue books (= crile aduse cu ntrziere), there is always a fine. If you lose or damage a book, you will be invoiced for the replacement/repair cost. - Audio Visual area contains the Library's stock of video-tapes and the machines for using them. - Record Library is a large lending library of records and cassettes. - You may copy Library or private material under supervision, in the Photocopying Room.

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- Academic Network is a communication network that connects computers at British academic sites including universities, politechnics and research institutes. It allows you to access other online library catalogues.

Many bibliographies and abstract journals are stored on computer databases, which are accessible at remote terminals via worldwide telecommunication networks. Online searches are faster and more comprehensive than the manual searching of printed bibliographies.

II. SHOPPING IN TOWN II. 1. Shopping II.1.a. Entry words

shop n. = 1.magazin. 2.prvlie. 3.debit. 4.atelier. shopper n. = cumprtor. shopping n. = cumprturi, trguieli. to shop v. = a face cumprturi, a face trguieli.

II.1.b. Related words shop-assistant = vnztor ntr-un magazin. ~ girl = vnztoare. ~ keeper = negustor.

~ lifter = persoan care fur din magazin. ~ man = 1.vnztor. 2.biat de prvlie. 3.mic comerciant. 4.lucrtor ntr-un atelier. ~ steward = reprezentant al muncitorilor la tratativele cu patronii. ~ walker = 1.responsabil de raion ntr-un magazin. 2.supraveghetor ntr-un magazin. ~ window = vitrin a unui magazin. service ~ = magazin de deservire. shopping area = zon comercial.

II.1.c. Synonyms shop = (department) store. stall = chioc;dughean;tarab. warehouse = depozit.

II.1.d. Types of shops - chain stores = lan de magazine, filial a unei firme de magazine (can be found

in different towns, under the same name; some are specialized only in one kind of goods, others offer a wide range of goods; their prices are cheap and reasonable; sometimes they can afford cut prices).

- corner shops (they are small grocer's shops, usually on the corner of the street; they offer most food and household products; they open earlier than other shops and close later; many of them open on Sundays, as well).

- department store/general store = magazin universal (offers a large variety of goods; it has different departments).

- individual shop = magazin mic de tip "boutique". - hypermarket (a big shop with different types of goods; especially built outside

the town). - supermarket/self-service system shop = magazin cu autoservire (specialized

in food products and household goods). - shopping mall/shopping centres = centru comercial (a modern town

development; usually to be found in the centre of a town; a wide variety of shops are concentrated in one place, usually in a covered area; they include food stores,

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chemists, shoe shops, clothes shops electrical shops and boutiques; many of the shops have no doors).

- street market (has a special characteristic atmosphere; offers colour to the place around; sells especially vegetables, but you can also find clothes or antiques; it is open on Saturdays and Sundays but it can also be open on a particular day of the week).-

II.2. In a foodstore

In a foodstore (= magazin alimentar) you can buy foodstuff from different counters: - groceries counter = raionul de bcnie. - drinks counter = raionul de buturi. - bakery counter = raionul de produse de panificaie. - meats and fowl counter = raionul de carne i psri. - confectionery/sweets counter = raionul de dulciuri. - dairy counter = raionul de produse lactate. - fish counter = raionul de pescrie. - ham-and-beef counter = raionul de mezeluri. - vegetables and fruit counter = raionul de legume i fructe. II.3. In a department store - At the gentlemen's, ladies' and children's ready-made-clothes department/men's wear; ladies' fashion; children's clothes (= la raionul de confecii pentru brbai i copii).

coat = hain. dressing-gown = capot. dinner-jacket = smoking. fur-coat = hain de blan. dress = rochie. jacket = jachet mackintosh = impermeabil din single-breasted ~ = ~la un cauciuc. rnd de nasturi. overcoat = pardesiu. two-pieces ~ = ~ fr vest. raincoat = hain de ploaie three-pieces ~ = ~ cu vest. sack coat/sports jacket = sacou. tailor-made suit = taior. sheepskin coat = cojoc. trousers = pantaloni. skirt = fust. uniform = uniform. suit = costum de haine. waistcoat = vest. double breasted~=~ la dou rnduri. wintercoat = palton.

- At the knitwear goods department (= la raionul de tricotaje) cardigan = jachet tricotat cu nasturi n fa. jumper/jersey/sweater/pull-over/slipover = pulover, scampolo, jerseu.

- At the hosiery department (= la raionul de galanterie) bathing suit = costum de baie. shirt = cma. bra = sutien. scarf = earf. drawers/slips = chiloi. socks =osete. garters = jartiere. stockings = ciorapi. handkerchief = batist. stretchies =osete headkerchief = basma, batic. supraelastice. knee-length stockings = ciorapi suspender belt = portjartier.

trei sferturi. tie = cravat. muffler = fular. towel = prosop. night gown = cma de noapte. T-shirt = tricou.

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panties = chiloi (scuri de dam). undervest = maiou. panties all/stretch tights = dresuri. underwear = lenjerie de corp. pyjamas = pijama.

- At the footwear department (= la raionul de nclminte) boots = bocanci. knee-high ~ = cizme. rubbers = tenii. overshoes/snow boots = ooni. sandals = sandale. high-heeled ~ =~ cu tocuri nalte. heelless/low-heeled ~ = ~ cu tocuri joase. walking~ = ~ de strad. leather~ = ~ de piele. slippers = papuci de cas. trainers = adidai. shoe string = iret de pantofi.

- At the leather goods department (= la raionul de marochinrie) belt = curea. strap = curea de ceas. briefcase = serviet. suitcase = geamantan. gloves = mnui umbrella = umbrel. handbag = poet. valise. leather girdle = cordon din piele. wallet = portofel.

- At the handicraft department (= la raionul de artizanat) ceramics = ceramic, obiecte din national costumes = ceramic. costume naionale. earthen-ware = vase din lut. present = cadou. embroidery = broderie. souvenir. engraving = gravur.

- At the jewelry department (= la raionul de bijuterie) bracelet = brar. brooch = bro. necklace = colier. buckle = cataram. chain = lan. ring = inel (wedding = verighet). cufflink = butoni pentru manet. watch = ceas de mn. earrings = cercei.

- At the drapery and textiles department/yard goods department (= la raionul de stofe i textile/de produse textile, metraje)

calico = stamb. satin. cashmere = camir. serge = serj. chiffon = ifon. silk = mtase. cloth = postav. pure ~ = ~ natural. cotton = bumbac. artificial ~ = ~ artificial. curtains = perdele. suedette = diftin. damask. table-cloth = fa de mas. linen-fabrics = pnzeturi. taffeta = tafta. bleached linen = pnz albit. tergal. unbleached linen = pnz nealbit. velvet = catifea. napkin = ervet. voile = voal. nylon. wool = ln. poplin. all-wool = ln pur. prints = imprimeuri. yard goods = metraje.

- Perfumery and cosmetics department (= raionul de parfumerie i cosmetice) after shave = loiune dup ras. mouth water. alum = piatr ponce. nail-file = pil de unghii. blade = lam de ras. nail-scissors = foarfece de unghii. comb = pieptene. perfume. cream = crem. powder = pudr.

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face/skin ~ = ~ de fa. razor = brici. hand ~ = ~ pentru mini. electric~ = aparat de ras electric. shaving ~ = ~ de brberit. safety = aparat de ras. curler = bigudiu. shampoo. deodorant. eau-de-cologne. shaving-set = trus de brbierit. hair-brush = perie de pr. hairclip = agraf de pr. soap-box = spunier. hair-net = fileu pentru pr. sponge = burete. hair-restorer = loiune pentru pr. tooth-brush = perie de dini. hair spray = fixativ. tooth-paste = past de dini. lipstick = ruj. tweezers = penset. looking-glass = oglind. varnish = lac de unghii. make-up = fard. varnish remover = dizolvant. mascara = rimel.

- At the haberdashery department (= la raionul de mercerie) button = nasture. reel = mosor. cord = nur. ribbon = panglic. crochet/hooked needle = croet. scissors = foarfece. hook = caps. a spool of sewing silk = papiot. knitting = ac de mpletit. thimble = degetar. needle = ac de cusut. thread = a. pincushion = perni pentru ace. zipper = fermoar.

- At the musical instruments department (= la raionul de instrumente muzicale) accordion. panpipe = nai. banjo. piano = pian. clarinet. upright~ = pianin. contrabas. pipe = fluier. drum = tob. saxophone. electric organ = org electronic. trombone. flute = flaut. trumpet. guitar = chitar. viola. harp. violin = vioar. horn = corn. (violon)cello. instruments = instrumente. xylophone. bow ~ = ~ cu arcu. cassette = caset. brass wind ~ = ~ de alam, almuri. cassette recorder. percussion ~ = ~ de percuie. radio-set. string ~ = ~ cu coarde. record = disc. wind ~ = ~ de suflat. record-player. lute = cobz. tape = band (pentru magnetofon). mandoline. tape recorder. mouth organ = muzicu. T.V.-set.

- At the toy department (= la raionul de jucrii) ball. marbles = bile. (toy) balloon. rocking horse = cal balansoar. car = main. roller skates = patine cu rotile. clockwork train = tren mecanic. sand moulds = forme de nisip. clockwork train = tren mecanic. skipping rope = coard de srit. doll. skooter = trotinet. hoop = cerc (de joc). swing = leagn. kite = zmeu. toy = jucrie (toy rabbit/bear/bus).

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- At the sports articles department (= la raionul de articole sportive) air mattress = saltea gonflabil. fishing-line = a (sfoar) de undi. anorak = hanorac. fishing-rod = undi. ball. gym tights/trainings = costum de fish-hook = crlig de undi. gimnastic/sport. basketball. ninepins = popice. football. puck = puc. table tennisball. racket = rachet (pentru tenis). rugbyball. bicycle. rucksack = rucsac. skis = schiuri. camping case = trus camping. ski sticks = bee pentru schiuri. chess = ah. sledge = sanie. chessboard = tabl de ah. tent = cort.

- At the tobacconist's (= la tutungerie) cigar = igar de foi/trabuc. lighter flint = piatr de brichet. cigarette. match-box = cutie de chibrituri. (filter tip ~ = ~ cu filtru; matches = chibrituri. without tip ~ = ~ fr filtru). pipe = pip. cigarette case = tabacher. stamp. cigarette holder = igaret. tobacco = tutun. lighter = brichet. tobacco-box = tabacher pentru

tutun. - At the chemicals department (= la raionul de chimicale) - At the household goods department (= la raionul de articole de menaj) - At the electrical appliances department (= la raionul de aparate electrice) - At the stationer's (= la papetrie) - At the glassware department (= la raionul de sticlrie) - At the florist's (= la florrie) - At the newsstand (= la chiocul de ziare) II.4. Materials used to make objects

aluminium. gold = aur. amber = chihlimbar. leather = piele.

bronze. lace = dantel. cast iron = font. mace reed = papur. cellophane. plaster = ipsos. ceramics. plush = plu. clay = argil. silver = argint. cobalt. steel = oel. copper = cupru. stockinet = tricot. crystal. tin plate = tinichea necositorit.

fur = blan. velvet = catifea. glass = sticl. wax = cear. II.5. Collective nouns used to indicate quantity a tin of soup/pears. a tube of toothpaste. a jar of jam. a bottle of lemonade. a crate of beer. a joint of meat. a dozen of eggs. half a pound of butter/cheese. a loaf of bread. a box of matches. a bar of soap. a packet of biscuits/crisps. a roll of film. a ball of string. a bunch of grapes. an ear of corn. a cube of sugar. a pack of cards. a pad of paper. a punnet of strawberries. a quiver of arrows. a skein of silk.

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II.6. Asking for something in a shop - Can I see that blouse? - Can I have three metres of that material? - Can you let me have this jumper? - Can I possibly have half a pound of butter? - Would you mind giving me that pair of trousers? - I wonder if you could give me another pair of shoes. A larger size, please. B. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Describe the main street in your town at midday and at midnight. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of doing one's shopping in a department-store. 3. Imagine a dialogue between a shop-assistant and a lady who cannot make up her

mind. 4. You want to buy a present for your friend's birthday. Imagine the dialogue with the

shop assistant. 5. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of living in a small town.

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I.3. GETTING TO GREAT BRITAIN & AROUND

I. Getting There & Away London is one of the most important transport hubs in the world. As a result

there are an enormous number of travel agents, some of dubious reliability. As always, buses are the cheapest and most exhausting means of transport, although discount rail tickets are competitive, and budget flights (especially stand-by and last-minute offers) can be very good value. A small saving on the fare may not adequately compensate you for an agonizing two days on a bus that leaves you completely exhausted for another two days. Until the opening of the Channel Tunnel, most people going to and from the Continent bought combined rail/ferry or coach/ferry tickets between London and European capitals like Paris, Brussels and Amsterdam.

There are international air links with London, Manchester, Newcastle, Edinburgh and Glasgow, but shoestringers will find cheap flights all wind up in one of the four London airports: Heathrow is the largest, followed by Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. London is an excellent centre for cheap tickets; in particular, check the Sunday Times, the Sunday Observer and the Sunday Independent. The best resource, however, is TNT Magazine. Excellent discount charter flights are often available to full-time students aged under 30 and all young travellers aged under 26 (you need a youth card), and are available through the large student travel agencies.

For the first time since the ice ages, Britain has a land link (albeit a tunnel) with Europe. Even without using the tunnel, however, you can still get to Europe by bus or train it's just that there's a short ferry/hovercraft ride thrown in as part of the deal. The ferries/hovercraft all carry cars and motorbikes.

Eurotunnel operates a round-the-clock shuttle service (Le Shuttle) for motorbikes, cars, freight vehicles and buses on specially designed one and two-decker railway carriages. The shuttle runs between terminals at Folkestone in the UK and Calais (Coquelles) in France. Another service is a high-speed rail passenger service (Eurostar), operated by the national railway companies of Britain, France and Belgium.

Eurolines, a division of National Express (the largest UK bus line), has an enormous network of European destinations, including Ireland and Eastern Europe. Youth fares are available for holders of the National Express Discount Coach Card. Eurolines also has some good-value explorer tickets that are valid for up to six months and allow travel between a number of major cities.

No one knew what will happen to the old British Rail International rail/ferry, rail/hovercraft services because of the tunnel service. But the most popular services continued relatively unchanged. British Rail International's European trains leave from London's Victoria or Liverpool Street stations. There are a bewildering range of alternatives between Britain and mainland Europe, but the best known ones are the classical night ferries to several destinations. II. Getting Around

Although public transport is generally of a high standard, most travellers are going to want to get to the national parks and small villages where transport is worst. If time is limited, a car becomes a serious temptation, although with a mix of local buses, the occasional taxi, plenty of time, walking and occasionally hiring a bike, you can get almost anywhere.

Buses are nearly always the cheapest way to get around. Unfortunately, they are also the slowest and, on main routes, they are confined to major roads, which screen

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you from the small towns and landscapes that make travel worthwhile in the first place. With discount passes and tickets, trains can be competitive; they are quicker and often take you through beautiful countryside that is still relatively unspoilt by the 20th century. (adapted from Amstrong, Mark et al.: Western Europe, a Lonely Planet Shoestring Guide, pp. 189-193) A. VOCABULARY I. TRAVELLING I.1.a. Entry words

travel n. = 1.cltorie (de obicei mai lung). 2.(tehn.) curs a pistonului. traveller n. = 1.cltor. 2.comis voiajor. 3.(tehn.) pod rulant. travelling adj. = cltor. to travel v. = 1.a cltori. 2.a fi comis voiajor.

I.1.b. Related words agency = agenie turistic. companion = tovar de cltorie. impressions/notes = impresii/note de cltorie. travelling agent = agent turistic. travel ticket = bilet de cltorie.

I.1.c. Synonyms drive = plimbare cu trsura, cu maina. excursion. expedition. globetrotting = cutreierare a globului pmntesc. hike = excursie pe jos. journey = cltorie (pe uscat). outing = plimbare de o zi n aer liber. passage = cltorie (pe mare). ride = plimbare, cltorie clare sau cu bicicleta. sail = cltorie cu o ambarcaiune cu pnze. tour. trip = excursie. voyage = cltorie (pe mare). walk = plimbare. wanderings = hoinreal. wayfare = drumeie. yachting = cltorie de plcere cu iahtul.

I.3. Ways of travelling and means of transport for people I.3.a.Generalities - By land (= pe uscat) We can travel in town or outside the town:

by bicycle. by car. by (motor) coach = cu autocarul. by motorcycle = cu motocicleta. by motorcycle and side = motociclet cu ata. by train = cu trenul. down train (= tren din capital sau oraele principale spre

provincie).express ~(= ~ expres).fast ~ (= ~ rapid, accelerat). goods ~(= ~ marfar). local

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~(= ~ local, curs). long distance ~(= ~ de curs lung). passenger ~(= ~ de pasageri). sleeper/over-night ~(=~cu vagon de dormit).slow ~ (= ~ personal, curs). through ~ (= ~ direct). up ~ (= ~ din localiti de provincie spre capital sau oraele principale).

- many years ago: by carriage/coach = cu trsura. by cart/waggon = cu crua. by mail coach = cu potalionul.

- nowadays: the strongest and most fashionable means of transport is the hovercraft (= vehicul pe pern de aer. It was invented by the British engineer C.S. Cockerell. It hovers over (= plutete peste/deasupra) water or land on a cushion of compressed air. It is used for regular passenger services around Britain's coast, and across the Channel to France.

- in future: the hovertrain, travelling at speeds up to 300 miles per hour (m.p.h). - By water (= pe ap)

by sea = pe mare. boat = barc. ferry ~ = bac, feribot. jolly ~ = brcu. jawl ~ = iol. motor ~ = ~

motor. rowing ~ = barc cu vsle. ship's ~ = alup. ship = vapor. passenger ship/liner = ~ de pasageri. steamship/steam vessel/steamer = ~ cu aburi. yacht = iaht. vessel/liner = vas de linie, pachebot cu curse regulate.

- By air (= pe calea aerului) - aircraft = aparat de zbor, jet plain = avion cu reacie. airplane/plane = avion. helicopter/hoverplane = ambulance~ = ~ sanitar.

- rocket/spaceship = nav spaial.- cable railway/ropeway/rope railway = teleferic. - car lift = telecabin.

I.3.b. Travelling by train - All the information about trains is offered by the timetable (= mersul trenurilor) or by the information desk (= birou de informaii) at a railway station. They give information about arrivals; connections (= legturi); departures; delays (= ntrzieri); about the platform (= peron) the trains leave from or come to. I.3.c. Travelling by car/by motor coach/by bicycle

A road is usually long. It goes from one town to another or from village to village. On a road map they are marked by thick lines or thin lines. The thick lines are for the main roads (going long distances across the country and from town to town). The thin lines are for by-roads (= drumuri laterale) or country lanes (= alee, stradel de ar). The roadway (= osea, parte carosabil a strzii) has lanes (bands)/ carriageways (= benzi de circulaie).

Motorways are the newest roads. A motorway is very wide. Lines marked down the road divide it into lanes. A motorway has three lanes going each way. The right-hand lane (= banda de pe partea dreapt) is for slow traffic. The middle lane has traffic going at a speed (= vitez) of sixty or seventy miles an hour. The left-hand lane is used only for passing other traffic (= pentru depire). Between the three lanes going one way (= ntr-o direcie) and those going the other way there is a grassy space. On it stands a barrier (= barier). If a car bursts a tire (= are explozie de cauciuc) and runs off

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the road, it will hit the barrier and stop. It will not run into the other three lanes of traffic. There are no crossroads on motorways. Instead of crossroads there are flyover bridges (= poduri suspendate), to ensure an uninterrupted flow of traffic. No cyclists or pedestrians are allowed on motorways.

Roads can be made of gravel (= pietri), stone (= piatr) or asphalt. They are marked by milestones (= borne kilometrice) and have road traffic signs that help the traffic. The Romans were the first great road builders. They made roads of gravel and stones. The surface paving stones were arched in the middle so that rain ran off into ditches. Modern road building began during the Industrial Revolution, but their stony surface was not good for vehicles with rubber tires. Later, macadamized roads were built. They are covered with tar (= gudron, pcur) or asphalt, to make them smooth.

Streets are short roads in towns and villages; they have shops, houses, factories, schools, etc. along them. They are "built-up" (= aglomerate).

(adapted from Illustrated Colour Dictionary and Websters Illustrated Dictionary Encyclopedia)

- Only people over 18 may drive a car, after they pass a driving test (= examen pentru luarea permisului de conducere) and get a driving licence (= permis de conducere). A person driving a car, is called a driver. - The parts of a car. Accessories

- battery = baterie de acumulatori. blinker = semnalizator de direcie. bonnet/engine hood = capot motor. boot/trunk = portbagaj. boot-lid/trunk lid = capot/portbagaj. bumper = masc/bar de protecie. carburator = carburator. chassis = saiu.

dashboard = tablou de bord. differential = diferenial. door handle = mnerul uii. door lock = ncuietoarea uii. fender = arip protectoare din fa. folding squab = sptarul rabatabil al scaunului. gear box = cutie de viteze. inflator = pomp de aer. lamp = far (head lamp with high and low beam = far cu faz lung i scurt. mudguard = aprtoare de noroi. number plate = numr de nmatriculare. radiator grill = masc radiator. rear axle = puntea (axa) din spate. rear side panel = arip spate. rear view mirror = oglind retrovizoare. rear window = parbriz spate. seat = scaun (front ~ = ~ din fa; back ~ = ~ din spate). shock absorber = amortizor. silencer = muffler = tob de eapament. sparkling plug = bujie. spring = arc. petrol tank = rezervor de benzin.

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tail light with stop light = lantern spate cu lamp stop. tire = pneu. ventilator = clapet aerisire. wheel = roat (spare ~ = ~ de rezerv). wheel disc = discul roii. wheel hub = cap de roat (cromat). wheel rim = jant. windscreen = parbriz.

- accelerator knob = buton de comand a ocului. accelerator pedal = pedal de acceleraie. ampermeter = ampermetru. brake = frn (foot ~ = ~ de picior; hand ~ = ~ de mn). cigarette-lighter = brichet. clutch pedal = pedal de ambreaj. direction indicator lever = manet comutator de semnalizare a direciei. direction indicator control light = lampa de control a semnalizatorului de direcie. fresh-air lever = manet de aerisire. gasoline level gauge/indicator = indicatorul nivelului de benzin. gear lever = manet schimbtor de viteze. glove compartment = torpedo. hand brake light = lamp de control pentru frna de mn. heater fan switch = comutatorul ventilatorului sistemului de nclzire. high beam indicator = lamp de control a fazei lungi. horn = claxon. ignition key = cheie de contact. oil pressure gauge = indicator al presiunii uleiului. radio receptor = radio. speedometer = vitezometru. steering gear = caset de direcie. steering wheel = volan. sun-visor = para-solar. ventilator lever = maneta trapei de aerisire. water temperature indicator = indicator de temperatur a apei. windshield wiper = tergtor de parbriz. wiper switch = comutatorul tergtorului de parbriz.

- The parts of a bycycle bell = sonerie. rear light = lumini spate. brake. reflector. chain = lan. saddle = a. handle bars = ghidon. spoke = spi. lamp. tire = pneu. mudguard. tool bag = geant pentru scule. pedal. valve = valv, supap. pump = pomp. wheel = roat.

I.3.d. Travelling by plane air = aer. air-liner = avion de pasageri.

air-base = baz aerian. air-mail = pot aerian. air-bladder = bic de aer. airman = pilot, aviator. air-borne = aeropurtat. airplane = avion. air-brake = frn pneumatic. air-pocket = gol de aer. air-chamber = camer de aer. airport = aeroport.

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air-conditioning = aer condiionat. airproof = ermetic. aircraft = avion. air-screw = elice. aircrash = accident de avion. air-shed = hangar. air-cushion = pern pneumatic. airship = dirijabil, aeronav. airfield = aerodrom. air-sick = care are ru de avion. air-force = aviaie militar. airspace = spaiu aerian. air-highway = traseu aerian. air traffic = trafic aerian. air-jacket = hain pneumatic airway = rut aerian.

de salvare. air-line = linie aerian. Travelling by air is as safe as any other means of transport; any risk is eliminated

by: thorough inspection of the planes before taking off (= decolare); information about weather; modern and well-equipped airplanes; modern compasses (= busol); radio beacons (= semnale radio). - types of flight

all weather flight = zbor n orice condiie. blind flight = zbor fr vizibilitate. charter flight. daily flight = zbor zilnic. domestic/internal flight = zbor intern (pe rut intern). international flight = zbor internaional. motorless flight = zbor fr motor. non-stop flight. regular/scheduled flight = zbor conform orarului.

- Parts of a plane

aileron = eleron. automatic pilot = pilot automat. baggage hold = cabin, cal pentru bagaje. cockpit = carling. engine. intercom = sistem de comunicare intern a avionului. navigation light. passanger cabin/compartment. radio aerials. rudder = crm de direcie. seat (reclining ~ = scaun rabatabil). seat-belt = centur de siguran. wheels (retractable main ~ = roat retractabil). wing = aripa.

- Airports

Airports have three main purposes: they must handle passengers, mail and freight (= ncrctur); they must be sure that all aircraft take off and land (= a ateriza) safely and on times; they must provide hangars and workshops so that planes can be checked regularly.

The center of operations at the airport is the air traffic control tower (= turnul de control al traficului aerian). Here, controllers organise the landing and take off of each airplane, from a height (= nlime) of 5 or 6 miles (6 to 8 kms) onto a concrete (= beton) runway about 3 kms long and 60 meters wide. The runways are usually parallel and in line with the prevailing wind, so that an aircraft can land against the wind, which is always safer. As soon as an airplane has landed, it moves along, or taxis (= ruleaz) to

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an area called apron. Here trucks are waiting, ready to carry baggage to the terminal. Fuel tankers move in to refill to airliner's tanks. Cleaners arrive to empty the cabin and load (= a ncrca) on food for the next flight.

(adapted from Bowood, R: The Story of Flight)

I.3.e. Travelling by boat It is pleasant and exciting to have a row (= plimbare cu barca) or a voyage on

board (= la bordul) a yacht or a vessel. The first boats date back to prehistoric times, and were simply floating logs (=

trunchiuri de copac) or driftwood paddled with the hands. The first real boats appeared later. One was the dugout (= pirog) canoe, which was a raft (= plut) made of logs or bundles of reeds tied together. When there were no reeds or logs, boats were made of skins (= piei de animale) stretched over a light framework. After a while the dugout and the raft were built up with sides of wooden planks (= scnduri). Different types of boats and sails were fitted so as to catch as much wind as possible.

Until the 1800s, all boats were driven by sails (= pnze) and oars (= vsle). The invention of the steam engine made paddle wheels and propellers possible. Today, motorboats, sailing boats and row boats are used by people in all parts of the world.

Being in a boat or yacht on a rough (= agitat) sea is quite dangerous. But it is not dangerous to be on board a ship/vessel in such conditions.

A vessel is a craft bigger than a rowboat, used for navigation. It is well provided with everything necessary to allow for the navigation in the best conditions (a good crew and all sorts of facilities). (adapted from Illustrated Colour Dictionary and Websters Illustrated Dictionary Encyclopedia) - The component parts and the accessories of a vessel:

anchor = ancor. hold = cal. antenna = anten. larboard = babord. ~ for radio beacons = semnale luggage room = magazie pentru radio pentru bagaje. berth = cuet. mast = catarg. prow = pror. porthole = hublou. cabin. propeller = elice. captain's bridge = punte de comand. raft = plut. deck = punte. life ~ = ~ de salvare. main ~ = ~ principal. railing = balustrad. lower ~ = ~ inferioar. safety-belt = colac de promenade~. salvare. ~ house = cabina cpitanului. safety-boat = barc de three decker = vas cu trei salvare.

puni. starboard = tribord. engine room = sala mainilor. stern = pup.

The hovercraft is an entirely new form of transport, and it is quite different from any wheeled vehicle, ship or airplane. It combines many of the capabilities of all three: it can carry heavy loads (= ncrctur) over land, it can operate on the sea and is airborne in operation.

A cushion of air is maintained between the craft and the surface by driving air at pressure under the hovercraft. This cushion supports the weight of the craft and keeps it

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clear off the surface. The hovercraft's air cushion is like a leaking tire, in principle. Air must be pumped in continuously to maintain the necessary lift. Most craft are fitted with flexible skirts which contain the cushion of air.

Generally, a hovercraft has no physical contact with the surface over which it is travelling, so the controls must be aerodynamic - rather like aircraft controls. The idea of supporting a vehicle on a cushion of air developed from early attempts at producing vertical take off aircraft, and also the wish to increase the speed of boats by feeding air beneath them to ease (=a uura) their passage over the water.

It is necessary to raise the chamber pressure only a little above atmospheric pressure, in order to lift the hovercraft. This is done by a lift fan (= ventilator). It requires tremendous power to drive it and uses most of the power developed by the engine.

The propeller used to drive the hovercraft is usually an aircraft type. The propellers used on hovercraft are fourbladed (= cu patru lamele).

Piston type engines have been used in early hovercraft, but current models favour the use of gas turbines. This type of engine is smaller and lighter. The fuel used is either low grade petrol or kerosene.

The fuel system is quite simple and consists of a fuel tank (= rezervor), a pump, a throttle valve (= flutura) and as many injectors as there are combustion chambers. Fuel is pumped to the throttle valve by means of an electrically driven pump. Basically, the hovercraft requires lift and propulsion. Lift is entirely dependent on the speed of the engine driving the lift fan.

Electrical power is used to start the engine and ignite (= a pune n funciune) the fuel driving the engine. The lights, radio, radar equipment and many instruments require (= cer) electricity. The supply (= aprovizionarea) is obtained from a generator which charges a battery to maintain a supply when the engine is stopped.

An instrument panel (= panou/tablou de bord) is fitted in front of the commander, to carry all of the instruments for safe operation of the hovercraft. They include: compass (= busol); air speed indicator, engine, r.p.m. (revolutions per minute) indicator, propeller pitch indicator.

Hovercraft are generally used more over the sea than elsewhere. Consequently, the commander needs to be a person combining many of the piloting skills of an aircraft pilot with the navigational skills of a sea captain.

The cabin for passengers is typical of the passenger aircraft except that seat belts have not so far been considered necessary. Should an emergency occur, lifejackets are available under the seats.

(adapted from Hayden, E.S.: The Hovercraft)

- Any journey or voyage has advantages and disadvantages - advantages:

- each passenger has his/her own seat. - independence of choosing the route. - it doesn't make noise. - it is comfortable. - it is not dangerous. - it is relatively cheap. - it takes a short time. - you can eat/drink/read/sleep.

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- you can meet other people. - you can see many things. - you can stop where you want.

- disadvantages: - it is crowded/cramped. - it takes a long time to get where you want. - it is dangerous. - it is (quite) expensive. - it is not comfortable. - it makes noise. - you can get air/car/seasick. - you can't choose the route. - you can't read/sleep. you can't stop where you want.

I.4. Means of transport for goods - transport (n.): carriage. conveyance. removal. shipment. shipping. transference. transportation.

to transport (vb.): to convey. to carry. to ship. - The development of our national economy led to the development of transport. - Road transport makes use of motor-vehicles, trailers (= remorci) and semi-trailers. There are also different types of lorries: refrigerated ~; tank ~; tipping ~ (= autocamioane, basculante). Road transport is more expensive than railway transport. Water transport uses bulkcarrier (= vase ce transport ncrcturi mari); cargo-boats; tankers (= tanc petrolier, nav tanc, petrolier); barges (= lepuri). B. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION 1. What are a few of the effects that the development of air travel has had on modern

life and world events? 2. Describe a journey you have just had. 3. You are on a train with a fellow-passenger who has visited the town you live in.

Imagine the dialogue. 4. Talk about advantages and disadvantages of different means of transport. 5. Describe your first trip on a plane.

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I.4. ENGINEERING CAREERS AND JOB OPPORTUNITIES Leading firms in the engineering sector are among the most international in their

outlook. Organizations such as Ford, Siemens, Philips, GE, Nokia and Shell all recruit internationally and visit recruitment fairs across Europe. Oil exploration has always been international in nature, with seismic investigations and the drilling of wells often taking place in the most remote regions. The industry is used to working in multinational teams, and English is their business language. Telecommunications companies are also big on global reach. Vodaphone, for example, has employees in 28 countries and BT offers career opportunities across Europe.

The Association for Consultancy and Engineering (ACE) produces information on the international work of its members. Arup, for example, has offices in eight European countries and 16 elsewhere in the world. Project work could take you anywhere the Hong Kong metro, airport terminals in Toronto and Tel Aviv, an oil platform in the Philippines and the Channel tunnel are among their completed projects.

Fortunately, engineering qualifications are very portable. All European Union (EU) countries have an agreement on what they call the formation of a professional engineer, which takes around seven years and includes education, initial training and experience. The order in which these occur differs around Europe. The French and Germans prefer their students to gain industrial experience at home and abroad during the course of their studies. In the UK, although we have sandwich courses, work experience before graduation is more restricted and it is quite possible to graduate without any. This inevitably places more emphasis on industrial training after graduation. However, companies in the UK are placing increasing value on work experience or internships during vacation time and/or sandwich degrees.

A career in engineering can be truly international. An MEng degree from a UK university is recognized worldwide as an excellent grounding. The professional status of chartered engineer also commands international respect. In the UK there is a severe shortage of civil engineers, and in 2003 the government relaxed its work permit rules for these engineers from overseas. This was followed in 2004 with a move to allow all new graduates in engineering from UK universities to stay in the UK for at least a year after graduating. When and if the telecommunications and automobile industries get back to normal levels of recruitment there will be shortages of good engineers. Allowing the numerous overseas students who come to the UK for an engineering education to stay will certainly alleviate this problem.

While it is relatively easy to get employment around the world as an engineer, it becomes easier once you have gained two or more years industrial experience. It is unusual, but not impossible, for a graduate with a first degree to immediately gain employment in the USA.

Attending a careers fair can be a great way of discovering who is recruiting. Many large companies participate in fairs on campus. Fairs offer the chance to talk to firm representatives face-to-face and can provide an opportunity to make contacts.

There are numerous publications advertising vacancies in the engineering sector every year. Apply directly to those firms you find attractive that are offering career opportunities in your area of engineering.

Websites of the professional bodies provide lots of careers and job information. Each professional body has a list of organizations that offer accredited training for

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new graduates intent on gaining professional qualifications. Speculative applications to firms of your choice often pay off.

You can discover details of trade associations and of their members as well as whether they are electronics companies, engineering consultants, aerospace manufacturers or active in other parts of the engineering industry. Investigate their vacancies and career development opportunities and, if they match your requirements, send in a speculative application.

Selection procedures always include questions about competencies. In addition to technical competence, the engineering sector also wants team players who can solve problems and communicate with customers, clients and suppliers. They also appreciate the ability to recognize commercially promising approaches rather than expensive solutions that cannot be marketed. Most companies will list the required competencies on their website and it pays to study these carefully before embarking on an application. Be prepared to complete aptitude tests as part of the application and interview process.

Company training schemes often lead to professional qualifications. The schemes will usually include secondment to various departments, plus training in the area in which you will eventually work. You may need to keep a diary of your experiences, complete a project or write a report to gain professional recognition.

Your career can develop in many different ways within the engineering sector. You might start in a technical function and develop as a professional, before moving into a management position. This may involve managing a facility such as manufacturing, or a project for a client. In addition to your technical abilities, you will also develop the skills necessary to manage people, budgets and clients expectations. Alternatively, your career could progress in a different direction, perhaps marketing the products you know so well technically, negotiating with suppliers, optimizing supply chains or hiring new technical staff in human resources.

(adapted from Internet URL: http://www.prospects.ac.uk) A. VOCABULARY I. JOBS I.1.a. Entry words

job n. = 1. lucru, munc, treab, ndeletnicire, ocupaie. 2. slujb, funcie, serviciu, post. 3. afacere. 4. ndeletnicire, lucrri mrunte. to job v. = 1. a face afaceri. 2. a nchiria cai i trsuri.

I.1.b. Related words jobber n. = 1. antreprenor. 2. intermediar. 3. afacerist. jobbery n. = specul la burs. jobless adj. = omer. jobmaster n. = persoan care nchiriaz cai i trsuri.

I.1.c. Synonyms activity. affair, assignment, business. calling, career. charge, duty. employment, function,

mission, occupation. position, profession. responsibility, task. trade. vocation. work.

I.1.d. Types of jobs - attractive. dull. odd. risky. - full-time. part-time. over-time. - low paid. well-paid.

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- indoors. outdoors.

I.2. Looking for a job/getting a job - Newspapers and magazines have advertisements (= reclame) concerning possible jobs. If you are looking for a job you have to read the job columns in the newspaper. Then, you must write a letter of application (= cerere) or if possible, to fill in an application form (= formular de cerere). - A letter of application looks like this:

Sir, With reference to your advertisement in ... (newspaper) ..., of... (date) ... , I

wish to apply (= a solicita) for the job. I hope you will be kind enough to consider my application and grant (= a acorda, a admite, a aproba) an interview.

My address is ... . Yours sincerely, (signature) For engineering positions, potential candidates will need to show evidence of the following:

technical knowledge; a high level of scientific knowledge and the ability to apply this knowledge to

practical problems; communication and interpersonal skills; managerial skills; problem solving and analytical ability; accuracy and attention to detail; creative ability; IT skills; organisational skills, such as time and resource planning. fluency in a second language, if required to work in an international company.

The letter must be accompanied by a Curriculum Vitae (CV) that should be typed, it must be clear and not too long. It must include personal details, qualifications and positions held, skills and achievements (= realizri). If you get a positive answer, you must prepare for the interview when you must appear in front of an employer (= patron) or a group of selectors. At the interview you should wear your best clothes (to give a good impression), look tidy, show enthusiasm for the job, make notes on your experience, qualifications etc.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name VALEANU VALERIU Address 1 Letea Street, Apt.1, 600078, Bacau, Romania

Telephone 0234-655525 E-mail valeriuvaleanu@yahoo.com

Nationality Romanian Date of birth 10 July 1981

WORK EXPERIENCE Dates From November 2006 to the present

Name and address of employer SC MACHINE TOOLS SA Bacau, Romania Type of business or sector Manufacturing industry

Occupation or positions held Mechanical engineer on probation Main activities and responsibilities

as a teaching assistant

designing and implementing cost-effective equipment modifications to help improve safety and reliability;

developing a project specification with colleagues, often including those from other engineering disciplines;

developing, testing and evaluating theoretical designs; discussing and solving complex problems with manufacturing

departments, sub-contractors, suppliers and customers; managing projects using engineering principles and techniques; planning and designing new production processes.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Dates (from to)

From 2005 to the present

Name and type of organization providing education and training

University Of Bacau, The Faculty of Engineering

Principal subjects Enrolled for a Master degree program in the Management of industrial production

Dates (from to)

From 2001 to 2005

Name and type of organization University Of Bacau, The Faculty of Engineering Principal subjects Mechanical engineering

Title of qualification awarded BEng

Dates (from to)

From 1998 to 2001

Name and type of organisation providing education and training

Vasile Alecsandri High School, Bacau

Title of qualification awarded Baccalaureate MOTHER TONGUE ROMANIAN

OTHER LANGUAGES Reading, writing and verbal skills English and French: very good

Additional information driving licence, B category

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II. WORK II.1.a. Entry words

work n. = 1.lucru, munc. 2.oper (work of art). 3.treab, sarcin. 4.(pl) fabric mare, uzin. 5.(pl) mecanism, mainrie. 6.prelucrare mecanic.7.cultivare (a pmntului). 8.(fig) aciune. 9.(pl) construcii. worker n. = 1.muncitor, lucrtor. 2.(pl) muncitorime. 3.albin/furnic lucrtoare. workmanship n. = 1.ndemnare, miestrie. 2.lucrare, oper de art. 3.execuie ngrijit. 4.lucrtur, execuie. 5.fabricaie. working n. = 1.lucru, munc, activitate. 2.cultivare (a unui teren). 3.fermentaie (a vinului). 4.(fig) agitaie. 5.manevrare, crmuire. 6.efect, aciune (a unui medicament). workable adj. = 1.executabil. 2.asupra cruia se poate aciona. working adj. = 1.muncitor, care muncete. 2.de lucru. 3. de exploatare. 4. n vigoare. 5. mobil. workaday adj. = 1. de lucru, pentru zilele de lucru. 2.(fig) prozaic. workmanlike adj. = 1. ndemnatic. 2. iscusit, fcut de mini ndemnatice, bine executat. to work v. = 1. a lucra, a avea o slujb. 2. a elabora. 3. a manevra, a crmui (o main). 4. a prelucra. 5. a executa, a nfptui (un plan). 6. a conduce (o aciune). to work by agreement = a lucra n acord. to work for = a presta zile munc. to work in relay = a munci n schimburi.

to work in a slapdash way = a da rasol, a lucra de mntuial. to work overtime = a face ore suplimentare.

to work (on) short hours = a oma. to work whole-heartedly = a munci cu avnt.

II.1.b. Related words

work-bag = saco de lucru (pentru croitorie). ~ bench = banc de lucru. ~ book = brour, crticic. ~ box = cutie pentru materiale si unelte. ~ force = for de lucru. ~ horse = cal folosit n special pentru munc. ~ house = fabric, azil de sraci. ~ load = norm. ~ man = muncitor, lucrtor. ~ mate = coleg de munc. ~ out = stagiu, antrenament. ~ people = muncitorime. ~ room = atelier. ~ sheet = carte de munc. ~ shop = atelier, secie (ntr-o uzin). ~ of art = oper de art. working-clothes = haine de lucru.

II.1.c. Types of work

- brainwork.