Chimia Mediului-Curs -Formatat(Pt. ID)

7/25/2019 Chimia Mediului-Curs -Formatat(Pt. ID)

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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i MedicinVeterinar Cluj-Napoca

FACULTATA ! A"#$CULTU#AFACULTATA ! A"#$CULTU#A$N"$N#$ %$ 'TCT$A M!$ULU$$N"$N#$ %$ 'TCT$A M!$ULU$

%e( lucrari !r) !ULF Francisc Vasile

CHIMIA MEDIULUI

NOTE DE CURS IDNOTE DE CURS ID

CLU*-NA&'CACLU*-NA&'CA+,,+,,


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CU$N%CU$N%

CAPITOLUL 1. NOIUNI DE BAZ ALE CHIMIEICAPITOLUL 1. NOIUNI DE BAZ ALE CHIMIEI................................................................551.11.1 DEFINIIA, DOMENIILE I IMPORTANA CHIMIEIDEFINIIA, DOMENIILE I IMPORTANA CHIMIEI......................551.21.2 CLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELORCLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELOR....................................................................................881.31.3 CONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMO-MOLECUALRECONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMO-MOLECUALRE......................1212

1.3.11.3.1 ATOM. MAS ATOMIC. NUMR ATOMIC.ATOM. MAS ATOMIC. NUMR ATOMIC...............................12121.3.21.3.2 MOLECUL. MAS MOLECULAR RELATIV.MOLECUL. MAS MOLECULAR RELATIV.MAS MOLECULAR ABSOLUTMAS MOLECULAR ABSOLUT............................................................................................13131.3.31.3.3 SUBSTAN. MOL. MAS MOLAR. VOLUMSUBSTAN. MOL. MAS MOLAR. VOLUMMOLAR..MOLAR..........................................................................................................................................................................................15151.3.1.3. TEORIA ATOMO-MOLECULARTEORIA ATOMO-MOLECULAR....................................................................1!1!

CAPITOLUL 2. STRUCTURA ATOMULUICAPITOLUL 2. STRUCTURA ATOMULUI........................................................................................1"1"

2.12.1 NUCLEUL ATOMULUINUCLEUL ATOMULUI........................................................................................................................1"1"2.1.12.1.1 COMPOZIIA NUCLEULUICOMPOZIIA NUCLEULUI........................................................................................1"1"2.22.2 #NVELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR#NVELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR......................................................1$1$

2.2.12.2.1 MODELELE ATOMICEMODELELE ATOMICE..........................................................................................................1$1$2.2.22.2.2 ORBITALI ATOMICIORBITALI ATOMICI..................................................................................................................25252.2.32.2.3 CONFI%URAIA ELECTRONICCONFI%URAIA ELECTRONIC....................................................................31312.2.2.2. HIBRIDIZAREA ORBITALILOR ATOMICIHIBRIDIZAREA ORBITALILOR ATOMICI........................................3$3$

CAPITOLUL 3. SISTEMUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELORCAPITOLUL 3. SISTEMUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELOR..............................333.13.1 STRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODICSTRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODIC..................................................................333.23.2 ECHILIBRE ACIDO- BAZICEECHILIBRE ACIDO- BAZICE..................................................................................................""

3.2.13.2.1 PRODUSUL IONIC AL APEI. NOIUNEA DE PH.PRODUSUL IONIC AL APEI. NOIUNEA DE PH.................""

3.2.23.2.2 CALCULUL PH- ULUI SOLUIILOR DE ACIZI, BAZE,CALCULUL PH- ULUI SOLUIILOR DE ACIZI, BAZE,SRURI, SISTEME TAMPON ACIDO- BAZICE.SRURI, SISTEME TAMPON ACIDO- BAZICE.......................................................$$

CAPITOLUL . REACII CHIMICECAPITOLUL . REACII CHIMICE................................................................................................................5!5!.1.1 BAZELE REACIILOR CHIMICEBAZELE REACIILOR CHIMICE......................................................................................5!5!

.1.1.1.1 DEFINIIEDEFINIIE..................................................................................................................................................5!5!.1.2.1.2 CARACTERISTICILE REACIILOR CHIMICECARACTERISTICILE REACIILOR CHIMICE........................5!5!.1.3.1.3 REACII ENDOTERME I E&OTERMEREACII ENDOTERME I E&OTERME................................................5"5".1..1. SISTEM MATERIALSISTEM MATERIAL..................................................................................................................5858

.2.2 TIPURI DE REACII CHIMICETIPURI DE REACII CHIMICE..............................................................................................!'!'.2.1.2.1 REACII REDO&REACII REDO&............................................................................................................................!'!'.2.2.2.2 REACII ACIDO-BAZICE (DUP BR)NSTED*REACII ACIDO-BAZICE (DUP BR)NSTED*......................!2!2.2.3.2.3 COMPARAREA REACIILOR ACIDO-BAZICE CUCOMPARAREA REACIILOR ACIDO-BAZICE CUREACIILE REDO&REACIILE REDO&..................................................................................................................................................!!.2..2. REACIA DE PRECIPITAREREACIA DE PRECIPITARE......................................................................................!!.2.5.2.5 REACII ALE MOLECULELOR OR%ANICEREACII ALE MOLECULELOR OR%ANICE................................!!!!

.3.3 DIZOLVAREA CRISTALELOR IONICEDIZOLVAREA CRISTALELOR IONICE....................................................................!"!".. DISOCIAIA ELECTROLIILORDISOCIAIA ELECTROLIILOR......................................................................................!$!$

CAPITOLUL 5. SOLUIICAPITOLUL 5. SOLUII...................................................................................................................................................."1"15.15.1 DEFINIIE. %ENERALITIDEFINIIE. %ENERALITI...................................................................................................."1"15.25.2 MRIMI I UNITI PENTRU E&PRIMAREAMRIMI I UNITI PENTRU E&PRIMAREACONCENTRAIEI SOLUIILORCONCENTRAIEI SOLUIILOR................................................................................................................"2"2

5.2.15.2.1 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUALCONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL.............................................................."3"35.2.1.15.2.1.1 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE MAS+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE MAS+.............."3"3


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5.2.1.25.2.1.2 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE VOLUM+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE VOLUM+........"3"35.2.1.35.2.1.3 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL VOLUMETRIC+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL VOLUMETRIC+

"3"35.2.25.2.2 CONCENTRAIA MOLAR (MOLARITATEA*CONCENTRAIA MOLAR (MOLARITATEA*........................""5.2.35.2.3 CONCENTRAIA NORMAL (NORMALITATEA*CONCENTRAIA NORMAL (NORMALITATEA*............""

5.2.5.2. CONCENTRAIA MOLAL (MOLALITATEA*CONCENTRAIA MOLAL (MOLALITATEA*........................""5.2.55.2.5 FRACIA MOLARFRACIA MOLAR.................................................................................................................."5"55.2.!5.2.! TITRUL SOLUIEITITRUL SOLUIEI........................................................................................................................"5"5

5.35.3 SOLUBILITATE. SATURAIESOLUBILITATE. SATURAIE.................................................................................................."8"85.5. INTERACIUNI SOLVENT SOLUTINTERACIUNI SOLVENT SOLUT.........................................................................."$"$

5..15..1 SOLUII IDEALESOLUII IDEALE............................................................................................................................"$"$5..25..2 CLDURI DE DIZOLVARE I DE HIDRATARECLDURI DE DIZOLVARE I DE HIDRATARE......................8'8'

CAPITOLUL !. CATIONII. CLASIFICARE, SEPARARE ICAPITOLUL !. CATIONII. CLASIFICARE, SEPARARE IIDENTIFICAREIDENTIFICARE..................................................................................................................................................................................8282

!.1!.1 %ENERALITI, ANALIZA PRELIMINAR%ENERALITI, ANALIZA PRELIMINAR..............................................8282!.1.1!.1.1 CLASIFICAREA CATIONILOR PE %RUPE ANALITICECLASIFICAREA CATIONILOR PE %RUPE ANALITICE

8282!.1.1.1!.1.1.1 ANALIZA ORIENTATIVANALIZA ORIENTATIV........................................................................................8383!.1.1.2!.1.1.2 ANALIZA PROPRIU-ZISANALIZA PROPRIU-ZIS......................................................................................8!8!

!.2!.2 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI I-SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI I-A ANALITICE (%RUPA HCL *A ANALITICE (%RUPA HCL *..........................................................................................................................8!8!!.3!.3 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA HII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA H22S*S*........................................................................................................$'$'!.!. SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AIII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NHIII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NH**22S*S*..................................................................................................1'11'1!.5!.5 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AIV-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NHIV-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NH**22COCO33**............................................................................................113113!.!!.! IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI A V-A ANALITICEIDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI A V-A ANALITICE

11!11!CAPITOLUL ". IDENTIFICAREA ANIONILORCAPITOLUL ". IDENTIFICAREA ANIONILOR................................................................121121

".1".1 %ENERALITI%ENERALITI..........................................................................................................................................121121".2".2 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AVII-A PRINCIPALVII-A PRINCIPAL..........................................................................................................................................................122122".3".3 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPAREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPAVI-A PRINCIPALVI-A PRINCIPAL......................................................................................................................................................123123".". REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AV-A PRINCIPALV-A PRINCIPAL................................................................................................................................................................1212

".5".5 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AIV-A PRINCIPALIV-A PRINCIPAL............................................................................................................................................125125".!".! REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AIII-A PRINCIPALIII-A PRINCIPAL..............................................................................................................................12!12!

CAPITOLUL 8. METODE CROMATO%RAFICE DE ANALIZACAPITOLUL 8. METODE CROMATO%RAFICE DE ANALIZA..................12$12$8.18.1 CROMATO%RAFIA DE LICHIDECROMATO%RAFIA DE LICHIDE..................................................................................12$12$

8.1.18.1.1 PRINCIPII %ENERALEPRINCIPII %ENERALE....................................................................................................12$12$8.1.28.1.2 CROMATO%RAFIA DE ADSORBIE (CA* ICROMATO%RAFIA DE ADSORBIE (CA* IREPARTIIE (CR*REPARTIIE (CR*......................................................................................................................................................1321328.1.38.1.3 CROMATO%RAFIA LICHID DE #NALTCROMATO%RAFIA LICHID DE #NALTPERFORMANPERFORMAN..........................................................................................................................................................133133

8.28.2 CROMATO%RAFIA DE %AZECROMATO%RAFIA DE %AZE............................................................................................13!13!8.2.18.2.1 PRINCIPII %ENERALEPRINCIPII %ENERALE....................................................................................................13!13!


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CAPITOLUL $.CAPITOLUL $.E&ERCITII SI TEMEE&ERCITII SI TEME........................................................................................................1111BIBLIO%RAFIE SELECTIVABIBLIO%RAFIE SELECTIVA................................................................................................................................1313


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C/ 064:06; E=/6= ;/; ;4/9 0;4:0 (;9

;70 ;4/9=4: ;0:469=9 ;0: 6: ?6 9@9=

;/ 4:06;* ?/:96 ;9 :4:7=

:0;7= ;/; =0 ;0: 0:; 0;0.C/ 4:06; C4/9 ;0:469=9 (;9 ;70 464/6=

>


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A4:9= ;/ ?6 6@9:, ;46 ?6+

09:0:0 @ /0: :/ /0:0= 6:9 6@9:0 @

:=9;:0:G

>4=4:0 @ 64 :4;@ ;/; 6:9 476:0 @ :4@9 9=

6:9 ?/967:0 64=4=4: @ >0:;07.

A>=, ;/0 /4:06 ?6+

metalurgie 96@-09 0@9 ?/967: ?6 64=40 @ >0:;07 :6

0;0 ; 476:0 47=9:=4: @6 >46 ;4;, 0 >4 ?6 /9= =4;9:

?6=4;9 ;9 :4;@ @ :@9;: 0 /6:9:=4: @ >:, ;9 @:46. S-

09 ?/967 :4;@= @ 0:0: 0 /0==4: :0: 6;0:

47=9:=4: ;0=G

petrochimie+ =400: :=9;:0: /4@:6 0 :4@9=4: :4=:G

agricultur+ @04: ;/, 4:9= ?6::0 ?6 9=/= @;6

@04:0


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0/4>:, 9=; 0= /0/0;, >4=46@ ;0 /4@= ;0 ; 0 ;:0 /0:= J=04:04: 0=

609:K.

1.21.2 CLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELORCLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELOR

Elementul c!m!c ::


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Met&lele 96 9067 (/464=/60:*, ;0: 09 :4:7

;0:0;:;+ ;46@9;=0 :/;, ;46@9;=0 =;:; =9;9

/0=; ;0:, @ :9=, 4 :=9;:0 :6 =0/60:, :0:, >4:0:

?66@:.

Aliajele 96 9067 4==/60: /0=; (4=97 4=@* ?6

;4/46670 ;:4:0 6: @: /0=G /0== >4:/0;0:

C=0>;0:

D60 etale uoare

( 5 ;/3*

S4@9 (',$" ;/3*

etale grele

( Q 5 ;/3*

F: (",8! ;/3*T/:09:0 @ 4: etale cu puncte de

topire sczute

(.. 1'''C* Z6; (.. 232C*

etale cu puncte de

topire ridicate

(..Q 1'''C* C9:9 (..1'83C*

S0=00 ;/; etale nobile

(69 :0;7460


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F:9= 0=0= =9 C9:9= 0=0= =9,

069=

Nemet&lele 96 9067 (9067 /464=/60:*, ;0: 69

:4>4:, @:46.

Sem!met&lele ( 9067 /464=/60:*, ;0: @6 96; @

@: 0= :4:7=4: 904:/0


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$efiniia dup %r&nsted: 9067 (/4=;9=0 09 46*, ;0: ?6

6:0;7960 ;9 4 0;9= @ =;:46 0= 969 0;@(donor de perec5i de electroni7.

XNH3

S&e

C4/9 ;/; ;9 :9;9: ;:0=6, 0=;9 @6 46 /0=; 09

46 @ 0/469 ;9 0:;6 4


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S:9:=, ?6 0: @ 0:0: 4=@, :4:/0:;*

F(OH*2 @:4@ @ >: (II*(@:4@ >:4*

Sruri

C9SO 9=>0 @ ;9:9 (II* (9=>0 ;9:;* .

1.-1.- CONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMOMOLECUALRECONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMOMOLECUALRE.)9)..)9). AT'M) MA%2 AT'M$C2) NUM2# AT'M$C)AT'M) MA%2 AT'M$C2) NUM2# AT'M$C)

Atomul ::


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.)9)+.)9)+ M'LCUL2) MA%2 M'LCULA#2 #LAT$V2)M'LCUL2) MA%2 M'LCULA#2 #LAT$V2)MA%2 M'LCULA#2 A0%'LUT2MA%2 M'LCULA#2 A0%'LUT2olecula - ;0 /0 /; 0:;9= @6:-4 9067, ;0: 40

0 ?6 0: =: ;0: :0+

- /464=/60:+

- /46404/;+ N, A:, [:, &, H, R6

- 04/;+ H2, O2, N2, C=2

- 4=04/;+ O3, P, S8

-4==/60:+ H2SO, C0(OH*2

asa molecular relativ (M:* /:/0 ;0: 0:0 @ ; 4:/00 /4=;9= /0 /0: @; 9600 04/; @ /0 (9.0./.*1. N9

0: @/696. L0 >;90:0 ;0=;9==4: ;0: 69 6; 4 :;:0;7460 0 /0 04/; :=0 :496.

E/=9 /00 /4=;9=0: :=0 6:9 A=2(SO*3+

M: 22" 3(32 1!* 32

asa molecular absolut :/ ?6 Y/4=;9= 476

?6/9=76@ /00 /4=;9=0: :=0 ;9 1,!!1'-2"

Y.#6 :0;; 9= 5,312$1'-23

C0:46 1,$$231'-23 A=9/69 ,8281'-23

A


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Masele ato4ice relative rotunjite ale ele4entelor c5i4ice

Z D69/:0

=/69=9

M00

04/-;

:=0

:496

Z D69/:0

=/69=9

M00

04/-;

:=0

:49613 A=9/69 2" 1 H@:46 151 A6/469

(9*

122 53 I4@ 12"

" A:6 1'8 3! [:46 818 A:46 ' 3 L9 ""$ A9: 1$" 12 M06 322! F: 5! 22 T06 8$ F=94: 1$ $2 U:069 238

15 F4>4: 31 " \4=>:0/ 1832 %:/069 "3 5 &646 1312 H=9 3' Z6; !5

.)9)9.)9)9 %U0%TAN/2) M'L) MA%2 M'LA#2) V'LUM%U0%TAN/2) M'L) MA%2 M'LA#2) V'LUM

M'LA#M'LA#

Substan - 4:7960 @ /0: 4/46, @ ;4/49:;, 646 ;.

as molar "# - /00 969 /4= @ 9067 ?6 0: @ 04/

09 @ /4=;9=, 0= 69/:; ;9 /00 04/;, :; ;9 /00/4=;9=0: :/ ?6 /4=.


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E/=9+ M(NHSCN* "2,12 /4=.

ol - ;0600 @ 9067 ;0: ;4676 !,'231'23 0:;9=

(04/, /4=;9=, 46*.

E/=9+ 1 /4= @ A=2O3 1'2 G 1 /4= C9SO1!' .

olumul molar "m# -4=9/9= 4;90 @ 96 /4= @6 4:; 04:/04:9=K

;/9= 0=06 S06=04 C066


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M4=;9== 9067=4: /= ;4/96 @6 0;=0 >= @ 04/

(O2, O3, N2*, /4=;9== 9067=4: ;4/9 @6 04/ @>:7

(HC=, N0OH, C9SO*.

#6 @;9:9= :0;7=4: ;/; ;4/46670 /4=;9==4:

/4@>; ;9 ;/0:0 4:@6 04/=4:, ;0 ; @9; =0 >4:/0:0

9067 64.

P:4:7= /4=;9==4: @6@ 69 69/0 @ ;4/46670 =4:, @0:

@ /4@0=00 ?6 ;0: =0 04/.


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CA&$T'LUL +)CA&$T'LUL +) %T#UCTU#A AT'MULU$%T#UCTU#A AT'MULU$

S/9= ;/; ::= ?6 ;6:9= 04/9=9 0: ;46;6:0 ?6:00

0:;6 4 0= ;9 69/:9= @

=;:46 @6 ?6=9= =;:46;, 6:9 ;0 04/9= > 69:9 @6 96;


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@ @: =;:;. D40:; 69/:9= @ =;:46 @6 ?6=9= =;:46;

0= ;9 Z (69/:9= 04/;*, :40: /; (','''5 9.0./.*

;4/0:0 ;9 /00 :4469=9 0 69:469=9, 40 ;46@:0 ; /00

69;=9=9 0:4/0 0= ;9 /00 04/; 640 ;9 A.

U6 69;=9 (69/ /0 6:0= 69;=@* :/ /4=; 0A, ?6

;0: -0 640+

& - /4=9= 04/9=9 @6 ;0: >0; 0: 69;=9= :;G

Z - 69/: 04/;, 69/: @ 4:@6, 69/: @ =;:46, 69/: @

:446G

N 69/: @ 69:46G

A /00 04/;, 69/: @ 69;=46.

ANZ

N-Z 69/:


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N9;== 4 > 0= 60=G @0; Z ` 82 96 69/0 60=.

M9:0 0=7 69;==4: @0 @ 0:070 @ 6: :04:0 =0 96

69;=46, 6: ;0: :4@9; =0 >4:/0:0 69;=9=9 @6 0:;9=

=/60:. V0:070 @ 6: 476 096;7 @ /;0:.

C9 ; aE69;=46 =0 >4:/0:0 69;=9=9 /0 /0:, ;9 0 69;=9=

/0 0=. L0 ;= /0 0= 69;=, 0=40:0 aE69;=46 6@ : $ V.

2.22.2 /N0ELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR/N0ELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR

+)+).+)+). M'!LL AT'M$CM'!LL AT'M$C

C46;7= @: 0=;9:0 04/9=9 09 4=90 @ =0 >4:/

/= =0 0;0 @6


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@; 9 >4:/ @ /9== ?6: 0 96 ;067 /6/ @ 6:,

0= ;9 4 ;906. P:6 /0 09 04:70 96 :0@07 @ >:;67 c, 96

04/ :; @ =0 96 6= @ 6: E1=0 96 6= @ 6: E2+

21 33h = , 96@ ;46060 =9 P=06;Y.B4:, 9==, ?6 0670 96 ;07, =;:469= 0: ;= /0 ;96@0/60=. O 0: ;0 (:6 ?6;=0; ;0 =;:469= 4;9 4 0: @ 6: /0

:@;0, 69/ 0: ;0. E= @=00


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S ;46@: 0:0 46:67 04;0


22/142

'imitele teoriei lui %ohr

U6 9@9 /0 0/6967 0= ;:9=9 @ / 0= 04/9=9 @

@:46 0= 04/9=9 @ @:46 0 @/46:0 ; =6= ;:9=9 69 96

/= @0: ;4:96@ =0 96 060/=9 @ =6 @ =96/ @ 96@ >40:

0:40. #6 0;=0 /, /4= =; ;9 094:9= 0;9

/4@= 0@:9= ;, =00 ?6:-96 ;/ /06; 09 =;:; 66, 96

04/ @ @:46 0: ;:9= 9 @ / /4@>;0. P @ 0= 0:,

0=;0:0 /4@=9=9 =9 B4: 69 6 :/ ?67=:0 :9;9:

=;:46; 0 04/=4: 4==;:46;.

D;, @0; /4@=9= =9 B4: :; ;9 094:9=

69/:9=9 ;906; ;96@0: (4:0=*, =, ;0: ;906>; /4/69= ;6;

4:0=. F;:9 69/: :6;0= 6, ? ;4:96@ /0 /9= 0=4: 0= =9 =.

N9/:9= ;906; 4:0= @ 4/:0 4:0==4: 9:09:=4:6:;.

l= 8n-.7

61 =' 4:0=

62 =' 4:0=

=1 4:0=

63 =' 4:0=


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=1 4:0=

=2 4:0= @

6 =' 4:0=

=1 4:0=

=2 4:0= @

=3 4:0= >

A;= =0 @ ;4/4:0:0 =;:469=9 ?6 04/ 09 99 >

=9;@0 4 @0 ;9 >96@0/60:0 4ecanicii ondulatorii@ ;: L49 @

B:4=, S:e@6:, H6:.

E=;:469= 0: ;0:0;: 46@9=04:9, =9;:9 @/46:0 :/60=

?6 1$2" :6 @>:0;70 969 >0;;9= @ =;:46 ;9


24/142

6: 40= 0 =;:46=4:, 69/ 0=4: :4:. A; 0=4: :4:

96 @>6 @ 9= @ 69/: ;906;+

- 6 69/: ;906; :6;0=, ;906>; 6:0, ;0: 0 0=4:

4; /4/69= ;6; 4:0=G

@ 4/:0 4:0==4: 9:09:=4: 6:; ;0: 640G

- / 69/: ;906; /06;G ;906>; /4/69= /06;G @

6>4:/07 @: 69/:9= 4:0==4: @6:07G

- 69/: ;906; @ 6 ;0: :446, 69= 1

T0=9= 2 :


25/142

#6=9= =;:46; 0: 4 :9;9: :0>;0. E= >4:/0 @6

:09: ;46;6:; 69;=9=9, 640 @ =0 69;=9 : :4: ;9 ;>:

0:0 09 =:. S96 ;964;9 apte niveluri energetice 8straturi7@

%tratul L M N ' & B. + 9 ; D E

Nu4rul 4ai4= N/0@ =;:46 ?6 >;0: :0 ;0=;9=04:/9=0+

2/0 2 sn+ = 96@ 6 69/:9= :09=9.

E/=9+

S:0 [ L M NN/0 2 8 18 32

E=;:46 @6 9:9= 69;=9=9 6@ 0:064:/.

S ;964; 4:0= @ + , , @, >.

'r6italii de tip s(J0:K* 09 >4:/ >:; (>.3*.

[, L, M, N, O, P, k[, L, M, N, O, P, k


26/142

6 1,2,3,dd..

= '

/ '

F9:0 3. O:0=

'r6italii de tip p (@ =0principal "englez#+ 96 ?6 69/: @ :+

, g, .*.

N9/: ;906;

O:0= A @ /:6 = /

2 1 ' 2< A0 2 8 18 32 28 8 2E 2 8 18 32 2$ 8 2F/ 2 8 18 32 3' 8 2M@ 2 8 18 32 31 8 2N4 2 8 18 32 32 8 2

1 2 3 5 ! " 8L: 2 8 18 32 32 $ 2


34/142

R> 2 8 18 32 32 1' 2D 2 8 18 32 32 11 2

Rem&c+5 P6:9 =/6= C:, C9, N, R9, P@, C, T, P, P0,

N, BY ;0:;:; >64/69= @ J:9:K 09 J:;:K 0=;:469=9 @ 96 96= 0= 96=.

D969= (Z1'*, 4=49= (Z789#5 :9:>4:@9= (Z1'!*, 4:9=

(Z1'"*, 069= (Z1'8* /6:9= (Z1'$* 09 >4 4769 ?6 /06

;0=+ ;;=4:406, 6;:4406 0;;=:04: =60:.

Ocu#&e& cu elect"n! & 6n7el!8ulu! elect"n!c >0; 06@ =00


35/142

F9:0 !. =abla de ah a lui >oldansG

04/9= @ ;:4/ 0: ?6 0: >96@0/60= 5 =;:46 3@ 69/0

96 =;:46 G

96 04/ @ ;9:9 0: 1' =;:46 3@ @40: 96 =;:46 GP6:9 9=/= @49 00:, =;070 /= @40:;

9:09= @ 0: 4 :9;9: 0= 6:9 ; = 9/0 09

40= 4;90.

A=;07+

S @/ ;9/ >0; 4;90:0 :09:=4:, 9:09:=4:

;97=4: ;906; 9;;, /9: ; 69/:9= @ =;:46 @6:-9604/ ;:, 0=>= 9 ;6@ Z ;:.

%tratul

61 =1 @; /' 69 @; 4 ;97 ;906;

i2

1 /0/ @4 =;:46

- notaie:.s+(6:9 9:09= ;4/= 4;90*

l E=/6= 96+ H (11*, H (12*.


36/142

%tratul L

6 2 = ' / ' 96 69: 4:0= (22 6:9

9:09=

;4/= 4;90*

/ -1

= 1 / ' 3 4:0= (2!6:9 9:09=

;4/=

/ 1 4;90*

S96 /0/ 8 =;:46 0; :0 (6:9 :09= L ;4/= 4;90

64070 222!*.

l E=/6= ;4:969:070 =;:46;3 L9 L 1221

B:=9 B 1222

5 B4: B 122221

! C0:46 C 122222

" A S [ ]+e1' 323

1" C=4: C= [ ]+e1' 3235

18 A:46 A: [ ]+e1' 323!

D =0 69/:9= ;906; 9:/4:, ;0: ;4:96@ 409=9, 69

?6; ;4/=


37/142

%tratul N

6 = ', 1, 2 3, ;0: 0: > , , @, > @0: 69/0

4: 4;90, 3@ 6:09:070 =;:46;[, L M N

1$ P409 [ [ ]+e1' 323! 1

2' C0=;9 C0 [ ]+e1' 323! 2

S9:09= 0;9/ ;4/= 4;90. C4/=0:0 ;9 =;:46

;4669 ;9 9:09= @ 6: /@0 9:40:, ;0: 9:09=3@. E=/6= =0 ;0: ;4/=0


38/142

H:@: 9: @ /:, @ /=9 , 2, 3, 2@, 3@, 3@2.

C46@:/ 4 /4=;9= @ H2S+

U69:= @6: =9: 96 @ $', ;0 ; ?60/6 ;

=9:= 96 @0 @ 4:0= , 6:9 ; 4:0= 96 :6@;9=0:

?6: . L0 $' =9:= >4:/0: @ $', ?60/6 ; 69 -09 >4:/0 =9: :6 4:0=

J9:K.

O :; @ =;:46 @:/6 4 =9: ;/;.

C= /0 /4:06 9: @ :@


39/142

;46>9:070 =;:46; :09= ; :=9= 0: @49 0=67+

U6 =;:46 @ 2 :4/40 2. A>= ;= @49 =9:

69 96 0= (;0 /0 0:*. U69= 69 0: > 6 @>6. C= @49

=9: 96 =0 >= @ 0:, ;0 ; ?60/6 ; ; @4 4:0= :9 >

@6;. O:0= 69 /0 :/6 ; 0/; (

:@


40/142

> @ 12'. L0 :@


41/142

Reul++ 69/:9= @ 4:0= :


42/142

CA&$T'LUL 9)CA&$T'LUL 9) %$%TMUL $'!$C AL%$%TMUL $'!$C ALLMNTL'#LMNTL'#

-.1-.1 STRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODICSTRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODIC

C=0>;0:0 ;0 /0 6640 0 =/6=4: 0 >4 :49 @

M6@= ?6 06 18!$-18"1. P :/0 0; /0: @;4::, 647960

@ 69/: 04/; 69 :0 ;964;9. L0 0;: =9 M6@= 0 0

/00 04/; 0 =/6=4:. C46@:6@ :9= =/6=4: ?6 4:@60

;:;40: 0 /0=4: 04/;, ;460 ; @6 =4; ?6 =4; 00: =/6

;9 :4:7 ;/; 0/640:. #6 ;46;67 40 ;: :9=

=/6=4: /0 /9= :6@9:, 00 ?6; =/6= ;9 :4:7

0/640: 4:0; 96= 9 0==. S 476 0>= 96 0=

69/sistemul periodic al elementelor.#6 0= 00: 6:9=0:7 69/0 ?6

: =4;9: 069/+ =06@ ?6 ;4=406= :;0= =/6= ;9

:4:7 0/640:, 00: ?6 0= : :; @ =/6, C4-N, A:-

[ T-I, ?6 4:@60 6: 0 /0=4: =4: 04/; ;:;40: (@0: ?6

4:@60 ;4:; 0 69/:=4: 04/;*. A; 6:9=0:7 96 >:

?6/60, >6@; 69 /00 04/; 69/:9= 04/; @:/6 =4;9=

969 =/6 ?6 /9= :4@;, /9= =/6 >6@ 0/;9: @

:.

P :/0 =9 M6@= :09 ;964;9 69/0 !3 =/6. O

:9 ?6:0 @ =/6, 0;0 0 09 ?6;

@;4:. D 0/60 69 ;96409 =/6= :0@40;. D0:

;0: :6: =/6= /0 ;4/96 /9= 69 >9: ;: :4@; 0 =9 M6@=. A;0 0

:4 @;4: /0 :


43/142

;46>4:/ :4:7=4: =4:. A; / 009= ; 96= @6: 0;

=/6 >4:/0=94:9= ;9 469=*G

;= : >0/= @ =/6 :064:/0 =96*

0 >4 :49 @ \:6: :=;0 ;09;:9 =/6 69/:9= ;0:

/0:;0


44/142

"rupa ;4=4060 :;0= ;0: ;9:6@ =/6= ;9 0;0

;46>9:07 =;:46; 9=/9= :0. F4:/0 =96 0 /9=9 :4@;

;9:6@ 18 :9 ( 8 :6;0= 1' ;96@0:*.

E=/6= 96 :9 :6;0= ;4676 ?6 04/ =4: 0;=0 69/:

@ =;:46 9=/9= :0. N9/:9= :9 ;4:96@, ?6 ;0


45/142

#6 :40@, 69/:9= =;:46=4: @ 9=/9= :0 0= 04/=4:

=/6=4: @6grupele principale@ ;/ ;46699, 4 @0 ;9 69/:9=

@ 0:;6 69;=0:. L0 :;:0 @6:-4 :40@ ?6 9:/40:0, 69/:9=

=;:46=4: /4@>; :9;.

L0 04/ =/6=4: @6grupele secundare ;4/=0


46/142

@i@i

2

1

jj

R A, B :0;067

P C, D :4@9 @ :0;7sR, sR ;4>;67 4;4/:; 0 0;4:0

E;=:9= ;/; (@6 96; @ @: ;6; * ::


47/142

#6 00 9: 00: 96 ;=:9 :6 ;0: 00 @4;06@ ;0:0;:9= 0/>4: 0/6+

)!))!) +

!))! + + 3

S09 !)2 + +)!)

C46>4:/ = 0;796 /0=4:+

!)

)!)

*

**

2

+=

V0=40:0 >40: /; 0 CH CHO- ;46@9; =0+ (0: CH CHO-*221

21' ++ ===== )!))!)!) *****i

11'=:i ?6 ;46@7 06@0:@ (2$8[ 10/.*. D;

litruionigram**)!)

1' "== + .

I6:4@9;6@ 0;


48/142

9:6; 0=, ;0:0 @ H '- 1 ::


49/142

)A

A))A

*

**

+=

+

+

))A

A)

**

**

' 0:

2

'2'

2

2' )A)A)A

)A)A)A))

))A

))AA) *****

*** ++=+==

++

+

++

'2

2 )A)A)A

)A

) *;;

;* ++=+

+=

+== + '

2'

2

=

2

12=

=

2

1

211 )A)A

)A)A)A)A

)A)A

)*

p*

gg*p)

?6:-4 :/ 0:4/07 ;0=;9=9= 40 > /=>;0 069/+ +)* 0:

0=4: >40: /; @;''

)A))A*** + 0:

''

2

)A)A))A

))A **

*

* == +

+

''' =D2

1

2

1=D

2

1=D

2

1=D=D )A)A)A)A)A)A) *p;*;*;*p) ==== +

(96@ )A)A p = = *

E/=9+

S4=97 1 N 0;@ 0;;, 51'3

*!!)*)

5,2'2

15

2

1 ==p)

S4=97 ',1 N 0;@ 0;;, 51'3

*!!)*)

',3*1(2

15

2

1 ==p)

67 0a:e

C46>4:/ 4: B:e6@ 0


50/142

+ +)!)

!)2

#6 /4@ 060=4 40 ;0=;9=0 OH 4=97=4: 0 /=>;0

069/+


51/142

CHO- 0: 0=4: >40: /;, @;+''

%!))!%!)*** 0:

''

2

%!)%!))!%!)

)!%!) **

*

* ==

'' =2

1

2

1=

2

1=

2

1%!)%!)%!)%!) *p*p!) ==

'=2

1

2

11 %!)%!) *pp) += (96@ %!)%!) p = = *

E/=9+

S4=97 1N @:4@ @ 0/469, 51'

!)+)

5,11'2

1

52

1

1 =+=p)

S4=97 1N @:4@ @ 0/469, 51'

!)+)

',11*1(2

15

2

11 =+=p)

c7 %ruri

S96 9067 >4:/0 @6:-96 ;046 B + 96 0646 A ,

;4:96


52/142

!)*!!*)+a 23 ++ +

+ ++ +a)!*!!)*)3

09 !)*!!*) 23 +

+)!*!!)*)3

!)*!!*)

)!*!!)*)

**

**

23

3

=

C46;6:070 0 69 /4@>; 670= @40:; 96 69/: >40:

/; @ 46 0;0 :0;7460


53/142

!)*l+) 2 +++

+ ++ *l)!)+)

>60= !)+)S p*p) 2

1=

2

1" =

E/=9+ +** +)sare 1,' == + 5G1' 5 !)+)!)+) p

',552

1*1(

2

1" ==p)

d)7 %oluii ta4pon acido-6a:ice

S96 / ;/; ;0: :09 96 J4;K @ H :44;0 =0

6:4@9;:0 ?6 ;067 /; @ 0;


54/142

L0 6:4@9;:0 96 /; ;067 @ 0;@ 0: ( * 09 0


55/142

* H + BOH H2O B

*HO BC= BOH C=

?6 >60= H 1- OH 1-[BOH i ',2 .

E/= @ / 0/[email protected].* CH3COOH CH3COON0

@.2.* NHOH NHC=

CA&$T'LUL ;)CA&$T'LUL ;) #AC/$$ C3$M$C#AC/$$ C3$M$C

:.1:.1 BA9ELE REACIILOR CHIMICEBA9ELE REACIILOR CHIMICE

;).).;).). !F$N$/$!F$N$/$

F64/69= @ :06>4:/0: 0 9067, =0 @ :06>:9= @

6:, :6 ;0: :


56/142

T:06>4:/0:0 9067=4: ?6 0= 9067 ;9 :4:7

64G

T:06>4:/0:0 0:;9==4: (04/, 46, /4=;9=* ?6

0:;9= @ 0= ;9 0= :9;9:G T:06>4:/0:0 =9:=4: ;/; (@>0;:0, >4:/0:0

/4@>;0:0 =9:=4: ;/;*G

S;/9: @ 6: (/4@>;0:0 : 6:; 0 969

/ @ :0;7 :6 @>0;:0 =9:=4: 670=

>4:/0:0 64=4: =9: ;/;*G 0;0 :>: =0

:06>:9= @ ;=@9: 09 >;90:0 09 :=90:0 @ =9;:9

/;06;.

R0;70 ;/; 2 M CO2 2MO C

S90670 /06


57/142

R0;70 6@4:/ :0;70 ;0: @;9: ;9 0;;0: @

;=@9:. E6:0 ;/; 0 :0;067=4: /0 /; @; 0 :4@9=4: @

:0;7 (>.2'*.

R0;70 4:/ :0;70 ;0: @;9: ;9 ;@0: @ ;=@9:.

E6:0 ;/; 0 :0;067=4: /0 /0: @; 6:0 ;/; 0

:4@9=4: @ :0;7 (>.21*.

F9:0 2'.

R0;7 6@4:/+ 222 22 !)!) + ,

k5"' Y]/4=

F9:0 21. R0;7 4:/+ !)!) 222 22 + , k -5"'

Y]/4=

;).);;).); %$%TM MAT#$AL%$%TM MAT#$AL

E 96 060/=9 @ =/6 ;4696 0>=0 ?6 6:0;796.


58/142

Sistemul omogen /9= /0:0= 0=;9 69/0 @6:-4

69: >07 @ 0:0:, ; >4:/0


59/142

$esfurarea reaciei:

F64/6 ;0: 00: ?6: 0:;9= ?6 /9= 96 :0;7 ;/;. N9/:9=

@ /4= (;46;6:070, :960 0:70=* 0 :0;067=4: ;0@ 0: 0

:4@9=4: @ :0;7 ;:.

:.2:.2 TIPURI DE REACII CHIMICETIPURI DE REACII CHIMICE

rincipiile de clasificare a reaciilor chimice

C::9= @ ;=0>;0: E/=

F64/6


60/142

O@0:O@0::0;7 ;/; ;0: @;9:

/9=06 ;9 ;@0:0 @ =;:46

(4@0:* ;9 0;;0: @

=;:46 (:@9;:*.

,nCD)E!CF,nDCC)DCD)D!

@eacii cu modificarea numrului

de oxidare::0;70 ;/; ?6 ;0:

;: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= 969

=/6 (4@0:* /9=06 ;9

;@:0 69/:9=9 @ 4@0: 0

0=9 =/6 (:@9;:*.

C: 69/:9= @ 4@0:

' 2 2- 1 2- '

)D C *u! F)D! C *u

R@9;:

@eaciile pariale ale reaciei redox sunt:

oxidare: :0;70 0:70= :6 ;0: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= =/6=4:

;: @04: ;@: @ =;:46G

reducere::0;70 0:70= :6 ;0: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= =/6=4:

;0@ @04: 0;;: @ =;:46.

articulele 6ntre care se desfoar reacia redox 69/;+

oxidant:0:;06 =0 :0;7, 0= ;:9 69/: @ 4@0: ;0@ @04:

0;;: @ =;:46. O@067 96 0;;4: @ =;:46. O@069=

:@9; ?6 :0;70 :@4.

reductor: 0:;06 =0 :0;7, 0= ;:9 69/: @ 4@0: ;:

@04: ;@: @ =;:46. R@9;4: 96 @464: @ =;:46.

R@9;4:9= 4@04:/0


61/142

Stabilirea ecuaiilor reaciilor chimice pentru reaciile redox

E;907= :0;7=4: ;/; 0=; @9 9:/40:0 ;/+

O@0:+

P:/0 :; :@4 ;4:46@6+ R@1 O1


62/142

HC= HC=- (:/0 :; 0;@-0


63/142

;)+)9;)+)9 C'M&A#A#A #AC/$$L'# AC$!'-0A1$C CUC'M&A#A#A #AC/$$L'# AC$!'-0A1$C CU#AC/$$L #!'J#AC/$$L #!'J

#eacie acido-6a:ic #eacie redo

P:6 :06>: @ :446 09 =4;/9=06 ;@0:0 0;;0:0 @

:446.

P:6 :06>:9= @ =;:46 09 =4;/9=06 ;@0:0 0;;0:0 @

=;:46.A;@9= @464: @ :446

B0: @ =;:46


64/142

L0 0@90:0 :0;9=9 =0 4=970 469=9 @ @44:/ ;:90,

/:09:0 >6@ ;4606, ?6 9600 @ / 4 07 46 @ 9:0>070

;:0=9=9 :; ?6 4=97 ;7 0: 9:0>070 0G 0; ;=:9 0

0 096; ;6@ :4@99= ;46;6:07=4: 46=4: (B A-* 0 00 4

0=40: @:/60. Ow0=@ 0 69/ 0;0 649 ;4606 produs de

solu6ilitate (P*. P:4@99= @ 4=9=0 ;4606 =0 4 /:09:

@0. E= @6@ @ :4@99= ;4>;67=4: @ 0;0 0: 0;0 @ :0

46; 0 4=97.

T:0 46; @>6 :6 9:/40:0 : +

2

1;


65/142

S4=:0 :;0=4: ?6 0 @ 4; 96 :4; 6@4:/

@ 0;0, ;46>4:/ :6;9=9 =9 L C0=:-B:096, 4=9=00

:;0=4: ;: ;9 ;::0 /:09:. L0 ;= /0 /9= :;0

?6, @>:670 ?6: 4=9=00 =0 /:09:0 4:@60: 1''4C 0

@ /; ?6; 4 > >=:0 @6 4=97 >:6, >0 00604 ?6:9;

>:;0:0 6:40: 0 4=97=4: >:67 /9= /0 /; @; 0 ;=4: :;

>=:0:0 =0 ;0=@ @;9: /0 :0@.

;)+);)+) #AC/$$ AL M'LCULL'# '#"AN$C#AC/$$ AL M'LCULL'# '#"AN$C

T9= @ :0;7 C0:0;:;0S997+

AB CD AC

BD

S;/9= @ 04/ 09 :9 @ 04/ ?6:

/4=;9== :0;067=4:.

)*l*l*)*l*) ++ 32A@7+

A B C

U6:0 0 (;= 976* @49 /4=;9= @ :0;067, ;9

>4:/0:0 96 /4=;9= @ :4@9 @ :0;7.

B:22222 *)%r*)%r*)*) +=E=/60:+

A B C

E=/60:0 0 @4 04/ 09 :9 @ 04/ @6

>;0: /4=;9= @ :0;06.

22233 )*)*)*)*) +=T:064;0:0 :9;9: /4=;9= :0;069=9+

333223 *)*)*)*)*)*)*)

*)E

:.-:.- DI9OL0AREA CRISTALELOR IONICEDI9OL0AREA CRISTALELOR IONICE

E 96 >64/6 ;0: 0: =4; ?6 4=97 040 :6 ;0: ;:0==

46; @>0;.

2enomenul de solubilizare ::0;:0 ;:0==4: 46;

9 6>=9670 4=69=9 4=0: (0*, :6 ;0: :


66/142

@=00=, ;0: 96 ?6;469:07 @ 96 ?6= @ /4=;9= @ 0

(?6=9= @ @:00:*.

M;06/9= @ >4:/0: 0 96 4=97 46; 0:0 670 96

6:0;796 9:6; ?6: /4=;9== @4:7= @ 6:0;796 @6: /4=;9== @ 4=6 46 @6

:7090 ;:0=6 96 /0 /0: @; >4:7= @ 6:0;796 @6: 46

@6 :7090 ;:0=6, 0: =4; :4;9= @:6@: 46=4: @6 :7090

;:0=6. I46 4: ?6;469:0 @ /4=;9== 4=69=9. P:4;9=

69/ 4=00:. D0; 4=69= 00, :4;9= 69/ @:00:.

M4=;9== @ 4=6 (00* 96 4=0: 469= ?6;:;0 0 0:0 ?6

9:9= =9 /4=;9== 4:60 ;9 0:0 @ /6 ;46:0:. L0 :6@9= =9,

:/9= :0 @ /4=;9= @ 0 4:60 0 0;7460 09:0 0=4:0 @6

0:4: :6 >4:7 @ 4:60:+

P:/9= :0 @ /4=;9= @ 0 >0 9:6; @ 46 =

@=00


67/142

D6 96; @ @: 6:;, :4;9= @ 4=00:

;0:0;:0;:0 :7=

;:0=6.

D0;, ' dhr ))) , :4;9= 6@4:/ 0: 4=970

0 :; =0 @


68/142

D0;, ' dhr ))) , :4;9= 4:/ 4=970 0

?6;=


69/142

#6: ;46060 @ ;=:9 09 @ 46 0:70= @4;07. L0 ;46;6:07 /0:, @067= /; @6: 46, >0; ;0

0;0 6:0;746=

/06>0:0 6@6@6 0 >;:9 46.

A; 9067 ?6 0: 4=@ ;:0=


70/142

CA&$T'LUL )CA&$T'LUL ) %'LU/$$%'LU/$$

;.1;.1 DEFINIIE. ENERALIT


71/142

C) !up concentraie@

0. 4=97 @=90

. 4=97 ;46;6:0.

!) !up proprietile ter4odina4ice (?6 0:;9=0: @9 >4:/0

4670=9=9 ;/;*+

a. soluii ideale (:4:7= =4: 96 :/0 :6 :9=0:7

/=, ;46:4=0 @ ;46;6:07, 6@6@6 @ 609:0 ;/;

0 ;4/4667=4:*

b. soluii reale (/06> 00: @ =0 ;4/4:0:0 @0=,

:4:7= =4: >6@ @6@6 @ 609:0 ;4/4667=4:, @

6:0;7= ?6 4=97 ?6: 0:;9== 9067 @4:7 06 @: \00=*

b. soluii eterodinamice ;6@ /06> 6:0;7 @6;

(/=9+ 6:;7

46-@4= ?6: 4=6 4=9 6;7 46-46 ?6: 0:;9==

4=99=9*.

;.2;.2 M


72/142

)+).)+). C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2

)+).).)+).). C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2 ! MA%2@C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2 ! MA%2@

::


73/142

)+)+)+)+ C'NCNT#A/$A M'LA#2 8M'LA#$TATA7C'NCNT#A/$A M'LA#2 8M'LA#$TATA7

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74/142

/4=1''' 4=6W

(!*

96@+ 0 - ;46;6:070 /4=0=, /4= 1''' 4=6WG

M@- /00 /4=0: 0 4=99=9, WG

/@- /00 4=99=9, W.

)+))+) F#AC/$A M'LA#2F#AC/$A M'LA#2

#6 ;06 >:0;70 /4=0: 0

9067 0+

("*

S9/0 >:0;7=4: /4=0: 0= 99:4: ;4/466=4: 4=97=4:

0= ;9 9600+

&0&&;d1

)+)D)+)D T$T#UL %'LU/$$T$T#UL %'LU/$$

R:


75/142

P:0;; 9=


76/142

- 0@90: @ 4=97 @ 0;0 609: @0: @ ;46;6:07 @>:

( 40 476 0 ;@:0 ; ;::0 ;46;6:07

4=97*.

C0=;9== :>:40: =0 4=97= /=;0 ?6 0/;9= :; 09

=0 0;> ($*

/1 /2d /6 /> (1'*

96@+ /- ;067= @ 4=97 ;0: 0/;, WG

; - ;46;6:07= :4;690= @ /0 0= 4=97=4: ;0:

0/;, WG

1,2,3,d,6

;> - ;46;6:070 :4;690= @ /0 0 4=97 >60=, WG

/>- /00 4=97 >60= 4769, W.

E;9070 ($* ::


77/142

;46;6:07. A; 0= :; 6:9 0 0= ;46;6:070 96 4=97

@6:-4 @:/60: 0 @67.

y3xemplu+ 4=97 @ 0;@ 9=>9:;+

;

W1' 2' 3' ' 5' !' "' 8' $' 1''

;/3W1,'" 1,1 1,22 1,3' 1,' 1,5' 1,!2 1,"3 1,81 1,83!

;.-;.- SOLUBILITATE. SATURAIESOLUBILITATE. SATURAIE

U6= 9067 96 /;= (>4:/0040: ;9:0 5.1. 96 :@0 ;9:= 0:07=4: 4=9=7=4: /0

/9=4: :9: ?6 0, ?6: ' 1''C.


78/142

F9:0 5.1. V0:070 4=9=7=4: /0 /9=4: :9: ?6 0, ?6: '

1''C.

#6 40 /== :4:/040: 0/640:, ;9/ 0: > 9067= ; @>: @40: :6

;4/44:/0 4

4=97 @0= @ B ?6 A ;0 >4:7= ; 0;7460


79/142

> @ 0;0 609: 660 ;0 >4:7= @6: /4=;9== A B ?6

0/;9= ;=4: @49 =;@.

S4=97= >40: @=90 (J4=97 @ @=97 6>6K* ;4/4: ?6

/9= :67 ;0 4=97 @0=.

);)+);)+ C2L!U#$ ! !$1'LVA# $ ! 3$!#ATA#C2L!U#$ ! !$1'LVA# $ ! 3$!#ATA#D0;4: 60=; @ 96 >0;4:

6:4;, ;46>4:/ ;907+

S=)> += (11*

96@+ a% -60=0 =:

aH - 0:070 @ 60=aS - 0:070 @ 6:4.

P:6 @>67, =0 >4:/0:0 96 4=97 @0=, 69 @0 69

;469/ 6:, ;=@9:0 @ @0;4:, ;= 6:4; ;= 60=;. A>0: @ 0;0, /0 :9 =90 ?6

0/ 6:0;796= ?6: A A, B B ?6: A B.

C:0== ;9 :70 /4=;9=0: ;0 @:4;0:9:= 4=@ (0:0>6 09

60>0=6*, 96 4=9= ?6 @:4;0:9: ;0 069= 64:7= @ 0:0;7 @6: /4=;9== 4=99=9 >6@ @ 0;0 609: ;0

>4:7= @6: /4=;9== 4=69=9, >4:7 06 @: \00=, @4:/0:0 @ =9: ?6: /4=;9== 4=99=9 ;9 0= 4=69=9.

S/9=06 @>0; 96 69/: 0= @ =9: ?6 4=6 ?6 4=9. D

0;0 @: 4 0:07 0:;0= 0 60= aH.

H@:4;0:9:= 69 96 4=9= ?6 0 6:9 ; /4=;9== 0

96 96 ?6: = :6 =9: @ @:46 ?6 / ; /4=;9== @

@:4;0:9: 96 96 :6 =9: 06 @: \00=. D6 ;09: 0 0;4: >4:7 69 4 >4:/0 =9: ?6: /4=;9== 4=99=9

0 4=69=9.


80/142

Z00:4 ;00= :9 ;40=67 (>: 0 @0 60: =0

9067 64, 0@; >: 0 :0;7460 ;9 4=97 :;*.


81/142

CA&$T'LUL D)CA&$T'LUL D) CAT$'N$$) CLA%$F$CA#=CAT$'N$$) CLA%$F$CA#=%&A#A# $ $!NT$F$CA#%&A#A# $ $!NT$F$CA#

@[email protected] ENERALIT


82/142

060=;90;0:

@6: = :96@ 6:; ?6 060/=9, :0==

4=00 964: ;46;=9=, 060=09:: ?6 ;46690: 0 060=;0:0 /:9=9

060=


83/142

$on F(CN*!3- F(CN*!- C:O2-

Culoare portocaliu glbui galben$on F(H2O*!2 C4(H2O*!2 M62

Culoare verzui roz intens rou slab$on C:2O"2- M6O- N(H2O*!2

Culoare portocaliu violet verde- ?6 >96;7 @ 69/:9= @ /4=;9= @ 0 =0 @:; @

04/9= @ ;:4/, ;9=40:0 /4@>; @ =0 :@ ?6; =0 4= 0/.

S 0 76 0/0 @ 6:>:67= ;9=4:=4: 46=4: :4:/: ;0: 4 00 =4; ;0: ?6 0/;, /0 0= =0 ;460;

?6@=960 0= 0;90 ;9 /@9= @ =04:04:.

S:9: :4;4; >4:/0;.

D6: :0;7= @ 4:60: 6:9 ;046, /0 @ ?6=6 96 +

- ?6;=


84/142

4769, :: ;9=4: 40 @0 @ 0/6

6@;07 :740 09:0 :4:/0:0 :==4: + 0;0 4:07 ;46 ?6 4:0 964: =/6

;9 4:0 09 ;9 >4>0, 4766@9- ;= @>: ;4=4:0 ?6 >96;7 @

=/69= :96;7 @ ;0:0;:9= 4@06 09 :@9;4: 0= >=;: ?6 ;0: 4769

:=0 (@ /=9 ;42>4:/0=0;:

4@06 ; :@9;40:, 0 =0 ;0=@ ; =0 :; G ;9 2>4:/0=0;: :@9;40:, 0 =0 ;0=@ ; =0 :;, 0: ?6 >=0;:

4@06 476 4 := @ ;9=40: 0=0: =0 :; :@ =0 ;0=@*.

- ;4=4:070 >=;: + ?6 0;0 :0;7 4: ;9=40:0 ;0: 4

/:/ 96 >=;: 6;4=4: @ 0=;: >40: :740 /0 0= ?6 060=


85/142

;0: ;9 00 >4:/007, ;:4/07 0 ;046=4: :9=4: 060=; I-IV M2. S4=9=00 ?6

0 :>; =0 ;0=@. L0 ?6;=" 6@; :@4/60670 964: 0646 ;9 ;0:0;: 0;0 0= H-9=9.

/ comportarea fa de acizi : @0; 90670 69 4=9= ?6 0,

0;@9=0


86/142

C46@7 @ :;0: +

- H-9= H-9= :0;9=9 @ :9 ( HC= *, ?6 ; /0 /; @

1'2M.

- /:09:0 + =0 :; 09 /:09:0 ;0/:.- ;46;6:070 :0;9=9 @ :9 + 2N.

I469= /:;9:4 :4:/ @/:


87/142

7. @eacia cu )*l

A;@9= ;=4:@:; @=90 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40,

;=4:9:0 /:;9:40 (;0=4/=9=* H2C=2, 96 :;0 0= ;0: ?66:

?6 / @04: @;4/96: 0=+

(H22 2NO3-* 2 (H C=-* H2C=2 2(H NO3-*

(H2C=2 HC=2 H*

C9=40:0 0= 0 :;09=9 @0: :6 0@90:0

NHOH, ?6 9:/0 :0;7 @ @/907+

H2C=2 2(NH OH-* C=-H-NH2 H 2H2O (NH C=-*

S >4:/0


88/142

H@:4@9= @ 4@9 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40, 4@9=

/:;9:4, @ ;9=40: 60:, 4=9= ?6 HNO3;46;6:0 CH3COOH

;46;6:0+

H22 2HO- H2O H2O

9. @eacia cu )DS

H@:469= 9=>9:0 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40, 9=>9:0

/:;9:; /:;9: /0=;, 4766@9- 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: 60:+

H22 H2S HS H 2H

J. @eacia cu clorura stanoas

S >4:/04:/0 @6 ;:0= 0;;9=0:G 0;0

@::, :;:0=4:/ @ 0;

:=9;40: 09 ?6 >47+

(P2 2NO3-* 2 (H C=-* PC=2 2(HNO3-*

D. @eacia cu +)HI

I4@9:0 @ 0/469 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/ 4@9:0 @

=9/, :;0 @ ;9=40: 0=6, 4=9= ?6 0 >:6 ?6 ; @

:0;+

P2 2(NH I-* PI2 NH

PI2 2(NH I-* PIW (NH*2

E. @eacia cu D*r!H


89/142

C:4/09= @ 409 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/ ;:4/09=

@ =9/, @ ;9=40: 0=6+

P2 (2[ C:O2-* PC:O 2[

H. @eacia cu +a!).

H@:4@9= @ 4@9 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/,

@:4@9= @ =9/ @ ;9=40: 0=, 4=9= ?6 ; @ :0;+

P2 2(N0OH-* P (OH*2 2N0

P (OH*2 2(N0OH-* N02P(OH*W

9. @eacia cu )DS.

H@:469= 9=>9:0 :; @6 4=97= 0;@9=0, 69: 09 0=;0=60= :9:=4: @ =9/, 9=>9: @ =9/ 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: 60:+

P2 H2S PS 2H.

@[email protected] SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILORSEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILORRUPEI A IIA ANALITICERUPEI A IIA ANALITICE RUPA H RUPA H22S3S3

"eneralitiD6 0;0 :9 060=; >0; 0: 0; ;046 0= ;:4: :9:

4=9=, :; @6 4=97= 0;@, 9 0;7960 H2S, =0 H ',5 9 >4:/

@ 9=>9:. A; ;046 96 +

H2, C92, C@2, B3, A3, A5, S3, S5, S62, S6.

D9 4=9=00 9=>9:=4:, :90 0 II-0 ?/0: ?6 @49 9:9+

a# Subgrupa sulfobazelor - ;0: ;9:6@ ;046 0 ;:4: 9=>9: 09

;0:0;: 06@ 64=9= ?6 0=;0=, :; 9=>9: 4=9=>9: @0/469. D6 0;0 9:9 >0; 0: 9:/4: ;046 +

H2, C@2, C92, B3.

b# Subgrupa sulfoacizilor- ;0: ;9:6@ ;046 0 ;:4: 9=>9: 09 96

;0:0;: 0;@, @9: 0=;0=6, 0=;0=, 9=>9: 4=9=>9:

@ 0/469, >4:/6@ 9=>4:9: 4=9=. D6 0;0 9:9 >0; 0:

9:/4: ;046 +

A3, A5, S3, S5, S62, S6.


90/142

R0;9= @ :9 0= ;046=4: :9 0 II-0 060=; @:469=

9=>9:0, :;0:0 =4: :0=;0= ;9 /=-4=, 6

=0 :09= 0;90 =0 ;9=40:0 0=6-:@ G

- /:09:0 + 8' - 1''CG

- ;46;6:070 :0;9=9 + ',1M H2S.

MERCURUL"H23

7. @eacia cu )DS

C9 ;0469= :9 :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:; >4:/04;=4:9: @ ;9=40: 0= + 2HS.HC=2;0: :6 0@90: ?6 ;46690:

@ H2S :; ?6 0=6, 04 :96 6 =0 6:9, 4766@9- 9=>9:0

/:;9:; +

3(H22C=-* 2(2HS-* 2HS.HC=2 (HC=-*

HS.HC=2 H2S 2HS 2(HC=-*

- 9=>9:0 /:;9:; 4=9= ?6 0 :0= (HC= + HNO3 3+1*,

HNO3;46;6:0 =0 >::, 64=9= ?6 (NH*2S2+

3HS !HC= 2HNO3 3HC=2 3S 2NO H2O

D. @eacie cu +)HI

C9 4@9:0 @ 0/469, :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:;, :;

4@9:0 /:;9:;, @ ;9=40: :4, 4=9= ?6 ; @ :0;, ;9 >4:/0:0

969 ;4/= @ :04@4/:;9:0 @ 0/469, 6;4=4:.

H2 2I- HI2

HI2 2I- HIW2-

E. @eacia cu +)H!)

S:9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:; >4:/04:/0 @6 ;=4:9: 0/64-/:;9:; C= - H -

NH2+

(H22C=-* 2(NHOH-* C=-H-NH2 (NHC=-* 2H2O

H. @eacia cu !)


91/142

C0469= /:;9:4 >4:/04:/0


92/142

2C9(NH3*WSO 8H2O

H. @eacia cu HL2e"*+#JM

F:4;069:0 @ 409, :; @6 4=97= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 @

;9:9, >:4;069:0 @ ;9:9, @ ;9=40: :49-:96, 4=9= ?6 0/460;

64=9= ?6 0;4:/04:/0: @ 4@9: ;9:40 (I* 4@ /4=;9=0:,

?6:9= :;0 >6@ @ ;9=40: /0:469-=9 +

2C92 (NHI-* 2C9I I2 NH

J. *oloraia flcrii

S:9:= 4=0= @ ;9:9 ;4=4:0=0;:0 6;4=4: 0 969 ; @ 0 @

:0> (;:46*, ;0: 6:4@9; 9;; ?6 HC= 04 ?6 >=0;:, 6

;6@ >=0;:0 :/6 6;4=4:, @9 ;0: :>9= @ ;:46 6:4@9; ?6

HC= 04 ?6 0:0 @ ;9:9 9==;: @ 0:0 @ ;9:9.

K. @eacia cu acidul rubeanic / "+)?*/S)D#D

S4=970 0=;44=; @ 0;@ :906;, :; @6 4=97= 0/460;0=

09 =0 0;@ 0= :9:=4: @ ;9:9, 0:0 ;4/= @ ;9:9, :9

4=9= (:90609= @ ;9:9* @ ;9=40: 60:, 64=9= ?6 0/460; ?6 0;


93/142

L0 4=970 @ @


94/142

F:4;069:0 @ 409 >4:/0:4;069:0 @

;0@/9, 96 :;0 0= 0/4:>, 4=9= ?6 0;6=-;0:04:/0


95/142

E. @eacia cu !)

C0469= @ /9 (III*, :; ;9 @:4@9= @ 409, @:4@9=

@ /9, 0=, ;0: ?6=6 94: :6 ?6;=4:/:

@:4@9=9 @ /9= BO(OH*.

B3 3OH- B(OH*3

4

B(OH*3 BO(OH* HOH

H. @eacia cu +)H!)

C9 @:4@9= @ 0/469, :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 @ /9,:; 9 >4:/ @ @:4@ @ ;9=40: 0=, ;0: ?6=6 =0

?6;=


96/142

O :0;7 >40: 6=, :0;70 @ :@9;: ;9 S62;0:

:0=


97/142

S 09 9:0 :9 ;9 96 @4 @ =9 :6 ;0: :; 96 9 @

;= >=0. S 00 ;0 /69, =6@ :90 9 6. S 0:6@

0=0;: 4 ;09=

;9 0 :;. S ;460 >4:/0:0 := ;09= 0 96 4=69= @ ;9=40: 0=6 66, 4=9= ?6 9=>9: @ 0/469,

@:4


98/142

S9=, @04: ;0:0;:9=9 /0=; 6/0=;, 40 >4:/0+ -

;046 SbEC5 Sb!C"stibil#5 Sb9C5 Sb!DCsau anionii Sb!EE/5 Sb!HE/5 etc.

7. @eacia de hidroliz

C4/9 @ SbEC>4:/04:/09:*.

2SC=3 2H2SS2S3 !HC=

2SC=5 5H2SS2S5 1'HC=

E. @eacia cu baze "+a!)5 !)5 +)H!)#

S9 0;7960 @:4* ;0: @


99/142

M0== Z6, F 09 A= :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ 9 96

:;0 >6, @ 9 /0=; :@9, 6:9.

2S3 2Z6 2S 3Z62

STANIUL Sn28! Sn:3

7. @eacia de hidroliz

*ompuii staniului hidrolizeaz 6n soluii apoase:

S62 H2O S6(OH*W2-H

S6 !H2O S6(OH*!W2-!H

D. @eacia cu )DS

S9 0;7960 H2S ?6 /@9 94: 0;@, :9:= @ S62 S6, >4:/0


100/142

9. @eacia cu )g*lD

L0 4 4=97 09:0 @ ;=4:9: /:;9:;, 0@09 ;9 : ;=4:9:

0640, 6 476 96 :;0 0= /4 @ ;=4:9: /:;9:40.

L0 0@90:0 969 ; @ ;=4:9: 0640, 476 96 :;0 6:9

@ /:;9: /0=;, :@9.

2(H2 2C=-* (S622C-* H2C=2 (S6C=-*

H2C=2 (S622C=-* (S6C=-* 2H

J. @eacia cu ,n

Z6 /0=; 96 ?6 =:0 069= /0=; @6 :9:= =9 :


101/142

A; ;046 >4:/09:, ;46>4:/ ;907

6:0=

M2 (NH*2S MS 2NH

?6 ;0: M2::9:0 @ 0/469, ?6 /@9 @ ;=4:9: @ 0/469 @:4@ @

0/469, ;0469= @ 0=9/69, :; 9 >4:/ @ @:4@, @ ;9=40:

0=, =0640. E= 0: 96 ;0:0;: 0/>4:, >6@ 4=9= 0 ?6 0;4:/ +

A=(OH*3H3A=O3A=O2- HOH

A=(OH*3 3H A=3 3HOH

A=O2- (N0 OH-* N0A=O2 OH-

D. @eacia cu !)

C9 @:4@9= @ 409, ;0469= @ 0=9/69, >4:/04:/0:0 @:440=9/609=9, ;0: ;9 ;=4:9:0 @ 0/469 ::;

@:4@9= @ 0=9/69.

A=3 OH- A=(OH*3

A=(OH*3 [OH [A=(OH*W

[A=(OH*W NHC= NHA=(OH*W [C=

NHA=(OH*W A=(OH*3 NHOH

E. @eacia cu +)H!)


102/142

H@:4@9= @ 0/469 >4:/04:/04:/0


103/142

H@:4@9= @ 0/469, >4:/04:/04:/04:/ :0;7 +

C:C=3 [M6O 2HOH H2C:O M6O2 [C= 2HC=

K. @eacia de reducere a *rJCla *rEC

R@9;:0 >0; ;9 H2S, [I, FSO09 H2O2, ?6 /@9 0;@, ;9=40:0

4:4;0= 0 ;:4/09=9 :;6@ ?6 :@.

C:2O"2- 3H2S 8H 2C:3 3S "HOH

C:2O"2- !I- 1 H 2C:3 3I2 "HOHC:2O"2- !F2 1 H 2C:3 !F3 "HOH

N. @eacia specific *rJC

L0 4 4=97 @ ;:4/0 @ 409, 0@09 H2SO2M, 6 =0 :0;7

0;@ (4=970 @6 4:4;0=*, 0@09 0 460 (H2O2* 3' G ?6

:4:/0


104/142

- ;:4/09= 0: :4:00 @ 0 :; ;9 99:67, ?6 /@9 0;@, ?6

:4:/:

0;4:/0: (III*, 96 :;0

0=0:9 0/4:>, ;964;9 9 @69/:0 @ {0=0:9 @ B:=6{.

F3 3F(CN*!W- FF(CN*!W3

9. @eacia cu S*+

S9=>4;069:0 @ 409 (:4@069:0 @ 409*, >4:/0: (III*, 4 4=97 :49 6, @ 9=>4;069: >:;, 0 ;: ;4=4:07


105/142

66>; :6 0@90:0 @ [SCN ?6 ;, @04: >4:/: 969

0/; @ ;4/607 ;4/=, 0>= +

F(SCN*2WG F(SCN*3W G F(SCN*W-G F(SCN*5W2-G F(SCN*!W3-.

F3 SCN- F(SCN*W2

J. @eacia cu +)HI

I4@9:0 @ 0/469 >4:/0: (III*,4 4=97 @ ;9=40:

:96, @04: 96: ?6 =:0 0 4@9=9 /4=;9=0:.

2F3 2I- 2F2 I2

K. @eacia cu *)E*!!)

C0469= @ >: (III*, >4:/009= @ 4@9 >4:/0:;, 4

0: ;4/=, 4=9=, ;0: ;4=4:0: (II*, >4:/09:0 >:40, @ ;9=40: 60:.F2 (NH*2S FS 2NH

- 9=>9:0 >:40 4=9= ?6 0;: @ @:46, @:4@9=

>:4, @ ;9=40: 0=, ;0: =0 0: ? ;/ :@ ;9=40:0 @ =0 :@

6 =0 :49-:96.


106/142

E. @eacia cu +)H!)

O 4=97 040 @ 0/460;, :; @:4@9= >:4, @ ;9=40:

0=.

F2 2(NHOH-* F(OH*2 2NH

H. @eacia cu +aD*!E

C0:4609= @ 4@9, >4:/0:4, ;0:4609= >:4, @

;9=40: 0=, ;0: :96>; :6 @: ?6 / @04: 4@:

>4:/: @:4@9=9 >:;.

F2 CO32- FCO3

FCO3 !HOH O2 F(OH*3 CO2

9. @eacia cu EL2e"*+#JM

C0469= @ >: (II*, >4:/0:;069:0 @ 409, >:;069:

>:40, @ ;9=40: 0=0:, 64=9=, ;964;9 9 @69/:0 @

{0=0:9 @ T9:69=={.

3F2 2F(CN*!W3- F3F(CN*!W2

J. @eacia cu Ag+!E

A4:/0: (II*, 0:6 /0=; @

;9=40: :, ;0: =0 ?6;=4:/0 96

4=6:9=9 0=6 =0 >: :0=6, >0; ?6 /@9 @ 0;@9=>9:;, ;9 [M6O.

5F2 M6O- 8H 5F3 M62 HOH

COBALTUL "C"23

7. @eacia cu reactivul grupei

S9=>9:0 @ 0/469, :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: ;40=40, 9=>9:0@ ;40= (II*, @ ;9=40: 60:.


107/142

C42 (NH*2S C4S 2NH

D. @eacia cu hidroxizii alcalini

H@:44:/0


108/142

HN C

S S

N

Co

HC

NICHELUL "N!23

7. @eacia cu "+)H#DS

S9=>9:0 @ 0/469, :; @6 4=97= 69: 0= :9:=4: @ 6;=

(II*, 9=>9:0 @ 6;=, @ ;9=40: 60:.

N2

(NH*2S NS 2NH

D. @eacia du )DS

H@:469= 9=>9:0 69 :; 9=>9:0 @ 6;=, @6 4=97= 0;@ 0=

:9:=4: 0;90. S9=>9:0 @ 6;= 0: ?6, @6 4=97= 94:

0;@9=0 ;9 0;@ 0;;, ?6 :3,", 9

>4:/0 969 :;0 >=4;464.

N2 H2S NS 2H

E. @eacia cu hidroxizii alcalini

C9 @:4@9= @ 409, ;0469= @ 6;= >4:/0


109/142

C0:4609= @ 4@9 09 @ 409, >4:/04:/0 @6:-96 0/; @ ;0:460 :9:

0


110/142

E. @eacia cu +)H!)

H@:4@9= @ 0/469 >4:/09:0 @ 0/469, :; ?6 /@9 0/460;0=, 9=>9:0 @ /0606

(II*, 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: :4

;4/=, =9;:0:67 @ :9: 4=9= @ /0606, ?6

:;,

@04: 4@:.

M62 (NH*2S M6S 2NH

2M6S 32O2 3HOH 2M6(OH*3 2S

- :6 >::0 9=>9: @ /0606 ;9 ; @ 9=>9: @ 0/469, 476 4 0:07 :@ 0 9=>9:, ;9 9:/40:0 :9;9: + 3M6S-H2O


111/142

D. @eacia cu +)H!)

C9 @:4@9= @ 0/469, ;0469= @ /0606 (II*, >4:/04:/0:;069: /060640 + M63F(CN*!W2

K. @eacia de reducere a nJC

P:6 :;:0 969 ;9:6 @ @:46 9=>9:0 :6:-4 4=97 0;@9=0

@ :/06060 @ 409, 4: @;4=4:0:0 4=97 96:0 ?6

=:0 0 9=>9=9.2M6O- 5H2S !H 2M62 5S 8HOH


112/142

I4@9:0 @ 409 :@9; :/060609= @ 409 =0 0: /060640.

#6 0; ;0< 4=970 ;4=4:0


113/142

A;@9= 9=>9:; @=90 9=>07 4=9=, :;, @6 4=97= :9:=4:

@ 0:9, 9=>0 @ 0:9, 96 :;0 0= ;:0=6. P:;09= @ 9=>0 @

0:9, 40 > 4769 :6 0;7960 96 4=97 09:0 @ 9=>0 @ ;0=;9,

?6 0; ;0< >4:/06, 0= (@4: @ S:2*.

B02 C0SO B0SO C02.

H. @eacia cu HL2e"*+#JM

F:4;069:0 @ 409 :; @6 4=97 >40: ;46;6:0 0=

:9:=4: @ 0:9, ?6 ::4;069: @9= @ 0:9 0/469.

B02 F(CN*!W- B0(NH*2F(CN*!W

9. @eacia cu rodizonatul de sodiu / +aD*J!J.

R4@


114/142

E. @eacia cu D*r!H

P:6 0;7960 ;:4/09=9 @ 409 09:0 4=97=4: ;46;6:0 @

:9: @ :4679, 476 ;:4/09= @ :4679, 96 :;0 @ ;9=40:

0=6, 4=9= ?6 0;@ 0;; (: @4: @ ;0469= @ 0:9* 0;4:/0


115/142

L0 4=970 060=:4;069: @ 409 2N, ?6;=40: ;46;6:0.

C02 F(CN*!- 2NH C0(NH*2F(CN*!

H. @eacia cu )DS!H

A;@9= 9=>9:;, :;9/ 9=>07 /0==4: 0=;0=6, :; @6

4=97 >40: ;46;6:0 0= :9:=4: @ ;0=;9, 9=>09= @ ;0=;9, 96

:;0 0= ;:0=6.

C02 H2SO C0SO 2H

9. *oloraia flcrii

S:9:= 4=0= 0= ;0469=9 @ ;0=;9, ;4=4:0=0;:0 6;4=4: 0

969 ; @ 0


116/142

R0;9= ;= /0 6= 6:9 ;0469= @ 409

06:4;40=09= @ 4@9. P:6 0;7960 0;9 :0; 09:0 4=97

96 : @ 409, 0;@9=0 ;9 0;@ 0;;, >4:/0


117/142

N0 M(UO2*3(CH3COO*8 CH3COO- N0M(UO2*3(CH3COO*$

- ;:0== @ ;9=40: 0=6, >4:/0


118/142

9. @eacia cu +aDS.

O 4=97 040 @ 9=>9: @ 4@9, :; ;4/= 469= @

/064:/ @ @:4@.

M2 N02S HOH M(OH*2 2N0 H2S

J. @eacia cu +aD)!H

P6:9 476:0 969 :;0 ;0:0;:;, 4=970 060=0 @4@;,

?6;=


119/142

D0; ?6 04: :4 /0 9 :0:0, 76 4 : @ >=:9

/90 ?6:-4 4=97 @ 04:/ :0;7+

H

NH3 2H2(NO3*2 HOH O NH2NO3

H

04:/0


120/142

@:469=9 9=>9:0, 9=>9: @ 0/469 ;0:4609=9 @ 0/469,

0: 0646 ?6 :9 060=;.

A0 69/7 :0; @ :9, ?6:9670


121/142

Caracteri:are general

A646 + >=94:9:, ;=4:9:, :4/9: 4@9: 96 6:07 @

=/6= :9 0 VII-0 0 /9=9 :4@; 0= =/6=4:.

H0=46 @


122/142

Ap de clor - - B: 2- 4=. :96?6 0, ?6 CC=

I2- 0=6-;460; ?6 4=040, 4=?6 CC=

+Cr+'E - C:OC=2-04: :96

B:2C:3-.:96, 4=.:@

I2C:3- .6:9, 4=:@

3gCl+ - - - HI2- . :49;0:/6, 4= ?6; @ I

.-.- REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA 0IARUPA 0IA PRINCIPAL0; 0: @6 :90 0 VI-0 :6;0=, 9=>9=

=/69= ;0: >4:/09= >4:/09:0, ?6 ;0: 9=>9=

0=6 =;:460, 4 : @ 40;9:;,

H2S2O3, 0;@9= 49=>9:;,

H2SO3, 0;@9= 9=>9:4

H2S2O8,0;@9= :9=>9:;

P:4:7= ;/; 0= 0646=4: :9 0 VI-0 060=; 09 >4

/0


123/142

HNO3@=.

Acetat deplu46

PSO-. 0=4=9= ?60=;0=

P(HSO*2PSO- .0=

PS2O3-. 0= , @;4/96=0 ;0=@

PSO3- .0=, 4=9=?6 HNO3;46;.

PS - .6:9, 4=.?6 HNO3;46;.

+Cr+'E

83

7

- - C: 3SO2-SO!2--4=97 :@

C:3SO2--4=97 :@

C:3S -4=. :@. 0=-=9

Mn';837

- - M62[HSO-6;4=4:

M62[HSO-6=4=4:

M62 S4=6;4=4:. 0=-0=9

#odi:onatde 6ariu

P. :49-@;4=4:0: =0 0=

D;4=4:0:. @6 :49?6 0=

- P. :49:; ?6 :96-:4;0

-

3g+8N'97+ - - HS H SO2-.6:9

H SO2-. 6:9

HS2.6:9

Ap declor- - HSO-C=-

6;4=4:HSO-C=-

6;4=4:SC=-.>6 0=-=9

.:.: REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A 0A PRINCIPAL4

/0 @;: /4@ @ @6>;0: 6:9 40646 04>4:9=9.

Anion#eactiv

N'9- N'+-

3+%';concentrat

NONO2-0< @ ;9=40: :96 NO NO2 0< @ ;9=40: :96

AgN'9 - -Fe%'; F2 F34=. 0=6-:96 F2 F34=. 0=6-:96

1n84etalic7n pre:) deNa'3

#66: :0 /:60 ;9H2(NO3*2

#66: :0 /:60 ;9H2(NO3*2

di(enil-a4in

- ;4=4:07 0=0: - ;4=4:07 0=0:

antipirin-soluie O

-;4=4:07 :49 ;0:/6, 6:4-06:6

- ;4=4:07 :@, 6:4


124/142

Anion#eactiv

&';9-

AgN'9 - . 0=6 @ A3PO 4=9= ?6 NH3

0aCl+-. 0= @ B0HPO

FeCl9 -. 0=6 @ FPO

.;.; REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A I0ARUPA A I0A PRINCIPAL:;

67

CH3COOH

/:4 @ 47

CO2 CO,

=0 ;0=@

;0:46


125/142

AgN'9 ACO3 -

. 0=,

@;. ?6

/, ?6

A2O .6:9

. 69/0 @6

4=97 ;46;.

@ 0;0 -

0= ;:0=6

A2C2O

.0=

4=9= ?6

NH3

HNO3

A2CO!H

.0=

4=9= ?6

NH3

HNO3

ASCN

0=

4=9= ?6

NH3 ?6

; @SCN-

0aCl+ B0CO3 -

. 0=

;:0=6

- B0C2O

.0=

B0CO!H

0=

-

Acetat

de

plu46

- - - - P(SCN*2

- 0=

.@.@ REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A IIIARUPA A IIIA PRINCIPAL= =6 /04:07, 0;@ 4:; @:4@ @

4@9, 0>=+

N02BO" 3HOH 2N02BO2 2H3BO3

N0BO2 2HOH N0OH H3BO3

H@:4== ?6; ?6 4=97 >40: @=90 @ 4:0

69/0 0;@9= 4:;. B4:07 96 :=0 :9 4=9=, @


126/142

7. @eacia cu %a*lD

C=4:9:0 @ 0:9, >4:/0


127/142

6;4=4: 6;4=4: A=, S6, H, 0=;0=6,

T, SO2

6;4=4: 6;4=4:

6;4=4: 0= /0= C0, S:, B0,M6, 6;4=4: 6;4=4:

6;4=4: 6;4=4: \ 0=0: -

6;4=4: 6;4=4: P, B, C@, S, Z6. 6;4=4: ;69

40= 6:060:6 A - ;69

0=0: 0=0: C4 0=0: 0=0:

:@ 0=0: C9 :4 :4

:@ :@ C: :@ :@

4= 4= M6 4= 4=

0=6 0=6-:0 4 /4@ @ 0:0: ;0: 0: =0 064/69=

@ 0@4:7 09 @ :0:7 @>:670 0 964: 9067 ?6: 4 >0


128/142

07460: 4 >060 @>: >07 @ >04=4 ?6 ;4 060=;, :0:0 =0 ;0:

6@9:0=.

M4@= ;:4/04:0>; 4 > ;=0>;0 ?6 >96;7 @+ >04:/0670 6; /;06/9= @ 0:0:.

Fa:a staionar 4 9067 09 0/; @ 9067 4=@,

96 >=/ 97: 09 =;@ 0=;0 9:0>070 969 94: 4=@ :6

=9: ;/;. F06, 0: 4 4:407 ;>; /0:. D/696= 0:;9==4: @6@ @ 0:060

6; 0=0 (;:4/04:0> :0 97:, ;4=406 @; 09

?6;.

E/= @ >06 ;:4/04:0>0 ;9

>000


129/142

S=06 O;0=06 O;0@;==06

:4;@9:0 69/ 0:0: ;9 >096;7 @ 4=9=00 =4: ?6 =96 @

0>600 ;4/466=4: 6:9 >00 ;=0>; ?6

;:4/04:0> =;@ ;:4/04:0> 0; @9 9= 94:9=9, ;9 >04:/0670 6; 9= @ 94:, ;:4/04:0>0 40 >+

;:4/04:0> ;4=406 @; ;:4/04:0> ;4=406 ?6; 0:

?6 >96;7 @ >04=4 =0 0:0:,

;:4/04:0>0 ;4=406 9;=0>; ?6+

Cro4atogra(ie pe coloan desc5is

C:4/04:0>0 :

C:4/04:0>0 :0 97:

C:4/04:0>0 ;4=406 @; @ ;=

Cro4atogra(ie pe coloan nc5is ;:4/04:0>0 @ 00 @ =;@ + ;4=406 @ ;= 09 @ 47=, =0

:96 40 (FPLC* 09 ?60= (HPLC*

#6 0=9= @ /0 4 96 ;=0>;0 6;= ;:4/04:0>; ?6 >96;7 @

/;06/, >0;0:0 6;=4: ;:4/04:0>; ?6 >96;7 @ /;06/, >0


130/142

3. S;/46;lll

S;/4: @ 462 S4=97 0;;90 : (CH*, :0 97: (CSS*, ;4=406 @; (CC*

;4=406 ?6; (HPLC*

ll E>;90 :0 97: (CSS* 09 ;4=406 @; (CC*

?6; @ 47= (HPLC*

lll E>;90 6; ;4=406 @; 09 ?6; @ ;= =0 :96

40 (LPLC - L4w P:9: Lv9@ C:4/04:0g*1


131/142

C:4/04:0>0 @ 0@4:7 ( ;4=406 09 :0 97:* >4=4

96 0@4:06 4=@ (SO2, MO, Y=9:, 064/69=

@ 0;696 ;0=0: @-0 =969= 0@4:69=9, ;9 094:9= 969 =96

(>00 @ =;@* 09 @ 96 00 @ 0 0@4: /0 =0

(;= 64=0:* 0: 0== /0 9:6; (;= 4=0:*, ;9 0 /0 /9= ;9 ;

96 /0 4=0:. #6 ;46;67, @9 =90: 4: @6 ;4=406 ?6

;4/466= 64=0: :6@ ;= /0 4=0:. C:4/04:0>0 @

=;@ ;0: >4=4 0; >64/6 69/ {;:4/04:0> ;9 >00 @ 04=4 0; >64/6

69/ %SC 0@; {;:4/04:0> 0000 >4=4; >00 @ 00

@ :0:7 (CR* @ =;@ (HPLC*.

C:4/04:0>0 @ :0:7 0070 >004=4 =;0=9=, ;=0,

;=9=40

4=0: (SO2, MO, Y=9:* =0 ;/; @ 96 4=6 64=0:

(4;0@;==06 640 C18, 4;==06 C8*, 69/6@9- 0>= {>006@ 99 96 :0:7 ?6:4=69= 64=0: >0 >00


132/142

@ ;4>;69= @ :0:7, 0;0 4: =/60 :0 @6 ;4=406, ?6

4:@60 @:; 0 4=0:7. A>=, ?6 4: > =/60 ;4/466=

4=0: 04 :6@ ;4/466= :0@0 /0 64=0:. C6@ >0 000 @

{;:4/04:0> =;@ ;9 >0070 94:9=9 4=@ /:60 ;9 96 >=/ @

@:4;0:9: 64=0:, ; >4:/000 ;9 >00 @

04:/067. F9:0 135 :: @ :0:7.

P6:9 /4=;9= 4=0: ;9/ 96 :46= >4=4; ?6 :; @ 060=0 @

;=90 @ 0>60, @;: /0 4.

H).)9H).)9 C#'MAT'"#AF$A L$C3$!2 ! PNALT2C#'MAT'"#AF$A L$C3$!2 ! PNALT2F'#MAN/2F'#MAN/2

A;0 6; 0 @6 ;0 /0 :>4:/06 ?6 060=4:/06,

=970 40 >0; ;9 0/;9: @ 4=67 0 ;:4: ;46;6:07 0:0


133/142

?6 / (:0@6* 0;00 6; 9=


134/142

N&-3&LC 8eluent nepolar7 @ t#co4p)nepolare Q t# co4p)

polare

#&-3&LC 8eluent polar7 @ t# co4p) polare Q t# co4p)nepolare

!etecia co4ponentelor0:0 @6 0/; >0; :6 /4@

>44/: UV-VIS

(@;4: ;:4>44/:; ; /40: 04:70 =9/6 =0 960 09 /0

/9= =96/ @ 96@*, ;9 @;4: ;46@9;4/:; (/40:

;46@9;00*, =;:4;/; (/40: 4670=9= =;:4;/;* 09

:>:0;4/:; (/40: 6@;= @ :>:0;7*. A;0 (:6 6:/@9=

96 /;:4;9 @ 1' |=* :09 ;46699 >=99= @ 4=6 ;46766@

;4/466= 0:0 ;4=406 :06>4:/ /60=9= ;/; ?6

/60= =;:;, ?6::0 9 >4:/0 96 ;:4/04:0/. U6 @

@;4: ;9 :>4:/0670 ?60=, 6:4@9 :;6 ?6 9< @;4:9= @

PDA (P44 D4@ A::0g* ;0: 0: 4=00 ?6::;: ;4/466 =0 40 =96/= @ 96@

0=0.

E 907 ;6@ 9067 :9;9:0= @>: 09 0;=0 / @

:67, @; 69 4 > 0:0. #6 0; ;0< 6;0: ;/0:0 964:

0:0/: ;:4/04:0>; (;4/40 :0=


135/142

;/; @ 4 =;9= @ =;@ 64=0: ;9 696 @ 04: /;

( 64=0=* =0 /:09:0 @ =9;:9. F0

:064:0 @>:670 @ 000;670 0:: @6@ @ ;4>;69= [ (;4>;6 @

:0:7* ::00;69= [. D6:-96 0/; @ 9067, >;0: ;4/466 0 00

;4>;67 [ @>:7 0 > 0:0 =0 / @ :67 ( R*@>:7.

E>=969= ;0: : ;4=4060 060=;:9 ;4/466 =/60

@6 ;4=406 ?6 >96;7 @ /9= @ :67 ;4=406 09 0:070

;46;6:07 ?6 >96;7 @ 4=9/9= >=969=9.

S0:0:0 40 >0; ?6 /


136/142

:;9/ @ 0 :>;0 9:0670 >96;746:. M6746/ ; @:4:0:0

964: @6 0; / =:0:0 @ 0=0/0= 40

@:/60 =4=9670= ?6 %SC >4=4 >0


137/142

:7 ;4=406, 6:9 0 496 :4=4 96+ C:4/44: \ 09 P, ;=0,

/69= @ @04/, :4@9= B:v9 C22 0: 94:9:= /0 976

4:40 96+ = @ ;=, 9@:0 @ >=46, :0>, 4=6

/;:44:40. M:/0 0:;9==4: :/ > ?6 /, > ?6 //,

0>= ?6;? ',8 // ;4:96@ =0 2' /G ',25 // !' /G ',18

//8' /G ',15 //1'' /. O ;4=406 9/=9 ;9 96 94: 0

;: 0:;9= 09 8'-1'' / @ 3 4: /0 >;0; @; 4 ;4=406

9/=9 ;9 0:;9= @ 3'-35 /. E /4:06 ;0 0:;9== 0

@/696 0:40. P6:9 0 =/60 :4:7= 04:06 0=

94:9=9 4 >0; :00/6 ;/; ;9 @/=@;=4:=06 09

0;4::0 94:9=9 ;9 4=6=:4=@46 (PVP*, ;9 >=46 09 0:60:.

#6 ;0 0=

64=0=. #6 0=:0 >000;9 4 ;0= @ =;0 0

=;@=4: 07460: ;0: ?6; ;9 v90=69= (64=0:* ?6; ;9 ,

~- @4:446:= (;= /0 4=0:*. T0=9= @ /0 4 ;9:6@ 9:=

@ =;@ 07460: >4=4 , @4/69= @ /:09: =0 ;: 9=


138/142

%:/ 06, 0:6, ;4/9 =0 4=0:

0:6, 0=;44=, ;46, :

0, 0=;44=, 0/6, :, 0:6

4=>6 0:6

C4=406= ;0=0: 4 > ;469 @6 99: 40= ?6 ;0: >00 94:, >6@ :0:4:/ :7

6:4: 0 ;4=406. P:0;; :0=04=4 :0;;, ;9 ;70 964: 0 =60: ?6

:04: ;9 ;46;6:070 9067 060=;0 09 0@00 =0 96 ?6::04: 094/0 (:/60=;4/9:


139/142

@;4: @ ;46@9;=0 :/;, @60 0 040:

6= (@;4: ;9 46=0;: FID, ;9 0:46, ;9 ;09: @

=;:46, ;9 /;:4;49=4/:9, ;:4/: @ /0*.

%0= ;9=0 ;9 ;:4/: @ /0 @6>;

;4/466= 0:0 @6 0/; 0;:0. #6 ::0/60: ;0:0;:; /0= ;4/9=4: 0:0= :6 0, 0>= ?6; @6>;0:0 =4: 40 >0; 94:, 0;: ;4/466 ?6 0/;. P6:9 0

:/0 ?6 0=4: 04=9 ;0600 >;: ;4/466 @6 0/;,

:9 @:/60 ;46;6:070 40= 0 9067=4: ?6 0/; 04

09:00 =;:46;0 0 04/9=9 ;9 Z "8 96@

0;0 =00 6 /9= :4@; P ; @ 4:0= 0>=0

=;:46 :>:; (@ 0=6*

2. C0: @>:670 6: 4:0 4:0==4: /4=;9=0: 0 =9: @

0=67 6 =;0:0 /4@9=9 @ >4:/0: 0 =9: ;40=6E/=>;07 >4:/0:0 =9:=4: /=, @9= :=

:@


140/142

@* C46>4:/ 49=09=9 1

!. L0 :;:0 969 =;:46 @ 4 4: 0=0, ;46>4:/ 49=09=92 0= =9 4:, 0;00 >0;0* C9 ;/ @ 6:

* F: ;/ @ 6:;* C9 / @ ;=@9:@* C9 04:7 @ 6:

". L0 :;:0 969 =;:46 @ :09= 63 :09= 62,0* S / >446

* S 04: >446;* S :; 49=09= 1 0= =9 B4:@* S :; 49=09= 2 0= =9 B4:

8. N4900 0@9 @ /4@=9= 04/; 0= =9 B4: :>: =0+0* M;0:0 ;0=;9=9= ==4: @ /;0: 4: ;:;9=0:

* C46@:0:0 4: ;906; 0 =9 P=06;Y;* C46@:0:0 /;06; ;=0; 0 =9 Nw46@* I/96:0 @ ::;7 @ /;0: 0 =;:46=4: (69/: ;906;*

$. R0@07= =;:4/06; 96 @>6 ;0+0* C/9: =;:4/06; :6@;9=0: ?6: =

* C/9: /06; 694@0=;* F=9 @ =;:46 ;9 :4:7 =;:4/06;@* F=9 @ >446 ;9 :4:7 =;:4/06;

1'. C:4/04:0>0 @ 0@47 + :6; 0=;07

11. C:4/04:0>0 @ 00 @ =;@+ ;=0>;07 6;= 4= /674607

/;06/9= ;46@7= @ 0:0:.

13. C:4/04:0>0 @ :0:7 + :6; 0=;07

1. C:4/04:0>0 @ ;/ 46; + :6; 0=;07


141/142

CA&$T'LUL .,)CA&$T'LUL .,) 0$0L$'"#AF$ %LCT$VA0$0L$'"#AF$ %LCT$VA

1. AY6 P.\. (:0@.*, T:00 @ C/ F4:@ U6:g

P:, O>4:@, M=49:6, T4Yg4, 1$$

2. B0=006 A.T., B06;9 M., P406g I., A=;07 0= /4@=4: >; E6;;=4@;, B9;9:, 1$83

3. B=@0 I., S4/ 0@06;@ 4; 6 C/;0= [6;, C=9 U6:g

P:, C=9-N04;0,2'''

. B:46 %., L006-]66 S., P>06@: H., (@.*, C0:464@,

B:Y09: , B0=, 1$$55. I4:@;;9 D., A60=0

E=;:4>4:0 U6:7 @6 B9;9:, B9;9:, 1$8"

!. M0: S., A60=; 6;;=4@;, B9;9:, 1$""

13. P406g I., B06;9 M., M4@ >;,

B9;9:, 1$"2

1. P4;9 O., E=;:4>4:4:


142/142

1!. R9 M., T:069 R., I6@:9/4: @ 060=:0:49.

A=;07 ?6 C/0 O:06;., [email protected]:7 B0-B4=g0K C=9,

1$"

1". S;9 O.E., %0 C:4/04:0g, I6:;6; P9=.-].\=g S46,

Nw 4:Y, 1$!8

18. S=: I., S;:4/:0 RMN 0 ;4/9=4: 4:06;, [email protected];0, C=9-

N04;0, 1$"8

1$. S4;0;9 C., C/ F

Chimia Mediului-Curs -Formatat(Pt. ID)

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