CAP I Introducere

8/17/2019 CAP I Introducere

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UNIVERSITATEA “OVIDIUS “ CONSTANŢAFACULTATEA DE INGINERIE MECANICĂ,INDUSTRIALĂ ŞI

MARITIMĂSPECIALIZAREA AUTOVEHICULE RUTIERE

PROIECT DE DIPLOMĂ PAG. 2

CAPITOLUL 1

N O Ţ I U N I I N T R O D U C T I V E

Prin m!r, "n #$n$r%&, '$ "n($&$#$ m%)in* +%r$ !r%n'rm* $n$r#i$ %r$+%r$, "n $n$r#i$

m$+%ni+*.

M!%r$&$ !$rmi+$ '$r-$'+ &% !r%n'rm%r$% $n$r#i$i !$rmi+$ "n $n$r#i$ m$+%ni+*. Cm $n$r#i%

!$rmi+* +$ '$ !r%n'rm* "n %+$'!$ m!%r$, $'!$ /(in!* "n rm% %r0$rii ni +m/'!i/i&, n+(in%r$%

&r $'!$ &$#%!* 0$ 0* 1r+$'$ 0i'!in+!$ )i %nm$ %r0$r$% +m/'!i/i&&i "n'(i!* 0$ 0$#%3%r$ 0$

+*&0r* )i !r%n'rm%r$% %+$'!$i +*&0ri "n &+r m$+%ni+. D%+* '$ (in$ '$%m% 0$ &+& n0$ '$ 1r0+$

%r0$r$% +m/'!i/i&&i, m!%r$&$ !$rmi+$ '$ "m1%r! "n 0* m%ri +%!$#rii

45 M!%r$ + %r0$r$ $6!$rn*, "n +%7& +8n0 %r0$r$% +m/'!i/i&&i '$ r$%&i7$%7* "n!r9n

%#r$#%! 0i'!in+!, '$1%r%! 0$ m!r :%$r& +%r$ rni7$%7* 6i#$n& n$+$'%r %r0$rii n$iin0 !!0%!* )i

&i0 0$ &+r %& m!r&i5. Din %+$%'!* +%!$#ri$ %+ 1%r!$ m%)ini&$ + %/ri + 1i'!n, !r/in$&$ +%/ri .

25 M!%r$ + %r0$r$ in!$rn*, "n +%7& +8n0 %r0$r$% +m/'!i/i&&i '$ r$%&i7$%7* i$ in!r9n

%#r$#%! 0i'!in+!, '$1%r%! 0$ m!r, i$ +;i%r "n in!$rir& m!r&i, 0%r %$r& +%r$ rni7$%7* 6i#$n&

n$+$'%r %r0$rii $'!$, "n %+$&%)i !im1, )i &i0& 0$ &+r %& m!r&i. S$ 1%!$ 0$+i 0$ini %'!$&

M!r& + %r0$r$ in!$rn* $'!$ n %#r$#%! !$rmi+, "n +%r$ $n$r#i% 1!$n(i%&*, +;imi+*, %

+m/'!i/i&&i %r' "n in!$rir& m!r&i, '$ !r%n'rm* "n $n$r#i$ +%&ri+* :!$rmi+*5, i%r %+$%'!* &%r8n0& $i "n $n$r#i$ m$+%ni+* 9 +$ 1rin in!$rm$0i& ni &i0 m!r $'!$ +$0%!* nr +r1ri '&i0$ "n


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Fi#.4.4E&$m$n!$&$ +n'!r+!i-$ %&$ m!r&i + %r0$r$ in!$rn*Sursa 6



PROIECT DE DIPLOMĂ PAG. <

mi)+%r$. S1r$ 0$'$/ir$ 0$ m!%r$&$ + %r0$r$ $6!$rn* :m%)ini&$ )i !r/in$&$ + %/r5 &% +%r$ %r0$r$%

+m/'!i/i&&i )i 0$#%3%r$% 0$ +*&0r% % &+ "n %%r* m!r&i !$rmi+ :"n +%r$&$ #$n$r%!%r$&r +

%/r5, &% m!%r$&$ + %r0$r$ in!$rn*, $n$r#i% !$rmi+* $'!$ /(in!* "n in!$rir& ni +i&in0r '% "n

in!$rir& n$i +%m$r$ 0$ %r0$r$.

Din +%7% !r%n'rm*rii im$0i%!$ % $n$r#i$i )i 0%!ri!* %1!&i +% 1r0'$&$ %r0$rii :%#$n!&

m!r5 '$ 0$'!in0 0$ &% !$m1$r%!ri m%ri, %0i+* 0i$r$n(% 0$ !$m1$r%!r% "n!r$ 'r'% 0$ +*&0r% )i 'r'%

r$+$ $'!$ m%i 1rnn(%!%, +n'm& m$0i 0$ +*&0r%, +% )i r%n0%m$n!& $$+!i- %!in# -%&ri m%i

$+nmi+$ &% %+$'!$ m!%r$, 0$+8! &% m!%r$&$ + %r0$r$ $6!$rn*. =n n+(i$ 0$ 1r+$'& !$rmi+

0$'*)r%! "n +i&in0r& %+$'!r m!%r$, r%n0%m$n!& $$+!i- %r$ -%&ri +1rin'$ "n!r$ >,2 )i >,?.

M!r& + %r0$r$ in!$rn* + 1i'!n

$'!$ m!r& &% +%r$ 1r0'$&$ %r0$rii in!r%

"n +m17i(i% &i0&i m!r, i%r

$-&(ii&$ %+$'!i% '$ r$%&i7$%7* 1rin

in!$rm$0i& ni 1i'!n + mi)+%r$

%&!$rn%!i-* '% + mi)+%r$ 0$ r!%(i$

:m!r @%n$&5. F&i0& m!r $'!$

+n'!i!i! 0in!r9n %m$'!$+ 0$ %$r, -%1ri )i

1i+*!ri in$ 0$ +m/'!i/i& :%m$'!$+&

+%r/r%n!5 )i #%7$ r$7i0%&$ :r*m%'$ 0in

+i+&ri&$ 1r$+$0$n!$5 +%r$ ")i '+;im/%

1$rm%n$n! +m17i(i% "n !im1&

$-&(ii&r, 0%!ri!* %r0$rii

+m/'!i/i&&i. =n +%7& m!r&i +

1i'!n !r%n'rm%r$% +*&0rii "n &+r

m$+%ni+ !i& 1r$'1n$ r$%&i7%r$% "n in!$rir& %+$'!i% % n$i 'i!$ 0$ 1r+$'$ !$rmi+$ 1%r+r'$ 0$&i0& m!r, "n!r9 %nmi!* r0in$ :+$ '$ r$1$!* 1$ri0i+5. A+$%'!* '++$'in$ 1%r!* nm$&$ 0$ +i+&

m!r. P%r!$% 0in +i+&& m!r $$+!%!* &% +r'* % 1i'!n&i '$ nm$)!$ !im1. Pr+$'$&$ !$rmi+$ +%r$

%&+*!i$'+ n +i+& m!r 'n! %0mi'i%, +m1r$'i%, %r0$r$%, 0$'!in0$r$% )i $-%+%r$%. R$%&i7%r$%

%+$'!r% "n r0in$% +r$+!* '$ /(in$ 1rin -%ri%(i% -&m&i '% '1%(i&i 0$ &+r "n +%r$ '$

0$1&%'$%7* :1rin !r%n'&%(i$, '% "n!r9 mi)+%r$ 0$ r!%(i$5 1i'!n&.

Un m!r + %r0$r$ in!$rn* r$1r$7in!* m%)in* +m1&$6* %&+*!i!* 0in!r9n 'i'!$m $&$m$n!%r

nmi! m$+%ni'm& m!r, n %n'%m/& 0$ 'i'!$m$ %6i&i%r$ )i 0in %1%r%!r% 1$n!r +n!r&&n+(in*rii.


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Fi#.4.2.E&$m$n!$ +n'!r+!i-$ %&$m!r&i + %r0$r$ in!$rn* :25

Sursa 6



PROIECT DE DIPLOMĂ PAG. ?

A. M$+%ni'm& m!r $'!$ %&+*!i! 0in 0* 1*r(i

%. P%r!$% m/i&* nmi!* )i m$+%ni'm /i$&*9m%ni-$&* +%r$ +1rin0$ !r$i r#%n$ 1rin+i1%&$,

1i'!n& 4, /i$&% ? )i %r/r$&$ m!r '% +!i!


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PROIECT DE DIPLOMĂ PAG.

9m$+%ni'm& 0$ 0i'!ri/(i$ +$ $'!$ r$'1n'%/i& 0$ +m%n0% 0$'+;i0$rii 1$ri0i+$ +m%n0%!$ %

rii+ii&r 0$ +mni+%(i$ :SA, SE5 % +%m$r$i 0$ %r0$r$ + $6!$rir&

9%mr!i7%r$&$ 0$ 7#m! %!8! 1$ #%&$ri% 0$ %0mi'i$ :+&$+!%r$ '% in+in!% i&!r&i 0$ %$r5 +8! )i 1$

+$% 0$ $-%+%r$ :!/$ '% +&$+!%r$5.

/. Si'!$m& 0$ %&im$n!%r$ + +m/'!i/i&, +%r$ $'!$ n+(i$ 0$ m0& 0$ rm%r$ % %m$'!$+&i

9 &% MAS 9 +%r/r%!r %&im$n!%! + /$n7in* 1rin +n0+!$ )i i&!r$ 0$ &% n r$7$r-r + %3!r& n$i

1m1$ 0$ %&im$n!%r$.

C%r/r%!r& "n0$1&in$)!$ n+(ini&$ 0$ 07%r$ % +m/'!i/i&&i )i %$r&i "n r%1r! + '%r+in%

)i !r%(i% m!r&i, %'i#r* 1&-$ri7%r$%, -%1ri7%r$% )i %m$'!$+%r$% 1%r(i%&* % +m/'!i/i&&i +

%$r&, 1rnir$% 'i#r* % m!r&i $!+.

9 &% MAC 9 1m1% 0$ %&im$n!%r$ :% 1m1$i 0$ in3$+(i$5 %'1ir* +m/'!i/i&& 0in r$7$r-r

1rin!r9 /%!$ri$ 0$ i&!r$ )i "& 0iri3$%7* 1rin +n0+!$ :'i'!$m& 0$ 3%'* 1r$'in$5 '1r$ 1m1% 0$

in3$+(i$ 1m1% 0$ in3$+(i$ %'i#r* 1r$'in$% ri0i+%!* % m!rin$i :1$n!r 1&-$ri7%r$5 1rin +n0+!$&$

0$ "n%&!* 1r$'in$ :4>>...>/%r5 :'i'!$m& 0$ in3$+(i$5 +m/'!i/i&& $'!$ in!r0' 1rin in3$+!%r$ "n

+%m$r% 0$ %r0$r$. C$rin($&$ &% ni-$&& %+$'!i 'i'!$m 'n! %'1r% 07*rii, 0i'!ri/(i$i )i 1r$+i7i$i

in!r0+$rii +m/'!i/i&&i "n +i&in0ri.

+. Si'!$m& 0$ %1rin0$r$ $'!$ !i&i7%! nm%i &% MAS :&% MAC %1rin0$r$% '$ %+$ 1rin

+m1r$'i$5 +1rin0$ /%!$ri% 0$ %+m&%!ri :'r'% 0$ +r$n!5 0$ &% +%r$ '$ %&im$n!$%7* r1!r&

:1&%!in%5 +%r$ %'i#r* "n!r$r1$r$% +ir+i!&i 1rim%r %& //in$i 0$ in0+(i$ :!r%n'rm%!r& 0$ "n%&!*

!$n'in$5 !$n'in$% 0in '$+n0%r& //in$i 0$ in0+(i$ $'!$ 0i'!ri/i!* "n r0in$% 0$ %1rin0$r$ :0$

n+(in%r$5 % /3ii&r +i&in0ri&r. S+8n!$i% +m%n0%!* '$ 1r0+$ "n!r$ $&$+!r0& +$n!r%& )i +$& &%!$r%&

&$#%! &% m%'% m!r&i. =n+*r+%r$% /%!$ri$i 0$ %+m&%!ri '$ %+$ + %3!r& %&!$rn%!r&i '%

0in%m&i %n!r$n%! 1rin +r$% 0$ &% %r/r$&$ +!i! %& m!r&i.0. Si'!$m& 0$ r*+ir$ #r1$%7* !!%&i!%!$% %#r$#%!$&r, %1%r%!$&r )i 0i'17i!i-$&r +%r$ %r$ r&&

0$ % %'i#r% $-%+%r$% r(%!* 1rin 1$r$(i % +*&0rii 0$+i, 0$ % r*+i 1i$'$&$ m!r&i +$ -in "n +n!%+! +

#%7$&$ i$r/in(i. E'!$ n$+$'%r n nm%i '* '$ r*+$%'+* m!r&, 0%r !r$/i$ #*'i!* )i m$n(in!* "n

$61&%!%r$ !$m1$r%!r% 1!im* % &i0&i 0$ r*+ir$, &% +%r$ in0i+ii 0$ 1$rrm%n(* %i m!r&i 'n! +$i

m%i /ni. R*+ir$% 1%!$ i + %$r '% + &i+;i0 :0%r "n in%& !! %$r& %m/i%n! 1r$i% +*&0r%5.

Cir+&%(i% &i+;i0&i $'!$ %'i#r%!*, r(%!, + 1m1* 0$ +ir+&%(i$ :%1*5 %n!r$n%!* 0$ &%

%r/r$&$ m!r 1rin !r%n'mi'i$ + +r$% !r%1$7i0%&*. =n 1%r!$% rn!%&* % %r/r$&i +!i! :'% &% '&(ii&$


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m0$rn$ + %3!r& ni m!r $&$+!ri+5 '$ %&* mn!%!* !r/in% :&% r*+ir$% + %$r5 '% -$n!i&%!r& +$

#$n$r$%7* +r$n!& 0$ %$r n$+$'%r r*+irii r(%!$.

L% 1rnir$% m!r&i, 1$n!r % r$%&i7% "n+*&7ir$ r%1i0*, 1$ +n0+!% 0$ !r$+$r$ % &i+;i0&i

'1r$ r%0i%!r :'+;im/*!r 0$ +*&0r* "n+r+i)%! &i+;i0 9 %$r5 '$ mn!$%7* n 0i'17i!i- nmi! !$rm'!%!.

T$rm'!%!& $'!$ %'!$& +n'!ri! "n+8! 1$rmi!$ !r$+$r$% &i+;i0&i '1r$ r%0i%!r nm%i 0%+* !$m1$r%!r%

'% 0$1*)$)!$ C. S/ %+$'!$ !$m1$r%!ri &i+;i0& +ir+&* 0$ &% 1m1* "n '1%(ii&$ 0$ r*+ir$ 0in +i&in0rii

%1i +;i&%'% )i "n%1i "n 1m1*, +ir+i!& iin0 0$nmi! )i +ir+i!& mi+.

C8n0 m!r& %!in#$ !$m1$r%!r% 0$ r$#im :>C5 !$rm'!%!& '$ 0$'+;i0$ )i &i+;i0& +ir+&* 0$

&% 1m1*, &% '1%(ii&$ 0$ r*+ir$ 0in +i&in0rii, +;i&%'*, !$rm'!%!, r%0i%!r )i 0in n "n 1m1*.

$. Si'!$m& 0$ n#$r$ +1rin0$ !!%&i!%!$% 0i'17i!i-$&r, %1%r%!$&r )i m%)ini&r +$ '$r-$'+ &%

n#$r$% r#%n$&r m!r&i.

E6i'!* !r$i 1r+$0$$ 0$ n#$r$ n#$r$% 1rin +$%(* 0$ &$i )i '!r1ir$, n#$r$ '/ 1r$'in$ )i

n#$r$% mi6!*. Or#%n$&$ 1!$rni+ '&i+i!%!$ n 1! i n'$ 1rin +$%(% 0$ &$i, 0$%r$+$ 1r+$0$& n

%'i#r* 0$/i!& 0$ &$i n$+$'%r, "n '+;im/ n#$r$% !!rr r#%n$&r m!r&i '/ 1r$'in$ %r

+m1&i+% )i %r '+m1i 'i'!$m& 0$ n#$r$. Si'!$m& 0$ n#$r$ $'!$ %&+*!i! 0in!r9n +ir+i! 1rin+i1%& :+$

+1rin0$ r$7$r-r& 0$ &$i n% '% m%i m&!$ 1m1$ 0$ &$i, +n0+!$ )i '1%1$ 0$ 'i#r%n(*5 )i n&

'% m%i m&!$ +ir+i!$ '$+n0%r$ +$ +1rin0 i&!r 0$ &$i "n 0$ri-%(i$ )i r%0i%!r& 0$ r*+ir$. Un#$r$%

mi6!* $'!$ '1$+ii+* m!%r$&r 0$ !r%+(in$ 1r!%r$, m!%r$&r n%-%&$ iin09i '1$+ii+* n#$r$% 1rin

1r$'in$.

. Si'!$m& 0$ 1rnir$ #$n$r%&i7%! &% m!%r$&$ %!-$;i+&$&r $'!$ 'i'!$m& 0$ 1rnir$ $&$+!ri+.

M!r& $'!$ %n!r$n%!, &% 1rnir$ + %3!r& ni m!r $&$+!ri+ 0$ +r$n! +n!in :0$m%rr5 %&im$n!%!

0$ &% /%!$ri$. Prnir$% + %3!r& m!%r$&r %6i&i%r$ MAS 1rin in!$rm$0i& ni r$0+!r $'!$

'1$+ii+* m!%r$&r MAC m%ri.

#. Si'!$m& 0$ '1r%%&im$n!%r$ %'i#r* m*rir$% 1r$'inii &i0&i 1r%'1*! in!r0' "n m!r

:+n+mi!$n! + +r$)!$r$% +%n!i!*(ii 0$ +m/'!i/i&5 "n -$0$r$% /(in$rii nr 1!$ri '1ri!$. A+$%'!% '$r$%&i7$%7* + %3!r& nr '&%n!$ %n!r$n%!$ m$+%ni+ 0$ &% %r/r$&$ +!i!, nr '&%n!$ %+(in%!$ 0$

m!%r$ $&$+!ri+$ '% 1rin !r/'1r%%&im$n!%r$.

C. A1%r%!r% 0$ +n!r& +1rin0$

T$rmm$!r$&$, m%nm$!r$&$, !rm$!r$&$ +$ !in0 %+!%&m$n!$ '* '$ in!$#r$7$ "n 0i$ri!$&$

'i'!$m$ %6i&i%r$ %'i#r8n0 'im&!%n + -i7%&i7%r$% m*rimii :1$ %i)%3 %n%&#i+ '% 0i#i!%&5 )i r$#&%r$%)i 1r!$+(i% %!m%!* % %n'%m/&&i m!r.


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P$n!r /(in$r$% 0$ 1$rrm%n($ m%6im$, n r& 0$'$/i! "& %r$ $&$+!rni+% +%r$ +n!r&$%7*

1r%+!i+ !! m!r&.

Im1n8n0 1ri$+!%n!&i +m/'!i/i&& &'i!, 1!$r$% )i 0$'!in%(i% m!r&i, '$ '!%/i&$'+ 0$

%1!, "n &inii m%ri, !i1& m!r&i +8! )i 0i%#r%m% &i in0i+%!*.

CAP I Introducere

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