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8/18/2019 ATLAS: Pestii apelor Moldovei
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8/18/2019 ATLAS: Pestii apelor Moldovei
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Eutdrk= Ehrkei Sseték ‚ jcrjctĊtdr țtkkiȗknkj el Leodretdruluk hc Kftkdldakc țk EjvejulturĊ el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck7
@erki Sseték ‚ hdjtdr feoklktet, prdncsdr uikvcrskter , țcn el Leodretdruluk hc Kftkdldakc țk EjvejulturĊ el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck7
Kdi Xdhcreț ‚ ejehc`kjkei, hdjtdr feoklktet, prdncsdr uikvcrskter, hkrcjtdr el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck7
Ikjdlec Ȗeptcnreȗk ‚ jcrjctĊtdr țtkkiȗknkj el Leodretdruluk hc Kftkdldakc țk EjvejulturĊ el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck.
_cjcizcit= @krdi Kdicl , hdjtdr éi okdldakc, prdncsdr uikvcrskter,
jcrjctĊtdr țtkkiȗknkj Ar. K, Sikvcrsktetce ‐El. K. Juze‐, Kețk, _d`ïike
_chejtdr= Ȗtcnei ȝurjeiu, hdjtdr feoklktet, prdncsdr uikvcrskter,
Sikvcrsktetce EarerĊ hc Ztet hki @dlhdve
Hcskai jdpcrtĊ= Ehrkei Sseték
Jdijcpȗkc arenkjĊ, ejfcterc jd`putcrkzetĊ= Ehrkei Sseték
Chktet jdindr` hcjkzkck Jdisklkuluk țtkkiȗknkj el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc
el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck (prdjcs-vcroel ir. 5? hki 52 idkc`orkc ?253).
Ejcst ‐EXLEZ‐ e epĊrut ju supdrtul nkieijker el Kistktutuluk hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck,
éi jehrul prdkcjtuluk eplkjetkv éi hcrulerc ‐Zteoklkrce strujturkk, nuijȗkdiĊrkk, tdlcreiȗck jd`uiktĊȗkldr hc fkhrdokdiȗk
țk hczvdlterce prkijkpkkldr țtkkiȗknkjc elc eieac`cituluk okdprdhujtkvktĊȗkk cjdskstc`cldr ejvetkjc‐.
Xdetc hrcpturklc esupre ejcstck chkȗkc eperȗki eutdrkldr.
Rrcluerce perȗkelĊ seu tdtelĊ e tcxtcldr, nĊrĊ ejdrhul eutdrkldr, cstc kitcrzksĊ.
© Ehrkei Sseték, @erki Sseték,
Kdi XdhcreŔ, Ikjdlec řeptcnreŪk. ?253
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EXLEZSL « Rcțtkk epcldr @dlhdvck · kijluhc rczultetclc jcrjctĊrkldr țtkkiȗknkjc jd`plcxc (texdid`kjc,
kftkdldakjc, cjdldakjc), cncjtuetc hc jĊtrc Kistktutul hc ]ddldakc pc perjursul ultk`cldr hcjcikk esupre
okdhkvcrsktĊȗkk kftkdneuick _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve. Lujrerce prczkitĊ d cveluerc ejtuelĊ e kftk dneuick,
oezetĊ pc jcrjctĊrk hc `diktdrkzerc cncjtuetc éi cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc elc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve.
Éi prczcite lujrerc sïit hcsjrk sc prkijkpelclc spcjkk hc pcțtk eutdftdik țk kivezkvk jerc pdpulcezĊ
cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc ieturelc elc @dlhdvck. Rcitru uțurkiȗĊ țk ejjcskoklktetc éi jĊuterc, sïit cxpusc
kihcxurklc elneoctkjc ju hciu`krklc spcjkkldr, cxpusc éi lk`oklc letkiĊ, rd`ïiĊ, cialczĊ țk rusĊ. Zpcjkklc
hc pcțtk sïit prczcitetc jdindr` uiuk eladrkt` uikj= espcjtul cxtcrkdr, rĊspïihkrce (`erjem pc fertĊ
fkhrdarenkjĊ), feoktetul, pertkjulerktĊȗklc okdldakjc Ŕk cjdldakjc, rcprdhujcrce, nrcjvciȗe țk sterce hc
jdiscrverc. Nkcjerc spcjkc hcsjrksĊ cstc éisdȗktĊ hc d k`eakic, ju espcjt hctelket jdldrkstkj țk hcdscokrk
vkzkoklc, spcjknkjc spcjkck hc pcțtc, pcitru hctcr`kierce jdrcjtĊ e ck. Kindr`eȗke țk hetclc țtkkiȗknkjc sïit
éisdȗktc suplk`citer hc d scrkc hc jurkdzktĊȗk hki vkeȗe ejcstdr spcjkk éi ercelul hc rĊspïihkrc e ldr. Hc
esc`cice, éi EXLEZ, sïit kijlusc ețe jepktdlc ju` er nk= pcțtkk țk `chkul e`okeit, hcsjrkcrce
prkijkpelcldr ertcrc ejvetkjc hki _cpuolkje @dlhdve, sterce ejtuelĊ e oezkicldr pksjkjdlc ieturelc țk
e neuick pksjkjdlc hki _cpuolkje @dlhdve, eietd`ke țk nkzkdldake pcțtkldr, țk e.
EXLEZSL « Rcțtkk epcldr @dlhdvck · cstc hkrcjȗkdiet etït s pcjkelkțtkldr éi hd`ciku jït țk uiuk puolkj
`ek lera= prdncsdrk hc okdldakc, stuhciȗk, clcvk, lujrĊtdrk hki hd`cikul prdtcjȗkck `chkuluk, pcsjerkldr
prdncskdikțtk / spdrtkvk / e`etdrk țk pcitru tdȗk eh`kretdrkk țk kuoktdrkk ieturkk.
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JSR_KIZ
RCřXKK řK @CHKSL E@OKEIX Ne`. Csdjkhec
Oezkiclc pksjkjdlc ieturelc țk neuie ldr Ne`. S`orkhec
Nluvkul IKZX_S Ne`. Eiaukllkhec
Jursul kmldjku țk lejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk Ne`. Jyprkikhec
Jursul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru Ne`. Ic`ejfcklkhec
Lejul hc eju ulerc Jujkuraei Ne`. Jdoktkhec
_ïurklc `kjk hki oezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru Ne`. Zklurkhec
_ïul R_SX Ne`. Kjtelurkhec
Lejul hc eju`ulerc Jdstcțtk - Ztïije Ne`. Ldtkhec
_ïurklc `kjk hki oezkiul rïuluk Rrut Ne`. Aestcrdstckhec
_ïurklc Jdaïlikj, Kelpua, Luiae, Jeful Ne`. Zyiaietfkhec
EIEXD@KE ȖK NK]KDLDAKE RCȖXKLD_ Ne`. Etfcrkikhec
Ndr`e jdrpuluk, pertkjulerktĊȗklccxtcrkderc țk tcau`citul Ne`. Rcrjkhec
Zjfclctul kitcri țk `usjuleture pcțtkldr Ne`. Adokkhec
Draeiclc kitcric Ne`. Jcitrerjfkhec
_cprdhujcrce țk `kareȗkklc Ne`. Jdttkhec
Zterce hc jdiscrverc e spcjkkldr Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr țtkkiȗknkjc e pcțtkldr
ZRCJKKLC HC RCřXK= Ne`. Ejkpciscrkhec Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcțtkldr éi lk`oe rd`ïiĊ
Ne`. Rdlydhditkhec Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcțtkldr éi lk`oe cialczĊ
Ne`. Jlupckhec Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcțtkldr éi lk`oe rusĊ
Ne`. Zel`dikhec OKOLKDA_ENKC
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3
Rcțtkk trĊkcsj prctutkihcik uihc cstc epĊ țk nkcjerc spcjkc
sc eheptcezĊ le hkvcrsclc jdihkȗ kk elc `chkuluk ejvetkj hc le
epclc hki zdie pdlerĊ pïiĊ le jce trdpkjelĊ, hc le streturklc hcsupreneȗ Ċ pïiĊ le ehïijk`k djceikjc, é i epclc sĊretc țk huljk, le
nuihul țk éi stretul hc epĊ, éi epclc tcr`elc țk ju tc`pcreturk
icaetkvc țk é i epclc ju cncjt hc esnkxkc.
@chkul e`okeit - jdiskhcret je nejtdr jerc kinluci-
ȗ cezĊ esupre pcțtkldr sc é pertc é i okdtkj țk eokdtkj=
okdtkj - lu`ce eik`elĊ țk vcactelĊ e draeiks`cldr jerc cstc éi e`okeiȗ Ċ țk lcaetĊ ju pcțtkk. Kinluciȗ e `chkuluk okdtkj sc
rcelkzcezĊ pc hkvcrsc jĊk= jdijurciȗ e pcitru freiĊ é itrc hk-ncrktc spcjkk, rcleȗ kklc rcjkprdjc é itrc rĊpktdr țk prehĊ, kinlu-
ciȗ e draeiks`cldr esupre rcak`uluk fkhrdokdldakj el oezkic-
ldr pksjkjdlc țk eltclc.
eokdtkj - prdprkctĊȗ klc nkzkjc țk jfk`kjc elc `chkuluk hc vk-
cȗ ukrc e pcțtkldr. Nejtdrkk eokdtkjk jck `ek k`pdrteiȗ k jerc ki-
nluciȗ cezĊ esupre ejtkvktĊȗ kk vktelc e pcțtkldr sïit= tc`pcre-
ture epck, hcisktetce, aezclc hkzdlvetc éi epĊ țk e.
Xc`pcreture epck jdistktukc ui nejtdr csciȗ kel pcitrunkzkdldake țk jrcțtcrce pcțtkldr. Rcțtkk suit eik`elc pdkjfkld-
tcr`c- ju tc`pcreture jdrpuluk verkeoklĊ țk cstc caelĊ seu ju
2,3-5,22J `ek `erc hcjït tc`pcreture `chkuluk ejvetkj éi jercvkcȗ ukcțtc. Éi tk`pul hcplesĊrkldr țk `kțjĊrkldr seu é odliĊvkrk-
ldr tc`pcreture jdrpuluk jrcțtc ju ?-:2J (jce `ek `erc tc`pc-
returĊ e jdrpuluk s-e éircakstret le tdi, ju 552J `ek `erc hcjït
tc`pcreture epck). Rcțtkk trĊkcsj le hkncrktc tc`pcreturk elc epck.
Zpcjke Lujeike ordwik hki ne`klke Jyprkidhditkhec trĊkțtc țk sc rc-
prdhujc é i kzvderclc Jelkndrikck `uitdesc uihc tc`pcretureepck cstc pcstc 322J. Rc hc eltĊ pertc Hellke pcjtdrelks (pcțtclc
icaru) țk jeresul kerie supdrtĊ éiafcȗ ul, enlïihu-sc éi fkocr-ierc pc nuihul oezkicldr pksjkjdlc, éisĊ sïiaclc țk oreifkklc iu
é iafceȗ Ċ (le é iafcȗ erce ldr pkckrce pcțtkldr cstc kicvkteoklĊ).
Hc tc`pcreture epck hcpkihc kitcisktetce sjfk`ouluk hc suo-
steiȗ c el pcțtkldr= - kitcisktetce elk`citeȗ kck, sjfk`oul hc aezc țk eltc
nuijȗ kk. Éi oezkiclc pksjkjdlc é ijĊlzkrce epck é ijcpc hc le supreneȗ Ċ
nkkih ur`etĊ hc ncid`cic hc stretknkjerc tcr`kjĊ jerc sc jerejtcrk-
zcezĊ prki hkncrciȗ c hc veldrk é itrc supreneȗ Ċ țk nuih.
D k`pdrteiȗ Ċ `erc pcitru pcțtk d erc e`plktuhkice tc`-
pcreturkldr epck é i jerc pdt trĊk țk pcitru nkcjerc spcjkc pdetc nk
ndertc hkncrktĊ. Sikk pcțtk pdt trĊk é i lk`ktclc sjfk`oĊrkk tc`pc-
returkldr epck ju 3-12J, ker eltclc ju zcjk hc arehc. Éi hcpci-hciȗ Ċ hc lk`ktclc tc`pcreturkldr éi jerc ejtkvktetce vktelĊ sc hcs-nĊțderĊ `ek kitciskv pcțtkk sc é`pert éi tcr`dnklk țk stcidnklk.
Xc`pcreture kinluciȗ cezĊ esupre tcr`cikldr rcprdhujcrkk
țk hcpuicrkk pditck, hczvdlterce kjrcldr, rkt`uluk hc jrcțtcrc,
sjfk`ouluk hc aezc. Le rkhkjerce tc`pcreturkk epck jdisu`ul
hc dxkaci hkzdlvet éi epĊ jrcțtc țk kivcrs, sc `kjțdrcezĊ le rc-
hujcrce tc`pcreturkk. Xc`pcreture kinluciȗ cezĊ țk esupre jdi-
su`uluk freick. Nkcjerc spcjkc jdisu`Ċ freie jcl `ek ejtkv
é itr-ui eiu`kt kitcrvel hc tc`pcreturk. Jdisu`ul dptk` hc
RCřXKK řK @CHKSL
E@OKEIX
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>
freiĊ pcitru pcțtkk tcr`dnklk hki epclc idestrc ‚ lki, jeres, oe-
ouțjĊ, ejkpciscrkhc, nktdneak țk el. cstc le tc`pcreture epck hc
51-?62J, țtkujĊ-53-562J, jrep ?2-?62J (jfker țk le :22J), pĊstrĊvle 52-5?2J. Le tc`pcreturklc `ek `erk seu `ek `kjk pcțtkk iu
`ek jdisu`Ċ freiĊ (pĊstrĊvul iu jdisu`Ċ freiĊ le tc`pcre-
ture epck `ek `kjĊ hc +:2J țk `ek `erc hc +562J).
Aezclc hkzdlvetc éi epĊ éi jeitktĊȗ k `erk sïit dxkac-
iul țk ezdtul ker hkdxkhul hc jerodi é i jeitktĊȗ k `ult `ek `kjk.
_cpertkzerce aezcldr éi ecrul et`dsncrkj țk é i epĊ cstc icuik-
ndr`Ċ. _epdrtul hc dxkaci țk ezdt é i ecr cstc hc 5=8 ker é i epĊ hc
5=?. ÉisĊ jeitktetce eosdlutĊ hc dxkaci é itr-d uiktetc hc vdlu`
cstc `ek `erc éi ecr hcjït éi epĊ. Le tc`pcreture hc ?22J éitr-
ui lktru hc ecr hc :: drk cstc drk cstc ek ult dxkaci hcjït éitr-
ui lktru hc epĊ. Rrki ur`erc epe rcprczkitĊ ui chku ek hknkjkl
pcitru rcspkreȗ kc hcjït ecrul.
Zetureȗ ke epck ju dxkaci hki streturklc `ek ehïijk e oezk-
icldr ejvetkjc pksjkjdlc ieturelc sc rcelkzcezĊ prki e`cstcjulepck hc jĊtrc vïiturk țk jkrjuleȗ ke epck hetdrktĊ verkeȗ kkldr tc`-
pcreturkk. DhetĊ ju `Ċrkrce tc`pcreturkk hkzdlverce aezcldr é iepĊ sc `kjțdrcezĊ.
Dxkaciul sdlvkt éi epĊ (D ? ) ‚ jdistktukc uiul hki nejtd-
rkk lk`ktetkvk jck `ek k`pdrteiȗ k etït pcitru vke
ȗ e pc
țtkldr jït
țk pci-tru vkeȗ e jcldrlelȗ k fkhrdokdiŪk. Dxkaciul hki epĊ perȗ kel prdvkic
prki hknuzkuic hki ecrul et`dsncrkj țk perȗ kel hc le pleitclc vcrzk
( é ihcdscok hc le elac). Rleitclc (elaclc țk `ejrdnktclc) hcsjd`pui
okdxkhul hc jerodi (JD?) hkzdlvet éi epĊ esk`klïih jerodiul țk clk-
`kiïih dxkaciul (prdjcsul hc ndtdskitczĊ jerc sc hcsnĊțderĊ iu-
`ek zkue). Éi tk`pul idpȗ kk prdjcsul hc ndtdskitczĊ sc é itrcrupc ker
dxkaciul sdlvkt é i epĊ sc jdisu`Ċ le dxkherce suosteiȗ cldr drae-
ikjc. Jeitktetce dptk`Ċ hc dxkaci sdlvkt éi epe oezkicldr pksjkjdlc
trcoukc sĊ nkc éi lk`ktclc 3 ‚ ; `a/l.
Hkdxkhul hc jerodi (JD ? ) ‚ sc ndr`cezĊ éi rczultetuldxkhĊrkk suosteiȗ cldr draeikjc țk rcspkreȗ kck fkhrdokdiŪkldr. Eju`u-
lerce é i jeitktĊȗ k `erk e hkdxkhuluk hc jerodi éi epĊ cstc hĊuiĊ-tderc pcitru pcțtk țk eltc draeiks`c ejvetkjc. Jdiȗ kiutul `erc hc
hkdxkh hc jerodi é i epĊ (:2 `a/l) hujc le eju`ulerce luk éi sïiac, éirĊutĊȗ kih rcspkreȗ ke pcțtkldr. Jdijcitreȗ ke hkdxkhuluk hc jerodi
é i epĊ iu trcoukc sĊ hcpĊțcesjĊ 52 ‚ ?2 `a/l.
Fkhrdaciul sulnuret (F ?Z) ‚ erc ui `krds éiȗ cpĊtdr țk
hĊuiĊtdr vkcȗ kk fkhrdokdiŪkldr. Hc dokjck sc ndr`cezĊ é i rczultetul
ejtkvktĊȗ kk vktelc e uidr oejtcrkk spcjkelc țk jdisu`Ċ `ult dxkaci
pcitru dxkherc, é ihcdscok é i oezkiclc pdluetc ju suosteiȗ c drae-ikjc țk ju ui jdiȗ kiut rchus hc dxkaci, é irĊutĊȗ kih orusj rcak`ul
aezds el epck.
Hcisktetce epck ‚ epe erc prdprkctetce hce rcelkze
hcisktetce `exk`Ċ le +82J. Le éiafcȗ erc epe é țk `Ċrcțtc vdlu-
`ul ju 52% ker hcisktetce afcȗ kk cstc `ek `kjĊ hcjït hcisktetce
epck le 22J. Estncl afceȗ e plutcțtc pc epĊ. Ejcstc prdprkctĊȗ k eu
d k`pdrteiȗ Ċ sc`iknkjetkvĊ é i ieturĊ. Jïih sc rĊjcțtc tk`pul
epclc oezkicldr ejvetkjc sc rĊjcsj pïiĊ le +82J țk sc lesĊ le nuih,ker le supreneȗ Ċ hki streturklc `ek ehïijk sc rkhkjĊ epe ju tc`-
pcreture `ek `erc. Éi `d`citul jïih tdetĊ epe e e muis le tc`-
pcreture hc +82J stretul hc le supreneȗ Ċ sc rĊjcțtc țk le 22J éi-afceȗ Ċ rĊ`ïiïih le supreneȗ Ċ, ker stretul hc epĊ hc le nuihul
oezkiuluk rĊ`ïic lkjfkh le d tc`pcreture hc +8 2J, pcr`kȗ ïih
cxkstciȗ e vkcȗ kk ocitdikjc. Hcisktetce `erc țk vksjdzktetce `kjĊ
R c ț t k k ț k ` c h k u l e ` o k e i t
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e epck (hctcr`kietc hc jeitktetce hc sĊrurk sdlvktc sk tc`pcre-
turĊ) mdejĊ ui rdl k`pdrteit é i vkeȗ e pcțtkldr é i prk`ul rïih prki
rczkstciȗ e epck é pdtrkve rczkstciȗ kk jdrpuluk, hcjk țk e vktczck
hc hcpleserc, éi el hdklce rïih ‚ prcskuice epck esupre draeiks-
`uluk jerc jrcțtc dhetĊ ju jdodrïrce é i streturklc hc epĊ `ek
ehïijk. Éi ejcstc jdihkȗ kk pcitru pcțtk d k`pdrteiȗ Ċ emdrĊ d erc
eheptĊrklc jerc-k eskaurĊ cxkstciȗ e é i streturklc hc epĊ, `ciȗ kic-
rce jdrpuluk éitr-d eiu`ktĊ pdzkȗ kc țk-k uțurcezĊ é idtul. Ejcstc
eheptĊrk s-eu eikncstet prki kjțdrerce hcisktĊȗ kk jdrpuluk he-
tdrktĊ jĊruke sc pdetc `ciȗ kic é i ese hc epĊ nĊrĊ erc cndrt, țk
le ndr`erce hkvcrscldr ndr`c elc jdrpuluk țk `dhelktĊȗ k hc `kț-
jerc.
_cej ȗ ke ejtkvĊ e epck (pF) ‚ cstc jdihkȗ kdietĊ hc prc-
zciȗ e kdikldr hc fkhrdaci (F+) țk fkhrdxkl - (DF‚). Rrcpdihcrciȗ e
jeitktetkvĊ e kdikldr hc fkhrdaci jdihkȗ kdicezĊ rcejȗ ke ejkhĊ (`ek
`kjĊ hc 1.2), ker e jcldr hc fkhrdxkl, rcejȗ ke eljelkiĊ (`ek `erc hc
1.2). Le repdrtul jeitktetkv cael el kdikldr hc fkhrdaci țk fkhrdxkl
rcejȗ ke cstc icutrĊ (caelĊ ju 1.2). Ejtkvktetce vktelĊ dptk`Ċ e fkhrd-
okdiȗ kldr hcjurac é i `chkul icutru. pF-ul rcalcezĊ kitcisktetce
sjfk`ouluk hc suosteiȗ c ejȗ kdiïih iu iu`ek esupre jd`pdiciȗ ck
jeitktetkvc e fkhrdokdiȗ kldr her țk esupre hczvdltĊrkk jelktetkvc e ldr.
Ejȗ kuice pF-luk esupre fkhrdokdiȗ kldr cstc lcaetĊ țk prki neptul jĊ
jepejktetce fc`daldoulkick hc e ndldsk dxkaciul hkzdlvet éi epĊ lehkvcrsc veldrk e kdikldr hc fkhrdaci cstc hkncrktĊ. Hki ejcestĊ jeuzĊsjfk`oerce pF-uluk prdvdejĊ sjfk`oĊrk éi kitcisktetce rcspkreȗ kck.
Rcitru pcțtkk hki epclc ieturelc jclc `ek dptk`c veldrk elc pF-luk
sïit éitrc >.2 ‚ 6.2.
_cpuolkje @dlhdve, acdarenkj, sc suprepuic pc oezkiclc
fkhrdarenkjc elc nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïuluk Rrut. Le mu`Ċtetce sc-
jdluluk trcjut luiak`ce tdtelĊ e rïurkldr jdistktuke : ?>2 g`, su-preneȗ e lejurkldr ieturelc cre 3 ;22 fe țk e oĊlȗ kldr hki luijklc
kiuiheoklc cre hc jkrje 8> `kk fcjterc. ÉisĊ hupĊ eiul 5;32 ‚
éijcpc rcaulerkzerce jursurkldr țk hcoktcldr rïurkldr `kjk țk
`erk, țk é i eiul 5;>? supreneȗ e oezkicldr pksjkjdlc ieturelc s-e
`kjțdret. Éi prczcit ndihul oezkicldr pksjkjdlc ieturelc kijluhc
nluvkul Ikstru țk rïul Rrut ju luiak`ce tdtelĊ hc 5 :3? g`, țk
supreneȗ e hc 53 `kk fe, lejurk hc eju`ulerc ‚ 53 :62 fe, oĊlȗ k
hki luijklc kiuiheoklc ‚ : 362 fe.
Kftkdneuie hki oezkiclc ejvetkjc pksjkjdlc ieturelc elc _c-
puolkjkk @dlhdve cstc ndertc verketĊ țk kijluhc pcstc 522 spcjkk
țk suospcjkk hc pcțtk etrkouktc le 58 drhkic țk ?? ne`klkk. HupĊ
drkakice zddacdarenkjĊ kftkdneuie cstc jd`pusĊ hki 52 jd`-
plcxc neuikstkjc= odrcel-hc-țcs (țtkujĊ, țelĊu, oeouțjĊ, ŪkaĊiuŔ,
djfceiĊ, vĊhuvkȗ Ċ, oetjĊ, okoei, jlcei, afkodrȗ , nunĊ, jlceiul
`kj, djfceiĊ `erc, jerejuhĊ, seokȗ Ċ, lki, okoei-sderc)7 odrcel-
suo`ditei (sjdoer, ldstrkȗ Ċ, arkihcl)7 pditd-jespkj hc epĊ huljc
(iksctru, pĊstruaĊ, pdlkdhdi, jcaĊ, vkzĊ, drui, evet, dolcȗ , plĊ-tkjĊ, jdsej-ju-odt-turtkt, `druieț, rdțkderĊ, `rceiĊ, pkctrer,
zodrkŔ, nuser)7 pditd-jespkj hc `erc (`dejĊ-hc-orĊhkț, jkdoĊ-ieț, `djĊieț, auvkh-hc-oeltĊ, strdiakl, dser, akiakrkjĊ, sjru`-
okc-hc-@erce IcearĊ, rkzcenjĊ, jespkdsd`e, u`nlĊturĊ)7 tcrȗ ker-
hc-țcs (`drui, jrep, jeres erakitku, zvïrluaĊ, ȗ kper, sd`i, ou-
neld, sd`i-e`crkjei)7 prcesketkj (oclhkȗ Ċ)7 jfkiczcsj-hc-țcs
Oezkiclc pksjkjdlcieturelc țk neuie ldr
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O e z k i c l c p
k s j k j d l c i e t u r e l c ț
k n e u i e l d r (pdrjuțdr-hc-Ikstru, oderȗ Ċ, `uradk-oĊlȗ et, rdtei, sïiacr, id-
vej, jdseț, sjdkjer, pdrjuțdr-hc-ikskp, pdrjuțdr-hc-țcs, pdrju-
țdr-hc-HuiĊrc)7 idrh-odrcel hc epĊ huljc (`kfelȗ )7 idrh-odrcel
`erki (afkhrki)7 chktcreicei (ej-hc-`erc, etcrkiĊ). Kstdrkj, kf-tkdneuie s-e ndr`et éi ur`Ċtderclc jd`plcxc neuikstkjc= odrcel-hc-țcs, tcrȗ ker-hc-țcs țk pditd-jespkj. _cprczciteiȗ kk ejcstdr
jd`plcxc sïit spcjkk eodrkacic, ju` er nk= pkctrerul țk ŪkaĊiuŔul‚ cihc`kjk ek HuiĊrkk țk Ikstruluk, ldstrkȗ e țk nuserul ‚ cihc`kjk
ek HuiĊrkk, auvkzkk țk ejul-hc-`erc ‚ cihc`kjk ek oezkiuluk @Ċ-rkk Icarc, ctj. _cstul spcjkkldr hc pcțtk eu pĊtruis é i oezkiclc
ejvetkjc elc @dlhdvck hki eltc jd`plcxc neuikstkjc `ciȗ kdietc
`ek sus.
KzvdrĊțtc hki `uiȗ kk Jerpeȗ k hc le eltktuhkice hc 1>2 ` țk
erc luiak`ce hc 5:>? g` (éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk@dlhdve >31 g`). Sie hki pertkjulerktĊȗ klc jerejtcrkstkjc elc oe-
zkiuluk cstc lkpse enluciȗ kldr `erk țk `ultktuhkice enluciȗ kldr
`kjk ‚ ;68 (5>2 prk`erk, 6?8 scjuiherk). HupĊ pertkjulerktĊȗ klc
nkzkdarenkjc țk fkhrdldakjc nluvkul Ikstru e ndst é`pĊrȗ kt éi trckscjtderc= supcrkdr, `kmldjku țk kincrkdr (Фтйцганй, 5;31).
Jursul supcrkdr ‚ hc le kzvderc pïiĊ le s. JdsĊuȗ k. Éipertce supcrkderĊ e nluvkul Ikstru (pïiĊ le aure hc vĊrserc erïuluk Ztrvkem) rcprczcitĊ ui tdrcit tkpkj hc `uitc ju vktczc hc
juracrc ‚ ?-: `/s țk ehïijk`k iu `ek `erk hc 5`. Éijcpïih jupletdul ^dlïisjd ‚ Rdhdlsj hcvkic ui rïu `erc ju preaurk țk
kisulc. LĊȗ k`ce `chkc cstc eprdepc hc ?22 `, vktcze hc sjur-
acrc e epck ‚ 5 ‚ ? `/s țk ehïijk`k hc 5,6 ‚ 8,2 ` éitrc preaurk
țk kisulc. Éi scjȗ kuice s. ]elcŔjkjfk hcoktul `chku `ultkeiuelemuiac le ?:: `:/s.
Jursul `kmldjku ‚ cre hc le s. JdsĊuŪk pïiĊ le dr. Hu-oĊserk (éi prczcit dr. Je`cije) țk sc cvkhciȗ ke prki `ultkplclc
preaurk țk kisulc éi zdie s. JdsĊuȗ k. LĊȗ k`ce cre hc le 62 pïiĊ
le ?22 `, ehïijk`k 2,: ‚ 5,3 ` le preaurk țk 5,6 ‚ 8,2 ` éitrcpreaurk țk vktcze hc sjuracrc 2,1 ‚ ?,2 `/s. Hcoktul `chku `ul-
tkeiuel éi zdie dr. Je`cije emuiac le ?;; `:/s.
Jursul kincrkdr ‚ cre hc le aure hc vĊrserc e r. _Ċut (éiprczcit oeremul HuoĊserk) pïiĊ le vĊrserce éi Lk`eiul Iks-trcei. LĊȗ k`ce éi pcrkdehclc ju jcl `ek `kj ikvcl hc epĊ cre hc12 ‚ ?52 , ehïijk`k hc 5,; ‚ ;,8 țk hcoktul `chku `ultkeiuel
éi zdie dr. Xkrespdl cstc hc :31 `:/s. Le g` 586 (5 g` evel hc
s. Jkdourjku) nluvkul Ikstru sc oknurjĊ ndr`ïih oreȗ ul Xurui-jkuj ju d luiak`c hc 36 g` jerc prki lejul Ocldc sc vers Ċ é inluvkul Ikstru lïiaĊ ldjelktetce Oclcecvge le ?5 g` hc aure hcvĊrserc éi Lk`eiul Ikstrcei. Rreaurk țk kisulc pc ejcst jurs creu
`ek puȗ kic hcjït pc jursul `kmldjku. Éi evel hc dr. Ocihcr nlu-vkul jĊpĊte jerejtcr hc țcs ju `ultkplc oĊlȗ k țk luijk kiuiheoklc
‚ pcstc 32 222 fe.
Rcitru rcak`ul fkhrdldakj el nluvkuluk sïit jerejtcrkstkjcvkkturklc hc prk`ĊverĊ ‚ verĊ, hcpcihcitc hc tdpkrce zĊpczkk țk
pldklc tdrciȗ kelc. Rc jursul supcrkdr jce `ek `erc jrcțtcrc e ik-
vcluluk epck erc ldj vere, ker pc jursul `kmldjku țk kincrkdr ‚ prk-
`Ċvere. Jrcțtcrce vkkturkldr sc prdhujc repkh, ker sjĊhcrce hu-rcezĊ d pcrkdehĊ `ek éihcluiaetĊ, pïiĊ le 52 țk `ek `ultc zklc.
Xc`pcreture `chkc luierĊ e epck éi luiklc hc keriĊ emuiaceprdepc hc 22J, éi eprklkc >-522J, éi `ek 5?-562J, éi kuikc 56-
Nluvkul IKZX_S
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??2J, ju jrcțtcrce jditkiuu e ck éi luie kulkc. Xc`pcreture `e-
xk`Ċ e epck sc sc`ielcezĊ hc le `kmldjul luikk kulkc pïiĊ le `km-
ldjul luikk euaust țk é i uiclc zklc pdetc emuiac pïiĊ le ?1-:22J.
HupĊ k`pdrteiȗ e hkvcrsktĊȗ kk okdldakjc, nluvkul Ikstru sc
jdiskhcrĊ je oezki pksjkjdl hc jetcadrkc supcrkderĊ , éi jerc sc
`ciȗ kic kftkdacidndihul prkijkpel el spcjkkldr veldrdesc hcpcțtk=
ejkpciscrkhc (`drui, iksctru, pĊstruaĊ, jcaĊ)7
jkprkikhc (`rceiĊ, `druieț, jrep, plĊtkjĊ, seokȗ Ċ,
jlcei, evet, djfceiĊ-`erc, vĊhuvkȗ Ċ)7
jlupckhc (sjru`okc)7
pcrjkhc (țelĊu, țelĊu-vĊraet, nuser, pkctrer)7
eltc spcjkk (`kfelȗ , ldstrkȗ Ċ, pĊstrĊv, sd`i, țtkujĊ).
RïiĊ le rcaulerkzerce hcoktcldr hc epĊ nluvkul Ikstru creldjul hc rcprdhujcrc e `ultdr spcjkk hc pcțtk= `drui, iksctru,
pĊstruaĊ, jcaĊ, țelĊu, `rceiĊ, `druieț, sjru`okc, jrep, lki,
djfceiĊ, plĊtkjĊ, seokȗ Ċ, evet, jlcei, sd`i, okoei, țtkujĊ țk sc é i-
tïliceu pc tdt jursul Ikstruluk. ÉisĊ, éijcpïih ju mu`Ċtetce ehdue e scjdluluk trcjut, jepturklc ejcstdr spcjkk eu sjĊzut suo-steiȗ kel, éi spcjkel e sturkdikldr. Jdijd`ktcit s-eu rchus țk cncj-
tkvclc `rcick, `druiețuluk, țelĊuluk, jrepuluk, evetuluk, sd`-
iuluk, lkiuluk țk djfcick. Éi prczcit iksctrul, `druiul țk pĊs-truae sc éitïlicsj hder spdrehkj. Hksperkȗ ke sturkdikldr țk e eltdr
spcjkk veldrdesc e ndst kinluciȗ etĊ hc nejtdrkk eitrdpdacik jerc
eu `dhknkjet jdihkȗ kklc hc rcprdhujcrc, hczvdlterc, iutrkȗ kc țk
éiarĊțerc nkkih prdvdjetc hc=
rcaulerkzerce hcoktcldr hc epĊ prki chknkjerce oeremcldrhc le HuoĊserk (e. 5;3>) țk Idvdhicstrdvsj (Sjrekie, e. 5;65)7
éihkaukrce elokck éi evel hc oeremul HuoĊserk țk scjerce
oĊlȗ kldr éi luije kiuiheoklĊ hki jursul kincrkdr 7
cxtreacrce ikskpuluk țk pkctrck hc rïu hki eloke `kidrĊțk
ndldskrce krcvcrskoklĊ e epck le krkaeȗ kc, kihustrkc țk
éi sjdpurk`eieacrc7
pdluerce ju pcstkjkhc, crokjkhc țk eltc suosteiȗ c utklk-
zetc éi earkjulturĊ, ju epc rczkhuelc iccpuretc hc le éitrcprki-hcrk kihustrkelc, hki scjtdrul zddtcfikj țk hki eltc prdjcsc tcf-
idldakjc țk ejtkvktĊȗ k cjdid`kjc7
cxpldeterce hcncjtudesĊ e rcsurscldr pksjkjdlc prki pcs-juktul icrcalc`citet, orejdiem Ŕ.e.7
lkpse cvkhciȗ ck pcsjuktuluk țk iccncjtuerce Ċsurkldr hc
e`clkdrerc pksjkjdlĊ.
Oeremul HuoĊserk e scperet jursul supcrkdr țk `kmldjku hc
jursul kincrkdr prdvdjïih hcrcalĊrk sc`iknkjetkvc e jdihk ȗ kkldr
cjdldakjc pcitru rcprdhujcrce, hczvdlterce țk jrcțtcrce neuick
pksjkjdlc. Etciuerce veldrkldr exk`c e vkkturkldr hc prk`ĊverĊțk verĊ, pcrturoerce hcoktcldr țk ikvclurkldr hc epĊ éisdȗ ktc țk hc
éihkaukrce e`ocldr `elurk éi evel hc oeremul HuoĊserk (:>?,;g` hc hkaurk iu`ek pc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve) țk ju ese-
ierce jkrje e :6 13: fe hc oĊlȗ k hki luijklc `emdrĊ țk kiuiheoklĊeu prdvdjet sjfk`oĊrk `erk éi rcak`ul nkzkjd-jfk`kc el cjdsks-
tc`cldr (Тъхгп, ?226).D kinlucite icaetkvĊ esupre cjdskstc`cldr Ikstruluk, éijc-
pïih ju `kmldjul scjdluluk trcjut, d prdhujc țk pdluerce ju epc
rczkhuelc iccpuretc, hc le éitrcprkihcrk kihustrkelc, jd`uielc,
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N l u v k u l
I K Z X _ S
hki scjtderclc earkjdl țk zddtcfikj (pdluerce nluvkuluk Ikstru
hki tde`ie eiuluk 5;6: ju 8,3 `li `: epc rczkhuelc (?22 ‚ ?32
a/l sĊrurk hc gelku) hcvcrsetc hc le jd`okietul hc éiarĊțĊ`kitc
hc gelku hki dr. Ztcoikjdv (Sjrekie) e prdvdjet pkckrce e ;?2
tdic pcțtc `ernĊ țk 5,: tdic pukct hc pcțtk), pd`perce țk ndldsk-
rce krcvcrskoklĊ e epck éi sjdpurk kihustrkelc țk pcitru krkaeȗ kk,
cxjeverce pruihkțuluk țk ikskpuluk hki eloke `kidrĊ țk eltc ejtk-
vktĊȗ k. @erk prcmuhkjkk rcsurscldr pksjkjdlc sc jeuzcezĊ țk prki
ndldskrce epck éi sjdpurk earkjdlc țk kihustrkelc. Éi pcrkdehe eik-ldr 5;62 - 5;;2 éi nl. Ikstru nuijȗ kdieu 5?? steȗ kk hc pd`perc e
epck evïih jepejktetce hc 53;,: `:/s. @emdrktetce steȗ kkldr iu
creu cjfkpetc ju kisteleȗ kk cnkjkcitc hc prdtcjȗ kc e pcțtkldr, țk je
ur`erc d erc pertc hki kjrclc pcleakjc, pukctul hc pcțtk țk jfker
kihkvkzkk `eturk ik`crceu éi kisteleȗ kklc hc pd`perc hkstru-
aïihu-k. Iu`ek pc jursul kincrkdr, eiuel, sc ik`kjcsj jkrje 522`li hc pukcȗ k.
Jursul `kmldjku țk lejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk.
HupĊ eiul 5;33, pc jursul supcrkdr țk `kmldjku, her țk éilejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk, s-e ndr`et ui kftkdjd`plcx spc-
jknkj ju prchd`kierce plĊtkjkk, oeouțtck, țelĊuluk, jrepuluk, jc-
akk, `druiețuluk, `rcick, sd`iuluk, jlceiuluk, evetuluk, lkiu-
luk, țtkujkk țk eltdr spcjkk veldrdesc hc pcțtk. Lejul hc eju`ulerc
e hcvcikt prkijkpelul ldj pcitru éiarĊțerc, ker jursul `kmldjku țksupcrkdr elc nluvkuluk - ldjurk pcitru rcprdhujcrc. Eitcrkdr,
jeitktetce hc pcțtc pcsjuktĊ eiuel pc jursul `kmldjku țk éi lejjdistktuke jkrje 62 tdic, ker éi jd`ui ju pcsjuktul spdrtkv țk
e`etdr pcstc 5>2 tdic. ÉisĊ jdistrukrce oeremuluk Idvdhics-
trdvsj (Sjrekie) chknkjet le g` >11,1 țk het éi cxpldeterc éi eiul
5;65, e scperet pertce kincrkderĊ e jursuluk supcrkdr hc jursul`kmldjku, rcaulerkzïih hkie`kje hcoktuluk eiuel el nluvkuluk, evkkturkldr ieturelc, `dhknkjïih rcak`ul fkhrdldakj țk tcr`kj ju
jdiscjkiȗ c icaetkvc esupre cjdskstc`cldr hki evel. Z-eu `kjțd-
ret sc`iknkjetkv hcoktclc éi pcrkdehclc vkkturkldr ju etciuerce
veldrkldr `exk`c țk hcskijrdikzerce vdlu`cldr, hcoktcldr țk hk-
ie`kjkk nluxuluk hc epĊ ju icjcsktĊȗ klc cjdskstc`cldr
(Сгдътайпв, 5;;5). Hcoktul `exk` el epck sc éircakstrcezĊ éiluie `ertkc ju tc`pcreturk etkpkjc jdihkȗ kkldr hc éi`ulȗ krc, ker
éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk, vdlu`ul ejcstdre sjehc orusj prdvd-jïih sjfk`oĊrk pcrkdhkjc csciȗ kelc, țk je ur`erc odkțtklc iu sc
ejdpcrĊ ju epĊ seu sc ejdpcrĊ țk epdk sc adlcsj, jeuzïih pkckrce`eskvĊ e kjrcldr țk pukctuluk. @dhknkjerce rcak`uluk fkhrdldakj
e jditrkoukt le `kjțdrerce vktczck hc sjuracrc e epck, ejjclcrïih
sk`ȗ ktdr prdjcsul hc jdl`eterc țk hkstruacrc e ldjurkldr hc rc-prdhujcrc țk éiarĊțerc e pcțtkldr.
Nejtdrul tcr`kj e rchus tcr`cikk hc éiarĊțerc e pcțtcluk
hki lej. Eielkzïih sujjcskuiklc `ultkeiuelc e rcak`uluk tcr`kjs-e rc`erjet d sjĊhcrc e tc`pcreturkk epck éi pcrkdehe hc prk-`ĊverĊ - verĊ ju 3 ‚ 6 ²J jd`peretkv ju tc`pcreture ieturelĊ,jerc sc rcsk`tc pïiĊ le oeremul HuoĊserk, hujïih le hcpcihciȗ e
kivcrsĊ éitrc vdlu`ul hc epĊ hcvcrset hki lejul Idvdhics-trdvsj țk tc`pcreture epck pc d hksteite hc pïiĊ le 822 g` éi
evel. Éi pcrkdehe hc keriĊ tc`pcreture epck cstc ju 3 - > 2J `ek
rkhkjetĊ. Rrki ur`erc éi pcrkdehe hc hupĊ jdistrujȗ ke oeremuluk
Idvdhicstrdvsj țk pïiĊ éi prczcit s-e `dhknkjet suosteiȗ kel
hkie`kje hkstrkouȗ kck tc`pcreturkldr `chkk eiuelc țk sczdikcrc
e epck. ^eldrklc `exk`c e tc`pcreturkldr hc verĊ pc trdisdiuls. Ieslevjce ‚ dr. Je`cije s-eu hcpleset ju d luiĊ (d luiĊ țk
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mu`Ċtetc éi eikk `ek rĊjdrdțk), hc le `kmldjul luikk kulkc pïiĊ le`kmldjul luikk euaust nkkih ju 8-3²J `ek sjĊzutc. Cstc juidsjut
jĊ pcitru jditkiuerce idr`elĊ e jkjluluk vktel nkcjerc spcjkc, ic-jcsktĊ d eiu`ktĊ su`Ċ e tc`pcreturkldr éi hcjursul e hduĊzcjkțk petru hc drc, éisĊ hki jeuze rcpertkzĊrkk icuikndr`c e ldr eu
ldj sjfk`oĊrk e strujturkk hc vïrstĊ țk e pere`ctrkldr arevkhk-
`ciskdielk e pdpuleȗ kkldr `ultdr spcjkk hc pcțtk cjdid`kj veld-
rdesc, nkkih kinluciȗ etc hc `dhknkjerce pcrkdehcldr hc cjldzerc
e c`orkdikldr țk hc jrcțtcrc e pukctuluk (Сгдътайпв, 5;;57?221).
Éi ultk`kk :2 hc eik e evut ldj kiveherce `eskvĊ e Ikstru-luk `kmldjku țk lejuluk HuoĊserk ju hkvcrsĊ vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ el-jĊtuktĊ hki pleitc lejustrc (hc oeltĊ) țk pelustrc (hc `lețtkiĊ),
nept jerc hc`distrcezĊ éijcputul prdjcsuluk hc éi`lĊŔtkikrc e
lejuluk. Ker dhetĊ ju spdrkrce prdarcskvĊ e prdhujtkvktĊȗ kk okdld-akjc e jd`uiktĊȗ kldr vcactelc, icjditcikt sjehc jepejktetce hc
rcprdhujcrc e pdpuleȗ kkldr hc pcțtk (Цвтвдвайпхнвф, 5;;;).Hki jeuze hcvcrsĊrkk epck rcjk hki lejul Idvdhicstrdvsj spcjk-klc nktdnklc iu ek ndldscsj odkțtklc hki jursul kmldjku, ker supre-
ncȗ clc odkțtkldr hki lejul HuoĊserk sïit kisunkjkcitc. Jdl`etercecxjcskvĊ e lejuluk HuoĊserk țk vkkturklc erk hki eikk ?226 țk ?252
eu hkstrus eprdepc éi éitrcak`c odkțtklc pcitru spcjkklc lktdnklc
hc pcțtk.
_cak`ul hc cxpldeterc e fkhrdjcitrelck hc le Idvdhics-
trdvsj e rchus jdiskhcreokl hcoktul hc epĊ éi pcrkdehe hc rcprd-hujcrc e pcțtkldr (eprklkc-kuikc) hc le ?22,2 `:/s pïiĊ le 82,1`:/s, ker verkeȗ kklc hkuric e ikvcluluk epck (pïiĊ le 5,3 `) eu
stdpet rcel`citc rcprdhujcrce spcjkkldr nktdnklc, jerc jdistktukc
pcstc 32% hki tdetc spcjkklc prczcitc țk ;2% hki cncjtkvul ldr
iu`crkj. RïiĊ le chknkjerce oeremuluk hc le Idvdhicstrdvsg,jursul `kmldjku el nl. Ikstru cre ldjul hc rcprdhujcrc e pcstc :2
spcjkk țk suospcjkk veldrdesc hc pcțtk, éisĊ hupĊ eiul 5;63, jdi-jd`ktcit ju éijcputul cxpldetĊrkk jd`plcxuluk fkhrdcicractkj e
éijcput sĊ sjehĊ iu`Ċrul pukctuluk pc odkțtk. Z-e rchus rcprd-
hujcrce ieturelĊ iu iu`ek e spcjkkldr hc pcțtk tcr`dnklk jerc sc
rcprdhuj le tc`pcreture epck hc 53 - ??²J (jcaĊ, rdțkderĊ, `d-
ruieț, plĊtkjĊ, jrep, jeres, jlcei, sd`i, jerejuhĊ), her țk e spc-
jkkldr d`ordnklc jerc sc rcprdhuj le tc`pcreture epck hc 8 - 53²J(evet, djfceiĊ, țtkujĊ, okoei, țelĊu, jlceiul `kj, vĊhuvkȗ Ċ, oe-
ouțjĊ `rceiĊ, sjdoer).
Xrdisdiul hc 52 g` éi evel hc lejul hc lkikțtkrc (>1? - >>?
g`) hupĊ chknkjerce oeremuluk Idvdhicstrdvsj jerc e stdpet
`kareȗ kklc pcțtkldr sprc odkțtklc sktuetc éi e`ditc hc oerem e hc-
vcikt ldjul prkijkpel pcitru rcprdhujcrce uidr spcjkk lktdnklc -jcaĊ ( Ejkpciscr rutfcius), `rceiĊ (Oerous oerous), `druieț
(^k`oe vk`oe), jlcei (Zquelkus jcpfelus). Rrczciȗ e uiuk pruih
luia éi zdie s. Ieslevjce țk e `ultkplcldr kisulkȗ c hc pruihkț țk
ikskp jrccezĊ jdihkȗ kk nevdreoklc pcitru éi`ulȗ krce spcjkkldr
`ciȗ kdietc. Luïih éi jdiskhcreȗ kc k`pdrteite ejcstuk trdisdi
pcitru rcprdhujcrce spcjkkldr lktdnklc cstc eprcjket je zdiĊ cjd-ldakjĊ sciskoklĊ.
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5?
O e z k i c l c p
k s j k j d l c i e t u r e l c ț
k n e u i e l d r
ZRCJKKLC HC RCřXK Hciu`krce rd`ïiĊ
Oezkiulnl. Ikstru
Oezkiulr. Rrut
Oezkiclc hkispeŪkul kitcrnlu- vkel I kstru- Rru t
L.Ocra,@
.Kerd-
țcijd,@.O
uriețcv
ee.5;8;
-5;>3
Kistktut
ulhc
]ddldakcelEȖ@
ee.?222
-?253
Z.JĊrĊuțk,
R.OĊiĊ-
rcsju,L.Rdpe
ee.5;3?
-5;>3
Kistktut
ulhc
]ddldakcelEȖ@
ee.?222
-?253
C.Xd`i
etkj,
@.^lehk`krdvțke.
ee.5;32
-5;>3
Kistktut
ulhc
]ddldakcelEȖ@
ee.?222
-?253
Drh. Ejkpciscrkndr`cs Ne`. Ejkpciscrkhec
Ejkpciscr stclletu s Relles, 5115 RĊstruaĊ + 4 -/4 -/4 - -
Ejkpciscr auclhcistechtkk Oreiht ct _etzcoura, 56:: Iksctru + 4 - - - -
Ejkpciscr iuhkvcitrk s Ldvctsgy, 56?6 ^kzĊ + 4 -/4 + - -
Ejkpciscr rut fcius Lkiiecus,5136 JcaĊ + + + + - -
Fusd fusd (Lkiiecus, 5136) @drui + 4 -/4 -/4 - -
Fusd fusd (L .5136) V Ejkpciscr rut fcius L. 5136 Ocstcr - + - - - +/4
Ne`. Rdlydhditkhec
Rdlydhdi spetful e (Qeloeu`, 51;?) Rdlkdhdi - - - - - +/4
Drh. Jlupckndr`cs Ne`. Jlupckhec
Jlupcdiclle jultrk vcitrk s (Idrh`eii, 5682) AkiakrkjĊ + + - - - -
Eldse teiekje (Ark``,5;25) _kzcenjĊ + + + + - -
Eldse k``ejul ete Ociictt, 56:3 Zjru`okc-hc-HuiĊrc + + +/4 +/4 - -
Drh. Zel`dikndr`cs Ne`. Zel`dikhec
Fujfd fujfd (Lkiiecus,5136) LdstrkŪĊ - - +/4 +/4 - -
Zel`d trutte nerk d Lkiiecus, 5136 RĊstrĊv-kihkaci + + + + - -
Dijdrf yijfus ygk ss (Qeloeu`,51;?) RĊstrĊv-jurjuocu - + - + - -
Zel`d leorex Relles, 5658 RĊstrĊv-hc-`erc + 4 - - - -
Xfy`ellus tfy`ellus (Lkiiecus,5136) Lkpei - 4 - - - -
Drh. Csdjkndr`cs Ne`. Csdjkhec
Csdx lu jkus Lkiiecus,5136 řtkujĊ + + + + + +
Ne`. S`orkhec
S`ore gre`crk Qeloeu`,51;? ůkaĊiuŔ + + + + - -
Drh. Eiaukllkndr`cs Ne`. Eiaukllkhec
Eiauklle eiauklle (Lkiiecus, 5136) EiafklĊ + 4 +/4 +/4 - -
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5:
Drh. Jyprkikndr`cs Ne`. Jyprkikhec
Jyprkius jerpkd Lkiiecus, 5136 Jrep + + + + + +
Jeresskus jeresskus (Lkiiecus, 5136) JerejuhĊ + +/4 + +/4 + +
Jeresskus euretus (Lkiiecus, 5136)
Jeres-eurku - + - + - +
Jeresskus akoclkd (Oldjf, 516?) Jeres-erakitku + + + + + +
Oerous oerous (Lkiiecus,5136) @rceiĊ + + + + - -
Oerous pctciyk Fcjgcl, 563? @rceiĊ-vïiĊtĊ + + + + - -
Xkije tkije (Lkiiecus, 5136) Lki + + + + + +
_d`eidadokd gcsslcrk (Hyodwsgk, 56>?) RdrjuŔdr-hc-ikskp + + + + - -
_d`eidadokd ureidsjdpus (Eaesskz, 56?6) RdrjuŔdr-hc-veh + + + + - -
Adokd ser`etkjus Ocra, 5;8; RdrjuŔdr-ser`etkj + + - - + +
Adokd jerpetf kjus ^lehygdv, 5;?3 RdrjuŔdr-jerpetkj -/4 + - - - -
_d`eidadokd oclkiak (Zlestcicigd, 5;:8) RdrjuŔdr-hc-rïu -/4 + - - - -
_d`eidadokd vlehygdvk (Neia, 5;8:) RdrjuŔdr-hc-Ŕcs - - + + - -
Adokd adokd (Lkiiecus, 5136) RdrjuŔdr + + + + + +
Rscuhdresodre perve (Xc``kijg & Zjflcacl, 568>) @uradk-oĊlŪet - + - + - +
Eore`ks ore`e (Lkiiecus, 5136) RlĊtkjĊ + + + + + +
Oellcrus oellcrus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Jdsej + + + - - -Oell crus sepe (Relles, 5658) Jdsej-ju-odt-turtkt + + + + - -
^k`oe vk`oe (Lkiiecus, 5136) @druieŔ + + + + - -
_utklus rutklus (Lkiiecus, 5136) OeouŔjĊ + + + + + +
_utklu s fcjgclkk (Idrh`eii,5682) XereijĊ + + + + - -
_utklus nrkskk (Idrh`eii,5682) DjfceiĊ-`erc + + - - - -
_fdhcus e eru s (Oldjf, 516?) OderŪĊ + + + + + +
Jfdihrdstd`e iesus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Zjdoer + + + + - -
Espkus espkus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Evet + + + + - -
Rclcjus jultr etus (Lkiiecus, 5136) ZeokŪĊ + + + + - -
Zquelkus jcpfelus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Jlcei + + + + - -Lcujksjus lcujksjus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Jlcei-`kj + + - - - -
Lcujksjus khus (Lkiiecus, 5136) ^ĊhuvkŪĊ + + + + - -
Rctrdlcujksjus odrystfcikjus (Gcsslcr,563;) JcriuŔjĊ + + - - - -
Zjerhkiku s crytfr dpftfel`us (Lkiiecus, 5136) _dŔkderĊ + + + + + +
Fypdpftfel`kjftfys dlktr kx (^elcijkciics, 5688) Zïiacr - + - + - +
Fypdpftfel`kjftfys idoklk s (_kjferhsdi, 5683) Idvej - + - + - +
Jtcidpferyiadhdi khcll e (^elcijkciics, 5688) JdseŔ - + - + - +
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58
O e z k i c l c p
k s j k j d l c i e t u r e l c ț
k n e u i e l d r @yldpferyiadhdi pkjcus (_kjferhsdi, 568>) Zjdkjer - +/4 - - - +
Lcujespkus hclk icetus (Fcjgcl,568:) NunĊ + + + + + +
Olk jje omdcrgie (Lkiiecus, 5136) OetjĊ + + + + + +
Elourius elourius (Lkiiecus, 5136) DolcŪ + + + + + +
Elour ius ser`etkjus Nrcyfdn ct Gdttclet, ?221 DolcŪ-`erc + -/4 - - - -
Elour idkhcs okpuijtetus (Oldjf, 516?) OclhkŪĊ + + + + - -
Ne`. Ic`ejfcklkhec
Oeroetule oeroetule (Lkiiecus, 5136) Arkihcl + + + + - -
Ne`. Jdoktkhec
Jdoktks cleidlcuje Ikjfdls, 5;?3 ]vïrluaĊ-skocrkeiĊ 4 + - - - -
Jdoktks teiektkje Oejcsju ct @eycr,5;>; ]vïrluaĊ-hc-Ezdv 4 + + - -
Jdoktks tecike Lkiiecus, 5136 ]vïrluaĊ + + + + - -
Jdoktks cldiaetdkhcsOejcsju ct @ekcr, 5;>; ]vïrluaĊ-hc-HuiĊrc 4 + + + - -
@ ksaurius ndssklks (Lkiiecus, 5136) ůkper + + + + - -
Zeoeicmcwke oeltk je Qktgdwsgk, 5;;8 JïrĊ-oeltkjĊ + + - - - -
Zeoeicmcwke oulaer kje (Hrcisgy, 5;?6) JïrĊ-oulaĊrcesjĊ 4 + +/4 + - -
Zeoeicmcwke oeljeik je (Gere`ei, 5;??) JïrĊ-oeljeikjĊ + + +/4 + - -
Drh. Zklurkndr`cs Ne`. Zklurkhec
Zklurus aleiks Lkiiecus, 5136 Zd`i + + + + - +
Ne`. Kjtelurkhec
K jtelurus puijtetus (_enkicsquc, 5656) Zd`i-e`crkjei - +/4 - - - +/4
Drh. Aehkndr`cs Ne`. Ldtkhec
Ldte ldte (Lkiiecus, 5136) @kfelŪ + + + + - -
Drh. Aestcrdstckndr`cs Ne`. Aestcrdstckhec
Ruiak tku s pletyaestcr (Gcsslcr, 563;) Dser + + + + - -
Aestcrdstcus ejul cetus Lkiiecus,5136 Afkhrki + + + + - -
Drh. Zyaietfkndr`cs Ne`. Zyaietfkhec
Zyiaietfus eoestcr _kssd, 56?1 Ej-hc-`erc + + + + - -Drh. Etfcrkikndr`cs Ne`. Etfcrkikhec
Etfcrkie odycrk _kssd, 5652 EtcrkiĊ - + - - - -
Drh. Rcrjkndr`cs Ne`. Rcrjkhec
Rcrje nluvketkl ks Lkiiecus, 5136 Okoei + + + + + +
Zeihcr l ujkdpcrje (Lkiiecus, 5136) řelĊu + + + + + +
Zeihcr vdlacisks (A`clki, 516;) řelĊu-vĊraet + +/4 - - + +
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53
Ay`idjcpfelus sjfrectscr (Lkiiecus, 5136) _ĊspĊr - - + + - -
Ay`idjcpfelus jcri ue (Lkiiecus, 5136) AfkodrŪ + + + + + +
Ay`idjcpfelus oeldik Fdljàg & Fciscl, 5;18 AfkodrŪ-hc-HuiĊrc - + - + - -
Ay`idjcpfelus ejcrk ie (A`clki, 516;) ]odrkŔ + + - - - -
]kiacl zkiacl (Lkiiecus, 51>>) Rkctrer + + + + - -
]kiacl strcocr (Zkcodlh, 56>:) Nuser - - + + - -
Ne`. Adokkhec
Icdadokus cleidstd`us (Relles, 5658) Ztrdiafkl + + + + - -
Rditkjdl e gcsslcrk (Aucitfcr, 56>5) Auvkh-hc-oeltĊ + + + + - -
Rditkjdl e syr`ei (Idrh`eii, 5682) Auvkh--skr`ei - + - - - -
Oeoge ay`idtrejfclus (Gcsslcr, 5631) @djĊieŔ + + + + - -
Rrdtcrdrfkiu s sc klu ierks (Fcjgcl, 56:1) @dejĊ-hc-orĊhkŔ + + + + - +
Icdadokus nluvketklk s (Relles, 5658) JkdoĊieŔ + + + + - -
@csdadokus oetrejfdjcpfelus (Relles, 5658) Feids + + - - - -
Ocitfdpfklus iuhus Ocra, 56;6 S`nlĊturĊ-adleŔĊ-pditkjĊ -/4 + - + - -
Ocitfdpfklus hurr cllk Odlhyrcv ct Odautsgeye, ?228 S`nlĊturĊ-hc-Hdi -/4 + - - - -
Ocitfdpfk lus stcll etus (Zeuveac, 5618) S`nlĊturĊ + + - - - -
Jespkdsd`e jespku` (Gcsslcr, 5611) Jespkdsd`e -/4 + - - - -
Gik pwktsjfke ldiacjeuhete (Gcsslcr, 5611) Jikpdvkjke-ju-jdehĊ-luiaĊ - + - - - -
Rditkjdl e cur yjcpfelus (Gcsslcr, 5618) Auvkh-hc-lk`ei - + - - - -
Adokus ikacr Lkiiecus, 5136 Auvkh-icaru - + - - - -
Ne`. Jcitrerjfkhec
Lcpd ks ak oodsus (Lkiiecus, 5136) Okoei-sderc - + - + - +
Ne`. Dhditdoutkhec
Rcrjjdttus alcikk Hyodwsgk, 5611 Auvkh-hc-E`ur - + - + - +
Drh. Zjdrpecikndr`cs Ne`. Jdttkhec
Jdttus adokd Lkiiecus, 5136 ]alĊvdejĊ + + + + - -
Jdttus pdcjkldpus Fcjgcl, 56:1 ]alĊvdejĊ-rĊsĊrktceiĊ + + + + - -Drh. @uaklkndr`cs Ne`. @uaklkhec
L kze fec etdjfcklus (Xc``kijg & Zjflcacl, 5683) Rclkiaes - + - - - -
Xdtel (spcjkk)
52?(+) >;
(4) ;
(+) 68
(4) 5?
(+) 38
(4) 6
(+) >>
(4) >
(+) 56
(4) -
(+) ?6
(4) :
+ - prczcit7 - eoscit 7 +/4 - prczciȗĊ kijcrtĊ7 /4 - eosciȗĊ kijcrtĊ7 4 - kindr`eȗkk kisunkjkcitc
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5>
N l u v k u l I K Z X _ S
Lejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk e ndst ndr`et éi eiul5;38 pc jursul `kmldjku el nluvkuluk Ikstru le g` :3> hc le aure
hc vĊrserc éi lk`eiul Ikstrcei. Erc luiak`ce hc 5?3 g` (oere-
mul HuoĊserk - dr. Je`cije), supreneȗ e hc > 132 fe, lĊȗ k`ce `c-
hkc hc 3?6 ` ju hcvkcrk hc le ?22 ` pïiĊ le 5 622 , ehïijk`ce`chkc 1,5; , exk`Ċ - 5;,3 . @drnd`ctrkj lejul cstc é`pĊrȗ kt
éi trck scjtderc=5) Zupcrkdr (dr. Je`cije - dr. _ïoikȗ e)
ju luiak`ce hc 32 g`, lĊȗ k`ce ?22-
:22 `, ker éi evel hc ldjelktetce@dldjfkțul @erc emuiac pïiĊle 322 `7
?) @kmldjku (dr. _ïoikȗ e - s. ȝïoulcuje)
ju luiak`ce hc 86 g` prkdrkter ju lĊȗ k`ce hc
:32->22 `, pc eldjurk (éi evel hc s. Rdpcijfkțk Mure) pïiĊ le 5 222 ‚ 5 ?22 `7
:) Kincrkdr (s. ȝïoulcuje - dr. HuoĊserk) juluiak`ce hc :2 g`, lĊȗ k`ce hc >22 ‚ 5 222 , ker
éi zdie s. @dldvete țk oeremuluk 5 322 ‚ 5 622 `.
Rc `elul stïiaerc d erkc hc cxtki-
hcrc pc rïul Keadrlïj,ndr`ïih adlnul Ad-kcik, sktuet le 56 g` éie`ditc hc oeremul
HuoĊserk, prki kiui-herce luijkk hc le aure
hc vĊrserc e rïuluk Ke-adrlïj, evïih supreneȗ ehc :22 fe țk éitkizïihu-sc
pc d hksteite hc > g` ju
ehïijk`k hc pïiĊ le 3` éi`kmldjul adlnuluk, ker éi zdiejdinluciȗ ck ju lejul hc eju-
`ulerc HuoĊserk ‚ ; `. Rc sca-
`citul jcl `ek éiaust el adlnuluks-e jdistrukt pdhul tresculuk Jfkțk-
iĊu - _ïoikȗ e hkvkzïihu-l éi hduĊpĊrȗ k, ker sjfk`oul epck sc cncjtucezĊprkitr-ui jeiel hc jd`uikjerc éiaust juehïijk`ce hc ?,3 . _cak`ul fkhrdldakj țk fkhrdjfk`kj cstc hc-
tcr`kiet hc d eiu`ktĊ kzdlerc hc lejul HuoĊserk (ui sjfk`o ek
kitciskv el epck erc ldj iu`ek éi pcrkdehe vkkturkldr), d ek kjĊ(éi jd`pereȗ kc ju lejul hc eju`ulerc) kinluciȗ Ċ eitrdpkjĊ, tc`-pcreture epck ju :-32J `ek rkhkjetĊ hcjït éi lejul hc eju`ulerc
éi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc (hcpuicrce pditck éi adln éijcpc`ek hcvrc`c). Rc tdetĊ supreneȗ e adlnuluk sïit sktuetc odkțtk pc
jerc sc rcprdhuj pcstc 58 spcjkk hc pcțtk= țelĊu, plĊtkjĊ, țtkujĊ,
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51
djfceiĊ, oeouțjĊ, jeres, okoei, rdțkderĊ, lki țk eltclc. Kikȗ kel kf-
tkdneuie adlnuluk cre rcprczcitetĊ hc ?1 spcjkk hc pcțtk, éisĊ éiultk`e pcrkdehĊ iu sc `ek éitïlicsj ‚ lkiul, jlceiul, jerejuhe,
`druiețul. Hki ejcstc jdiskhcrcitc adlnul Adkcik hki eiul 5;1?
cstc kijlus éi jd`pdicite rczcrveȗ kck ieturelc hc stet ’Keadrléj‐(kikȗ kel hki 5;1? pïiĊ 5;;2 ju hciu`krce ’Adlnul Adkcik‐).
Kftkdneuie lejuluk hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk țk e jursuluk
`kmldjku cstc hd`kietĊ hc spcjkklc hc telkc `kjĊ - oeouțjĊ
(?2,3%), okoei (5>,:%), jeres erakitku (1,2%) ‚ éi tdtel (8:,6%).
Zpcjkklc hc telkc `erc jdistktukc ‚ ?>,;%, - plĊtkje (;,2%), evetul(8,?%), țelĊul (3,;%), țtkuje (:,2%), sd`iul (?,8%), jrepul
(5,?%), sïiacrul (2,>%), idvejul (2,>%). Zpcjkklc icveldrdesc el-
jĊtukcsj ‚ ?;,:%. ^dlu`ul jepturkldr pcsjuktuluk kihustrkel/jd-
`crjkel hki lejul HuoĊserk éi prczcit s-e `kjțdret hc ; drk (hc le
>3 tdic éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;15 ‚ 5;13 pïiĊ le 1,: tdic éi pcrkdeheeikldr ?22> ‚ ?252).
Jursul kincrkdr el nl. Ikstru (oeremul HuoĊserk ‚ lk`eiul
Ikstrcei) erc d sc`iknkjeȗ kc `emdrĊ pcitru `ciȗ kicrce acid-
ndihuluk kftkdneuick eutdftdic hetdrktĊ neptuluk jĊ scjtdrul id-`kielkzet hupĊ pertkjulerktĊȗ klc fkhrdldakjc e jdijcitret éi skicsjfc`e oezkiuluk Ikstru éi pere`ctrk rchuțk. HupĊ jdihkȗ kklccjdldakjc s-eu pĊstret jĊklc eitcrkderc hc `kareȗ kc țk lcaĊture
rcjkprdjĊ ju Lk`eiul Ikstrcei țk @erce IcearĊ, ciȗ kiïih pd-tciȗ kelul spcjkkldr `karetderc țk sc`k`karetderc e kftkdneuick oe-
zkiuluk Ikstru.
Rdrȗ kuice jursul kincrkdr hc le oeremul HuoĊserk (g` :3> éi evel pïiĊ le g` ::3) cstc kinluciȗ etĊ ic`kmldjkt hc nuijȗ kdie-
rce lejuluk hc eju`ulerc. LĊȗ k`ce nluvkuluk pc ejcst sca`cit
cstc hc 532 ‚ ?22 `, ehïijk`ce `chkc cstc hc 8 - > ` ker ic`km-
ldjkt lïiaĊ oerem pïiĊ le 53 `. Éi eloke `kidrĊ sïit sktuetc `ul-tkplc oeijurk hc ikskp țk kisulkȗ c eluvkelc. Rertce supcrkderĊ eejcstuk sca`cit (g` :3> - :83) cstc eprcjketĊ je zdiĊ cjdldakjsciskoklĊ hki jeuze hcisktĊȗ kk `erk e hkncrktdr spcjkk hc pcțtk țk
erc d éisc`iĊtetc `erc pcitru rcprdhujcrce, éiarĊțerce țk kcr-
ierce neuick pksjkjdlc. Ejcst sca`cit cstc hc d k`pdrteitĊ `e- mdrĊ pcitru rcprdhujcrce spcjkkldr lktdnklc nkkihjĊ cstc ultk`ehki zdiclc rĊ`esc (ju cxjcpȗ ke zdick hc lïiaĊ s. Ȗcrpcik) e
elokck `kidrc ndr`etĊ hki pruihkț țk pketrĊ hc rïu țk cstc ldjul
hc rcprdhujcrc e sturkdikldr (Fusd fusd, Ejkpciscr stclletus, Ejk-
pciscr aulhcistehtk, Ejkpciscr rutfcius), `rcick (Oerous oerous),
`druiețuluk (^k`oe vk`oe) prcju` țk e spcjkkldr rcdnklc, sjru`-
okck-hc-HuiĊrc ( Eldse k``ejulete), seokȗ ck (Rclcjus jultretus).
^erkeȗ kklc hkuric oruțtc e ikvcluluk epck pc ejcestĊ pdrȗ kuic éipcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk jdistktukc prkijkpele kinluciȗ Ċ icaetkvĊhcdercjc prdvdejĊ pkckrce elcvkikldr țk pukctuluk.
Éi ultk`kk eik s-e jdistet țk kinluciȗ e icaetkvĊ e tc`pcre-turkldr sjĊzutc esupre prdjcscldr hc rcprdhujcrc. Le sjĊhcrcetc`pcreturkk epck pïiĊ le 522J pc ejcst scjtdr pcțtkk pĊrĊscsjodkțtklc. HejĊ tc`pcreture sjĊzutĊ sc `ciȗ kic d pcrkdehĊ `ek
éihcluiaetĊ, hujc le rcsdroȗ ke kjrcldr. Hki jeuze hcplesĊrkk pc-rkdehcldr hc éijĊlzkrc e epck pïiĊ le tc`pcreturk dptk`elc pci-
tru rcprdhujcrc éitrc hkncrktc spcjkk éijcpc jdijurciȗ e pcitruodkțtk éi rczultetul jĊrcke uiclc spcjkk iu hcpui pdite.
Xc`pcreture țk ikvclurklc rkhkjetc elc epck eu hcvcikt pe-
re`ctrkk eltcrietkvk jerc trcoukc lueȗ k éi jdiskhcreȗ kc le cvelue-
rce nejtdrkldr icjcserk pcitru eskaurerce jdihkȗ kkldr hc rcprdhu-
jcrc. Ju jït vkkture cstc `ek `erc ju etït tc`pcreture epck cstc
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N l u v k u l
I K Z X _ S
`ek `kjĊ éi nluvku. Hki ejcst `dtkv pcitru d pcrkdehĊ `ek éi-hcluiaetĊ hcoktul `kik`, icjcser pc ejcst scjtdr, trcoukc sĊjdistktukc 582 `: /s. Éi pcrkdehe hc le mu`Ċtetce luikk eprklkcpïiĊ éi prk`e hcjehĊ e luikk `ek hcoktul epck trcoukc sĊ spd-rcesjĊ trcptet hc le :32 `:/s pïiĊ le 332 `:/s le snïrțktul luikk
`ek țk sĊ sc `ciȗ kiĊ țk éi prk`e hcjehĊ e luikk kuikc hupĊ jerc
trcptet sĊ sjehĊ (ju sjĊhcrk hkuric iu `ek `ult hc ?3 `:/s éi?8 drc) pïiĊ le ??3 `:/s.
Hcvcrserce epck hki lejul HuoĊserk țk prczciȗ e suostretu-
luk hc pruihkț țk ikskp pc sca`citul oeremuluk HuoĊserk- dr. e-
hul-luk-^dhĊ k`ktĊ jdihkȗ kklc cjdldakjc nevdreoklc pcitru rcprd-
hujcrce ieturelĊ e `ultdr spcjkk hc pcțtk. ^erkeȗ kklc skstc`etkjc
elc ikvcluluk hc epĊ pc trdisdiul hc ?2-:2 g` éi evel hc oerem éi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc, nejklktcezĊ `karerce țk prczciȗ e rc-
prdhujĊtdrkldr pïiĊ le `eturkzerce prdhuscldr scxuelc țk rc-prdhujcrce cnkjkcitĊ. ÉisĊ éi ultk`kk ?2 - ?3 hc eik sc éircaks-trcezĊ d kisteoklktetc tdt ek nrcjvcitĊ e ikvclurkldr hkuric țk sc-
zdikcrc elc epck, ker verkeȗ kklc tc`pcreturkk țk vktcze hc juracrc
e epck sïit nejtdrkk hctcr`kieiȗ k jerc jd`prd`kt rcprdhujcrce
ieturelĊ e spcjkkldr `karetderc țk sc`k`karetderc hc pcțtk.
D kinluciȗ Ċ icaetkvĊ esupre jdihkȗ kkldr hc rcprdhujcrc,
hczvdlterc țk éiarĊțerc e kftkdneuick pc ejcst scjtdr e prdhus-d
lujrĊrklc hc ehïijkrc e elokck nluvkuluk ju cxjeverce pruihkțuluk
țk ikskpuluk, lujrĊrk jerc eu hc`eret le snïrțktul eikldr 32 scjdlul
trcjut, cxjevïih eiuel jkrje jïtc ?,6 `li `: hc ikskp țk pruihkț
hki eloke kidrĊ e nluvkuluk. Rrki cncjtuerce ejcstdr lujrĊrk s-eu
hkstrus jd`uiktĊȗ klc ieturelc elc Ikstruluk jeuzïih prcmuhkjkksc`iknkjetkvc kftkdneuick țk hcareherce jd`plctĊ e okdjcidzc-ldr ocitelc iu iu`ek éi ldjurklc cxjevĊrkk her țk éi evel, pc d
hksteiȗ Ċ hc jje 5 222 ‚ 5 322 jdijd`ktcit kinluciȗ ïih icaetkv
esupre oezck trdnkjc țk rchujïih sc`iknkjetkv suprencȗ clc odkț-
tkldr pcitru spcjkklc lk`id-rcdnklc.
Iu`ek éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;>2 - 5;61 pc jursul kincrkdr el
nl. Ikstru s-eu cxjevet pcstc 52 `li.`: hc ikskp țk pruihkț hki
jerc jkrje 52 li :
s-eu cxjevet éi ldjurk nĊrĊ prdspcjterce zĊ-jĊ`kitcldr. Rc uiclc sca`citc vdlu`ul hc ikskp țk pruihkț cx-
jevet hcpĊțce vdlu`ul jeljulet kikȗ kel. Éi zdie ldjelktĊȗ kk ehul-
luk-^dhĊ hki e. 5;>5 pïiĊ éi eiul 5;6: s-eu cxjevet `ek `ult
hc 53 `li `: evïih rczcrvc iu`ek hc ;,;6 `li `:, ker éi zdieldjelktĊȗ kk Arkadrkdpdl tdt éi ejcestĊ pcrkdehĊ s-eu cxjevet :,>
`li `: evïih rczcrvc hc iu`ek ? `li `:. Luïih éi jdiskhcre-ȗ kc jĊ ardsk`ce stretuluk cxtres e ndst hc ? - > ` (éi `chku 8 `)supreneȗ e odkțtkldr hkstrusc e ndst hc pcstc 632 fe. pc jerc sc rc-
prdhujceu țk hczvdlteu spcjkklc lk`id-rcdnklc= - sturkdikk, eve-tul, `druiețul, țelĊul, jlceiul, `rceie, sjdoerul, jdsejul-ju-
odt-turtkt. Iu`Ċrul pukctuluk `karetdr hc pc odkțtk éi ejcestĊpcrkdehĊ s-e `kjțdret ju 553 `li (jïtc ?: `li eiuel).
Éi jdihkȗ kklc cjdldakjc ejtuelc, kftkdneuie jursuluk kincrkdr
pdetc nk etrkouktĊ le jd`plcxul rcdnkl-lk`idnkl hki jerc nej pertc
rcdnklkk tkpkjk (evet, jlcei, jlceiul `kj, sjdoer, pkctrer, `druieț,
`rceiĊ țk e.) țk lk`idnklkk tkpkjk (jrep, jeres-erakitku, oeouțjĊ,
rdțkderĊ țk e.). Hki spcjkklc prczcitc velderc cjdid`kjĊ `emdrĊ
d eu 58 spcjkk (jcaĊ, sjru`okc-hc-HuiĊrc, țtkujĊ, jrep, plĊtkjĊ,evet, jlcei, sïiacr, idvej, jdseț, `druieț, `rceiĊ, sd`i, țe-
lĊu), ker ; spcjkk (rkzcenjĊ, jeres-erakitku, rdțkderĊ, jdsejul-ju-
odt-turtkt, oetjĊ, oeouțjĊ, jlceiul-`kj, sjdoer, okoei) eu velderc
cjdid`kjĊ `kjĊ. Hd`kieitc éi jepturk sïit spcjkklc hc telkc `kjĊ‚ jeresul-erakitku (53,>%), oeouțje (5?,>%), oetje (6,6%), okoeiul
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(6,:%), rdțkdere (3,1%) țk jdsejul-ju-odt-turtkt (:,?%) - éi tdtel -
38,?%. Hki spcjkklc hc telkc `erc `ek nrcjvcit éi jepturk hd`kiĊplĊtkje (;,>%) ur`etĊ hc țelĊu (?,6%), jrep (?,6%), evet (:,?%) -
éi tdtel 56,8%. _er éitïliktc éi jepturk eu ndst sïiacrul (2,6%), id-
vejul (2,3%), `rceie (2,:%), sd`iul (2,:%), țtkuje (2,?%), jlce-
iul (2,?%), sjdoerul (2,?%), jcae (2,5%), `druiețul (2,5%) țk jd-
sețul (2,5%).
Jepturklc pcsjuktuluk kihustrkel pc ejcst scjtdr éi pcrk-dehe eikldr ?22>-?252 éi jd`pereȗ kc ju pcrkdehe eikldr 5;>>-
5;;2 eu sjĊzut hc 8 drk hc le >>,3 tdic pïiĊ le 5>,3 tdic, plĊtkjehc le :2 tdic pïiĊ le 5,3 tdic, djfceie hc le ?3 tdic éi prczcitlkpscțtc éi jepturk, țelĊul hc le 5: tdic pïiĊ le 5,3 tdic).
Lejul hc eju`ulerc Jujkuraei e ndst ndr`et éi eiul5;>8 prki rcaulerkzerce lk`eiuluk ieturel Jujkuraei țk erc su-
preneȗ e hc ? 1:2 fe, ju ehïijk`ce chkc - :,3 (`exk`Ċ - 3 `)
pcitru elk`citerce jkrjuleoklĊ ju epĊ e Jcitrelck Xcr`dclcj-trkjc hki @dlhdve (JXC@). Luiak`ce lejuluk éi hcpcihciȗ Ċ hc
ikvclul epck emuiac pïiĊ le 58 ‚ ?2 g`, lĊȗ k`ce éi zdie oeremuluk: g`.
@dhknkjerce jdihkȗ kkldr fkhrdldakjc țk fkhrdokdldakjc pc
perjursul cxpldetĊrkk lejuluk hc eju`ulerc Jujkuraei e jditrk-
oukt le rchujcrce rcletkvĊ hc ?,3 drk e cncjtkvuluk spcjkkldr veld-rdesc pcitru pcsjukt, jd`peretkv ju sktueȗ ke éi pcrkdehe eikldr12 scjdlul trcjut. Eu sjĊzut jdiskhcreokl cncjtkvclc țelĊuluk,
țtkujkk, plĊtkjkk, djfcick, lkiuluk țk jrepuluk. Éi ejcst rĊstk`p s-
eu éircakstret sjfk`oĊrk sc`iknkjetkvc e rcak`uluk tcr`kj. Le éijcputul cxpldetĊrkk JXC@ (5;>8-5;>>) éijĊlzkrce epck hki lejcre icsc`iknkjetkvĊ, tc`pcreture chkc eiuelĊ pc tdetc scjtde-
rclc lejuluk cre hc 5?,>-5?,1²J. Jdijd`ktcit ju `Ċrkrce jepejk-tĊȗ kldr hc prdhujȗ kc e JXC@ (5;>1-5;12) tc`pcreture `chkc
eiuelĊ e epck hki scjtdrul kincrkdr e éijcput sĊ jrcesjĊ hcpĊțkih
ju :,1²J tc`pcreture ieturelĊ.
DhetĊ ju
etkiacrcejepejktĊȗ kldr hc
prdkcjt e JXC@
(5;65-5;63) tc`pcreture
epck éi scjtdrul `ciȗ kdiet
hcpĊțce tc`pcreture ieturelĊ ju >,5²J, ker éi scjtdrul `kmldjkuju 8,2²J (Кйтевягаьнжл К. К., 5;66). Kitcisknkjerce éijĊlzkrkk le-juluk e hus le stdperce jrcțtcrkk jdiȗ kiutuluk hc ezdt țk ndsndr le
ui ikvcl kincrkdr jcluk dptk`el, nept jerc e prdvdjet `kjțdrerce
prdhujȗ kck okdldakjc prk`erc. @kicrelkzerce e jrcsjut hc ? drk.
Éi pcrkdehe ultk`kldr 53-56 eik rcak`ul tcr`kj el lejuluk prejtkj
iu hkncrĊ hc rcak`ul tcr`kj ieturel, ker sterce cjdldakjĊ e lukcstc éi jditkiuĊ hcareherc. Jd`peretkv ju eikk 5;65-5;63, `k-
icrelkzerce epck lejuluk e jrcsjut hc pcstc ? drk, ker hurktetce
hcpĊțcțtc 56 `a-cgv/l. _cak`ul fkhrdldakj ejtuel e stk`ulet
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hkzdlverce cxjcskvĊ e ejrdnktcldr. Éi pcrkdehe cstkvelĊ pc tdetĊsupreneȗ e lejuluk sc sc`ielcezĊ scjtderc ju ui jdiȗ kiut rchus
hc dxkaci sdlvkt éi epĊ țk ju clk`kierce fkhrdaciuluk sulnuret
(F?Z) encjtïih streturklc supcrkderc elc epck (Бъенйпв Г., ?226).
Éi lejul Jujkuraei veldrklc jeitktetkvc e tuturdr spcjkkldr
veldrdesc hc pcț
tk sïit éi hcsjrcț
tcrc Ŕk Ŕk-eu pkcrhut k`pdrteiȗ epcitru pcsjukt, hd`kieitc éi prczcit nkkih okoeiul (;%) țk jere-
sul erakitku (;,5%), pdihcrce jĊrdre cstc éi jditkiuu `kjțdrerc.
Rdpuleȗ kklc hc țtkujĊ, plĊtkjĊ, oeouțjĊ, lki țk sïiacr țk-eu rchus
cncjtkvul pïiĊ le `ek puȗ ki hc 5% nkcjerc. Jlceiul, evetul, sd`-
iul țk țelĊul éi jepturk sc éitïlicsj hder cpksdhkj. Hki spcjkklc`ek puȗ ki veldrdesc hd`kieitc sïit jclc hc rdțkderĊ (?5%), dolcȗ
(56,1%) țk nunĊ (52,:%). E jrcsjut nrcjvciȗ e jcriuŔjĊk, okoeiuluksderc țk etcrkick. Éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;65-5;63 eiuel prki pcsjuk-
tul kihustrkel sc pcsjuke jïtc 55?,> tdic (nĊrĊ pertce ujrekiceiĊ),ker pcsjuktul spdrtkv e`etdr jdistktuke jkrje 82-83 tdic.
_czultetclc jcrjctĊrkldr cncjtuetc jdinkr`Ċ neptul icehep-tĊrkk spcjkkldr rcdnklc le jdihkȗ kklc ejtuelc hki lej. Sie hki jeu-
zclc hcarehĊrkk e ejcstdr pdpuleȗ kk cstc éirĊutĊȗ krce jdihkȗ kkldr
hc rcprdhujcrc Ŕk hczvdlterce eouihcitĊ e elacldr nkle`citdescpc odkțtklc sktuetc éi jeielclc hc cvejuerc e epck Ŕk rcak`ul ae-zds icnevdreokl pcitru hczvdlterce kjrcldr c`orkdietc. Hki
jd`plcxul lk`idnkl, țelĊul hkitr-d spcjkc nrcjvcit éitïliktĊ éilej e hcvcikt d spcjkc rerĊ. JdihkŪkklc cjdldakjc ejtuelc sïit prk-clikjc pcitru pdpuleŪkklc hc țtkujĊ Ŕk lki, jerc éi prczcit Ŕk-eu
lĊrakt erkklc hc rĊspïihkrc Ŕk eu trcjut hki jetcadrke hc spcjkkrerc éi jetcadrke hc spcjkk nrcjvcit éitïliktc.
Le spcjkklc `ek puŪki veldrdesc d jepejktetc `ek `erc hcehepterc s-e éircakstret le jeresul erakitku, okoei Ŕk rdțkderĊ éipdpuleŪkklc jĊrdre eu evut ldj `dhknkjĊrk strujturelc Ŕk nkzkdld-akjc. Éi arupclc ju ejclcețk vïrstc s-eu cvkhciȗ ket ndr`c ju rkt-
`ul rchus hc jrcŔtcrc Ŕk ndr`c pktkjc ju pcrkdehc hc eturkzercscxuelĊ dokțiuktĊ. Éi jdihkŪkklc cjdldakjc ejtuelc `ek eheptetc
s-eu hdvchkt e nk pdpuleŪkklc hc jeres erakitku, okoei Ŕk rdțkderĊ
ju rkt`ul rchus hc jrcŔtcrc. Le spcjkklc cjdid`kj icveldrdesc djrcŔtcrc jdiskhcreoklĊ e veldrkldr iu`crkjc Ŕk cxtkihcrce erkkldrhc rĊspïihkrc s-e sc`ielet le pdpuleŪke hc nunĊ, jerc eitcrkdr sc
éitïlice ndertc rer Ŕk iu`ek éi scjtdrul supcrkdr el lejuluk Ŕk éir. Jujkuraei. Hc esc`cice s-e jdistetet tcihkiŪe uidr spcjkk jejcriuțje Ŕk okoeiul-sderc, eitcrkdr éitïliktc rer, hc e-Ŕk cxtkihcerkklc pc tdt ejvetdrkul lejuluk.
_ïurklc `kjk hki oezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru.
Hcoktul, strujture, jd`pdzkȗ ke `kicrelĊ Ŕk `kjrdokdldakjĊe epcldr rïurkldr `kjk jc ndr`cezĊ rcȗ ceue fkhrdarenkjĊ e nluvk-uluk Ikstru éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc rcpuolkjkk @dlhdve hcpkihhc jeitktetce prcjkpkteȗ kkldr et`dsncrkjc, hc ndr`e Ŕk strujturerclkcnuluk, sdluluk Ŕk suosdluluk, hc tc`pcreture ecruluk Ŕk éi`dh spcjkel, hc ejtkvktĊȗ klc u`eic jerc kitcrvki éi skstc`ul fk-hrdarenkj prdvdjïih ultkplc dhknkjĊrk e jdihkȗ kkldr cjdldakjc
pc perjursul eiuluk.Éi ejcstc rïurk jdihkŪkklc vktelc hc cxkstciȗ Ċ e hkvcrscldr
spcjkk hc pcŔtk sïit ndertc hknkjklc, ȗ kiïih jdit jĊ éi clc oeze nu-remcrĊ pcitru jrcțtcrce pcțtcluk cstc ndertc sĊrĊjĊjkdesĊ.
_ïul _Ċut , el trcklce rïu je `Ċrk`c éi _cpuolkje @dl-hdve, kzvdrĊțtc éi zdie setuluk _chkul @erc (HdihuŔcik), erc
N l u v k u l I K Z X _ S
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luiak`ce ?6> g` Ŕk sc versĊ éi nluvkul Ikstru éi evel hc oeremulHuoĊserk le g` :8? hc le aure hc vĊrserc éi lk`eiul Ikstrcei .
JcrjctĊrklc cncjtuetc éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;8>-5;32 (П.
Ктжмвзьхнжл 5;>?, Г. Яймавяжн 5;3;, 5;>?) eu steoklkt jĊ kftk-dneuie r. _Ċut cre ndr`etĊ hki ?8 hc spcjkk, ker éijcpïih ju eikk5;12-5;13 dhetĊ ju pĊtruihcrce spcjkkldr hki fclcțtckclc adspd-
hĊrkkldr pksjkjdlc, e`plesetc éi oezkiul rïuluk, kftkdneuie kijlu-hce :2 spcjkk. Éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;32-5;12 eu evut ldj rcaulerk-
zĊrk kitciskvc e hcoktcldr rcȗ clck fkhrdldakjc hki oezkiul nluvku-
luk Ikstru, kijluskv Ŕk éi oezkiul r. _Ċut. Z-eu jdistrukt lejurklc
hc eju`ulerc Lezd (Drfck), JĊzĊicŔtk (XclcicŔtk), NldrcŔtk Ŕk uițkr hc fclcțtckc pc enluciȗ kk Juodlte, JĊkier, Je`cije, ZdldicŪ,Hdorume, Jkuluj, Jule, Jdaïlikj țk s-eu éihkaukt `elurklc pc`ultc sca`citc Ŕk s-eu eseiet luijklc kiuiheoklc hki jursul ki-
ncrkdr (JlkŔdve, Drfck, Dfrïijce Ŕk e.).Xdt éi ejcestĊ pcrkdehĊ eu evut ldj Ŕk jclc `ek sc`iknkje-tkvc `dhknkjĊrk éi kftkdneuie oezkiuluk rïuluk _Ċut. @kareȗ kklc
pcŔtkldr hki nluvkul Ikstru s-eu lk`ktet hc jĊtrc prk`ul oeremjdistrukt éi eloke rïuluk hc lïiaĊ s. Lezd. Éi rcstul rcȗ clck rcau-
lerkzetc hki oezkiul r. _Ċut eu hkspĊrut spcjkklc veldrdesc hkijd`plcxul rcdnkl Ŕk eu ndst suostktuktc ju spcjkk hki fclcțtckclc
adspdhĊrkkldr pksjkjdlc (jeres-erakitku, jrep, sïiacr, idvej Ŕkjdseț) jerc éi tk`pul vkhĊrkk fclcțtckcldr prcju` Ŕk ju vkkturklc
pĊtruih éi rïu. É`ouiĊtĊȗ krce jdihkȗ kkldr hc vkcȗ ukrc (nuremercepcŔtkldr hki fclcțtckclc adspdhĊrkkldr pksjkjdlc Ŕk hczvdlterce ki-tciskvĊ e nktd-Ŕk-zddpleijtdiuluk) e prdvdjet spdrkrce iu`crkjĊ`eskvĊ e spcjkkldr eutdftdic nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ éi tdetĊrcȗ ceue fkhrdarenkjĊ e r. _Ċut. Jdijd`ktcit ju kitrdhujcrce éijulturĊ e spcjkkldr nktdneac (drkakierc hki oezkiul nluv kuluk
E`ur) e ndst kitrdhus Ŕk uradkul-oĊlŪet hcvcikih uie hki spc-
jkklc hd`kieitc (5:,1?%) nkkih prczcitĊ prctutkihcik. JcrjctĊ-rklc țtkkiȗ knkjc rcelkzetc éi pcrkdehe eikldr ?222-?258 eu jdistetet
sjfk`oĊrk strujturelc Ŕk prdhujŪkdielc elc pdpuleȗ kkldr hc pcŔtk éi r. _Ċut. Éi prczcit kftkdneuie cstc rcprczcitetĊ hc spcjkklcicveldrdesc (>6,;3%) ‚ pdrjuŔdr, `uradk-oĊlŪet, oderŪĊ, nunĊ,
dolcŪ, zvïrluaĊ, dser, afkhrki, `djĊieŔ, jkdoĊieŔ, `dejĊ-hc-
orĊhkŔ. Zpcjkklc hc telkc `kjĊ ju velderc cjdid`kjĊ rchusĊ jdi-stktukc ‚ ?5,?2% - (jeres-erakitku, oeouŔjĊ, rdŔkderĊ, okoei). Ki-steoklktetce rcak`uluk fkhrdldakj e hk`kiuet sc`iknkjetkv pdi-
hcrce spcjkkldr veldrdesc jc jdistktukc hder ;,33%, hki jerc Ŕe-lĊul Ŕk plĊtkje eljĊtukcsj iu`ek ?,2;% ker rcstul 1,1>% - spcjkklc
pĊtruisc hki fclcțtckclc adspdhĊrkkldr pksjkjdlc ( sïiacr, idvej,jdseŔ, jrep). Zpcjkklc djfceie-`erc, evetul, jlceiul, jlceiul-
`kj, lkiul, sjdoerul, rceie, jerejuhe, sd`iul Ŕk Ŕtkuje jerc ei-tcrkdr sc éitïliceu nrcjvcit éi jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk _Ċut éiultk`kk :2-:3 eik éi pcsjukturklc hc jditrdl, iu eu ndst sc`ie-
letc.
_ïul Kjfcl erc luiak`ce hc 525 g` țk kzvdrĊțtc hki
eprdpkcrce setuluk Zéicțtk (Siafcik) Ŕk sc versĊ éi nluvkul Ikstru(g` :??). Éi trcjut r. Kjfcl evce luijk lerak kiuiheoklc Ŕk epĊ ju-retĊ, hc ejcce rcȗ ceue ejjcsdrkc e luk prczcite ui ldj oui pcitru
rcprdhujcrce ieturelĊ e pcŔtkldr hki nluvkul Ikstru. Kftkdneuie
cstc ndr`etĊ hki 51 spcjkk éi jd`pdiciȗ e jĊrcke iu`crkj prchd-`kiĊ spcjkklc hc pcŔtk nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ= `uradkul-oĊlŪet(?6,3%), oderŪe (51,6%), nune (1,>%), dolcŪul (1,5%). D jeitktetciu`crkjĊ icsc`iknkjetkvĊ d eu spcjkklc hc pcŔtk ju velderc cjd-id`kjĊ `kjĊ= oeouŔjĊ (:,3%), jeres-erakitku (55,?%), okoei
(8,>%). Éi zdie hc jdinluciȗ Ċ ju nluvkul Ikstru eu ndst pcsjuktc,
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hder cpksdhkj, cxc`plerc uikterc hc pcŔtk veldrdțk= jrep (5%),
idvej (2,3%), sïiacr (2,3%) Ŕk țelĊu (?%). Éi prczcit pc jursul`kmldjku s-eu sc`ielet 3 spcjkk hc pcŔtk nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ=nunĊ (?2,:%), oderȗ Ċ (?2,:%), `uradk-oĊlŪet (82,3%), pdrjuțdr
(3,8%) Ŕk jeres-erakitku (5:,3%). Jdindr` hetcldr hki lktcreture
hc spcjkelktetc éi eikk 5;3;-5;>5 pc jursul `kmldjku sc éitïlice
iu`ek nune.
Éi jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk vkcȗ ukcsj pcr`eicit iu`ek 3
spcjkk - oderȗ Ċ, jeres-erakitku, `uradk-oĊlŪet, pdrjuŔdr Ŕk okoei,ker jclcleltc spcjkk (jrep, sïiacr, idvej, țelĊu, plĊtkjĊ sk e.) `k-
arcezĊ cpksdhkj hki nl. Ikstru seu pĊtruih éi eloke rïuluk hkifclcțtckc Ŕk kezurk.
_ïul Oïj (enlucit prk`er hc pc `elul hrcpt el nluvku-
luk Ikstru) kzvdrĊŔtc éi zdie Jdhrkldr hc idrh-vcst éi eprdpkcrchc setul Xc`clcuŪk (rekdiul JĊlĊreŔk), erc luiak`ce hc 533 g`Ŕk sc versĊ éi nluvkul Ikstru le 5 g` suh -cst hc s. Aure Oïjuluk(rekdiul Eicikk Idk) le ??3 g` hc le aure hc vĊrserc éi Lk`eiulIkstrcei.
Je țk jclcleltc rïurk `kjk elc @dlhdvck rïul Oïj cstc supuskinluciȗ ck jdihkȗ kkldr cjdldakjc hc jerejtcr verkeokl, (ndldskrce
kitciskvĊ e epck éi hkncrktc sjdpurk, pdluerce, rcaulerkzercejursuluk, éihkaukrce, cxjeverce iĊ`dluluk Ŕk ikskpuluk ctj.)
Éi prczcit kftkdneuie r. Oïj kijluhc ?6 spcjkk Ŕk suospcjkkhc pcŔtk arupetc éi 1 ne`klkk (ne`. Jkprkikhc ju 56 spcjkk, ne`.
Rcrjkhc ju : spcjkk, ne`. Adokkhc Ŕk Jdoktkhkhc ju jïtc ? spcjkkŔk ne`. Csdjkhc, Aestcrdstckhc, Zkiaietkhc ju jïtc d spcjkc).
JdihkŪkklc cjdldakjc hc vkcȗ ukrc pcitru pcŔtk jerc s-eu
jrcet éi cjdskstc`e r. Oïj e hctcr`kiet é`pĊrȗ krce luk éi trck scj-tderc=
Jursul supcrkdr - hc le kzvdr pïiĊ le dr. ZtrĊŔcik. Ekjkprchd`kiĊ spcjkklc cjdid`kjc icveldrdesc - ;8%= rdŔkdere,pdrjuŔdrul, nune, dolcŪul Ŕk `uradkul-oĊlŪet. Zpcjkklc veldrdesc=
jrep, jeres, sïiacr, idvej pĊtruih hki skstc`e kezurkldr Ŕk fc-lcțtckcldr e`plesetc pc enluciȗ kk r. Oïj țk perȗ kel, éi tk`pul vkk-turkldr, hki lejul Afkhkafkjk.
Jursul `kmldjku - hc le ZtrĊŔcik pïiĊ le dr. JfkŔkiĊu. Rc
ejcst trdisdi, suo kinlucite lejuluk Afkhkafkjk s-eu ndr`et jdi-
hkȗ kk prkclikjc pcitru rcprdhujcrce Ŕk éiarĊțerce pcțtcluk. Kftkd-
neuie lejuluk Afkhkafkjk cstc jdistktuktĊ hc ?: spcjkk hc pcŔtkarupetc éi 1 ne`klkk= 58 spcjkk hc pcŔtk cstc etrkouktĊ le ne` . Jk-
prkikhc (oeouŔjĊ ‚ 5?,6%7 dolcŪ ‚ 5?,6%7 `uradk-oĊlŪet ‚ ?1,?%
ctj.)7 : spcjkk - le ne`. Rcrjkhc (ŔelĊu ‚ 2,5%7 okoei ‚ 2,8%7 afk-
odrŪ ‚ 2,8%)7 ? spcjkk - le ne`. Jdoktkhkhc (zvïrluaĊ ‚ ?,8%7 Ūkper‚ :,?%) Ŕk jïtc d spcjkc le ne`. Adokkhc (`dejĊ-hc-orĊhkŔ ‚
5,?%), ne`. Csdjkhc (Ŕtkuje ‚ 2,6%), ne`. Aestcrdstckhc (dser ‚
2,8%), ne`. Zyaietkhc (ej-hc-`erc ‚ 8,2%).
Jursul kincrkdr - hc le dr. JfkŔkiĊu pïiĊ le jdinluciȗ e
ju nluvkul Ikstru. Eloke ejcstuk scjtdr cstc jd`plct rcaulerkzetĊŔk cstc utklkzetĊ éi erc pertc pcitru cvejuerce epcldr uzetc hki
ldjelktĊȗ klc sktuetc pc `elurklc rïuluk Ŕk e jcldr hc hrciem hkiluijĊ. Kftkdneuie cstc rcprczcitetĊ hc spcjkklc hc pcŔtk jerc pd-
pulcezĊ scjtdrul `kmldjku el rïuluk Ŕk rcȗ ceue fkhrdarenkjĊ ejjc-sdrkc.
Hkvcrsktetce kftkdneuick e jursuluk kincrkdr jrcțtc iu`ek éizdie hc jdinluciȗ Ċ e r. Oïj, hetdrktĊ spcjkkldr hki nl. Ikstru Ŕk
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ciu`crĊ ?3 spcjkk. Hki nluvku, cpksdhkj, `karcezĊ plĊtkje, țe-
lĊul, jlceiul, jlceiul `kj, evetul, oetje. Éi jd`pdiciȗ e kftkdne-
uick prchd`kiĊ pcțtkk nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ (dolcŪ ‚ 53,6%,
`uradk oĊlŪet ‚ 58,1%, pdrjuŔdr ‚ 6,:%, oderŪe ‚ 3,;% ctj.) Ŕk juvelderc cjdid`kjĊ `kjĊ (oeouŔjĊ ‚ 6,6%, jeres erakitku ‚ 3,;%,
okoei ‚ 3,;%). Hki spcjkk ju velderc cjdid`kjĊ eu ndst sc`ie-
letc hder jrepul Ŕk ŔelĊul éi jeitktĊȗ k `kjk.
_ïul Odtie kzvdrĊŔtc hki eprdpkcrce setuluk ZtcmĊrcik (rekdiul ZtrĊțcik), erc luiak`ce hc 53? g` Ŕk sc versĊ éi nluvkulIkstru le g` ??5 hc le vĊrserce éi lk`eiul Ikstrcei.
RïiĊ le rcaulerkzerce jursuluk r. Odtie Ŕk e enluciȗ kldr sĊk kftkdneuie luk cre hcpcihcitĊ hc jce e nl. Ikstru. HupĊ rcaule-rkzerce jursuluk `karerce pcțtcluk hki nluvku e ndst éitrcruptĊ.
Éi prczcit éi oezkiul r. Odtie sc éitïlicsj ?? spcjkk hc pcŔtk
(3 ne`klkk) ic`kmldjkt éi eloke rïuluk 5? spcjkk. @emdrktetce hki clcsïit spcjkk icveldrdesc Ŕk iu prczkitĊ kitcrcs cjdid`kj= dolcŪ(55%), `uradk-oĊlŪet (:3%), pdrjuŔdr (?2%), ker velderc cjdid-`kjĊ `kjĊ eu hder= oeouŔje (>%), jeresul-erakitku (;%) Ŕk okoe-iul (>%). Éi pcrkdehe vkkturkldr kftkdneuie elokck sc jd`plctcezĊ
ju sïiacr, idvej, jrep Ŕk jeres-erakitku pcitru jerc jdihkŪkklccjdldakjc vktelc éi skstc`e rïuluk sïit icnevdreoklc hki jeuzeutklkzĊrkk kitciskvc e epck, cvejuĊrkk epcldr hc hrciem, epcldr `c-
iemcrc Ŕk hcoktul `kj el rïuluk.
Éi fclcțtckclc hc elokc s-eu sc`ielet ?5 spcjkk hc pcŔtk hkijerc prczkitĊ kitcrcs cjdid`kj iu`ek Ŕtkuje (5,:%), plĊtkje(5,6%), jrepul (8,3%), sïiacrul (?,1%), idvejul (?,?%) Ŕk ŔelĊul(5,6%) .
JcrjctĊrklc kftkdldakjc eu jdistetet jĊ jd`pdiciȗ e kftkd-
neuick r. Odtie tdtel`citc cstc eljĊtuktĊ hki spcjkk hc pcŔtk nĊrĊ
velderc cjdid`kjĊ (nunĊ, oderŪĊ, pdrjuŔdr, zvïrluaĊ, `uradk-oĊlŪet, auvkzk, jeres-erakitku).
KzvdrĊțtc hki `uiȗ kk Jerpeȗ k (`uitclc Advcrle) hc le eltk-
tuhkice hc ? 236 `, erc luiak`ce hc ;>1 g`. Éi lk`ktclc tcrktd-rkelc elc _. @dlhdve >;3 g`) Ŕk ndr`cezĊ nrditkcre ju _d`ïike
éitrc ldjelktĊȗ klc Jrkve Ŕk AkurakulcŔtk uihc jdinlukezĊ ju nluvkulHuiĊrce (g` 5>8 hc le vĊrserce éi @erce IcearĊ). _cak`ul hcsjuracrc e epck pc tdt jursul cstc pcr`eicit. Zursclc prkijkpelc
hc elk`citerc ju epĊ sïit epclc hc le tdpkrce zĊpczkldr Ŕk hcpu-icrklc et`dsncrkjc jerc jdihkȗ kdicezĊ verkeȗ kk jdiskhcreoklc e
hcoktcldr Ŕk ikvclurkldr epck éihcdscok éi pcrkdehclc hc verĊ.Rrkijkpelkk enluciȗ k pc tcrktdrkul _. @dlhdve sïit= ^klke (32 g`),Ldpetikj (35 g`), _ejdvĊŪ (31 g`), Jkuaur (;2 g`), Je`cije(;: g`), Aïrle @erc (82 g`), Iïridve (66 g`), LĊpuŔie (12g`), Zerete (3; g`), Xkafcjk (36 g`), Lerae (82 g`). _cak`ul
hc sjuracrc e epck pc enluciȗ k cstc hkncrkt éi uiclc pïrȗ k prczci-
tïih ui jurs sc`kpcr`eicit jerejtcrkstkj zdick hc stcpĊ éi pc-rkdehclc scjctdesc. Oezkiul fkhrdarenkj e rïuluk Rrut cstc sktuet
éi zdie jlk`etuluk jditkicitel tc`pcret ju hkncrciȗ c tcr`kjc éi-trc cxtrc`ktĊȗ klc oezkiuluk hc : ‚ 82J. Xc`pcreture epck vere
emuiac le ?2 ‚ ?;2
J Ŕk kerie tkihc sprc 22
J. HupĊ jerejtcrkstkjklcnkzkdacdarenkjc Ŕk fkhrdldakjc rïul Rrut cstc é`pĊrȗ kt éi trck scj-tderc= - supcrkdr, `kmldjku, kincrkdr (Егпбв, 5;>;).
Jursul supcrkdr - hc le kzvderc pïiĊ le dr. JcriĊuŪk.Rcitru ejcst scjtdr sïit jerejtcrkstkjc `ultkplclc preaurk, nui-hul elokck `kidrc cstc hki pruihkț, vktcze hc sjuracrc e epck hc
_ïul _SX
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le 2,3 `/s pïiĊ le 3,8: `/s, verkeȗ kk oruțtc elc ikvcluluk - hc le
5,5 ` pïiĊ le :,:3 ` Ŕk hcoktclc hc le 5,8 `:/s pïiĊ le 5>2 :/s.
Jursul `kmldjku - hc le dr. JcriĊuȗ k pïiĊ le s. Zjulcik(hupĊ chknkjerce Idhuluk fkhrdtcfikj JdstcŔtk-Ztïije pïiĊ leoeremul JdstcŔtk). LĊŪk`ce elokck `kidrc pïiĊ le 62 ‚ 5?2 ` éipcrkdehclc ju jcl ek sjĊzut ikvcl, ehïijk`klc chkk 2,3 ‚ 5,3 ,
vktcze hc sjuracrc e epck 2,3 ‚ 5,: `/s. Xc`pcreture epck vere
emuiac pïiĊ le ??,; ‚ ?8,2 2J.
Jursul kincrkdr - hc le s. Zjulcik (hupĊ chknkjerce Id-huluk fkhrdtcfikj JdstcŔtk-Ztïije hc le oeremul JdstcŔtk) pïiĊ lejdinluciȗ e ju nluvkul HuiĊrce. LĊŪk`ce elokck `kidrc verkezĊhc le >2 pïiĊ 532 `, ehïijk`klc hc le 5,> pïiĊ le 3,8 `.
Hcoktclc hc epĊ dsjklcezĊ éi lk`ktclc 52,3 ‚ 561,2 `:/s.
Xc`pcreture epck vere emuiac pïiĊ le ?; 2J. Nuihul elokck prc-
pdihcrcit cstc ikskpds - eraklds. Rc ejcst scjtdr rïul ndr`cezĊ`ultkplc oĊlȗ k Ŕk luijk kiuiheoklc. OĊlŪklc Rrutuluk sktuetc éi evelhc dr. Lcdve evceu supreneȗ e hc ?1 262 fe (Ктжмвзьхнжл, 5;>1). HupĊ lujrĊrklc hc eseierc, cncjtuetc éi pcrkdehe eikldr 32
- >2 scjdlul trcjut, eu rĊ`es iu`ek oĊlŪklc @eite - ??22 fe Ŕklejul Oclcu ;22 fe.
Éi jd`pdiciȗ e oĊlȗ kldr @eite éitrĊ lejurklc= Hrejclc - :32
fe, Odhclikj - ?32 fe, _dtuihe - :22 fe, Ndltïie - ?32 fe uiktc
éitrc clc, prcju` Ŕk oreȗ clc= Zurhu - 32 fe, LknŔtcvd - >2 fe, Fk-
hreru - ?3 fe, Hreju - :3 fe.Hkvcrsclc sursc hki lktcreture țtkkiȗ knkjĊ hc spcjkelktetc
`ciȗ kdicezĊ jĊ, hc-e luiaul tk`puluk, pïiĊ le rcaulerkzerce hc-oktuluk rïuluk Rrut (oeremul JdstcŔtk ‚ Ztïije, 5;1;), kftkdneuiecre rcprczcitetĊ hc ;6 spcjkk Ŕk suospcjkk hc pcŔtk, etrkouktc le
?: ne`klkk (hupĊ uikk eutdrk A. Hevkhceiu, E. @dŔu, E. Hevk-hceiu, ř. @krdi, ?226, ‚ 52: spcjkk). HupĊ rcaulerkzerce hcoktu-luk prcju` Ŕk hcsnĊțurerce `Ċsurkldr e`clkdretkvc `eskvc (sc-
jerce oĊlŪkldr hki jursul kincrkdr - jkrje ?1-:2 `kk fe) s-eu prd-
hus `dhknkjĊrk csciȗ kelc éi hkvcrsktetce spcjknkjĊ e kftkdneuick.Eu hkspĊrut spcjkklc veldrdesc je= `druiul, vkze, pĊstruae, ik-
sctrul, eiafkle, sel`dikhclc. Z-e rchus cncjtkvul pdpuleȗ kkldruidr spcjkk sc`k`karetderc (vĊhuvkŪĊ, djfceie-`erc, `dru-
ieŔ, seokŪĊ). Jdijd`ktcit ju kitrdhujcrce hki oezkiclc ejvetkjc
e Cxtrc`uluk Drkcit e uidr spcjkk veldrdesc hc pcŔtk, kftkdneuies-e jd`plctet ju spcjkk idk - sïiacr, idvej, jdseŔ Ŕk e. Rrki ur-`erc éi e hdue mu`Ċtetc e scjdluluk trcjut éi jursurklc `kmldjkuțk kincrkdr elc r. Rrut, kftkdneuie cre rcprczcitetĊ hc 3> spcjkk Ŕksuospcjkk hc pcțtk etrkouktc le 58 ne`klkk.
Éi lcaĊturĊ ju rcak`ul hc nrditkcrĊ pcsjuktul kihus-trkel/jd`crjkel éi rïul Rrut iu s-e prejtkjet Ŕk hki ejcst `dtkviu e ndst husĊ d cvkhcitĊ stetkstkjĊ. Rcsjuktul kihustrkel s-e
prejtkjet iu`ek éi oĊlŪklc sktuetc éi evel hc ldjelktetce ůkaeijepïiĊ le ldjelktetce Zldodzke @erc. Éi pcrkdehe k`chketĊ hupĊ elhdklce rĊzodk `dihkel, éijcpïih ju eiul 5;8>, s-e draeikzet
pcsjuktul kihustrkel țk, eiuel, pïiĊ éi eiul 5;>:, sc pcsjukeujïtc 8;3 tdic. RïiĊ éi eiul 5;3; éi jepturk prchd`kie jrepul -
jïtc 323 tdic (:2% hki jepturk), ur`et hc ŔtkujĊ jïtc ;2 tdic(56% hki jepturk), sd`i - 5> tdic Ŕk plĊtkjĊ 1 tdic. Zcjerce epcstc ?1 222 fe hc oĊlȗ k éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;32 - 5;>2 (^. Ark-
`elsjfkk, 5;>1), e `dhknkjet csciȗ kel cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc hkiejcestĊ zdiĊ, ker hki rciu`ktclc oĊlŪk eu rĊ`es iu`ek lejurklchki zdie s. @eite (? ?22 fe) Ŕk lejul Oclcu hki zdie s. Zldodzke@erc (;22 fe). DhetĊ ju scjerce oĊlŪkldr s-eu lkjfkhet k`pdr-
teitc suprencȗ c pcitru rcprdhujcrce `ultdr spcjkk veldrdesc,
hczvdlterce pukctuluk, jrcțtcrce Ŕk éiarĊțerce spcjkkldr pcitru
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pcsjukt (jrep, plĊtkjĊ, ŔelĊu, ŔtkujĊ, lki). Jepturklc pcsjuktulukkihustrkel/jd`crjkel, éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;>6-5;12, s-eu hk`k-
iuet pïiĊ le ??1 tdic, ker sprc snïrțktul eikldr 12 scjdlul trcjut
pïiĊ le 522 tdic, hd`kieitc éi jepturk hcvcikih jeresul - ?6
tdic Ŕk plĊtkje ‚ ?2 tdic. Éi prczcit pcsjuktul kihustrkel éi oĊlȗ klc@eite iu sc `ek prejtkjĊ éi lcaĊturĊ ju pcrkdehe scjctdesĊ hki
ultk`kk ?2-?3 eik țk ikvclul sjĊzut hc epĊ, ker éi lejul Oclcu éilcaĊture ju kijluhcrce éi jd`pdicite rczcrveȗ kck ieturelc
,,Rrutul hc Mds‐.
D kinluciȗ Ċ icaetkvĊ esupre rcsurscldr pksjkjdlc hki oezk-iul rïuluk Rrut e prdhus pdluerce skstc`etkjĊ ju epc uzetc ic-cpuretc hki scjtderclc= kihustrkel, earkjdl, zddtcfikj, pd`perce
krcvcrskoklĊ e epck pcitru icjcsktĊȗ k kihustrkelc, krkaeȗ kk, `cie-
mcrc (éi pcrkdehe eikldr 5;13-?222 pc rïul Rrut nuijȗ kdieu 82
steȗ kk hc pd`perc ju jepejktetce hc 83,1 `:/scj, `emdrktetce
hki clc iccjfkpetc ju kisteleȗ kk cnkjkcitc hc prdtcj
ȗ kc e pc
țtcluk),cxtreacrce ikskpuluk țk pruihkțuluk (sc cxjeveu eiuel jïtc :?2-
:62 `kk `:).
Si elt nejtdr icaetkv jerc e jditrkoukt le rchujcrce rcsur-
scldr pksjkjdlc pc jursul kincrkdr el Rrutuluk, oĊlŪklc @eite Ŕk le-jul Oclcu e ndst rcaulerkzerce hcoktcldr hc epĊ prki chknkjerceoeremuluk JdstcŔtk-Ztïije (5;1;), `dhknkjïih rcak`ul fkhrdld-akj pc jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk. Zterce rcsurscldr pksjkjdlc hkioĊlŪklc ejtuelc elc Rrutuluk éi éitrcak`c hcpkih hc arehul hc
elk`citerc ju epĊ Ŕk pĊtruihcrce pcŔtkldr hki skstc`ul nluvkelHuiĊrce-Rrut. Doscrveȗ kklc kftkdldakjc skstc`etkjc eu jdistet jĊkitrerce kitciskvĊ e pcŔtkldr pcitru rcprdhujcrc Ŕk éiarĊŔerc éioĊlŪklc @eite Ŕk lejul Oclcu sc prdhujce éi pcrkdehclc ju hcoktul`chku eiuel el r. Rrut hc 62 `:/s Ŕk jrcțtcrce ikvcluluk epck éinl. HuiĊrce.
DhetĊ ju rcaulerkzerce hcoktuluk r. Rrut hcoktul `chku
eiuel el epck jdistktukc 32 `:/s ju dsjkleȗ kk hc le :5 `:/s pïiĊle 11 `:/s. Éi esc`cice jdihkȗ kk pcțtkk iu `ek kitrĊ éi oĊlŪklcRrutuluk, ker pcsjuktul kihustrkel, éijcpïih ju eikk ;2 (scjdlultrcjut), iu sc `ek prejtkjĊ. OĊlȗ klc Ŕk Ŕk-eu pkcrhut k`pdrteiȗ e
ldr pcitru rcprdhujcrc uihc suprencȗ clc odkțtkldr jdistktukeu
jkrje 132-;22 fe éi oĊlŪklc @eite Ŕk :22 ‚ 322 fe éi lejul Oclcu.Rc perjursul ultk`kldr hduĊ hcjcikk éi pcsjukturklc hc jditrdl,kihustrkel/jd`crjkel, spdrtkv/e`etdr Ŕk éi sjdpurk țtkkiȗ knkjc
hd`kieitc eu ndst spcjkklc nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ ‚ :1,6%
(dolcŪ - 5:,>%, pdrjuŔdr - 6,8%, `deje-hc-orĊhkț - 1,:%, auvkzk
- 6,3%) Ŕk spcjkklc ju velderc cjdid`kjĊ rchusĊ ‚ ?>,;% ‚ (oetje
- 6,;%, oeouŔje - 8,:%, jeresul-erakitku - >,2%, jdsejul-ju-odt
turtkt - 8,:%, okoeiul - :,8%). @ek rer éi jepturk sc éitïliceu spc-jkklc cjdid`kj veldrdesc hder - ??,;% (plĊtkjĊ - 8,3%, ŔelĊu -
3,>%, sd`i - 3,:%, seokŪĊ - ?,8%, evet - 5,6%, jrep - ?,5%, `dru-
ieŔ - 5,?%).
Rcrkdehe ur`Ċtderc (hc le kmldjul eikldr 62 scjdlul trcjut
pïiĊ éi prczcit) sc jerejtcrkzcezĊ prki kitcisknkjerce kinluciȗ ck
eitrdpkjc icaetkvc esupre cjdskstc`cldr ejvetkjc hki oezkiul
_ïuluk Rrut jerc eu prdvdjet `dhknkjĊrk suosteiȗ kelc e hkvcrsk-
tĊȗ kk spcjknkjc e neuick pksjkjdlc, sjfk`oerce stetutuluk cjdldakj
el `ultdr spcjkk hc pcŔtk prcju` Ŕk le hcareherce pdpuleȗ kkldr
spcjkkldr cjdid`kj veldrdesc Ŕk pcrkjlktetc. Hki jd`pdiciȗ e kf-tkdneuick prejtkj eu hkspĊrut ‚ `kfelŪul, nuserul, `rceie-vï-iĊtĊ, ldstrkŪe, jerejuhe. Zïit pc jelc hc hksperkŪkc pdpuleŪkklc hc
jcaĊ, vĊhuvkŪĊ, djfceiĊ-`erc, ŪkaĊiuŔ, Ŕk e. Eu trcjut éi jetc-adrke hc spcjkk rerc ‚ sjru`oke-hc-HuiĊrc, seokŪe, lkiul,`rceie, jïre. Z-eu rchus jdiskhcreokl cncjtkvclc pdpuleȗ kkldr
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spcjkkldr cjdid`kj veldrdesc (eitcrkdr iu`crdesc) ‚ evet, Ŕe-lĊu, jrep, sd`i, plĊtkjĊ, `druieŔ, ŔtkujĊ. Siclc spcjkk s -eu
eheptet le idklc jdihkȗ kk hc `chku Ŕk Ŕk-eu cxtkis erkklc hc rĊs-pïihkrc, ker pdpuleŪkklc ldr prdarcscezĊ. Jclc `ciȗ kdietc sc rc-
ncrĊ é i prk`ul rïih le spcjkklc nĊrĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ (`uradk-
oĊlȗ et, pdrjuțdrk, dolcȗ , rdțkderĊ, okoei, ndr`clc ju rkt`ul rchus
hc jrcțtcrc e jeresuluk-erakitku țk e.).
Lejul hc eju`ulerc Jdstc țtk-Zt ïije e ndst ndr`et éieiul 5;16 țk cstc sktuet pc jursul `kmldjku el r. Rrut ‚ le g` 313
hc le jdinluciȗ e ju nluvkul HuiĊrce. Zupreneȗ e cstc ‚ 3,; `kk fe
(pc tcrktdrku _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve ?,5 ‚ ?,> `kk fe), luiak`ce - 18
g`, ehïijk`ce chkc - 52 . Rc elul stïia lejul erc ultc erkkhc cxtkihcrc (rïurklc ^klke, Ldpetikj, _ejdvĊȗ , Jkufur), jce `ek
`erc nkkih pc rïul Jku-
fur, ndr`ïih adlnul
’Jkufur‐, ju supreneȗ e
hc jkrje :22 fe.
JcrjctĊrklc țtkkiȗ knkjc
hki pcrkdehe eikldr ?22> ‚
?258 cncjtuetc pc jursul `kmld-
jku el r. Rrut Ŕk é i lejul Jdstcțtk-
Ztïije eu jdistetet prczciȗ e e ?1
spcjkk țk suospcjkk (Jkprkikhc ‚ 51,Jdoktkhc ‚ 5, Rcrjkhc ‚ :, Adokkhc ‚ :,
Zklurkhc ‚ 5, Csdjkhc ‚ 5, Ejkpciskrkhc ‚
5 spcjkc).
HupĊ drkakice zddacdarenkjĊ, kftkdneuie jursuluk kmldjku
el r. Rrut țk lejuluk Jdstcțtk-Ztïije cstc jd`pusĊ hki rcprczci-teiȗ k e > jd`plcxc neuikstkjc= odrcel-hc-țcs - 1 spcjkk (țtkujĊ, oe-
ouțjĊ, țelĊu, okoei, oetjĊ, jlcei, afkodrȗ ), odrcel-suo`ditei -
5 (sjdoer), pditd-jespkj hc epĊ huljc - > (dolcȗ , plĊtkjĊ, jdsej-
ju-odt-turtkt, `druieț, rdțkderĊ, evet), pditd-jespkj hc `erc -
: (`deje-hc-orĊhkț, jkdoĊieț, auvkh-hc-keroĊ), tcrȗ ker-hc-țcs - 8(jeres-erakitku, jrep, sd`i, zvïrluaĊ țk jfkicz-hc-țcs - 3 spcjkk
(sïiacr, idvej, oderȗ e, pdrjuțdr, jdseț).
HupĊ cjdldake éi`ulȗ krkk tdetc spcjkklc (ju cxjcpȗ ke țtkujkk)
nej pertc hki arupe hc pcțtk tcr`dnklk ju hcpuicrce pditck prk-
`Ċvere-vere, 5? spcjkk sïit nktdnklc (țtkujĊ, oeouțjĊ, țelĊu, ok-
oei, oetjĊ, plĊtkjĊ, dolcȗ , jdsej-ju-odt-turtkt, jeres-erakitku,
jrep, sd`i, rdțkderĊ), ; - lktdnklc (jlcei, evet, sjdoer, `druieț,
zvïrluaĊ, `dejĊ-hc-orĊhkț, auvkh-hc-keroĊ, jkdoĊieț, afkodrȗ ),5 - pse`dnklĊ (pdrjuțdr), : - pcleadnklc (sïiacr, idvej, jdseț) țk
d spcjkc - dstrejdnklĊ (oderȗ Ċ).
HupĊ `dhul hc iutrkȗ kc d spcjkc cstc nktd-zddocitdneaĊ
(rdțkderĊ), 5 - nktd-hctrktdneaĊ (sjdoer), ? - n ktd-zddpleijtdidneac
(sïiacr țk idvej), 5 - nktdneaĊ (jdseț), 5 - zddpleijtdidneaĊ(dolcȗ ), 58 - zddocitdneac (oeouțjĊ, pdrjuțdr, plĊtkjĊ, oetjĊ,
oderȗ Ċ, jdsej-ju-odt-turtkt, druieț, jeres-erakitku, jrep, zvïr-
luaĊ, `dejĊ-hc-orĊhkț, auvkh-hc-keroĊ, jkdoĊieț, afkodrȗ ), ? -
rĊpktdrk nejultetkvk (okoei, jlcei) țk 8 spcjkk - rĊpktdrk tkpkjk(sd`i, țelĊu, evet, țtkujĊ).
^eldrknkjerce pksjkjdlĊ e lejuluk Jdstcțtk-Ztïije er putce nkscperetĊ éi hduĊ pcrkdehc ju hkvcrsc ctdhc hc ejȗ kuic esupre
ndr`Ċrkk pdpuleȗ kkldr pksjkjdlc țk pertkjulerktĊȗ kldr ndldskrkk ldr.
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Rrk`e pcrkdehĊ, hki 5;16 pïiĊ 5;63 sc jerejtcrkzcezĊ prkieju`ulerce pdpuleȗ kkldr rcprdhujtkvc e spcjkkldr veldrdesc țk
`emdrerce jeitktetkvĊ e ldr prki kitrdhujcrce rcprdhujĊtdrkldr,
prdfkokȗ ke tdtelĊ e pcsjuktuluk țk cncjtuerce pcsjuktuluk e`clkd-
retkv kitciskv e spcjkkldr icveldrdesc.
E hdue pcrkdehe, hki 5;63 pïiĊ éi prczcit, sc jerejtcrk-
zcezĊ prki cxpldeterce spcjkkldr veldrdesc cncjtuetĊ éi oeze cvk-hciȗ ck rcsurscldr țk rcalc`citerce pcsjuktuluk, jditkiuerce pcs-
juktuluk e`clkdretkv țk pdpulerce ju pukct (spcjkk veldrdesc ‚
jrep, țelĊu, plĊtkjĊ, sïiacr, idvej, jeres, `druieț).
Doscrveȗ kklc kftkdldakjc skstc`etkjc țk jcrjctĊrklc țtkkiȗ knkjc
jerc sc hcsnĊțderĊ hc le ndr`erc pïiĊ éi prczcit eu cvkhciȗ ket
d jrcțtcrc jeitktetkvĊ acicrelĊ e neuick pksjkjdlc ju veldrk `e-
xk`c le :-8 eik hupĊ u`plcrce lejuluk ju epĊ. Estncl éi eiul
5;62 okoeiul jdistktuke 8>,3% hki jeitktetce tdtelĊ, oeouțje țkjeresul jïtc 6,1 %, ker spcjkklc veldrdesc :2%. Rrki pcsjukturklc
e`clkdretkvc hki eikk 5;6:-5;63 pdihcrce okoeiuluk e sjĊzutpïiĊ le ?3%, ker hcisktetce oeouțtck e spdrkt pïiĊ le :2%. Éijc-pïih ju eiul 5;63 prki pdpulĊrklc skstc`etkjc ju pukcȗ k hc jrep,
țelĊu țk plĊtkjĊ, `dhknkjerce `Ċrk`kk `kik`c eh`ksc pcitru
pcsjuktul plĊtkjkk (hc le ?3 j` le :2 j`) jd`pdzk ȗ ke jeitktetkvĊțk jelktetkvĊ e kftkdneuick sprc snïrțktul eikldr 62 scjdlul trcjut
s-e steoklkzet. Zpcjkklc hd`kieitc éi pcsjuktul kihustrkel éi pcrk-
dehe eikldr 5;63-5;;5 eu ndst= plĊtkjĊ - 36,8 %, jrep - 58,> %,țelĊu - 8,; %, eltc spcjkk hc telkc `erc (evet, nktdneak, țtkujĊ,sd`i) - 5:,> % țk spcjkklc hc telkc `kjĊ (oeouțjĊ, jeres, okoei) -
6,3 %. Jeitktetce hc pcțtc pcsjukt éi eikk 5;;2 țk 5;;5 e ndst hc
83,1 t. țk :6,5 t. Rrdhujtkvktetce pksjkjdlĊ rcelĊ le 5 fe cre hc 56-
?2 ga jc jdistktuke iu`ek 32 % hki pdtciȗ kelul lejuluk (jdindr`
rczultetcldr cveluĊrkldr, oeze iutrktkvĊ nuremcrĊ ieturelĊ cxks-tcitĊ pdetc eskaure d prdhujtkvktetc hc :3-82 ga pcțtc pc ui
fcjter).
Zprc snïrțktul eikldr ;2 scjdlul trcjut, vdlu`ul pcsjuktuluk
kihustrkel e sjĊzut hc >,> drk pïiĊ le >,3-1,3 tdic jc sc cxplkjĊprki suspciherce pdpulĊrkldr ju pukct hc spcjkk veldrdesc țk
iceskaurerce jdihkȗ kkldr dptk`elc pcitru éi`ulȗ krce ieturelĊ,kinluciȗ etĊ hc verkeȗ kklc hkuric elc ikvcluluk epck hki lej éicpdje hc rcprdhujcrc, hkstruacrce suostretuluk hc pc odkțtk, cx-
pldeterce hcpldreoklĊ e rcsurscldr pksjkjdlc, steoklkrce jdtcldreiuelc pcitru pcsjukt, țtkkiȗ knkj icerau`citetc, lkpse uick cvk-
hciȗ c jlerc e pcsjuktuluk țk eltc ejȗ kuik icjfkozuktc. D kinluciȗ ĊicaetkvĊ d erc țk éijĊlzkrce éijcetĊ e epck éi pcrkdehclc prcrc-prdhujtkvĊ țk rcprdhujtkvĊ (prk`ĊverĊ éitïrzketĊ).
_ïurklc `kjk hki oezkiul rïuluk Rrut
Enluciȗ kk rïuluk Rrut (^klke, Ldpetie, _ĊjdvĊŪ, Jkufur, Je-
`cije, Aïrle-`erc, Hclke, Iïridve, LĊpuție, Zerete, Xkafcjk,
Lerae) pc uiclc pdrȗ kuik prczkitĊ ui jurs sc`kpcr`eicit je-rejtcrkstkj zdicldr hc stcpĊ éi rcak` scjctds. _ïurklc _ejdvĊŪ țk
Jkufur eu ui jurs pcr`eicit țk pc sca`citclc icrcaulerkzetc
elc r. _ejdvĊŪ (kijluskv țk lejul hc eju`ulerc OĊhremkk-Idk) hc
le jdinluciȗ e ju lejul hc eju`ulerc JdstcŔk-Ztïije pïiĊ le aurĊ
hc vĊrserc e r. HreafkŔtc țk r. Jkufur hc le vĊrserce é i lejul hceju`ulerc JdstcŔtk-Ztïije pïiĊ le s. Rdjku`orcik, sc éitïlicsjspcjkk veldrdesc= țelĊu, jrep, plĊtkjĊ țk e. Jclcleltc rïurk, ju cx-
jcpȗ ke jursurkldr kitcrkderc é i zdiclc hc jdinluciȗ Ċ, iu prczkitĊ
d k`pdrteitĊ `emdrĊ pcitru neuie pksjkjdlĊ, nkkih pdpuletc iu-
`ek hc spcjkk cjdid`kj icveldrdesc.
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Éi jursurklc kincrkderc elc rïurkldr `kjk kijluskv țk éi elokejursuluk `kmldjku e r. Rrut eu ndst khcitknkjetc ?8 spcjkk hc pc țtk
etrkouktc le > jd`plcxc cjdldad-neuikstkjc. Hki jd`plcxul neu-
ikstkj ‚ odrcel-hc-țcs nej pertc 1 spcjkk (țtkujĊ, oeouțjĊ, jlcei,
oetjĊ, okoei, țelĊu, afkodrȗ ), hki odrcel-suo`ditei ‚ ? spcjkk
(sjdoer, arkihcl), hki tcrŪkel-hc-țcs ‚ 8 spcjkk (jrep, jeres-eraki-
tku, zvïrluaĊ, sd`i), hki jd`plcxul pditd-jespkj erki ‚ 5 spc-jkc (`dejĊ-hc-orĊhkț), hki pditd-jespkj hc epĊ huljc ‚ > spcjkk
(evet, `druieț, dolcȗ , plĊtkjĊ, jdsej-ju-odt-turtkt, pkctrer), ker
hki jd`plcxul jfkiczcsj-hc-țcs nej pertc 8 spcjkk (sïiacr, id-vej, pdrjuțdr, oderȗ Ċ).
Eielkze kftkdneuick enluciȗ kldr hki jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk Rrut (r. LĊpuție, r. Zïr`e, r. ZĊrete, r. Xkafcjk, r. Lerae) e hc-
`distret jĊ jd`pdiciȗ e ck cstc é i hcpcihciȗ Ċ hc spcjkklc jc
pdpulcezĊ r. Rrut țk rcak`ul luk fkhrdldakj. Zprc cxc`plu, eloke
r. LĊpuție hupĊ e`ciemĊrklc fkhrdtcfikjc țk é ihkaukrce ck, pc-
rkdhkj scejĊ țk iu`ek le aure hc vĊrserc éi r. Rrut, sc é itïlicsj
58 spcjkk hc pcțtk, 3 hki jerc ndr`cezĊ pdpuleȗ kk (pdrjuțdrkk,
`uradkul-oĊlȗ et, `deje-hc-orĊhkț, oderȗ e, zvïrluae), hcstul hc
iu`crdesc nkkih pdpuleȗ kklc hc `uradk-oĊlȗ et (:2,>%) țk pdrju-
țdrk (?6,>%), rcstul spcjkkldr sc é itïlicsj `ek rer.
Hkvcrsktetce kftkdneuick r. ZĊrete, sprc hcdscokrc hc jce er. LĊpuție (zdie hc jdinluciȗ Ċ ju r. Rrut) cstc `ek odaetĊ. Éi
zdie hc jdinluciȗ Ċ ju r. Rrut eu ndst éircakstretc 56 spcjkk, `e- mdrktetce hki clc eperȗ kiïih pdpuleȗ kkldr hc pcțtk hki r. Rrut (55
spcjkk) țk 1 spcjkk (pdrjuțdr, jeres-erakitku, `uradk-oĊlȗ et,
oderȗ Ċ, oetjĊ, okoei, dejĊ-hc-orĊhkț) jerc, prdoeokl, ndr`cezĊpdpuleȗ kk hc skic - stĊtĊtderc éi scjtderclc icsupusc e`ciemĊrk-ldr fkhrdtcfikjc. Éi r. Zïr`e hki 52 spcjkk pcsjuktc, iu`ek
`deje-hc-orĊhkț, uradkul-oĊlȗ et țk pdrjuțdrkk ndr`cezĊ pdpu-
leȗ kk. Rdpuleȗ kklc `uradkuluk-oĊlȗ et țk pdrjuțdrkldr prchd`kiĊiu`crkj (86,6%).
Hd`kieitĊ éi r. Lerae cstc pdpuleȗ ke pdrjuțdruluk
(::,6%), jdhd`kieitc nkkih jclc hc oderȗ Ċ (?2,1%), ur`etĊ hc
jce e jeresuluk-erakitku ju rkt` rchus hc jrcțtcrc (5:,?%), ker
pdpuleȗ ke `uradkuluk-oĊlȗ et nkkih `kidrĊ (3,1%). _cstul spcjkk-ldr sc é itïlicsj hder cpksdhkj.
Éi r. Xkafcjk s-e jdistetet jce `ek sĊrejĊ hkvcrsktetc spcjk-nkjĊ (6 spcjkk) hki tdȗ k enluciȗ kk r. Rrut stuhkeȗ k hd`kieitc nkkih
hder spcjkklc hc pdrjuțdr țk oderȗ Ċ, jdijd`ktcit trcoukc hc
`ciȗ kdiet neptul, jĊ é i ejcst rïu sprc hcdscokrc hc jclcleltc iu
eu ndst hcpkstetc cxc`plerc hc `uradk-oĊlȗ et.
_ïurklc Jdaïlikj, Kelpua, Luiae, Jeful
_ïul Jdaïlikj é țk ke é ijcputul hki eprdpkcrce s. Jku-
jkulcik (rekdiul Fïijcțtk) : g` idrh-vcst țk sc rcversĊ é i pertce
hc idrh e lejuluk Zesïj (Sjrekie) țk erc luiak`ce hc ??5 g` ( é ilk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve ‚ 522 g`).
JcrjctĊrklc țtkkiȗ knkjc rcelkzetc éi pcrkdehe eikldr ?222-
?258 eu jdistetet sjfk`oĊrk strujturelc țk prdhujŪkdielc elc pd-
puleȗ kkldr hc pcțtk jd`peretkv ju pcrkdehe eikldr 5;33-5;62. Éiultk`kk 53 eik éi kftkdneuie r. Jdaïlikj s-eu éircakstret 58 spcjkk
hc pcțtk hki jerc : spcjkk (jrep, jeres-erakitku, nktdneak) sïit cjd-id`kj veldrdesc, ? spcjkk (oeouțjĊ, okoei) eu velderc cjdid-
`kjĊ `kjĊ, ker rcstul spcjkkldr iu prczkitĊ kitcrcs cjdid`kj.
_ïul Kelpua é țk ke é ijcputul hki eprdpkcrce s. @erkci-
tclh (rekdiul Jk`kțlke) țk jurac pc tcrktdrkul rekdeicldr Jd`ret,
Jkehïr-Luiae, Xerejlke, țk sc versĊ éi lejul Kelpua (Sjrekie).
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Erc luiak`ce hc 558 g`. Kftkdneuie rïuluk cstc jdistktuktĊ hki58 spcjkk țk suospcjkk hc pcțtk, hki jerc hder : prczkitĊ kitcrcscjdid`kj (țtkuje, jrep, țelĊu), é isĊ pdihcrce ldr iu`crkjĊ eoke
etkiac >,>%. Hki spcjkklc ju velderc cjdid`kjĊ `kjĊ pdt nk ci-
ȗ kdietc ur`Ċtderclc= oeouțjĊ, jeres-erakitku, okoei, jerc eu d
nrcjvciȗ Ċ rcletkv ek spdrktĊ (?5,;%). Zpcjkklc cjdid`kj icveld-
rdesc eljĊtukcsj 15,3%.Éi rïul Kelpuacl (enlucit el rïuluk Kelpua) s-eu éircakstret
6 spcjkk hc pcțtk spcjknkjc kftkdneuick rïurkldr `kjk jerc iu prc-
zkitĊ velderc cjdid`kjĊ= nune, pdrjuțdr, `uradk-oĊlȗ et, oderȗ Ċ,
zvïrluaĊ țk cpksdhkj uiclc cxc`plerc hc okoei țk jrep. Kezurklc
hc elokc e r. Kelpuacl sïit pdpuletc hc 5: spcjkk hc pcțtk, hd`k-
ieitc nkkih nune, `uradkul-oĊlȗ et, țk jeresul-erakitku. Cpksdhkj
sc é itïlicsj jrepul, țelĊul țk pcțtkk nktdneak.
Kftkdneuie rïuluk Zeljke-@erc, prcpdihcrcit, hcpkihc hc
jce hki jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk Kelpua țk cstc rcprczcitetĊ hc55 spcjkk țk suospcjkk hc pcțtk, hki jerc prchd`kiĊ pdrjuțdrul
țk `uradkul-oĊlȗ et jïtc 58,8%, jeresul-erakitku, `deje-hc-orĊ-hkț țk nune ju jïtc 52,1%.
_ïul Luiae enlucit el rïuluk Kelpua, é țk ke éijcputul hclïiaĊ s. Jkdj-@ekhei (rekdiul Jd`ret) țk erc luiak`ce hc 16
g`. Kftkdneuie jursuluk kincrkdr e rïuluk hcpkihc éi `erc `Ċ-surĊ hc kftkdneuie r. Kelpua țk cstc jdistktuktĊ hc 52 spcjkk hc
pcțtk, ? spcjkk cjdid`kj veldrdesc (jrep, țtkujĊ), ? spcjkk ju ve-lderc cjdid`kjĊ `kjĊ (jeres-erakitku, oeouțjĊ) țk > spcjkk nĊrĊvelderc cjdid`kjĊ (nunĊ, pdrjuțdrk, dolcȗ , oderȗ Ċ, dser).
_ïul Jeful é țk ke éijcputul hc lïiaĊ s. Rclkick (rekdiulJeful) țk jurac pc tcrktdrkul e hduĊ rekdeic (Jeful țk ^uljĊ-icțtk) țk sc versĊ é i lejul Jeful é i eprdpkcrc hc ldj. Ctulke. Erc
luiak`ce hc :; g`. Kftkdneuie jursuluk kincrkdr el r ïuluk hc-
pkihc é i `erc `ĊsurĊ hc kftkdneuie lejuluk Jeful țk cstc jdi-
stktuktĊ hki 51 spcjkk țk suospcjkk hc pcțtk, d ouiĊ pertc hki jerc
é i pcrkdehe vcrielĊ `karcezĊ hki lej (jeres-erakitku, okoei,
oderȗ Ċ, oetjĊ ctj.), seu pĊtruih hki kezurk (pukct hc jrep, cpksd-
hkj sïiacr). Éi kezul hc elokc, pdpuleȗ kklc hc pcțtk sïit rcprczci-
tetc hc sïiacr, idvej, cpksdhkj jdseț țk țelĊu, jeres-erakitku._cstul spcjkkldr (pdrjuțdr, nunĊ, uradk-oĊlȗ et, oetjĊ, oderȗ Ċ, ok-
oei, okoei-sderc, auvkzk, țk e.) iu prczkitĊ kitcrcs cjdid`kj.
Jursul supcrkdr el r. Jeful țk enluciȗ kk luk iu eu d kftkdne-
uiĊ steoklĊ țk cstc rcprczcitetĊ éi acicrel hc spcjkk cjdid`kjicveldrdesc= pdrjuțdr, `uradk-oĊlȗ et, oderȗ Ċ, jeresul-erakitku
(ju rkt`ul rchus hc jrcțtcrc), zvïrluaĊ, uiclc spcjkk hc auvkzk,her velderce ldr iu`crkjĊ cstc icéisc`ietĊ.
Lejul Jeful cstc sktuet pc elul stïia el nluvkuluk Hu-iĊrce. Erc supreneȗ e hc 6 `kk fe ( é i lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _c-
puolkjkk @dlhdve - ?32 fe). Ehïijk`ce `exk`Ċ - ?,1 `, `chkc
- 5,6 `. Zjfk`oul hc epĊ e lejuluk ju nluvkul HuiĊrce sc éinĊp-tukcțtc prki aïrle ^cjfkte. Rrki jeielul _usjdc țk aïrle ]erze,
epe hki lejul Jeful pcr`eicit sc sjurac éi Lejul Jeful țk é ijditkiuerc prki aïrle Xeodjcl sc sjurac é i lejul Juaurluk.
Éi prczcit kftkdneuie cstc rcprczcitetĊ hc :8 spcjkk hc
pcțtk. HupĊ rcaulerkzerce ikvcluluk hc epĊ é i lej s-eu rchussc`iknkjetkv suprencȗ clc hc rcprdhujcrc. Ejcst ncid`ci prc-
ju` țk verkeȗ kklc ikvcluluk epck é i pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc eu
hus le hk`kiuerce jditkiuu e spcjkkldr ju velderc jd`crjkelĊ,
s-eu rchus jepturklc jrepuluk. Hd`kieitc éi jepturk sïit jere-sul țk plĊtkje.
EIEXD@KE
K
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Ndr`e jdrpuluk, pertkjulerktĊȗklc
cxtcrkderc țk tcau`citul Rcitru hcpleserce prki epĊ (`chku ju hcisktetce `ult `ek
éielte hcjït e ecruluk) ju ui jdisu` `kj hc cicrakc țk hczvdlte-
rce vktczck hc hcpleserc jdrcspuizĊtderc icjcsktĊȗ kldr selc vk-
telc, pcțtkk prczkitĊ hkncrktc ndr`c e jdrpuluk (nuskndr`Ċ-fkhrd-
hkie`kjĊ, ictchĊ nĊrĊ prdc`kiciȗ c, rdtuihĊ je aldoul, éitkisc țk
pletc, letc țk pletc). Le uiclc spcjkk tcau`citul cstc delc țk ejd-
pcrkt ju `ujus, le eltclc terc ju afk`pk țk sjuturk. Jdldrktul jdr-
puluk hc esc`cik cstc ndertc verket, éi spcjkel, le spcjkklc jercvkcȗ ukcsj é i epclc trdpkjelc țk jclc jelhc. Rcțtkk hkspui hc hkvcrsc
eheptĊrk jerc lc emutĊ le hcplesĊrk repkhc seu sĊ sc tïrïkc pc nui-
hul epck, sĊ sc prdtcmczc hc huț`eik seu pcitru hdoïihkrce fre-
ick. Ndr`clc ejtuelc elc pcțtkldr s-eu ndr`et éi rczultetul sclcj-ȗ kck ieturelc jerc e huret `klkdeic hc eik, eheptïihu-sc le `c-
hkul hc vkcȗ ukrc. Ztrujture cxtcrkderĊ e pcțtkldr cstc jdihkȗ kdietĊ
hc hczvdlterce hkncrktdr eheptĊrk le jdihkȗ kklc okdldakjc țk ejve-
tkjc, lcaetc hc hcpleserc, `kțjerc țk hc hdoïihkrce freick. HupĊ
espcjtul cxtcrkdr el pcțtkldr sc pdetc eprcjke `dhul ldr hc vke ȗ Ċ țk hc iutrkȗ kc. Hki hkvcrsktetce `erc hc ndr`c e jdrpuluk sc pdt
cvkhciȗ ke jïtcve tkpurk `ek k`pdrteitc=
Xkpul nuskndr` (ndr`Ċ hc tdrpklĊ). Jepul esjuȗ kt, jdrpul
é i ndr`Ċ hc nus, pchuijulul esjuȗ kt. Rcțtkk ju ejcestĊ ndr`Ċ e
jdrpuluk sïit jck `ek ouik é idtĊtdrk jerc feoktcezĊ é i stretul hc
epĊ ‚ sel`dikhclc, jfcnelul, tdiul, sjru`oke țk e.
Xkpul seaktkndr` (ndr`Ċ hc sĊacetĊ). Jdrpul eluiakt, éid-tĊtderce hdrselĊ țk eielĊ sktuetc sprc pchuijul. Rcțtkk ju estncl
hc ndr`Ċ iu pdt é inĊptuk `kareȗ kk é ihcluiaetc. Ck é țk pïihcsj
prehe, epdk ju rcpczkjkuic sc eruijĊ esupre ck (țtkuje, seraeiul
țk e.).
Xkpul tcikkndr` (ndr`Ċ hc peialkjĊ). Jepul jd`prk`et le-tcrel, ndertc eluiakt. FeoktcezĊ le ehïijk`k éi epclc lkikțtktc, hc-
plesïihu-sc é ijct (_caelcjus alcsic (pcțtclc-vïslĊ) țk e.).
Xkpul scrpcitkndr` (ndr`Ċ hc țerpc). Jepul ndertc elui-
akt, jklkihrkj. ÉidetĊ ju `kțjĊrk scrpcitkndr`c e jdrpuluk `ciȗ k-
iïihu-sc pc lïiaĊ vcacteȗ ke ejvetkjĊ (eiafkle țk e.)
Xkpul hcprcskndr` (ndr`Ċ pletĊ). Jdrpul turtkt hdrsd-vci-
trel, djfkk e`pleseȗ k esk`ctrkj, e`okk pc ejckețk pertc e jdrpuluk.
Xdȗ k pcțtkk sïit sleo éidtĊtdrk țk feoktcezĊ pc nuihul epck. Xkpul aldokndr` (ndr`Ċ hc aldo). Jdrpul eprdepc sncrkj,
jeuhele sleo hczvdltetĊ.
Xrcoukc hc `ciȗ kdiet neptul jĊ, hcscdrk, pcțtkk iu pdt nk
etrkoukȗ k é i é itrcak`c le ui eiu`kt tkp hc ndr`Ċ e jdrpuluk, prc-zcitïih jd`okieȗ kk e `ek `ultdr tkpurk hc ndr`c.
Jdrpul pcțtcluk cstc ndr`et hki jep, truijfk, jdehĊ țk é id-
tĊtderc (vczk nkaure).
EIEXD@KE K
NK]KDLDAKE
RC XKLD_
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ÉIDXďXDE_CLC. Rcțtkk hkspui hc é idtĊtderc pcrcjfk ‚
pcjtdrelc țk vcitrelc țk icpcrcjfk ‚ hdrselĊ (hc le uie pïiĊ le
trck), jeuhelĊ țk eielĊ (uie seu hduĊ). Le uiclc spcjkk hc pcțtk ‚
Zel`dikhec țk Kjtelurkhec țk e. cxkstĊ é idtĊtderce ehkpdesĊ nĊrĊ re-
hkk sktuetĊ pc pertce hdrselĊ e jdrpuluk éi speȗ kul hkitrc é idtĊ-tderclc hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ. E`pleserce é idtĊtdercldr pc jdrp,
strujture țk `Ċrk`ce ldr hkncrktĊ hc le d spcjkc le elte.
ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc R (pkiie pcjtdrelks) sïit prchcstk-ietc pcitru `ciȗ kicrce cjfklkoruluk jdrpuluk, pertkjkpïih hc
esc`cice le éijlkiĊrk elc jdrpuluk țk le vkremc. ÉidtĊtderclc sïitsktuetc k`chket hupĊ hcsjfkzĊturklc oreifkelc țk le hkncrktc spcjkk
djupĊ pdzkȗ kk hkvcrsc.
ÉidtĊtderclc vcitrelc ^ (pkiie vcitrelks) je sk jclc pcjtdrelc
`ciȗ ki cjfklkorul jdrpuluk. Le uiclc spcjkk (jrep, sd`dik, jlupc-
khc, rcjfkik) éidtĊtderclc vcitrelc sïit sktuetc pc eohd`ci (pd-zkȗ kc eohd`kielĊ) suo é idtĊtderclc hdrselc. Le okoei, țelĊu țk le
eltc spcjkk sïit sktuetc eprdepc éi hrcptul éidtĊtdercldr pcjtdrelc
(pdzkȗ ke tdrejkjĊ). Le Xrejfkikhec é idtĊtderclc vcitrelc sïit sktu-etc éiekitce éidtĊtdercldr pcjtdrelc (pdzkȗ kc muaulerĊ). Le uiclc
spcjkk (`esjulkk hc sclejkcik, rcjfkik țk vetdțk) é idtĊtderclc vci-
trelc sc treisndr`Ċ é itr-ui draei hc ejuplerc hciu`kt ptcrkad-pdhku. Zïit spcjkk le jerc éidtĊtderclc vcitrelc lkpscsj (eiafklĊ,lupul hc `erc sk e.).
ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ J (pkiie jeuhelks) sktuetĊ le cxtrc`k-tetce pdstcrkderĊ e jdrpuluk cstc ui draei k`pdrteit éi hcplese-rce pcțtcluk, jrcïih ndrȗ e `dtrkjc țk eskaurïih `eicvrerce le
sjfk`oerce hkrcjȗ kck țk le vkremc. Zc é itïlicsj trck tkpurk hc éidtĊ-tderc jeuhelc= fctcrdjcrjĊ - ldoul supcrkdr cstc `ek `erc hcjïtjcl kincrkdr (sclejkcik, ejkpciscrkhc)7 kzdjcrjĊ ‚ ldokk suit caelk
(sjru`okc, oeouțjĊ, sd`di) țk fkpdjcrjĊ ‚ ldoul kincrkdr cstc ek`erc hcjït jcl supcrkdr (pcțtkk zourĊtdrk). Ndr`e éidtĊtderck je-
uhelc cstc lcaete hc `dhul hc vkeȗ Ċ e pcŔtkldr. Le ejkpciscrkhc,
jerc eu aure kincrkderĊ ldoul supcrkdr cstc `ek hczvdltet nkkihjĊemutĊ le `ciȗ kicrce jdrpuluk éi pdzkȗ kc éijlkietĊ. Rcțtkk zourĊtdrkeu ldoul kincrkdr `ek hczvdltet, jerc emutĊ le prdpulserce jdrpu-luk hki epĊ.
ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ H (pkiie hdrselks) cxcrjktĊ rdlul hc je-
rciĊ vcrtkjelĊ. Le pcțtkk sleo éidtĊtdrk (vetdțk), cstc rchusĊ seu
lkpscțtc. Le okoei, țelĊu, țelĊu vĊraet, pkctrer țk le eltc spcjkk sïitprczcitc jïtc hduĊ é idtĊtderc hdrselc, ker oejelkerul erc trck.
ÉidtĊtderce eielĊ E (pkiie eielks) je țk hdrsele erc nuijȗ ke
hc jerciĊ. Le vetdțk țk le uiclc spcjkk hc rcjfkik éidtĊtderceeielĊ lkpscțtc.
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XCAS@CIXSL (pkclce) țk strujture luk. Xcau`citul pcț-
tcluk ndr`cezĊ ui éivclkț trekikj, prdtcmïih ȗ csuturklc țk draeiclc
hc le vĊtĊ`Ċrk `cjeikjc, hc pkcrhcrce suosteiȗ cldr icjcserc dr-
aeiks`uluk prcju` țk hc le pĊtruihcrce perezkȗ kldr țk suostei-
ȗ cldr tdxkjc. Xcau`citul pcțtcluk cstc eljĊtukt hki hduĊ streturk=
cxtcrkdr ‚ cpkhcr`e țk kitcrkdr ‚ hcr`e. Cpkhcr`e cstc ndr`etĊ hki
`ek `ultc streturk hc jclulc cpktclkelc7 hcr`e cstc eljĊtuktĊhkitr-ui stret ards hc ȗ csut nkords= suo hcr`Ċ sc enlĊ ȗ csutul jdi-
muijtkv (jclulc suojuteietc) éi jerc hcscdrk sc hcpui arĊsk`klc. Siclc spcjkk hc pcțtk (lki, jcaĊ) clk`kiĊ prki tcau`cit d
jeitktetc sc`iknkjetkvĊ hc `ujus, ker eltclc (țelĊu, sd`di),ndertc puȗ ki. @ujusul sc ndr`cezĊ éi jclulc sktuetc éi cpkhcr`Ċ.@ujusul éihcplkicțtc nuijȗ kklc hc prdtcjȗ kc e draeiks`uluk hc
kinlucite `chkuluk e`okeit (stret prdtcjtdr é`pdtrkve perezkȗ k-
ldr țk e suosteiȗ cldr tdxkjc hkzdlvetc éi epĊ, `ciȗ kicrce cjfklk-
oruluk ds`dtkj kitcri, nevdrkzcezĊ hcpleserce pcțtkldr éi epĊ).@ujusul jditrkoukc le jdeaulerce repkhĊ e sïiacluk.Le uiclc spcjkk sïit prczcitc jclulc țk aleihc vcikidesc
jerc scjrctĊ suosteiȗ c tdxkjc ndldsktc éi tk`pul epĊrĊrkk seu e ete-juluk. Éi stretul jdimuijtkv el tcau`cituluk suit sktuetc draeiclclu`kidesc ndr`etc hki jclulc aleihulerc (ndtdacic) ju areiulc
pka`citerc hciu`ktc ‚ jrd`etdndrk (`cleidndrk - jerc jdiȗ ki are-
iulc pka`citetc hc julderc iceare, crktrdndrk - hc julderc rdțkc,
xeitdndrk - hc julderc aelociĊ) țk jrkstelc hc aueikiĊ jerc rcnlcjtĊ
lu`kie hciu`ktc ‚ krkhdjktc, hkspusc éi eiu`ktc rcakuik elc jdr-puluk. Draeiul lu`kids scjrctĊ lujkncrkiĊ jerc éi prczciȗ e epck
țk e dxkaciuluk sc dxkhcezĊ treisndr`ïihu-sc éi dxklujkncrkiĊ ju
prdprkctĊȗ k lu`kiksjcitc. Zupreneȗ e krkhdjktcldr rcnlcjtĊ lu`kiĊ
ndr`ïih jdldrktul erakitku el pcțtcluk. Jd`okieȗ ke hkncrktdr ju-
ldrk e jrd`etdndrkldr țk e suprencȗ cldr rcnlcjtderc e krkhdjktcldr
jrccezĊ d ae`Ċ hc juldrk. Julderce jdrpuluk le pcțtk iu cstc pcr-
`eicitĊ țk sc `dhknkjĊ suo kinluciȗ e nejtdrkldr cxtcrik țk kitcrik.
@dhknkjerce jdldrktuluk éi uiclc jezurk cstc `ek repkhĊ, uicdrk`d`citeiĊ, éi eltc jezurk hcjurac `ek lcit. Rukctul hc sd`di
kikȗ kel erc ikțtc huiak treisvcrselc pc jdrp jerc pc perjurs hks-
per țk julderce hcvkic erakitkc. Elcvkikk hc eiafklĊ tk`p hc jï-
ȗ kve eik trĊkcsj éi stretul hc epĊ, jdrpul nkkih strĊvczku. Jïih sctreisndr`Ċ éi pukct țk trcjc le `dhul hc vkeȗ Ċ ocitdikj, spetclc
luk hcvkic éituicjet hupĊ julderce nuihuluk ejvetkj.
Julderce hc ndih e pcțtkldr cstc ark țk mdejĊ ui rdl k`pdr-teit éi epĊrerc. Le `emdrktetce spcjkkldr pĊrȗ klc letcrelc țk eohd-
`ciul sïit erakitkk-eloc, spetclc cstc ek éituicjet. Julderce éi-jfksĊ e spetcluk, pc nuihelul éituicjet el nuihuluk epck, hejĊ prk-vcțtk hc sus, cstc eprdepc kivkzkoklĊ, ker julderce hcsjfksĊ e eo-
hd`ciuluk, hejĊ prkvcțtk hc mds, sc jditdpcțtc ju supreneȗ e lujk-
tderc e epck. Rcțtkk hc nuih eu d jdldreȗ kc `didjrd`Ċ seu pcs-
trkȗ Ċ (sd`i, `kfelȗ , zalĊvdejĊ), ker jck jerc vkcȗ ukcsj prkitrc
pleitclc ejvetkjc - eu jdldrktul vĊraet (țtkujĊ, okoei).
ZDL]KK ‚ ndr`eȗ kuik dsdesc hc prdvcikciȗ Ċ hcr`elĊ sïit
hc trck tkpurk= plejdkzk (juteieȗ k), aeidkzk țk cles`dkzk (jkjldkzk țk
jtcidkzk).
Zdlzkk plejdkzk (hcitkjulkk juteie ȗ k) suit jerejtcrkstkjk pci-
tru pcțtkk jertkleakidțk (rcjfkik țk ve-
tdŔk) țk sïit ndr`eȗ k hkitr-d plejĊ oe-zelĊ țk ui spki ju jevktetce kitcrk-
derĊ plkiĊ ju ȗ csut jdimuijtkv,
vesc seiavkic țk tcr`kieȗ kk
icrvdesc.
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Zdlzkk aeidkzk eu ndr`Ċ hc plĊjuȗ c rd`okjc. Éi cxtcrkdrsdlzul cstc ejdpcrkt ju ui stret hc ae-
idkiĊ, esc`ĊiĊtdr ju c`eklul, hks-
puțk pc jdrpul pcțtcluk éi scrkkdolkjc ker le uiul hkitrc jdlȗ urk
erc d prcluiakrc ju jerc sc
lceaĊ hc sdlzkk vcjkik. Ejcțtksdlzk sïit jerejtcrkstkjk pcitru pcțtkk ndsklk, ker hki pcțtkk jditc`-
pdreik pcitru țtkuje - Gek`ei țk pdlkptcrk. Le ejkpciscrkhc s-eu
pĊstret iu`ek pc ldoul supcrkdr el jeuhelck.
Zdlzkk cles`dkzk sïit spcjknkjk pcitru tclcdstccik țk eu
hduĊ ndr`c= jkjldkzk țk jtcidkzk. E`oclc ndr`c eu ejccețk struj-
turĊ ju cxjcpȗ ke jĊ sdlzkk jkjldkzk eu ndr`Ċ rdtuimktĊ ju `erakicehc pc pertce pdstcrkderĊ ictchĊ ker sdlzkk jtcidkzk éi zdie kincrk-derĊ e pĊrȗ kk pdstcrkderc eu ikțtc spkiulk. Zdlzkk cles`dkzk sïit hchkncrktc `Ċrk`k. Le eiafklĊ sdlzkk sïit ndertc `kjk (`kjrdsjdpkjk)ker le rceie kihkeiĊ emuiac le jïȗ kve jcitk`ctrk. Rcitru hkncrktc
ne`klkk hc pcțtk cstc jerejtcrkstkjĊ d eiu`ktĊ ndr`Ċ hc sdlzk(pcitru jkprkikhc - jkjldkhĊ, pcrjkhc ‚ jtcidkhĊ).
Zjf clctul kitcri țk`usjuleture pcțtkldr
ZX_SJXS_E ZJFCLCXSLSK cstc eljĊtuktĊ hki sjfclctul
exkel el jdldeick vcrtcorelc, sjfclctul jreikuluk țk sjfclctul epci-
hkjuler (éidtĊtderclc pcrcjfk țk icpcrcjfk).
Zjfclctul pdetc nk rcprczcitet hc jderhe hdrselĊ seu jd-ldeie vcrtcorelĊ. Le jkjldstd`etc, ejkpciscrkhc țk hkpidk, jderhe
hdrselĊ sc pĊstrcezĊ pc perjursul é itrcakk vkcȗ k. Le jclcleltc spc-
jkk hc pcțtk jderhe cstc prczcitĊ éi prk`clc ctepc hc hczvdlterc
ker le `eturk sc sjfk`oĊ ju jdldeie vcrtcorelĊ jerc cstc ndr`etĊhki vcrtcorc. Le jkjldstd`etc jderhe sc éitkihc hc-e luiaul jdr-
puluk, hc le pertce pdstcrkderĊ e jreikuluk le jdehĊ, eljĊtuktĊhkitr-ui nkle`cit kitcaru icsca`citet, hki clc`citc jertkleak-
idesc țk ȗ csut jdimuijtkv hcesupre jĊrcke sïit elĊturetc erjurklc
vcrtcorelc jertkleakidesc.
Rcțtkk Xclcdstccik eu jdldeie vcrtcorelĊ dsknkjetĊ, éi jercsïit cvkhciȗ ketc hduĊ sca`citc - truijfkul țk jdehe. Xruijfkul
cstc nrejȗ kdiet é i vcrtcorc tkpkjc - e`nkjclkjc, nkcjerc nkkih eljĊtu-ktĊ hki jdrp, hduĊ epdnkzc icurelc supcrkderc jerc prdtcmcezĊ
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`Ċhuve spkiĊrkk țk hduĊ perepdnkzc. Éi zdie tdrejkjĊ pc perepd-
nkzc sc ertkjulcezĊ jdestclc. Éi zdie jeuhelĊ perepdnkzclc sc
uicsj țk ndr`cezĊ erjul fc`el kincrkdr. Sltk`e vcrtcorĊ jeuhelĊcstc pletĊ, pc jerc sc ertkjulcezĊ rehkklc éidtĊtderck jeuhelc. Iu-`Ċrul hc vcrtcorc cstc hctcr`kiet hc ui țkr hc nejtdrk kitcrik țk
cxtcrkdrk (eiafkle erc 558 vcrtcorc, sd`iul ‚ 1?, țelĊul ‚ 88).
Zjfclctul jreikuluk je țk sjfclctul exkel é i prdjcsul cvdlu-
ȗ kck s-e treisndr`et. Le jkjldstd`etc jutke jreikeiĊ lkpscțtc. Le ck
suit prczcitc ikțtc jepsulc jreikcic jertkleakidesc scperetc, lc-
aetc ju ȗ csut jdimuijtkv. Rcțtkk jertkleakidțk (rcjfkikk, vetdțkk) eu
jreikul jertkleakids ndr`et hki jepsulc jreikcic jdijrcsjutc,
`exklerc țk hkiȗ k. @exklerclc sïit uiktc ju jreikul.
Jreikul le pcțtkk tclcdstccik cstc eljĊtukt hki sca`citc= ic-urel (icurdjreikul) uihc sc enle jrckcrul țk uiclc draeic hc sk`-
ȗ urk, vksjcrel jerc ndr`cezĊ sjfclctul eperetuluk rcspkretdr(oreifkel). Éi jevktĊȗ klc oreifkelc sïit sktuetc jkijk pcrcjfk hc er-
jurk oreifkelc. Rc pertce kincrkderĊ e petru erjurk oreifkelc sïit
nkxetc le`clclc oreifkelc. Rc el jkijk-lce erj oreifkel sc ndr`cezĊ
hkiȗ kk nerkiakcik e`pleseȗ k é i 5-: rïihurk.
E O J
E ‚ jdseț7 O ‚ jrep7 J ‚ țelĊu
Le jkprkikhc éi pertce dpusĊ e nerkiacluk sc enlĊ pleje jdriknkjetĊ
jerc é i jd`ui ju hkiȗ kk nerkiakcik pertkjkpĊ le snĊrï`erce freick.
Zjfclctul éidtĊtdercldr pcrcjfk țk icpcrcjfk cstc ndr`et
hki rehkk uiktc éitrc clc ju `c`oreic éidtĊtderc.
@SȖJFKK. Zc é`pert éi `uțjfkk truijfkuluk, jepuluk, jeu-
helk țk e é idtĊtdercldr. Jck `ek hczvdlteȗ k suit `uțjfkk truijfk-
uluk jerc é i ndr`Ċ hc hduĊ oeihclctc sïit sktueȗ k hc-e luiaul
trupuluk (hc le jep pïiĊ le jdehĊ hciu`kȗ k `uțjfkk letcrelk).
@uțjfkk letcrelk sc é pert é i hduĊ `esc, - hdrselĊ țk vcitrelĊ nk-
kih scperetc éitrc clc hc pcrcȗ k jdimuijtkvk jerc vki hc le jdldeie
vcrtcorelĊ sprc tcau`cit. Julderce `uțjfkldr hcpkihc hc pka-
`ciȗ k. Nkcjerc spcjkc hc pcțtk erc julderce se. ȖelĊul erc `uțjfkk
elok, țtkuje - ark, pĊstrĊvul - rdzdvkk, sturkdikk - aĊlouk. Julderce
`uțjfkldr cstc kinluciȗ etĊ țk hc nejtdrkk `chkuluk e`okeit, jd`-
pdzkȗ ke epck țk ieture freick.
@uțjfkk jepuluk țk e eperetuluk oreifkel sïit hkvcrțk țk pui
é i `kțjerc `eihkoulclc țk erjurklc oreifkelc. @uțjfkk é idtĊtde-
rcldr sïit ndr`eȗ k hkitr-ui ȗ csut `usjuler suoȗ krc țk sïit sktueȗ kle oeze é idtĊtdercldr.
D_AEICLC CLCJX_KJC LE RCȖXK. Draeiclc clcjtrkjc sc
ndr`cezĊ éi rczultetul treisndr`Ċrkk ȗ csutuluk `usjuler seu
aleihuler țk rcprczkitĊ ikțtc plĊjk `usjulerc, ȗ csut jdimuijtkv
acletkids. Rertce kincrkderĊ e plĊjkk cstc éijĊrjetĊ icaetkv ker per-
tce supcrkderĊ ‚ pdzktkv. HcsjĊrjĊrklc clcjtrkjc eu ldj suo kinlu-ciȗ e k`pulsurkldr oulouluk refkhkei (`Ċhuve prcluiaktĊ).
HupĊ jepejktetce hc rcacicrerc e jurcituluk clcjtrkj pcțtkk
sc é pert é i trck arupc=
Zpcjkklc ju éijĊrjĊturĊ clcjtrkjĊ `erc hc le ?2 pïiĊ le>22 vdlȗ k (eiafkle clcjtrkjĊ, sd`iul clcjtrkj, vetdsul clcjtrkj).
Rrkijkpele hcstkieȗ kc e hcsjĊrjĊrkldr clcjtrkjc cstc etejul țk epĊrerce.
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Zpcjkklc ju éijĊrjĊturĊ clcjtrkjĊ `kjĊ pïiĊ le 51 vdlȗ k.Hcstkieȗ ke prkijkpele e hcsjĊrjĊrkldr cstc sc`ielkzerce, ldjeȗ ke
(hctcr`kierce ldjuluk uihc sc enlĊ), drkciterce (pcitru spcjkklc
jerc feoktcezĊ é i epclc tulourk hki rïurklc Enrkjkk).
Zpcjkklc nĊrĊ draeic spcjkelkzetc her hkspuic hc ejtk-
vktetc clcjtrkjĊ. HcsjĊrjĊrklc clcjtrkjc acicretc sc rĊspïihcsj le52-53 ` éi epclc sĊretc țk pïiĊ le ? ` é i epclc huljk țk sïit ndld-
sktc hc pcțtk pcitru drkciterc, sc`ielkzerc, ldjeȗ kc (stevrkhul,
etcrkie, okoeiul țk e.).
Draeiclc kitcric
5 ‚ std`ej7 ? ‚ vczkje éidtĊtderc7 : ‚ oreifkk7 8 ‚ kik`e7 3 ‚ nkjet7
> ‚ vczkje oklkerĊ 7 1 ‚ kitcstkic7 6 ‚ draei aciktel7 ; ‚ eius7 52 ‚ rkikjfk
ERE_EXSL HKACZXK^
Xuoul hkacstkv - cstc eljĊtukt hki aurĊ, jevktetc oujelĊ, `e-xklc, hkiȗ k, nerkiac, csdnea, std`ej, kitcstki. Éi nuijȗ kc hc jerej-
tcrul iutrkȗ kck, aure cstc verketĊ je ndr`Ċ, hk`ciskuik, pdzkȗ kc țk
sc hkstkia ur`Ċtderclc tkpurk= aurĊ supcrkderĊ (seokȗ Ċ, sïiacr,idvej, `uradk-oĊlŪet)7 aurĊ sc`ksupcrkderĊ (dolcȗ , sd`i, rdțk-
derĊ)7 aurĊ tcr`kielĊ (ldstrkȗ Ċ, jdsej, vĊhuvkȗ Ċ, djfceiĊ `erc,țelĊu, okoei, `kfelȗ , țtkujĊ, lki, sjru`okc-hc-HuiĊrc)7 aurĊ sc-`kkincrkderĊ (djfceiĊ, oeouțjĊ, `rceiĊ vïiĊtĊ, jdsej-ju-odt-
turtkt, plĊtkjĊ, oetjĊ, nuser)7 aurĊ kincrkderĊ (`druieț, pkctrer,
sjdoer, rceiĊ, ȗ kper, zvïrluaĊ, sturkdikk). Rdzkȗ ke aurkk le pcțtk
E ‚ supcrkderĊ7 O ‚ tcr`kielĊ7 J ‚ sc`kkincrkderĊ7 H ‚ kincrkderĊ
Nerkiaclc ‚ cstc zdie trejtuluk hkacstkv hkitrc jevktetce ou-
jelĊ țk tuoul hkacstkv. Éi nerkiac sïit drknkjkklc oreifkelc prki jercjevktetce oreifkelĊ sc uicțtc ju nerkiaclc. Drknkjkklc hc scpererc
sïit ndr`etc hc erjurklc oreifkelc pc jerc sc aĊscsj spkikk orei-
fkelk pc pertce kincrkderĊ țk le`clclc oreifkelc pc pertce pdstc-
rkderĊ. Iu`Ċrul țk `Ċrk`ce spkikldr oreifkelk, jdrcspuih `d-
huluk hc frĊikrc e pcțtkldr. Le pcțtkk rĊpktdrk spkikk suit rerk țk
sjurȗ k prdtcmïih le`clclc hc hctcrkdrerc jerc pdetc nk jeuzetĊ hc
dokcjtclc `erk hc freiĊ. Le pcțtkk jerc sc frĊicsj ju pleijtdi
spkikk sïit luiak țk hcțk, evïih rdlul hc nkltru.
Nerkiaclc trcjc éi csdnea jerc jdihujc freie éi std`ej.Zpcjkklc rĊpktderc eu std`ejul éi ndr`Ċ hc skndi (pcțtkk pețikjk
jerc sc frĊicsj ju vcacteȗ kc seu draeiks`c `kjk pdt nk nĊrĊ std-`ej).
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Reijrcesul le `emdrktetce spcjkkldr hc pcțtk vkzuel iu sc
doscrvĊ nkkihjĊ cstc hknuz, éi `erc pertc jdijrcsjut éi `ese nk-jetuluk, e splkick țk é itrc jurourklc kitcstkielc. Le jrep, lki țk je-
resul erakitku, peijrcesul rcprczkitĊ ui arup hc jclulc spcjkelk-
zetc jerc sïit ldjelkzetc éi nkjet, `czcitcr, splkiĊ țk é i arĊsk`klc
hc pc kitcstki. Reijrcesul prdhujc ncr`ciȗ kk ‚ trkpskiĊ, crcpskiĊ,
citcrdjfkiezĊ, lkpezĊ, e`klezĊ țk e. jerc pertkjkpĊ le hcsjd`pu-icrce prdtckicldr, arĊsk`kldr țk fkhrdjerourkldr.
Nkjetul je aleihĊ, éihcplkicțtc `ek `ultc nuijȗ kk. Le uiclc
spcjkk é i nkjet sc hcpdzktcezĊ rczcrvclc hc arĊsk`k, ker rczcrvclc
hc fkhrdjerourk é i ndr`Ċ hc alkjdaci cstc prczcit le tdetc spcjkklc.
Zïiaclc hc le draeiclc eperetuluk hkacstkv kikȗ kel trcjc prki
nkjet uihc sïit icutrelkzetc prdtckiclc strĊkic. Nkjetul `ek prd-
hujc țk nkcrce jerc sc eju`ulcezĊ éi vczkje oklkerĊ epdk prki je-ielul jdlchdj cstc hrcietĊ sprc kitcstki. Nkcrce c`ulskdicezĊ
arĊsk`klc țk ejtkvcezĊ ncr`ciȗ kk kitcstkiuluk.
ZKZXC@SL JK_JSLE_ ZEIA^KI
Rrkijkpelul draei el jkrjuleȗ kck seiavkic cstc kik`e jerc
cstc sktuetĊ k`chket é i ur`e ultk`cldr erjurk oreifkelc é i jevk-
tetce pcrkjerhkjĊ. Kik`e cstc ndr`etĊ hkitr-ui vcitrkjul (pertce
jditrejtklĊ) țk hkitr-ui eurkjul jerc jd`uikjĊ ju vcitrkjulul prki
drknkjkul oreifkd-vcitrkjuler. Éiekitce eurkjululuk cstc sktuet sk-
iusul vcids prki jerc sïiaclc pĊtruihc éi eurkjul epdk éi vci-
trkjul. Hki vcitrkjul, prki jdiul ertcrkel, éi kitcrkdrul jĊruke sïithkspusc `ek `ultc velvulc evïih rdlul hc e é`pkchkje rcéitder-jcrce sïiacluk éi kik`Ċ, sïiaclc pĊtruihc éi ouloul ertcrkel țk pc
ur`Ċ é i edrte vcitrelĊ. Jkrjuleȗ ke sïiacluk sc hcsnĊțderĊ é i `d-
hul ur`Ċtdr= sïiaclc vcids hki kik`Ċ le jditrejȗ ke `uțjfkuluk
hki vcitrkjul prki jdiul ertcrkel pĊtruihc é i ouloul ertcrkel țk é i
jditkiuerc prki ertcre vcitrelĊ sïiaclc cstc jdihus sprc oreifkk.
Éi le`clclc oreifkelc sïiaclc trcjc prki jepklerc uihc jchcezĊokdxkhul hc jerodi, sc dxkacicezĊ. HupĊ dxkacierc, prki eltc je-
pklerc, sïiaclc cstc hus éi edrte hdrselĊ hc le jerc prki ertcrc
jĊtrc draeiclc kitcric țk `usjuleturĊ.
D_AEICLC HC _CZRK_EȝKC
Oreifkklc eu nuijȗ ke hc eprdvkzkdierc e draeiks`uluk ju
dxkaci treis`kȗ ïihu-l hki `chkul e`okeit é i sïiac. Le pcțtkk
Xclcdstccik, pc leturklc jepuluk sïit prczcitc jïtc jkijk erjurk
oreifkelc. Retru erjurk pc pertce pdstcrkderĊ sïit prkisc jïtc
hduĊ rïihurk hc le`clc oreifkelc. Le`clclc oreifkelc sïit ejd-pcrktc ju ikțtc ndkȗ c oreifkelc suoȗ krk supreneȗ e jĊrdre cstc pu-
tcrikj jutetĊ uihc erc ldj sjfk`oul hc aezc (clk`kierce okdxkhu-
luk hc jerodi JD? țk esk`klerce dxkaciuluk D?). Le kispkreȗ kc
aure pcțtcluk sc hcsjfkhc, erjurklc oreifkelc sc hcplescezĊ éipĊrȗ k, dpcrjulclc suo prcskuice hki enerĊ éijfkh hcsjfkzĊturklc
h k L lk fklĊ k t kt t k k k
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oreifkelc. Estncl, prcskuice hki jevktetce oujelĊ sc `kjțdrcezĊ
țk epe pĊtruihc éi jevktetce oreifkelĊ (spĊlïih le`clclc oreifk-elc). Le cxpkreȗ kc aure sc é ijfkhc, erjurklc oreifkelc țk dpcrjulclc
sc eprdpkc, prcskuice éi jevktetce oreifkelĊ sc Ċrcțtc, jrĊpĊtu-rklc oreifkelc sc hcsjfkh țk epe cstc é pkisĊ enerĊ. Éi jepklerclcle`clcldr oreifkelc hki epĊ sc esk`klcezĊ dxkaciul.
_cspkreȗ ke oreifkelĊ sc `ek jd`plctcezĊ prki tuoul hkacs-
tkv (rcspkreȗ kc kitcstkielĊ), vczkje aezdesĊ țk tcau`cit. _cspkre-
ȗ ke kitcstkielĊ cstc jerejtcrkstkjĊ éi `erc pertc iu`ek pcitrupcțtk. Éi pcrcȗ kk kitcstkiuluk sc ndr`cezĊ ikțtc eald`creȗ kk hc je-
pklerc prki jerc hki ecrul et`dsncrkj kispkret, prki jevktetce ou-
jelĊ sc esk`klcezĊ dxkaciul D? țk sc clk`kiĊ okdxkhul hc jerodi
ertcrkel. Hki ecr, hc uiclc spcjkk hc pcțtk sc esk`klcezĊ pïiĊ le
32% hc dxkaci.
^czkje aezdesĊ hc esc`cice cstc utklkzetĊ hc `ultc spcjkkpcitru eprdvkzkdierce ju dxkaci. Rcrcȗ kk vczkjkk sïit vesjulerk-zeȗ k ju jepklerc ertcrkelc țk vcidesc, ndr`ïih hki ldj éi ldj rcȗ clc
hcsc prkitrc jerc sc hkstkia ikțtc aleihc jclulerc iu`ktc- jdrp
rdț
u prki jerc aezul hki vczkjĊ hknuzcezĊ éi vesclc seiavkic, kerhki sïiac aezclc trcj kivcrs, éi vczkjĊ.
_cspkreȗ ke prki tcau`cit je suplk`citerc e rcspkreȗ kck
oreifkelc cxkstĊ le tdȗ k pcțtkk, éihcdscok, éi clk`kierce okdxkhulukhc jerodi JD?. D kitcisktetc `ek `erc e rcspkreȗ kck prki tcau-
`cit sc doscrvĊ le pcțtkk jerc feoktcezĊ é i jdihkȗ kklc hcnkjktuluk
hc dxkaci. Le jrep, lki, sd`i, eiafklĊ - kitcisktetce rcspkreȗ kck
prki tcau`cit cstc hc 51-??%, ker le uikk kihkvkzk pïiĊ le 62%.
ERE_EXSL CVJ_CXD_ (rkikjfkk) cstc ndr`et hki hduĊpeialkjk eluiaktc hc julderc rdțu- é ijfks, suo jdldeie vcrtcorelĊ
hcesupre vczkjkk aezdesc țk éihcplkicsj hduĊ nuijȗ kk prkijkpelc=
cxjrctderc țk ds`drcalerc. Clc`citul `drndnkzkdldakj el rkikjfk-
uluk cstc jeielul urkier rciel, ui jepĊt el jĊruke sc hkletĊ éi jdr-pusjulul @elpkafk, ker jclĊlelt jepĊt hujc sprc urctcr. Jdrpus-julul @elpkafk ‚ afc`ul hc vesc seiavkic (ald`crul @elpkafk)
juprkis hc pcrcȗ kk hkleteȗ k e tuouțdruluk urkikncr ndr`cezĊ jep-
sule Odw`eii. Ald`crul @elpkafk eskaurĊ nkltrerce prdhuscldrlkjfkhc hc sjfk`o. Rcrcȗ kk tuouțdercldr urkikncrc scjrctĊ urcce.
Xdt éi pcrcȗ kk tuouțdercldr erc ldj eosdroȗ ke epck, alujkhcldr țk
vkte`kicldr hki nkltretul ald`cruluk @elpkafk. Zïiaclc jurĊȗ et sc
é itderjc é i skstc`ul vesjuler rciel, ker prdhusclc hc sjfk`o nkl-
tretc hki sïiac țk urcce prki urctcr țk jevktetce urdaciktelĊ scclk`kiĊ éi `chkul ejvetkj. _kikjfkk mdejĊ ui rdl k`pdrteit țk é i`ciȗ kicrce jdisteitĊ e jdijcitreȗ kck (prcskuikk) chkuluk kitcri
hc jcl cxtcri. Le pcțtkk Xclcdstccik prcskuice ds`dtkjĊ hki kitc-rkdrul jdrpuluk iu cstc caelĊ ju prcskuice ds`dtkjĊ hki `chkulejvetkj. Le pcțtkk hc epĊ huljc hetdrktĊ jdijcitreȗ kck sĊrurkldr
hki sïiac `ek `erc hcjït éi epĊ, prcskuice ds`dtkjĊ kitcrkderĊcstc `ek `erc hcjït é i `chkul ejvetkj. Le pcțtkk `erkik jdijci-
treȗ ke sĊrurkldr hki sïiac cstc ju `ult `ek `kjĊ hcjït éi `chkul
ejvetkj `erki prki ur`erc țk prcskuice ds`dtkjĊ kitcrkderĊ cstc`ek `kjĊ hcjït jce hki `chkul e`okeit.
D_AEICLC ZK@ȝSLSK
Draeiclc sk`ȗ uluk le pcțtk sïit é izcstretc je ui țkr hc pertk-
julerktĊȗ k jerc rcnlcjtĊ ehepterce ldr le jdihkȗ kklc hc vkeȗ Ċ. _cjcptd-
rkk (jclulclc scizdrkelc) pdt pcrjcpc hkvcrsc cxjkteȗ kk hc ieturĊ nkzkjĊ
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uiafkul vkzuel pc vcrtkjelĊ jdistktukc 5322 ker pc drkzditelĊ 5>62
pcŔtk jerc hcpui kjrclc prk`Ċvere (okoeiul țtkuje evetul oe
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uiafkul vkzuel pc vcrtkjelĊ jdistktukc 5322, ker pc drkzditelĊ ‚ 5>62
‚ 5122. ÉisĊ ndr`e sncrkjĊ e jrkstelkiuluk jdihkȗ kdicezĊ țk `kdpke
pcțtkldr. Ejuktetce vkzuelĊ hcpkihc țk hc hk`ciskuice djfkldr=
sd`iul țk eiafkle, ju djfk hksprdpdrȗ kdiet hc `kjk sïit prkitrc jck`ek "`kdpk". Hksteiȗ e ndjelĊ kik`Ċ cstc hc 5 țk jce `exk`Ċ cstchc 53 `. _ctkie djfkuluk pcrjcpc setksnĊjĊtdr uiclc juldrk clc`ci-terc. Rcțtkk pdt nejc hkstkijȗ kc éitrc hkncrktc ndr`c elc dokcjtcldr. Rrk-vkih éi sus, pcțtclc pcrjcpc țk k`eakik hki `chkul ecrkei, jïih su-preneȗ e epck cstc lkikțtktĊ.
_CR_DHSJC_CE Draeiclc hc rcprdhujcrc e pcțtcluk le `esjul sïit tcstkjulclc
jerc prdhuj spcr`etdzdkzk (iu`kȗ k pdpuler lepȗ k), ker le nc`clc
‚ dverc, jerc prdhuj dvulc (iu`ktc pdpuler kjrc) sïit sktuetc éijevktetce jdrpuluk hc d pertc țk hc elte e lkikck `chkelc.
Jclc `ek sk`plc draeic hc rcprdhujcrc sïit le Jkjldstd`k,jerc rcprczkitĊ ikțtc aleihc icpcrcjfc sktuetc hcesupre kitcstk-
iuluk țk iu eu jeielc hc cvejuerc. Rrdhusclc sc`kielc emuia éijevktetce acicrelĊ e jdrpuluk țk epdk prki pdrul aciktel, sktuet
é itrc drknkjkul eiel țk jcl urkier, sïit cvejuetc éi chkul e`okeit.Le pcțtkk jertkleakidțk, draeiclc hc rcprdhujcrc sïit pcrcjfk țk
hupĊ strujturĊ `ek jd`plkjetc. Rrdhusclc sc`kielc sc clk`kiĊ éi `chkul e`okeit prki jeielc, ndr`et hki jeielul rkikjfkulukprk`er hkvkzet éi hduĊ pĊrȗ k= jeielclc Qdltt țk @ŵllcr. Le pcțtkk
Xclcdstccik, aleihclc aciktelc sïit pcrcjfk sktuetc sk`ctrkj é i je-vktetce jdrpuluk. Le emdrktetce spcjkkldr ncjuiherce dvulcldr sc
hcsnĊțderĊ é i `chkul ejvetkj.
Rcțtkk sc rcprdhuj éi hkvcrsc jdihkȗ kk, prki hcpuicrce kjrc-
ldr hc jĊtrc nc`clc Ŕk ncjuiherce ldr ju lepȗ kk `esjulkldr. HupĊtcr`ciclc hc rcprdhujcrc, pcțtkk sc é`pert éi=
pcŔtk jerc hcpui kjrclc prk`Ċvere (okoeiul, țtkuje, evetul, oe-ouțje, țelĊul)7 pcŔtk jerc hcpui kjrclc prk`Ċvere-vere (jrepul, sd`iul, plĊ-tkje, rdțkdere, lkiul, drdiețul)7 pcŔtk jerc hcpui kjrclc tde`ie-kerie (pĊstrĊvul, `kfelȗ ul).
@etureȗ ke scxuelĊ țk hcpuicrce prk`ck pditc le hkncrktc
spcjkk hc pcțtk sc hcsnĊțderĊ le vïrstc țk é i tcr`cic hkvcrsc. E`-
plktuhkice tcr`cicldr hc `etureȗ kc scxuelĊ cstc e`plĊ ‚ hc le
jïtcve luik le uiclc spcjkk țk pïiĊ le `ulȗ k eik le eltc spcjkk. Jcl
`ek tïrzku emuiac le `etureȗ ke scxuelĊ `druiul ‚ 58-56 eik. Ik-
sctru ‚ 52-53 eik, eiafkle ‚ 52-58 eik. @ultc spcjkk emuia le `e-
turktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc ui ei (akiakrkje, fe`ske, auvkzkk țk
e.). Rcțtkk hc ejccețk spcjkc pdt emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ le
hkncrktc vïrstc éi hcpcihciȗ Ċ hc tc`pcreture é i pcrkdehe jrcț-
tcrkk țk jepejktetce iutrktkvĊ e oezkiuluk ejvetkj. Ju jït jepejkte-tce iutrktkvĊ cstc `ek `erc, ju etït `ek rcpchc jrcțtc pcțtclc țk
emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ `ek hcvrc`c.
HupĊ hurete hcpuicrkk pditck sc cvkhciȗ kezĊ hduĊ arupurkhc pcțtk, ju hcpuicrce pditck hkitr-d skiaurĊ hetĊ țk é i pdrȗ kk.
Le pcțtkk ju hcpuicrce pditck hkitr-d skiaurĊ hetĊ kjrclc sc `e-
turkzcezĊ é i ejclețk tk`p ker hurete hcpuicrkk kjrcldr pdetc nk
ndertc sjurtĊ (okoei) seu pdetc hure jïtcve zklc (jrep, plĊtkjĊ ).
Le pcțtkk ju hcpuicrce pditck é i pdrȗ kk kjrclc sc `eturkzcezĊ țk
sc hcpui é i rcprkzc (oetje, jeresul, dolcȗ ul țk e.). Hc dokjck sc
hcpui trck pdrȗ kk hc kjrc. Kitcrvelul hc tk`p hkitrc hcpuicrk cstchc 1-55 zklc, ker é i nuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture epck ejcstc kitcrvelc
sc pdt `dhknkje. Hcpuicrce kjrcldr éi pdrȗ kk é itr-d pcrkdehĊ `ek
é ihcluiaetĊ jditrkoukc le spdrkrce prdlknkjktĊȗ kk țk eskaurerce
hcsjcihciȗ kldr ju freiĊ țk le d suprevkcȗ ukrc `ek ouiĊ e kjrcldr
țk elcvkikldr é i jdihkȗ kk icnevdreoklc pcitru vkcȗ ukrc. @emdrktetce
spcjkkldr hc pcțtk hupĊ `etureȗke scxuelĊ sc rcprdhuj eiuel pc
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spcjkkldr hc pcțtk hupĊ `etureȗ ke scxuelĊ, sc rcprdhuj eiuel pc
hurete é itrcakk pcrkdehc rcprdhujtkvc. Zïit éisĊ spcjkk jerc hc-pui pdite iu`ek dhetĊ éi vkeȗ Ċ țk hupĊ rcprdhujcrc pkcr (ei-
afkle, sd`diul țk e.).
Le `emdrktetce spcjkkldr hc pcțtk kjrclc sïit rdtuihc. Her
sïit țk hc ndr`Ċ dvelĊ (fe`skc), jklkihrkjĊ (uikk auvkzk). Julde-
rce prchd`kieitĊ e kjrcldr le `ultc spcjkk cstc aĊloukc, pdrtdje-lkc, le sturkdik ‚ icearĊ, le auvkzk ‚ vcrhc. Julderce aĊloukc țk
pdrtdjelkc cstc jdihkȗ kdietĊ hc prczciȗ e jerdtcidkhcldr.
Ldjurklc pcitru hcpuicrce kjrcldr sïit cxtrc` hc hkvcrscțk spcjknkjc pcitru nkcjerc spcjkc. Zd`dikk hcpui kjrclc éi ard-pkȗ c nĊjutc hc ck pc nuihul oezkiuluk pc uihc hcpui kjrclc jerc
sïit ejdpcrktc, ndr`ïih estncl jukourk. Zturkdikk hcpui kjrclc éirïurk pc pkctrkț. Zjru`oke-hc-HuiĊrc hcpuic kjrclc é i stretul hc
epĊ. ȖelĊul jdistrukcțtc jukourk spcjkelc. @emdrktetce spcjkkldr
hc pcțtk hki epclc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve hcpui kjrclc pc suprenc-
ȗ clc kiuihetc prk`Ċvere éi tk`pul vkkturkldr hc prk`ĊverĊ.
HupĊ pertkjulerktĊȗ klc hcpuicrkk kjrcldr Ŕk hczvdltĊrkk pukc-tuluk, sc cvkhciȗ kezĊ ur`Ċtderclc arupc cjdldakjc hc pcŔtk=
lktdnklk ‚ sc rcprdhuj pc nuihurk pkctrdesc, hc dokjck ki rïurk,ki zdiclc ju jurciŪk (sturkdikk, lkpeiul, sjdoerul, jlceiul kj)7
nktdnklk ‚ sc rcprdhuj ki epclc stĊtĊtderc seu ju juracrc lkiĊ pcvcacteŪkc (țtkuje, jrepul, oĊouțje, plĊtkje, okoeiul)7
pse`dnklk ‚ hcpui kjrclc pc nuihul ikskpds (pdrjuțdrul, odkț-tceiul)7
pcleadnklk ‚ hcpui kjrclc ki ardsul epck (sjru`oke, idvejul,sïiacrul, jdsețul)7
dstrejdnklk ‚ hcpui kjrclc ki jevktetce pelcelĊ e `dluțtcldr ok-velvc (oderȗ e).
@KA_E ȝ KKLC @emdrktetce spcjkkldr hc pcțtk pc tdt perjursul vkcȗ kk é itrc-
prkih hcplesĊrk pcrkdhkjc sczdikcrc éitr-d eiu`ktĊ hkrcjȗ kc țk
é itr-d eiu`ktĊ pcrkdehĊ e eiuluk. JĊklc `kareȗ kck hc le ui ei le
eltul sïit hkncrktc. Sicdrk é i ur`e `dhknkjĊrkldr jdihkȗ kkldr hc
`chku sc sjfk`oĊ țk hkrcjȗ ke `kareȗ kkldr. @kareȗ kklc sïit é pĊr-
ȗ ktc é i `kare ȗ kk peskvc țk `kare ȗ kk ejtkvc.
@kare ȗ kklc peskvc ‚ eu ldj jïih `kareiȗ kk ‚ kjrclc pcleakjc,
lervclc țk uicdrk pukctul icvkaurds e spcjkkldr hc pcțtk jerc sc
rcprdhuj le hksteiȗ kk `erk hc le ldjurklc hc frĊikrc (sjru`oke-
hc-HuiĊrc, `druiul, iksctrul, pĊstruae țk e.).
@kare ȗ kklc ejtkvc ‚ sïit éitrcprkisc hc pcțtk `eturk jïih
hcplesĊrklc sc nej pc ui eiu`kt trescu ju ui jdisu` `erc hc
cicrakc. Estncl hc `kareȗ kk lc é itrcprkihc sjru`oke-hc ‚HuiĊrc,sturkdikk, eiafkle țk e.
Éi nuijȗ kc hc hkrcjȗ ke hcplesĊrkk, `kareȗ kklc sc é pert é i=
eiehrd`c ‚ éi nluvkk, é`pdtrkve jurcituluk epck, seu hki leraul`Ċrkldr sprc zdiclc lktdrelc țk ȗ Ċr`urk7
jetehrd`c ‚ éi nluvkk, éi ejckețk hkrcjȗ kc e jurcituluk hc epĊ, drk
hc le ȗ Ċr`urk țk zdic lktdrelc sprc leraul `Ċrkldr.
Rrkijkpelclc tkpurk hc `kareȗ kk sïit=
hc rcprdhujcrc ‚ hki ldjurklc hc frĊikrc țk kcrierc, sprc ldju-rklc hc rcprdhujcrc7
hc frĊikrc ‚ hki ldjurklc hc rcprdhujcrc seu kcrierc, sprc ld-jurklc hc frĊikrc)7
hc kcrierc ‚ hki ldjurklc hc frĊikrc seu hc rcprdhujcrc, sprczdiclc hc kcrierc.
Zterce hc jdiscrverc e uick spcjkk cstc
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85
p
ui kihkjetdr el prdoeoklktĊȗkk je spcjke rcspcjtkvĊ
sĊ jditkiuc sĊ suprevkcȗukesjĊ éi prczcit seu éi vkktdr.
CxkstĊ `ulȗk nejtdrk jerc sïit lueȗk éi jdiskhcrerc jïih sc ejdrhĊ
d sterc hc jdiscrverc uick spcjkk= iu jditcezĊ hder iu`Ċrul tdtel el
kihkvkzkldr spcjkck jerc trĊkcsj, jk țk jrcțtcrklc țk hcsjrcțtcrklc pdpuleȗkck
hc-e luiaul tk`puluk, rete hc sujjcs e rcprdhujcrkk, e`cikiȗĊrklc juidsjutcțk eltclc. Jcl `ek juidsjut skstc` hc jlesknkjerc éi stĊrk hc jdiscrverc hki lu`c
cstc Lkste _dțkc e KSJI.
(Kitcrietkdiel Sikdi ndr Jdiscrvetkdi dn Ieturc)
E ndst jrcetĊ éi eiul 5;>: țk rcprczkitĊ kivciterul jcl ek jd`plct el stĊrkk hc
jdiscrverc e spcjkkldr hc eik`elc țk pleitc, nkkih jcl `ek oui kihkjetdr el stĊ rkk
okdhkvcrsktĊ ȗ kk dihkelc.
Jetcadrkklc Lkstck _ dțkk=
CV (cxtkijt) ‚ HkspĊrutĊ, CxtkijtĊ.
CQ (cxtkijt ki tfc wklh) ‚ CxtkijtĊ éi sĊloĊtkjkc. HkspĊrutĊ hki ieturĊ. Zc juidețtc jĊ e suprevkcȗukthder éi jeptkvktetc, seu éi pdpuleȗkk ieturelkzetc éienere erceluluk sĊu hc rĊspïihkrc.
J_ (jrktkjelly ciheiacrch) ‚ Éi pcrkjdl jrktkj hc hksperkȗkc. Jrktkj e`cikiȗetĊ ju hksperkȗke éi sĊloĊtkjkc.
CI (ciheiacrch) ‚ E`cikiȗetĊ ju hksperkȗke. _ksj ndertc `erc hc hksperkȗkc éi sĊloĊtkjkc.
^S (vulicreolc) ‚ ^ulicreoklĊ. _ksj éielt hc pcrkjlkterc éi sĊloĊtkjkc.
IX (icer tfrcetcich) ‚ Eprdepc e`cikiȗetĊ ju hksperkȗke. Rdsk
okl sĊ hcvkiĊ pc jelc hc hksperkȗkc éi vkktdrul eprdpket.
LJ (lcest jdijcri) ‚ _ksj sjĊzut. Ice`cikiȗetĊ ju hksperkȗke.
HH (hete hcnkjkcit) ‚ Hetc kisunkjkcitc pcitru e nejc d cveluerc e rksjuluk sĊu hc hksperkȗkc.
IC (idt cveluetch) ‚ IccveluetĊ. Zterce hc jdiscrverc iu e ndst éijĊ cveluetĊ hc KSJI.
CVC@RLC=
Zterc hc jdiscrverc
_ksj sjĊzut (LJ)
Zterc hc jdiscrverc
Rcrkjdl jrktkj (J_)
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8?
Zterry
Zturacdi
Cia.
Ej pciscrstclletus
Relles,5115
Хгптщкв
_us.
Luiak`ce 12‚532 j`.Arcutetce : 222‚5? 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rkstruaê • _êstruaê • Zcvrkuaê •
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8:
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtc éijursul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru, ndertc rer
éi rïul Rrut éi zdie jdinluciȗ ck ju nluvkul
HuiĊrce. Éi enere fdtercldr ȗ Ċrkk e ndst sc`-ieletĊ éi oezkiclc @Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk Ezdv,@Ċrk Jespkjc, ndertc rer éi pertce hc idrh e@Ċrkk Ehrketkjc.
RcŔtc pclead-ocitdikj, sdlkter, `kare-
tdr, zddocitdnea, sc`krĊpktdr. Zc hcdsc-
ocțt c hc jclcleltc spcjkk hki ne`klke Ejkpci-
scrkhc prki luiak`ce odtuluk (>2% hki luiak-
`ce jepuluk) Ŕk rdstrul turtkt. Jdrpul elui-
akt, nuskndr`, ejdpcrkt ju 55-58 sjuturk hdr-selc, :2-:6 letcrelc Ŕk ;-58 vcitrelc, odtul éi-aust Ŕk uŔdr jd`prk`et hdrsd-vcitrel, aure
hrceptĊ, ouze supcrkderĊ éitrceaĊ ker jce ki-ncrkderĊ éitrcruptĊ le `kmldj, `ustĊȗ klc rd-
tuihc jerc iu emuia pïiĊ le aurĊ. Zpetclc
cstc hc julderc icarkc-oruiĊ seu jciuțkc.
Eohd`ciul Ŕk puŪki hki leturklc kincrkderc
suit aĊlouk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le ;-5: eik
`esjulkk Ŕk 55-51 eik nc`clclc. @kareȗ kk rc-
prdhujtkvc é itrcprkihc le tc`pcreturk elc
epck `ek rkhkjetc jd`peretkv ju elȗ k sturk-
dik. Zc rcprdhujc éi kuikc-euaust ndr`ïiharupurk `kjk Ŕk hcpuic kjrclc éitr-d skiaurĊ
rcprkzĊ pc pruihkț Ŕk ikskp éi ldjurklc ehïijkju jurciȗ k putcrikjk ek epck, pc scjtdrul Hu-
oĊserk ‚ ^ehul-luk-^dhĊ țk oreȗ ul Xurui-
jkuj, le tc`pcreture epck hc ?5-?32
J. Hu-rete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr cstc hc 82-62 drc le
tc`pcreture epck hc ?2-?6 2J. Rrdlknkjktetce
uick nc`clc jdistktukc jkrje 1; 222 ‚ ;2 222
kjrc. Lervclc cjldzetc eu luiak`ce hc >-;
``. HupĊ rcprdhujcrc `eturkk Ŕk pukctul`karcezĊ éi @erce IcearĊ pcitru éiarĊ-țerc. RĊstruae iu sc rcprdhujc éi nkcjerc ei.Éi ieturĊ ndr`cezĊ fkorkzk ju vkze, jcae țk
iksctru.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju `dluŔtc, jrustejcc,lervc hc kiscjtc, vkcr`k Ŕk uiclc spcjkk hcpcŔtk (auvkzk, akiakrkjĊ, sjru`okc). Hurete
vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 82 eik. Ideptce urjĊ sprcsupreneȗ e epck éi jĊuterce freick, zkue sc rc-treac le nuih.
Nkkih d spcjkc pcrkjlktetĊ cstc djrdtktĊjdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kd-
ielc.
Éi trcjut pĊstruae cre uie hki-trc jclc `ek iu`crdesc spcjkk hkie`. Ejkpciscrkh c, hupĊ jcaĊ, jerc
evce d k`pdrtei ȗ Ċ cjdid`kjĊ hcd-scokt Ċ é i nl. Ikstru hetdrkt Ċ jeitk-t Ċ ȗ kldr pcsjukt c.
RĊstru ae pdetc etkiac ?58 j`luiak`c țk d arcutetc hc >6 ga.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
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88
_usskei
Zturacdi
Cia.
Ej pciscrauclhcistechtkk
Oreiht & _etzcoura, 56::
Йхѕят
тъххнжл
_us.
Luiak`ce 522‚?22 j`.Arcutetce ?2 222‚:2 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Iksctru • Zturkdi • Dsctru •
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtciu`ek éi jursul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru.Éi enere tcrktdrkuluk rcpuolkjkk, pdpulcezĊ
oezkiclc @Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk Ezdv țk @ĊrkkJespkjc. Éi @erce IcearĊ cstc rĊspïihkthc-e luiaul lktdreluluk idrh-cstkj Ŕk suhkj.
RcŔtc `erki, `karetdr, rcdnkl, lktdnkl,
ocitdikj, rĊpktdr nejultetkv, erc jdrpul ards
éi pertce eitcrkderĊ, letcrel jd`prk`et éijce pdstcrkderĊ. Rertce jeuhelĊ cstc ejdpc-rktĊ ju sdlzk aeidkzk, rcstul jdrpuluk ejdpcrkt
ju 3 rïihurk hc sjuturk dsdesc. Odtul sjurtrdtuimkt Ŕk let, erc 8 ustĊȗ k rdtuihc, jerc iu
emuia pïiĊ le aurĊ. Aure `kjĊ, kincrkderĊ,hrceptĊ. Ouze supcrkderĊ sleo hcspkjetĊ le`kmldj, ker jce kincrkderĊ éitrcruptĊ. ÉidtĊ-tderclc hdrselĊ țk eielĊ sïit sktuetc éi pertcepdstcrkderĊ. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ ju hdk ldok,jcl supcrkdr nkkih ek erc.
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk cstc verkeokl Ŕk hc-pkihc `ult hc vïrstĊ Ŕk `chkul éi jerc trĊ-kcŔtc. Zpetclc erc julderce icearĊ-jciuțkc
seu vcrhc-`urher pïiĊ le éijfks, ker eohd-`ciul ‚ elo-`urher.
@esjulkk etkia `eturktetce scxuelĊ le6-5? eik, ker nc`clclc le 5:-53 eik. Je pcŔtc`karetdr, prk`Ċvere éi luiklc eprklkc‚`ek Ŕk
euaust‚scptc`orkc karcezĊ éi nluvkul Iks-tru pcitru rcprdhujcrc, pïiĊ le oeremul Hu-oĊserk. Rrdlknkjktetce, éi nuijȗ kc hc vïrste nc-`clck, cstc hc 12 222 - 622
222 kjrc ju `Ċrk-`ce hc : ‚ :,3 ``. Hcpuic kjrclc éitr-d ski-
aurĊ rcprkzĊ, éi ldjurk ehïijk, ju nuih pkc-trds seu ikskpds le tc`pcreture epck hc 51-
?? 2J. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr hcpusc le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc ?3,; 2J hurcezĊ jïtcve drc, ker
le tc`pcreture epck hc 55,; 2J ‚ ?:2 drc. Jce
`ek erc pertc hkitrc eturk jerc eu karet
prk`Ċvere, hupĊ rcprdhujcrc sc éitdrj éi`erc, uihc kcricezĊ le ehïijk`c, éi aru-
purk `kjk. _cprdhujĊtdrkk jerc eu `karettde`ie éi nl. Ikstru rĊ`ïi Ŕk kcricezĊ éiardpk ehïijk Ŕk éi eiul ur`Ċtdr, hupĊ rcprd-hujcrc, sc rcéitdrj éi `erc. Hurete vkcȗ kk
cstc hc jkrje 32 eik.
Rukctul éi prk`clc ?-: luik sc frĊicŔtc éi nluvku ju hkncrktc icvcrtcoretc ocitdikjcepdk `karcezĊ éi `erc. Zc frĊicŔtc ju `d-luŔtc, lervc hc kiscjtc ejvetkjc, vkcr`k ŔkpcŔtk `kjk (dolcŪ, fe`skc).
Hcvcikih pcrkjlktetĊ spcjke cstc djrd-
tktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrie-
ȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Iksctru pdetc trĊk pïiĊ le 32 eik țk pdetc etkiac d luiak c hc 8 ` ju d arc-utetc `exk`Ċ hc 553 ga7
Éi jdihk ȗ kk ieturelc ndr`cezĊ fkorkzkju `druiul, pĊstruae, jcae țk vkze7
JelktĊ ȗ klc aestrdid`kjc elc kjrcldr(jevkeruluk) sïit hc d jelktetc supcrk-derĊ, uicdrk `ek eprcjketc hcjït jclc hc`drui, evïih ui aust ju erd`Ċ hc iujĊ.
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8>
Oesterh
Zturacdi
Cia.
Ej pciscriuhkvcitrks
Ldvctzgy, 56?6
Цжд
_us.
Luiak`ce 82‚32 j`.Arcutetce 6 222‚52 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Odazer •
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éi
jursurklc kincrkderc el nluvkuluk Ikstru
(pïiĊ le oeremul HuoĊserk) țk HuiĊrce (éi
zdie hc jdinluciȗ Ċ ju rïul Rrut). Éi enere rc-
puolkjkk pdpulcezĊ rïurklc jc sc versĊ éi Ċ-rklc IcearĊ, Ezdv, JespkjĊ țk Lejul Erel.
Cstc ui pcŔtc hc telkc `erc, `karetdr,rcdnkl, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea, rĊpktdr nejultetkv.
Hujc ui `dh hc vkeȗ Ċ ocitdikj, schciter.
Jdrpul ards Ŕk rcletkv éielt, nuskndr`.Jdrpul cstc ejdpcrkt ju 3 nïțkk ldiaktuhkielc
hc plĊjk dsdesc= ui țkr k`per hdrsel, jïtc uițkr letcrel țk vcitrel pc nkcjerc leturĊ. Jepul
cstc jd`plct ejdpcrkt hc plĊjk dsdesc. Odtul,
sjurt Ŕk jdikj, rdtuimkt le jepĊt, ju 8 `ustĊȗ k
rdtuimktc țk `chkk éi luiak`c, pc kincrkdrulrdstruluk. Aure kincrkderĊ treisvcrselĊ,hrceptĊ. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ erc hdk ldok,jcl supcrkdr nkkih `ek `erc. Zpetclc jciu-
țku- éijfks ju iueiŪc hc jenciku seu vïiĊt,
eohd`ciul elo. Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste
hc >-; eik `esjulkk Ŕk 5?-58 eik nc`clclc.
^kze sc rcprdhujc éi luiklc `ek ‚ kuikc le
tc`pcreture epck hc 5?-?2 2J. D nc`clĊ hc-
puic hc le ?22 222 pïiĊ le 5 222 222 kjrc jlc-
kdesc, éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ, le jurciŪk pu-tcrikjk éi ldjurk ehïijk (8-3 ) pc oeijurk hc
ikskp Ŕk pkctrkț. Ldjurklc hc rcprdhujcrcsuit sktuetc éi evel hc oeremul HuoĊserk. Ki-
juoeȗ ke kjrcldr hurcezĊ 3 zklc le tc`pcreture
epck hc 51,1-?5,? 2J. HupĊ rcprdhujcrc, elc-
vkikk țk rcprdhujĊtdrkk huțk hc jurciȗ kk hc
epĊ sc rcéitdrj éi erc pcitru frĊikrc țk kcr-
ierc. KcricezĊ éi ardpk ehïijk (5>-56 `), ju
nuih ejvetkj terc.
RrcncrĊ epclc lk`pczk, frĊikihu-sc cx-
jluskv ju jrustejcc, lervc hc kiscjtc (ruselkk,vctrkȗ c), `dluŔtc, kjrc hc pcŔtk Ŕk ndertc rerju pcŔtk `Ċruiȗ k.
Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc pïiĊ le :2 hc eik,
uiclc cxc`plerc Ŕk `ek `ult. ^kze cstc spc-
jke jce `ek rerĊ hki ne`. Ejkpciscrkhc, okdld-
ake jĊrcke cstc stuhketĊ kisunkjkcit.
Cstc prdtcmetĊ le ikvcl curdpcei Ŕk ki-
tcrieȗ kdiel, stetut hc prdtcjȗ kc é i _cpuolkje@dlhdve iu erc.
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve țk _d`
ïikevkze iu e ndst pcsjuktĊ hc jkrje 32 eik7
Zturkdikk ‚ sïit jclc `ek vcjfk spc-jkk hc eik`elc h c pc RĊ`ïit, jje ?22`li hc eik7
^kze emuiac pïiĊ le ? ` luiak`c țk32 ga arcutetc7
^kze éi tk`pul `kare ȗ kkldr éi nluvku țk el é itderjcrkk é i erc iu sc fr Ċic țtc.
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86
Ztcrlct
Cia.
Ej pciscrrutfcius
LKIIECSZ, 5136
Хягтзфиь
_us.
Luiak`ce ?2‚62 j`.Arcutetce 5?2‚?322 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jkaê • Jcjkuaê • Zujkaê •
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8;
Éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk@dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtc éi jursul `kmldjku Ŕkkincrkdr el nl. Ikstru, oreȗ ul Xuruijkuj, lejul
hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk, rer éi rïul Rrut Ŕklejul hc eju`ulerc JdstcŔtk - Ztïije.
Zpcjkc hc sturkdi curd-esketkj. Cstc dspcjkc pur huljkjdlĊ, rcdnklĊ, ocitdikjĊ, zd-docitdneaĊ. Cstc uiul hkitrc jck `ek `kjksturkdik (telke jd`uiĊ ‚ ?2-16 j` Ŕk arcute-tce hc ?,3-:,3 ga7 `exk`Ċ 5-5,? ` Ŕk 5?-5>ga) jerc s-e eheptet pcrncjt le jdihkȗ kklc hctrek éi epclc huljk, ehïijk, lk`pczk Ŕk rcjk.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, eprdepc jklkihrkj,
ejdpcrkt hc 52-53 sjuturk dsdesc hdrselc, 32->3 letcrelc Ŕk 53-?2 eohd`kielc, `ult `ek
hcsjfksc le julderc hcjït pkclce. Zpetclc hcjulderc jciuŔkc-oruiĊ ju iueiŪc vcrzuk, eo-hd`ciul aĊlouk-rdz. Jepul cstc jdikj, odtul
eluiakt, aure kincrkderĊ, treisvcrselĊ,hrceptĊ Ŕk `ustĊȗ k rdtuihc nreimuretc. Ouze
kincrkdere éitrcruptĊ le `kmldj. Zc hcdsc-ocțtc uŔdr hc eltc verkctĊȗ k hc sturkdik hetd-
rktĊ odtuluk luia, esjuȗ kt, uŔdr juroet éi sus.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc8-3 eik esjulkk Ŕk >-; eik nc`clclc. Éi chkuieturel, hcpui kjrclc éi luiklc `ek-kuikc letc`pcreture epck hc 53-5; 2J pc nuih ejve-tkj terc éi ldjurk ehïijk hc >-1 ` ju jurciŪkputcrikjk. D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitrc 55 222 Ŕk
5:3 222 hc kjrc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ. Hke-`ctrul kjrcldr hcpusc cstc hc ?,2‚?,> `. Éinuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture epck hczvdltercekjrcldr c`orkdietc hurcezĊ >-55 zklc. Hurete
vkcȗ kk ?2-?3 eik.
@dhul hc vkeȗ Ċ cstc `ult esc`ĊiĊtdrju jcl el vkzck (rcprdhujcrc, fkocrieȗ kc),frĊikihu-sc ju jrustejcc, lervc hc kiscjtc,`dluŔtc, uicdrk pcŔtk `Ċruiȗ k. Éitrcprkihc`kareȗ kk ldjelc hc rcprdhujcrc, é iarĊțercțk/seu kcrierc. KcricezĊ éi ardpk ehïijk (5>-56 `).
Zpcjkc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curd-pcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
Ocstcrul ( Fusd fusd x Ejkpciscr rutfc-
ius) ‚ cstc d spcjkc fkorkhĊ doȗ kiutĊ prki éi-jrujkțerce `druiuluk (nc`cle) Ŕk jcaĊk (`es-jul). Cstc jrcsjut éi sjdp jd`crjkel pcitru
jeric țk cstc uikjul fkorkh jerc éi skstc`c hk-rkmetc, le vïrste hc 3 eik emuiac le `eturktetc
scxuelĊ țk prdhujc jevkerul veldrds. Julderce
jdrpuluk cstc ark-`Ċslkikc, ker eohd`ciul elo-aĊlouk. Zc éitïlicŔtc ndertc rer éi lejul hc eju-`ulerc HuoĊserk. Rcitru prk`e hetĊ e ndst do-ȗ kiut éi eiul 5;3? éi rcakuice Zeretdv (_uske)hc jĊtrc prdncsdrul Ikjdlek Ikjdlkugki.
Zc éitïlicsj cxc`plerc hc jcaĊju d julderc aeloci-rdz, e țe iu-`k ȗ k elokid țk. Le nc`clclc ejcstdre,kjrclc eu d julderc eurkc, hki jerc sc prcperĊ jevkerul eurku.
Zturkdikk iu eu desc, sjfclctulkkih jertkleakids ju cxjcp ȗ ke jre-
ikuluk.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
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32
Ocluae
Zturacdi
Cia.
Fusdfusd
(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
гзъкв
_us.
Luiak`ce 532‚:22 j`.Arcutetce >3 222‚532 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Ocluaê •
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
cxtrc` hc rer iu`ek éi jursul kincrkdr el nl.Ikstru. Éi enere ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ oezkiclc
@Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk Ezdv, @Ċrkk Jespkjc Ŕkrcakuice idrhkjĊ e @Ċrkk Ehrketkjc.
RcŔtc `erki, `karetdr, ocitdikj, lktd-
nkl, rĊpktdr. XrĊkcŔtc éi erc, sdlkter, le ehïi-jk`k hc jje 82‚522 `. Erc jdrpul `eskv,
luia, ards Ŕk rcletkv éielt éi pertce eitcrk-derĊ. Xruijfkul prczkitĊ 3 țkrurk hc plĊjkdsdesc, uiul hdrsel, d pcrcjfc letcrelĊ Ŕk dpcrcjfc vcitrelĊ. Rkclce cstc iuhĊ seu ejd-pcrktĊ hc sjuturk `kjk.
Julderce spetcluk cstc jciuțkc, uicdrk
eprdepc icearĊ Ŕk jce vcitrelĊ, eloĊ. Jepulcstc `kj, le pukct trkuiafkuler Ŕk esjuȗ kt, le
`eturk sjurt Ŕk rdtuimkt. Aure cstc kincrkderĊ,erc ndr`Ċ hc sc`kluiĊ, djupĊ tdetĊ lĊȗ k`ce
odtuluk Ŕk iu erc hkiŪk. Ouze supcrkderĊ éi-trceaĊ, ker jce kincrkderĊ éitrcruptĊ le `kmldjŔk erc 8 `ustĊȗ k luiak Ŕk turtktc letcrel, e`-plesetc éitrc vïrnul odtuluk Ŕk aurĊ. Djfkksuit kjk, sktueȗ k letcrel.
@druiul cstc ui pcŔtc ldiacvkv Ŕkemuiac le vïrste hc :2->2 eik, ker uiclc
cxc`plerc pdt hcpĊțk Ŕk 522 hc eik. @dru-iul ‚ cstc akaeitul pcțtkldr hki @erce Ice-
arĊ, nkkih sc`ieletc cxc`plerc hc jje 5,3
tdic arcutetc ju d luiak`c hc ; . @esjulkk
etkia `eturktetce scxuelĊ le 5?‚58 eik, ker
nc`clclc le 5>‚56 eik. Kihkvkzkk `eturk `k-
arcezĊ pcitru rcprdhujcrc éi nluvkul Ikstruprk`Ċvere, ker kihkvkzkk `ek tkicrk tde`ie,
kcriïih éi ardpk ehïijk Ŕk sc rcprdhuj éiprk`Ċvere eiuluk ur`Ċtdr.
_cprdhujcrce erc ldj éi `ek-kuikc le
tc`pcreture epck hc 53‚5> ½J éi zdic juehïijk`c hc 6‚53 ` éi ldjurk ju jurcit re-pkh el epck Ŕk nuih pkctrds. Kjrclc ocitelc, lk-pkjkdesc suit hcpusc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊpc pkctrc, pruihkț. Éi nuijȗ kc hc vïrstĊ Ŕk
`ese jdrpdrelĊ prdlknkjktetce uick nc`clccstc hc 32 222 ‚ 5 222 222 hc kjrc ju ui hke-
`ctru hc ?,3-:,2 ` țk eu d julderc jciuțkc.
HupĊ rcprdhujcrc, `druiul sc rcéitderjc éi `erc.
Zc frĊicțtc ju elac, jrustejcc, `d-
luŔtc Ŕk pcŔtk (jrep, evet, oeouțjĊ, plĊtkjĊ,jcaĊ) her cxc`plerclc `erk sc pdt frĊikjfker țk ju pĊsĊrk ejvetkjc.
Nkkih d spcjkc jrktkj pcrkjlktetĊ cstc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk ki-
tcrieȗ kdielc.
Jevkerul prcperet hki kjrclc `druiu-
luk elokids cstc supreiu`kt ‐Hke`eit‐. Éi lu`c sc prdhuj hder 52-?2 ga hc jevker‐Hke`eit‐, ker prc ȗ ul luk hcpĊ țc țtc su`ehc ?3 222 hdlerk. Zc rcelkzcezĊ éi jutkk hkieur hc ?8-jeretc7
Hki vczkje éidtĊtderc e `druiuluk sc prcperĊ jlck hc jelktetc cxjcp ȗ kdielĊ 7
Rrdlknkjktetce uidr nc`clc hc `drui pdetc emuiac pïiĊ le 1,3 `klkdeic hc kjrc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
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3?
Rehhlcnksf
Cia.
Rd yd dispetfule
(Qeloeu`, 51;?)
гхзйайх
_us.
Luiak`ce 532‚?22 j`.Arcutetce 32 222‚12 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rdlkdhdi • ^csldids •
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3:
Rdlkdhdiul cstc ui sturkdi drkakier hki
E`crkje hc Idrh, oezkiul fkhrdarenkj el
nluvkuluk @kssksskppk. Éi _cpuolkje @dl-
hdve e ndst kitrdhus pcitru ejlk`etkzerc éie. 5;16, epdk pc tcrktdrkul rcpuolkjkk e ndst rc-
prdhus éi ee. 5;66, 5;6;, 5;;2.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, pcleakjĊ, rcdnklĊ,lktdnklĊ, pleijtdidneaĊ, frĊikihu-sc prcpdi-
hcrcit ju zddpleijtdi pc jerc él prkihc éid-tïih éi spkrelĊ ju aure hcsjfksĊ, pdetc
prkihc djezkdiel Ŕk kiscjtc ejvetkjc. Jeehepterc le ejcst `dh hc frĊikrc prczkitĊ
iu`crdțk spkik oreifkelk, luiak sk suoȗ krk,jcce jc rcprczkitĊ d jerejtcrkstkje e aciuluk.HupĊ freie spcjknkjĊ, éi fclcțtckc, cstc jdi-
jurcit ju idvejul.
Cstc ui pcțtc hc epĊ huljc, hc telkc
`erc. @drndldakj sc esce`ĊiĊ ju jcklelȗ k
sturkdik, ju cxjcpȗ ke rdstruluk `ult eluiakt,
turtkt hdrsd-vcitrel, éi ndr`e hc vïslĊ Ŕkprki lkpse sjuturkldr dsdesc pc jdrp. Jepul
cstc kj ju djfkk pleseȗ k éi pertce kincrkderĊ.Odtul pdetc etkiac d trck`c hki luiak`ce
jdrpuluk. Erc rdstrul ejdpcrkt ju `uaurk
austetkvk țk iu`crdesc tcr`kieȗ kk icrvdesc,
jc él emutĊ éi ldjelkzerce pleijtdiuluk. Aure
cstc ndertc erc, prcvĊzutĊ ju hkiȗ k Ċruiȗ k
țk ? `ustĊȗ k `kjk. Rc spetc erc d julderc jc-
iuțkc‚eloĊstrkc sprc icaru, ker eohd`ciul
cstc elo.
Éi jdihkȗ kk hc eouihciȗ Ċ e freick, ercui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc ndertc repkh= éi prk`Ċ-verĊ emuiaïih le arcutetce hc 522-822 a
(uicdrk >22 a). Éi vere e hdue arcutetceetkiac 5-5,3 ga, ker éi vere e jkijce le 3,3->,2
ga. Jerice Ŕk kjrclc ejcstck spcjkk suit ndertcesc`ĊiĊtderc ju elc jcldrlelȗ k sturkdik. Rer-
tkjulerktĊȗ klc okdldakjc Ŕk cjdldakjc elc spc-jkck pcr`kt jrcțtcrce ejcstcke éi fclcțtckc, éihkncrktc ndr`ulc hc pdlkjulturĊ, nĊrĊ jdisu`
hc nuremc Ŕk eltc jdsturk suplk`citerc.
@esjulkk etkia `eturktetce scxuelĊ le >
eik, ker nc`clclc le ; eik. Zc rcprdhujc le
snïrțktul kcrikk - éijcputul prk`Ċvcrkk, jïihtc`pcreture epck etkiac 52‚5> 2J țk hcpuic
kjrclc pc nuihul hur seu ikskpds el elokck nlu-
vkkldr seu pc nuihurklc ikskpdesc hcpertc hc
`elurklc lejurkldr. Éi tk`pul `karĊrkk pci-tru rcprdhujcrc sc hcplescezĊ éi oeijurk
`erk eprdepc hc supreneȗ Ċ. Kjrclc sïit hcjulderc ark-vcrzuk (hke`ctrul 0 ?,1 ``).
Rrdlknkjktetce verkezĊ hc le 62 222 pïiĊ le?22 222 kjrc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc ?2-:2 eik.
Éi ercelul sĊu ieturel spcjke cstc éi hcjlki.
Kjrclc pdlkdhdiuluk sc esce-
`ĊiĊ ju jclc elc eltdr sturkdik (ik-sctru, pĊstruaĊ țk el.) hciu`ktc pd- puler ‐kjrc icarc‐7
Rdlkdhdiul cstc supreiu`kt‐oelcie hc epĊ huljc‐ țk hetdrkt Ċ rdstruluk jkuhet k sc `ek spuic‐ pc țtclc vïslĊ‐ seu ‐sturkdiul jujkdj-lkiaurĊ‐.
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38
Olejg Zce
Zpret
Cia.
Jlupcdicllejultrkvcitrks
(Idrh`eii, 5682)
Ящзьнв
_us.
Luiak`ce 6‚5: j`.Arcutetce >‚52 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Zjru`okderê • Zerhcluȗê •
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33
Cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi scjtdrul kincrkdr elnluvkuluk Ikstru țk lejul Jujkuraei. HupĊfdterclc ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ scjtdrul hc idrh-
vcst el @Ċrkk Icarc, @erce Ezdv țk @erceJespkjĊ, hc uihc `karcezĊ pcrkdhkj éi nlu-vkklc țk lejurklc lktdrelc. Cstc ui rclkjt pditd-
jespkj.
Zpcjkc hc pcțtc `erki pcleakj, zdd-
pleijtdidnea, esc`ĊiĊtdr ju sjru`oke hc
HuiĊrc. Cstc ui pcțtc hc jïrh, jerc trĊkcțtc
é i epc sel`estrc țk erkic.
Erc jdrpul sjurt, jd`prk`et letcrel,spkierce hrceptĊ, eohd`ciul juroet ju d
jerciĊ zk`ȗ etĊ ejdpcrktĊ ju ?8-:2 spkik vci-
trelk. Cstc ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rcletkv erk, jerc
jeh rcpchc. Odtul sjurt țk esjuȗ kt, aure
dolkjĊ é i sus țk ju hkiȗ k ruhk`citerk. ÉidtĊ-tderce eielĊ cstc eluiaktĊ, ju `erakice jdi-jevĊ țk ju ultk`clc rehkk jcve ek luiak.
Zpetclc cstc jciuțku-icarkjkds, oĊtïih
é i vcrzuk7 leturklc suit eloc-erakitkk seu ael-ocic-eurkk, krksul djfkuluk - eurku.
Zc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-kuikc éi jursulkincrkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru țk éi zdie sel-`estrĊ e Ikstruluk (ju selkiktetce pïiĊ le 5:
a/l). Kjrclc suit `Ċruitc ju ui hke`ctru hc2,6-5,2 `` nkkih hcpusc éi jïtcve rcprkzc led verkeȗ kc `erc e tc`pcreturkk epck ‚ 5>-
??2J. @ek kitcis hcpuicrce kjrcldr erc ldj éiluie ek, le tc`pcreturklc hc ?2,3-??,2 2J țk
sc hczvdltĊ éi jkrje ?8 drc (le tc`pcreturk`ek mdesc éi ;6 drc). Rrdlknkjktetce cstc hc
8222-?5222 kjrc. _kt`ul hc jrcțtcrc le nc`clc
cstc `ek ejjclcret, estncl etkia hk`ciskuik
`ek `erk hcjït `esjulkk. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc 3 ‚ > eik.
HupĊ rcsdrokrce sejuluk vktclki elcvk-ikk trcj le iutrkȗ ke ejtkvĊ jdisu`ïih icvcr-
tcoretc pleijtdikjc, ultcrkdr lervc hc `d-
luțtc, pukct țk kjrc hc pcțtk. @ek kitcis sc
frĊicțtc é i pcrkdehe verĊ-tde`iĊ.
Éi fdterclc erceluluk erc velderc cjd-
id`kjĊ țk cstc pcsjuktĊ éi jeitktĊȗ k hcstul hc
`erk. Zc jdisu`Ċ prcpdihcrcit sĊretĊ.
Akiakrkje scrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru pcțtkk
cjdid`kj veldrdțk= țelĊu, iksctru, `drui țk
eltc spcjkk `erkic rĊpktderc prcju` țk pci-
tru pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Éi epclc huljk ndr`cezĊ pdpuleȗ kk ld-
jelc țk sc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, ker éi`erc ju `kjk jrustejck.
Akiakrkje sc frĊic țtc é ihcd-scok é i tk`pul zklck. Éi oeze ejcstck pertkjulerktĊ ȗ k trdnkjc cstc pcsjukt Ċ é i tk`pul idp ȗ kk, ehc`cikih-d lesursc hc lu`kiĊ.
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3>
Olejg Zce
Zfeh
Cia.
E dseteiekje
(Ark``, 5;25)
Дъбвайн
иъавлхнжл
_us.
Luiak`ce >‚?2 j`.Arcutetce 53‚32 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Zjru`okc • Zjru`okc-hc-Huiêrc •
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31
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éijursul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru, oreȗ ul
Xuruijkuj hki jerc é i tk`pul vkkturkldr pĊ-
truihc éi lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkuraei. Éienere ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ pertce djjkhcitelĊ e
@Ċrkk Icarc, hc uihc éi pcrkdehe hc rcprd-hujcrc `karcezĊ éi HuiĊrc țk Ikstru.
Zpcjkc `erkiĊ hc jïrh, sc`k`kare-tderc, pcleadnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ, éitrĊ prk-
`Ċvere hc tk`purku éi nluvkul Ikstru Ŕk rïulRrut , uihc sc frĊicŔtc Ŕk sc rcprdhujc. Zprc
tde`iĊ sc rctreac éi `erc, `karïih éi jïr-
hurk, `ek éitïk ehulȗ kk, epdk pukk. Hcscdrk cstc jdinuihetĊ ju cxc`ple-
rclc tkicrc hc sjru`okc-hc-HuiĊrc. Erc jdr-pul éielt Ŕk jd`prk`et letcrel, ker pertce
hdrselĊ jciuțkc-vcrzukc seu eloĊstrukc- éi-jfksĊ, leturklc Ŕk eohd`ciul nkkih elo eraki-tkk, jercie eohd`kielĊ esjuȗ ktĊ. Jepul erc, éielt, turtkt letcrel țk julderce eprdepc ice-
arĊ. Djfkk suit rcletkv `erk, ker hkiȗ kk puŪki
hczvdlteȗ k. @esjulkk emuia le `eturktetce scxuelĊ
le vïrste hc : eik, le luiak`ce hc 5? j`, ker
nc`clclc le :-8 eik, jïih `ĊsderĊ 53 j`. ÉijeitktĊȗ k icsc`iknkjetkvc hki @erce IcearĊ
`karcezĊ pcitru rcprdhujcrc éi nluvkulIkstru pïiĊ le ^ehul-luk-^dhĊ, éi lejul hceju`ulerc Jujkuraei uihc s-e ndr`et d pd-
puleȗ kc ldjelĊ țk éi rïul Rrut pïiĊ le s. ȝk-
aeije.
_cprdhujcrce éijcpc éi luiklc `ertkc-
eprklkc jïih tc`pcreture epck sc rkhkjĊ pïiĊle ;-52 2J. Hcpuic kjrclc éi : rcprkzc le tc`-pcreture epck hc 56-?? 2J le ehïijk`k hc5,3-8 ` éi ldjurk ju jurciȗ k lciȗ k ju nuih ej-
vetkj ikskpds țk jdl`etet `dhcret. D nc`clĊ
hcpuic ?2-88 `kk kjrc. Kjrclc c`orkdietc eu
éi hke`ctru hc 5,3-5,6 `` țk éi nuijȗ kc hctc`pcreturĊ epck sc hczvdltĊ tk`p hc 83-36
drc. HupĊ rcprdhujcrc éi luiklc scptc`orkc-
idkc`orkc d pertc hki ehulȗ k sc éitdrj éi @e-rce IcearĊ. D eltĊ pertc rĊ`ïi éi nluvkulIkstru pcitru kcrierc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc
8-3 eik.
RïiĊ le vïrste hc : eik sc frĊicŔtc julervc hc kiscjtc Ŕk jrustejcc kjk. @ek tïrzku
hcvkic rĊpktderc, etejïih fe`skklc, auvkzkk,dolcȗ kk ctj.
_kzcenje cstc jce `ek `kjĊ spc-jkc hkitrc sjru`okk țk cstc ui rclkjt pditd-jespkj7
Jerice ck cstc `ek pu ȗ ki aus-tdesĊ țk sc jdisu`Ċ sĊret Ċ 7
Rdetc etkiac pïiĊ le ?3 j` lui- ak`c țk d arcutetc hc jkrje 5:2 a.
E dse
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36
Rditkj Zfeh
Cia.
E dsek``ejulete
Ociictt, 56:3
Хгзьиь
иъавлхнвф
_us.
Luiak`ce ?2‚82 j`.Arcutetce 522‚122 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Zjru`okc •
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3;
Jïrhurk `erk hc sjru`okc sc jdijci-trcezĊ le aurklc nluvkuluk HuiĊrce Ŕk éi zdielk`eiuluk Ikstruluk hki ncoruerkc Ŕk pïiĊ éi
e hdue mu`Ċtetc e luikk `ertkc, pcitru e sc éiarĊțe. D pertc hki clc, nkkih etresc hc ju-
rcitul nluvkel éitrĊ éi nluvkul Ikstru pcitrurcprdhujcrc, éitrcprkizïih kareȗ kk pïiĊ leoeremul HuoĊserk (pïiĊ le jdistrujȗ ke oere-
muluk HuoĊserk sc rkhkje pïiĊ le preaurklcKe`pdl ‚ JdsĊuȗ k). Cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi scjtd-rul hc idrh-vcst el @Ċrkk Icarc, @erceEzdv țk nluvkklc jerc sc versĊ éi clc.
Cstc ui rclkjt pditd-jespkj, pcŔtc `e-rki hc jïrh, `karetdr, rcdnkl, pcleadnkl, rĊpk-tdr nejultetkv. Erc jdrpul eluiakt, jd`prk-
`et letcrel Ŕk jercie okic hczvdltetĊ, clc-`citc jerejtcrkstkjc éi acicrel sjru`okkldr.Aure tcr`kielĊ, er`etĊ ju hkiŪk okic hcz-vdlteȗ k. Rlcdepclc suit ardesc Ŕk ehkpdesc.
Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc
vcrhc-eloĊstrkc, ker leturklc suit elo-erakitkk
ju iueiȗ Ċ rdzĊ. Rc dpcrjul, éi pertce hc sus,
erc d petĊ icearĊ.
Éi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc, urje pïiĊle oeremul HuoĊserk jïih tc`pcreture epcketkiac 6²J, rĊ`ïiïih ekjk peiĊ le mu`Ċtetceluikk `ek, jïih keu jelce éitdersĊ, dodsktc Ŕk
slĊoktc. @esjulkk emuia le eturktetc scxuelĊhupĊ ? eik hc vkeȗ Ċ, ker nc`clclc hupĊ :-8
eik. Zc rcprdhujc pc scjtdrul hc le oeremul
HuoĊserk ‚ Zpcke ‚ Aure Oïjuluk ‚ Zujlcke ‚
DlĊicŔtk le tc`pcreture epck hc 51-?3 2J.
Kjrclc pcleakjc ju hke`ctrul hc ?,>-?,; ``
suit hcpusc éi ?-: rcprkzc jïih jdihkȗ kklc
jlk`etcrkjc țk fkhrdldakjc suit icnevdreoklc.
D pertc hki nc`clc hcpui iu`ek d pdrȗ kc hc
kjrc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ. Hczvdlterce kjrc-ldr c`orkdietc le tc`pcreture epck hc 5;,2-
5;,> 2J hurcezĊ 8:-1? drc. Rukctul trĊkcțtc é inluvku pïiĊ é i luiklc kulkc-scptc`orkc, epdk
`karcezĊ peskv é i erc. Éi prczcit ejcestĊ spcjkc e hcvcikt
vulicreoklĊ nkkih éitr-ui hcjlki jditkiuu
hki jeuze pcsjuktuluk cxjcskv, her țk hc pd-
luerce nluvkuluk ju epc rczkhuelc țk `cie-
mcrc, hctcrkdrerce feoktetcldr ejvetkjc. Hu-
rete vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 3 ‚ > eik.
Éi tde`iĊ, jïih epe @Ċrkk Icarc scrĊjcțtc, eperc hki idu pc jdestĊ pcitru e sc
frĊik. Freie sjru`okck-hc-HuiĊrc jdistĊhki hkncrktc spcjkk hc pcŔtk (auvkzk, stevrkzk,fe`skk, etcrkic sk jrustejcc). Kerie sc rctreac
éi `erc.
HupĊ pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc , d`erc pertc e cxc`plercldr sjru`-okck-hc- HuiĊrc `dr7
KcricezĊ éi `erc le ehïijk`c, lehkstei ȗ c erk hc el7
Jerice sjru`okck cstc `ult eprc-jketĊ pcitru arĊsk`ce țk austul ckki. Zc jdisu`Ċ sĊret Ċ seu enu`et Ċ.
uj d
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>2
Fujfci
Cia.
uj dfujfd
(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
Зйхйхь
иъавлхнжл
_us.
Luiak`ce 82‚12 j`.Arcutetce : 222‚3 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Zd`di • Rukjê •
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>5
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
spdrehkj hder pc scjtdrul supcrkdr el r. Rrut.
Cstc d spcjkc rclkjtĊ éi oezkiul nluvkuluk Hu-
iĊrce, éitïlikihu-sc hder éi zdiclc `ui-tdesc elc enluciȗ kldr.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, hc epĊ huljc, rcd-
nklĊ, lktdnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, rĊpktderc. Erc
jdrp eluiakt țk ards, eprdepc jklkihrkj, puŪkijd`prk`et letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rcletkv
`kjk. Jepul erc ju odt esjuȗ kt, jdikj. Aure
ndertc `erc, tcr`kielĊ, treisvcrselĊ, prcvĊ-zutĊ ju hkiȗ k putcrikjk, uŔdr éijdvdkeȗ k éie-pdk. Djfkk suit rcletkv kjk neȗ Ċ hc `Ċrk`cejepuluk. ÉidtĊtderce ehkpdesĊ cstc ndertcokic hczvdltetĊ.
Zpetclc cstc orui-vcrzuk, ju lujku er-
akitku, ker letcrelclc hc ui ark-`ctelkj, er-
akitku, uicdrk ju rcnlcxc rdțketkjc. Rertce
vcitrelĊ le uiclc cxc`plerc cstc eloĊ justrĊlujkrk erakitkk, le uiclc cxc`plerc eloĊ
sprc ark. Etït pc spetc, jït Ŕk pc pïrȗ klc letc-relc, sc pdt doscrve `ultc pctc icarc, uic-
drk éi ndr`Ċ hc sc`kluiĊ, éidtĊtderclc eujuldrk éijfksc, hc iueiȗ Ċ vcrzukc, `ek rer
aĊlouk. Rctclc icarc sc hkstkia Ŕk pc éidtĊ-tderce ehkpdesĊ. Jdldrktul `esjulkldr cstc
`ek éituicjet hcjït el nc`clcldr.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le el 8-lceei. Zc rcprdhujc éi `ertkc-`ek le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc >-52 2J éi ldjurklc ehïijk ju ju-rciŪk putcrikjk hc epĊ, éi pruihkț. D nc`clĊhcpuic éitrc 3 222 țk ?2 222 kjrc `erk (8-3
`` hke`ctru). Hcpuicrce kjrcldr hurcezĊ?-: zklc.
Rukctul sc frĊicŔtc ju kiscjtc Ŕk jrus-tejcc, `ek tïrzku Ŕk ju pukct hc pcŔtc, ker
hupĊ ui ei iu`ek ju pcŔtc (zalĊvdejĊ,pdrjuŔdrk, jlcei, `rceiĊ, dolcŪ, arkihcl, `k-felŪ) Ŕk ju eltc vkctĊȗ k jerc trĊkcsj éi prcem`eepcldr (ordețtc, țdpïrlc, țdercjk Ŕk jfker pe-sĊrk hc epe). Erc ui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc spdrkt.
Éi prk`ul ei hc vkeȗ Ċ pdetc etkiac pïiĊ le53-?3 j` luiak`c țk 32-532 a éi arcutetc.
Zpcjkc éi pcrkjdl hc cxtkijȗ kc, cncjtkvul
jĊrcke cstc é i jditkiuĊ hcsjrcțtcrc. Cstc
djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk ki-tcrieȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Ldstrk ȗ e cstc jcl `ek `erc sel`dikh hki
epclc idestrc țk cstc supreiu`kt ‐Xkaru‐epcldr hc `uitc. Rdetc etkiac pïiĊ le 5,3luiak`c ju d `esĊ hc pcstc 32 ga țk ju d hu-retĊ e vkc ȗ kk hc ?3 eik7
Rcrcjfce jdistrukc țtc ui juko, ardpk ȗ Ċ pcuihul rïuluk, ejdpcrkt ju pruihk ț ju ui hke-
`ctru hc 5,3-?,3 ` țk d eh ïijk`c hc pïiĊ le52-:2 j`, é i jerc ultcrkdr nc`cle hcpuickjrclc. Kjrclc c`orkdietc sïit ejdpcrktc ju
pruihk ț , ker rcprdhujĊtdrkk é - țk epĊr Ċ jukoul.
Ordwi
Ze `d trutte
Шйтгзь
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>?
trdut
Cia.
Ze `d t utte nerkd
LKIIECSZ, 5136
тъсьгпвф
_us.
Luiak`ce ?3‚:1 j`.Arcutetce ?22‚;22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rêstrêv -hc-rïu • Rêstru-pêtet •
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>:
Éi @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc spdrehkj. Éievel hc oeremul Idvdhicstrdvsj, vcikt ekjk
hki e`ditclc nluvkuluk Ikstru pc tk`pul vk-
kturkldr `erkțk hder pc scjtdrul supcrkdr elrïuluk Rrut, țk éi enluciȗ kk luk hki zdie di-
teiĊ. Cstc rĊspïihkt éi éitrceae Curdpe, ju
cxjcpȗ ke nluvkuluk Rcjkdre.
Rcțtc huljkjdl, rcdnkl, lktdnkl, rĊpktdr ne-
jultetkv, curknea. Erc jdrpul ards, eluiakt,
nuzkndr`. Rïrȗ klc letcrelc, suit ejdpcrktc ju
sdlzk `kjk, jkjldkzk jerc pdt nk éihcpĊrteȗ k ju
uțurkiȗ Ċ. Odtul rcletkv sjurt, rcprczkitĊ dtrck`c hki luiak`ce jdrpuluk. Erc hkiŪk cx-
trc` hc putcrikjk, okic hczvdlteȗ k Ŕk esjuȗ kȗ k, éihrcpteȗ k sprc kitcrkdr, jcce jc-k scrvcțtc le
rcȗ kicrce prĊzkk. Éi eprdpkcrce jdzkk sc aĊ-scțtc d éidtĊtderc hdrselĊ ehkpdesĊ, lkpsktĊhc rehkk dsdesc. @usjuleture pĊstrĊvulukkihkaci cstc cxtrc` hc hczvdltetĊ, eskau-rïihu-k d erc doklktetc.
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk cstc ndertc verket,
hctcr`kiet hc jdihkȗ kklc cjdldakjc, hc ie-
ture nuihuluk epck, hc nldre suo`crsĊ, hctreisperciȗ e țk tc`pcreture epck, vïrste,
scx țk `eturktetce scxuelĊ. Jdldrktul dokț-
iukt cstc orui-`Ċslkiku pc spetc, hcsjfk-zïihu-sc sprc eohd`ci elo-`urher. Letu-
rklc suit ejdpcrktc `ek `ult éi pertce su-pcrkderĊ hc d `ulȗ k`c hc pctc orui éijfks,hc ndr`c icrcauletc, prkitrc jerc sc hkstkia
`kjk stcluȗ c rdțkk ju erakik tkvktc éi elo-aĊl-
ouk, jc jdoderĊ sprc pertce vcitrele.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik Ŕk, nkkih d spcjkc jrkdnklĊ, sc rcprd-
hujc éi luiklc djtd`orkc-hcjc`orkc le tc`-
pcreture epck hc >-6 2J éi ldjurklc ju epĊlk`pchc țk suostret ikskpds seu ju pkctrkț.
Kijuoeȗ ke pdetc hure pïiĊ le ?22 zklc le tc`-pcreture epck hc 1-6 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic hcle 322 pïiĊ le 5 322 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 8 -3
``. Kjrclc sc hcpui éitr-d ardpkȗ
Ċ sĊpetĊ jujdehe țk éidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc le epĊ `kjĊokic dxkacietĊ țk nuih ejdpcrkt ju pkctrkț
`Ċruit. HupĊ ncjuiherc ju `kțjĊrklc jdzkk
ejdpcrĊ kjrclc c`orkdietc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc jkrje 5? eik.
FeoktcezĊ éi zdie supcrkderĊ e epcldrjuraĊtderc, nkkih d spcjkc kuoktderc hc epclk`pczk, odaetc éi dxkaci, tc`pcreture jĊ-rcke iu hcpĊțcțtc 56²J. Ldjul hc uihc-țk
pïihcțtc prehe é -l sjfk`oĊ iu`ek éi pcrk-dehclc vkkturkldr putcrikjc drk tde`ie, éitk`pul rcprdhujcrkk. Zc frĊicŔtc ju= kiscjtc,jrustejcc, ordețtc Ŕk pcŔtk `kjk.
Cstc ui pcŔtc rĊpktdr jerc trĊ-
kcŔtc éi rïurk Ŕk lejurk hc `uitc7 Jrc țtc iu`ek hejĊ tc`pcre-
ture epck cstc `ek `erc hc > 2J7 Éi jdihk ȗ kk ouic hc freiĊ
etkiac 2,3-5,3 ga éi rïurk7 Erc icvdkc hc epĊ lk`pchc Ŕk
okic dxkacietĊ țk cstc ndertc scisk-okl le jelktetce epck.
_ekiodw
Dijdr yij us
gk
Шйтгзь
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>8
trdut
Cia. `ygkss
(Qeloeu`, 51;?)
твиъоавф
_us.
Luiak`ce ?:‚32 j`.Arcutetce 622‚5>22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rêstrêv -e`crkjei • Rêstru •
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>3
Zpcjkc drkakierĊ hki E`crkje hcIdrh, e ndst kitrdhusĊ éi Curdpe (Acr`e-ike) éi eiul 566?. Éi @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
spdrehkj éi scjtdrul `kmldjku el r. Rrut. ZcjultkvĊ éi pĊstrĊvĊrkklc hki Sjrekie, _d`ï-ike, Eustrelke, Idue ]ccleihĊ, Mepdike,
Enrkje hc Zuh, @eheaesjer.
Zpcjkc huljkjdlĊ, rcdnklĊ, lktdnklĊ, oci-tdpcleakjĊ, rĊpktderc. Erc jdrpul nuskndr`
turtkt letcrel, ju sdlzkk ek erk hcjït le pĊs-trĊvul kihkaci. Hcdscokrce éitrc jclc ? spc-jkk jdistĊ éi julderc. RĊstrĊvul-jurjuocu
evïih juldrk ek puȗ ki verketc țk `ek țtcrsc=
jciuțku-vcrzuk pc spetc, erakitku pc letcrelcŔk elokjkds pc eohd`ci. Eprdepc tdt jdrpul,kijluskv Ŕk éidtĊtderce hdrselĊ cstc ejdpcrkt
hc pctc kjk icarc. Rc letcrelc lkpscsj puij-
tclc rdțkk jerc sïit spcjknkjc pĊstrĊvuluk ki-
hkaci seu eltdr sel`dikhc. @kmldjul jdrpu-
luk cstc strĊoĊtut hc d lkikc letĊ rdz-skhcnkc,
jerc hĊ strĊlujkrc hc jurjuocu. Hciu`krce
hc ‐jurjuocu‐ sc hetdrcezĊ ocizkk letc hcjulderc rdțkc jd`plctetĊ hc tdiurk vcrzuk
seu eloĊstruk hc-e luiaul lkikck letcrelc. Rcspetc sc pdetc hkstkiac hdrsele ehkpdesĊ je-rejtcrkstkjĊ sel`dikhcldr.
JcrjctĊrklc jktdacictkjc esupre spcjkckeu cvkhciȗ ket neptul jĊ ejceste sce`ĊiĊ `ek
`ult ju sd`dikk hki Rejknkj hcjït ju pĊstrĊ-vul-kihkaci, jce jc e nĊjut jĊ ‐Zdjkctetce hc
Kftkdldakc E`crkjeiĊ‐ sĊ-l kijluhĊ éi aciulDijdrfyijfus.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj prk`Ċvere éi luiklc `ertkc-eprklkc le tc`pcreture epck
hc >-5? 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic 5 322 ‚ ? 222
hc kjrc aelocic hc `Ċrk`ce hc 8-> `` éihke`ctru éitr-d ardpkȗ Ċ le epĊ `kjĊ pc nui-hul ejdpcrkt ju pkctrkț `Ċruit, epdk suit
ejdpcrktc pcitru e nk prdtcmetc. Éi nuijȗ kc hc
tc`pcreture epck hczvdlterce c`orkdierĊpdetc hure 5,3-? luik (::2-:;2 arehc/zklc).
Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 5? ‚ 58 eik.
Éi jd`pereȗ kc ju pĊstrĊvul-kihkaci
iu cstc prctciȗ kds le tc`pcreture epck Ŕkjdiȗ kiutul dxkaciuluk. Rdetc nk éitïlikt Ŕk leeltktuhkik `ek `kjk. Éi epclc ieturelc, ldju-
rklc prcncretc elc pĊstrĊvuluk-jurjuocu sc
enle éi murul pkctrcldr, el hkncrktdr dokcjtc`ek `erk, suo `elurklc spĊletc elc rïurkldr.HejĊ epe iu-k ehujc freiĊ éihcemuis, pĊrĊ-
scțtc ejcstc ldjurk, trcjïih le vïiĊtderc. Zc frĊicŔtc ju kiscjtc, jrustejcc, ae-
`erkhc, `dluțtc, freie hc oezĊ nkkih pcŔtk`kjk.
Cstc ui pcŔtc rĊpktdr jerc feoktcezĊ
éi rïurk Ŕk lejurk hc `uitc ju jurs `dhc-ret el epck7
Erc icvdkc hc epĊ lk`pchc, okic dxk- acietĊ țk cstc ndertc sciskokl le jelktetceepck7
Hcdercjc erc d plestkjktetc cjdldakjĊ`ult `ek leraĊ, él clk`kiĊ prki jdiju-rci ȗ e trdnkjĊ pc pĊstr Ċvul kihkaci.
Areylkia
X y`e us
tfy`ellus
Увтжъх
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>>
Cia. tfy`ellus (LKIIECSZ, 5136)
_us.
Luiak`ce :2‚:3 j`.Arcutetce :32‚822 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Ferkus • Jk`orkŔdr • Erê`ku •
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>1
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
spdrehkj éi jursurklc supcrkderc elc nluvku-luk Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut. Éi enere rcpuolkjkk
pdetc nk éitïliktĊ éi iu`crdesc nluvkk țk rïurkelc Curdpck.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, ocitdpc-
leakjĊ, rĊpktderc. XrĊkcțtc éi scjtderclc su-pcrkderc elc rïurkldr rcpczk hc uitc ju epĊlk`pchc, ehïijĊ, ju jurciȗ k rcjk, ju nuih pk-
ctrds seu ikskpds, le d tc`pcreturĊ e epck hc
pïiĊ le ?2 2J.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt Ŕk puŪki turtkt letc-rel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk `erk erakitkk. Aure
`kjĊ, kincrkderĊ, treisvcrselĊ ju hkiȗ k `kjk.
Jepul rcletkv `kj, djfkk `erk. ÉidtĊtdercehdrselĊ `erc ju puijtc aelocic-vcrzuk, vk-
dlctc seu icarc, ețczetc éi :-8 rïihurk. Éid-tĊtderclc pcjtdrelc esjuȗ ktc, ker eohd`kielc
rdtuimktc, jeuhele oknurjetĊ ju ldok caelk jujdldrkt jciuțku, rdțu-eloĊstrukc ju pctc je-
ncikk. Jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk verkezĊ éi hcpci-hciȗ Ċ hc vïrstĊ Ŕk `chku7 spetclc vcrzuk-jc-
iuțku, leturklc aĊlouk-rdz seu vkictc-eraki-
tkk, eohd`ciul elo-erakitku, oĊtïih ki rdțu.
Rc leturk erc puijtc icarc Ŕk huiak jencikk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le ?-: eik.
Zc rcprdhujc éi `ertkc-eprklkc éi ldjurk jupkctrkț `Ċruit țk jurciȗ k hc epĊ. D nc`clĊ
hcpuic hc le 3 222 pïiĊ le 56 222 kjrc ju hk-e`ctrul hc ?,3-:,3 ` éi ardpkȗ c kjk nĊjutc
hc ce. Kijuoeȗ ke, éi nuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture
epck, hurcezĊ ‚ ?2 - ?> zklc (?22 - ?:2
arehc/zklc). Éi `d`citul cjldzkuikk lerve
etkiac 52-55 `` evïih ui sej vktclki `erc
jerc-k scrvcțtc je sursĊ iutrktkvĊ é i prk`clc
> zklc hc vkeȗ Ċ. Rdetc trĊk pïiĊ le 5?-58 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc éi spcjkel ju lervc hc ki-
scjtc, jrustejcc, vkcr`k, `dluŔtc, her vï-icezĊ sĊrkih hki epĊ Ŕk kiscjtc éi zodr, prc-
ncrĊ kjrclc țk pukctul hc pcțtc. Kjrclc țk pukc-
tul le rïihul sĊu scrvcsj je freiĊ pcitrueltc spcjkk rĊpktderc hc pcțtk, pĊsĊrk kftkd-neac țk eik`elc ejvetkjc.
Nkkih éi hcjlki iu`crkj, spcjke cstc
djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic Ŕk ki-
tcrieȗ kdielc. Ztetut hc prdtcjȗ kc é i _cpu-olkje @dlhdve iu erc.
Cstc ui pc țtc esc`ĊiĊtdr ju
pĊstr Ċvul7 Lkpeiul pdetc etkiac d luiak`c
`exk`Ċ hc >2 j` țk d arcutetc hc pïiĊ le >-1 ga7
Erc d jeric eloĊ, nder tc aus-tdesĊ, ju `krds hc jk`oru, jerc trc-oukc sĊretĊ éi prk`clc 5- ? drc hupĊjc e ndst pcsjuktĊ, estncl sc hctcrkd-rcezĊ.
Idrtfc` pkgc
Cxds lujkusЫънв
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>6
Cia. Lkiiecus, 5136 _us.
Luiak`ce :3‚32 j`.Arcutetce ? 222‚: 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Lupul-oêlŪkk • @ïrlkŪê • Orkjcea •
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>;
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve pdpulcezĊ nlu-vkul Ikstru țk rïul Rrut, lejurklc țk oĊlȗ klc
ehkejcitc. Éi enere rcpuolkjkk cstc rĊspïihktĊ
é i Curdpe, Zkocrke țk é i cstul E`crkjkk hc
Idrh.
Zpcjkc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdiĊ, nktd-
nklĊ, rcdsteaidnklĊ, rĊpktderc, jerc hujc ui
`dh hc vkeȗ Ċ sdlkter. RrcncrĊ epclc juraĊ-tderc ju jurciȗ k lciȗ k țk stĊtĊtderc ju `ultĊ
vcacteȗ kc jerc-k scrvcțtc pcitru e pïihk
prehe. Cstc prĊhĊtdrul éizcstret pcrncjt hcieturĊ, sktuet éi vïrnul pkre`khck trdnkjc hki
cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc huljkjdlc, evïih d vk-tczĊ hc kivkhket, ?3-?6 `/s, pc hksteiȗ c
sjurtc. Cstc jcl `ek lejd` rĊpktdr, ‐rcjfk-iul‐ epcldr huljk.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, uŔdr turtkt letcrelțk ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk `Ċruiȗ k jtcidkzk. Jepul
cstc luiaukcȗ , turtkt letcrel, puŪki juroet hkiprdnkl. Odtul sce`ĊiĊ ju jkdjul hc reȗ Ċ. Erc
aure tcr`kielĊ, ndertc leraĊ, ju nĊljklc jerc
sc hcsjfkh peiĊ suo djfk. Hkiȗ kk suit okichczvdlteȗ k, putcrikjk, kicaelk Ŕk esjuȗ kȗ k. @e-
xklerul kincrkdr cstc `ek luia hcjït jcl su-pcrkdr. Djfkk suit hkspuțk sus, éi rcakuicenruiȗ kk.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc jciuțkc-vcr-
zuk-`Ċslkikc, ker éidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc Ŕkvcitrelc rdțkctkjc. Zpetclc pdetc verke hc le
ark-vcrzuk le aeloci-vcrzuk, eprdepc icaru
uicdrk seu jenciku- éijfks. Rïrȗ klc letcrelc
suit `er`dretc ju pctc `erdikk icarkjk-
desc. Eohd`ciul cstc aĊlouk-elokjkds.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc ?-: eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi ncoruerkc-`er-
tkc le tc`pcreture epck hc >-6 2J. Kjrclc suit
hcpusc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ pc vcacteȗ ke
suo`crsĊ, ultcrkdr sc hcsprkih, plutkih
eprdepc hc nuihul epck. Nc`clclc eu uirkt` hc jrcțtcrc `ek ejjclcret jd`peretkv
ju esjulkk țk emuia le hk`ciskuik ek erk.
D nc`clĊ hcpuic, éi nuijȗ kc hc vïrstĊ, hc le
51 222 pïiĊ le 832 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc
5,2-?,2 ``. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc
hurcezĊ 6-5? zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje 6 - 5?
eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju pcŔtk `erk Ŕk `kjk, ki-
scjtc, ordețtc, pĊsĊrk Ŕk `e`kncrc ejvetkjc,vïiïih `ek `ult hk`kiceȗ e Ŕk scere.
Rcitru e sc éiare țĊ ju 5 ga, țtku-
je trcoukc se `Ċiïijc pcstc ?2 ga hc elt pcstc.
Ȗ tkuje erc `krdsul sleo hczvdltet, éisjfk`oul vchcrkk pcrncjtc.
Jeikoelks`ul prczcit le țtkujĊ cstcdertc okic ejjcituet, `ek elcs éi jdi-
hk ȗ kk é i jerc freie cstc kisunkjkcit Ċ țkeh Ċ pdsturklc sïit icjdrcspuizĊtderc.
@uh`kiidw
Cia
S` re
gre`crkГпийцнв
_us
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12
Cia. Qeloeu`, 51;?
_us.
Luiak`ce 3‚; j`.Arcutetce 5,3‚?,2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• RkctrdŔcl • S`ore • RcŔtc-icaru •
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15
Zc éitïlicŔtc éi oĊlȗ klc hki jursurklc ki-
ncrkderc elc nluvkuluk Ikstrul Ŕk rïuluk Rrut.Éi enere _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve cstc prczcit éioezkiul HuiĊrkk hki Eustrke pïiĊ éi hcltĊ. Cstc d spcjkc cihc`kjĊ e oezkiuluk fkhrd-arenkj el nluvkkldr HuiĊrce țk Ikstru.
Rcstc eutdftdi, hc epĊ huljc, ocitd-
pcleakj, lktdnkl, rĊpktdr nejultetkv. Zpcjkc hcepĊ stĊtĊtderc seu lcit juraĊtderc, prcncrĊldjurklc lĊțtkidesc ju ultĊ vcacteŪkc suo-
`crsĊ. Cxtrc` hc rczkstcit le hcnkjktul hc
dxkaci hetdrktĊ rcspkreȗ kck ecrkcic, prki vc-
zkje éidtĊtderc Ŕk pkclc. Rcrkdhkj sc rkhkjĊ le
supreneȗ e epck pcitru e éiafkȗ k ecrul et`ds-ncrkj hki jerc rcȗ kic dxkaciul prki vesclc je-
pklerc elc vczkjkk éidtĊtderc. Le scjerce epckrczkstĊ tk`p éihcluiaet éiardpïihu-sc éiiĊ`dl.
Erc jdrp dvel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rcletkv
`erk jerc ejdpcrĊ tdt jepul Ŕk eperetul dpcr-juler. Aure `kjĊ, tcr`kielĊ ju hkiŪk `Ċ-ruiȗ k. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ cstc rdtuimktĊ.Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc jencikc- éituic-
jetĊ, ju rcnlcxc vkdlctc seu rdțkk. Julderceeohd`ciuluk cstc aĊloukc. ÉidtĊtderclc eu
julderce aelociĊ-jciuțkc. Hdrsele țk jeu-
hele eu prczcitc jïtc ui rïih hc pctc `ek
éituicjetc le oezĊ. Rc pĊrȗ klc letcrelc țk jep
erc pctc icarc, icrcauletc. Rc éidtĊtderclc
letcrelc eu jïtc d huiaĊ ek éijfksĊ le oezĊ. @esjulkk eu hk`ciskuik `ek `kjk hcjït nc-
`clclc țk é i cpdje hc rcprdhujcrc é orejĊ
fekie iupȗ kelĊ. ÉidtĊtderce eielĊ jepĊtĊ djulderc olcu-vcrzukc.
Etkiac eturktetce scxuelĊ le snïrțktul
prk`uluk ei hc vkeȗ Ċ. Zc rcprdhujc éi `er-tkc-eprklkc le tc`pcreture epck hc 5:-53 2J.
Kjrclc suit hcpusc éi jukourk spcjkel e`cie- metc hc jĊtrc nc`clc (éitr-d ehïijkturĊ eț-
tcric elac, rcsturk hc pleitc). D nc`clĊ hc-puic éitrc 532 ‚ 5 322 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc
5,3 ``. Rcrkdehe hc kijuoeȗ kc e kjrcldr, é inuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture epck hurcezĊ pïiĊle 3 zklc. Nc`cle, hupĊ hcpuicrce kjrcldr,djrdtcțtc țk ecrcezĊ jukoul ju kjrc. Hurete
vkcȗ kk jkrje : eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju icvcrtcoretc ejvetkjc,lervc hc kiscjtc, uicdrk Ŕk lervc hc pcŔtk.
Nkkih d spcjkc pc jelc hc hksperkȗ kc
cstc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic Ŕk
kitcrieȗ kdielc.
ȝ kaĊiu țul pdetc nk ndldskt je
pc țtc hc ejverku. Hciu`krce se letkiĊ hc ‐S`-
ore‐, prdvkic hc le neptul jĊ cstc ui pc țtc jc sc sk`tc okic pc nuihulepck, é i sc`kdosjurktetc.
_er pdetc etkiac d luiak`c hc55,3 j` țk d arcutetc hc 6 a.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Curdpcei Ccl
Cia.
Eiau e
eiauklleЪкйть
_us.
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1?
a
(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
Luiak`ce 61‚553 j`.Arcutetce 5 222‚? 222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• RcŔtc-țerpc • Fclkds • Zêacetê •
É
éijcputul prk`Ċvcrkk le tc`pcreture epck hc
8/18/2019 ATLAS: Pestii apelor Moldovei
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1:
Éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk@dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éi nluvkul Ikstru țk,
ndertc rer, éi jursul kincrkdr el rïuluk Rrut.Rcstc fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi rïurklc
hki oezkiclc @Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk @chktc-reic, @Ċrkk Oeltkjc Ŕk éi nluvkklc curdpcic jcsc versĊ éi djcei.
Cstc ui pcțtc `karetdr, ocitdpcleakj,pcleadnkl, rĊpktdr nejultetkv. Erc jdrpulndertc eluiakt, eprdepc jklkihrkj, ker éi per-tce jeuhelĊ turtkt letcrel (ndr`Ċ hc ‐țerpc‐)jepeokl hc `kțjĊrk scrpcitkndr`c. Zdlzk
ndertc `Ċruiȗ k. Erc d skiaurĊ éidtĊtderc ic-pcrcjfc é`prcmurul jdrpuluk, hc le jce hdr-
selĊ pïiĊ le jce eielĊ, kijluzïih Ŕk jeuhele.ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc suit ndertc `kjk éijd`pereȗ kc ju rcstul jdrpuluk. ÉidtĊtderclcvcitrelc lkpscsj.
Julderce jdrpuluk eheptetĊ le trekul pc
nuihul epck, cstc hc le vcrhc- éijfks-`erd-iku pïiĊ le icaru-lujkds, uicdrk (le cxc`-plerclc eturc) icaru-erakitku. RĊrȗ klc letc-
relc țk eohd`ciul - aĊlouk-elokjkdesc.
Le eturktetce scxuelĊ esjulul emuiacle 3-1 eik, ker nc`cle éi 1-; eik. D nc`clĊpdetc hcpuic pïiĊ le 6 222 222 ‚ ; 222 222
kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 2,;-5,8 ``. Rcitru rc-prdhujcrc `karcezĊ éi @erce Zeraescldr.Hcpuicrce kjrcldr erc ldj le snïrțktul kcrikk -
éijcputul prk`Ċvcrkk le tc`pcreture epck hc5>-51 2J le ehïijk`ce hc 822 ` (pïiĊ le5222 `). HupĊ rcprdhujcrc `esjulkk Ŕk nc-`clclc `dr. Lervclc, iu`ktc lcptdjcnelk,
sïit ehusc pc jdestclc Curdpck hc jurciȗ kkAulnstrce`-uluk éi eprdxk`etkv 1 - 55 luik,her pdetc hure pïiĊ le : eik. Éi stehkul ler-ver, pukk hc eiafklĊ iu sce`ĊiĊ hcldj jupĊrkiȗ kk evïih ndr`e uidr nruizc, sc`ktrei-spercitc Ŕk sc frĊicsj iu`ek ju pleijtdi. Éipcrkdehe éi jerc suit purtetc hc Aul-nstrce`, lcptdjcnelkk jrcsj treisndr`ïihu-sc éi jkvcllc , jĊpĊtïih epdk ndr`e hc eiafklĊ,jdrpul sc eluiacțtc, ke ndr`e rdtuihĊ Ŕk éi-jcp sĊ sc frĊicesjĊ kitcis ju vkcr`k, jrus-
tejcc, `dluŔtc, pcŔtk, e`nkokcik ctj, cstc éi-jcputul uick vkcȗ k hc prĊhĊtdr.
Cstc ndertc rczkstcitĊ éi `chkul cxtre-
ejvetkj Ŕk pdetc trĊk éihcluiaet éi iĊ`dlu`ch seu pc keroĊ u`chĊ. Eiafkle hcscdrkkcsc hki `chkul ejvetkj pcitru e trcjc pcstcusjet éi eltĊ epĊ! Hurete vkcȗ kk ;-53 eik(ndertc rer pïiĊ le ?3 eik).
Nkkih d spcjkc cncjtkvul jĊrcke cstc éi
jditkiuĊ hcsjrcțtcrc, cstc djrdtktĊ jdindr`lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
Hctcr`kier ce vïrstck eiafklcldr pcoeze sdlzkldr cstc krclcveitĊ hetdrktĊ nep-tuluk jĊ ejcstce sc hczvdltĊ icuikndr` pchkncrktc rcakuik jdrpdrelc7
Éi prczcit, jrc țtcrce hkrkmetĊ e eiafklcksc enlĊ éitr -d nezĊ esjcihcitĊ, `ek elcs éiețe ȗ Ċrk je Ktelke, Nrei ȗ e, Acr`eike, ctj.7
Jerice ejcstck spcjkk cstc jdiskhcretĊd hclkjetcsĊ, cstc hc d julderc eloĊ-skhcnkc,lkpsktĊ hc `kdscptc, ju pdskoklktĊ ȗ k hc prc-lujrerc k jdiscrverc dertc verket Ċ.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Jd``di jerp
Cia.
Jypr ius
jerpkdLKIIECSZ 5136
втд
_us.
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18
LKIIECSZ, 5136
Luiak`ce :3‚32 j`.Arcutetce 5322‚?222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jrep-afcods • Zezei •
É ol lh l lorcletkv `erc, aure tcr`kielĊ luiaukeȗĊ prc-
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve jrepul sĊloetkjsc éitïlicŔtc rer iu`ek éi nl. Ikstru Ŕk r.Rrut. Jrepul hc jrcsjĊtdrkc (hki adspdhĊrk-klc pksjkjdlc) sc éitïlicŔtc éi tdetc epclc stĊ-
tĊtderc, kijluskv Ŕk oezkiclc nl. Ikstru, Ŕk r.Rrut. Éi enere ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ epclc stĊtĊ-tderc țk lki juraĊtderc elc oezkicldr @Ċrkk@chktcreic, @Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk Ezdv, @Ċ-rkk Jespkjc țk rïurklc hki Cxtrc`ul Drkcit.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, sc`k`kare-tderc, ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. Jrepul sĊloetkj erc d ndr`e `ek eluiakte, éitk`p jc e jcluk hc julturĊ hki jrcsjĊtdrkk cstc`ek éielt. Jdrpul cstc turtkt letcrel. Éi fclcț-
tckclc țk kezurklc hki @dlhdve sc jultkvĊ pe-tru resc hc jrep= ‚ jrepul ju sdlzk, jrepuldalkihĊ, jrepul ju sdlzk éi lkikc țk jrepul adleț.
Jdrpul jrepuluk cstc ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk jkjld-kzk `erk. _ehkklc éidtĊtderck hdrselc suit`dk, her prk`e rehkc e ejcstck éidtĊtderc,prcju` Ŕk e éidtĊtderck eielc suit terk Ŕk ȗ c-
pdesc, éidtĊtderce hdrsele sc éitkihc hc-eluiaul spetcluk.
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk cstc putcrikj kinlu-ciȗ et hc juldrklc prchd`kieitc hki `chkul éi jerc trĊkcŔtc, éi acicrel, spetclc cstc ic-arkjkds, ju iueiŪc vcrzk seu oruic, uicdrk
jciuțkk. RĊrȗ klc letcrelc strĊlujcsj eurku seusuit aĊlouk, ourte eloĊ-aĊloukc. Jepul cstc
rcletkv `erc, aure tcr`kielĊ luiaukeȗ Ċ prcvĊzutĊ ju ouzc jĊridesc, ju jerc sjur`Ċ juuțurkiȗ Ċ `ïlul hc pc nuihul oezkiuluk. Rcouze hc sus sc aĊscsj hduĊ `ustĊȗ k `ek
sjurtc, ker pc jce hc mds, sprc jdlȗ urklc aurkk,d pcrcjfc hc `ustĊȗ k `ek luiak. Erc hkiŪk ne-
rkiakcik, hc tkp `cstcjĊtdr.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc?-: eik (`esjulkk) Ŕk :-8 eik (nc`clc). Zc rc-
prdhujc prk`Ċvere (eprklkc-`ek) jïih tc`-pcreture epck cstc hc 56-?2 2J. D nc`clĊ hc-puic hc le >22 222 pïiĊ le 5 ;22 222 kjrc pc
vcacteȗ ke suo`crsĊ éi luijklc prdespĊt
kiuihetc ju epc juretc. Éi nuijȗ kc hc tc`-
pcreture epck, cjldzerce c`orkdikldr ur-
`cezĊ hupĊ :-> zklc, jerc pïiĊ le rcsdroȗ ke
perȗ kelĊ e sejuluk vktclki steu nkxeȗ k pc
pleitc ejvetkjc. Xde`ie ndr`cezĊ jïrhurkțk sc rctreac éi ldjurk ehïijk uihc kcricezĊ.Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc pïiĊ le :2 eik.
HupĊ iutrkȗ kc cstc jdiskhcret d`ikvdr,
jdisu`Ċ freie hc drkakic eik`elĊ (vkcr`k,lervc, kjk jrustejcc) țk jce hc drkakic vcac-
telĊ (nktdpleijtdi seu nruizc, sc`kiȗ c hcpleitc ejvetkjc). Nkkih ui pcțtc tcr`dnkl jcl
`ek kitciskv jdisu`Ċ freie le tc`pcretureepck hc ??-?; 2J țk jrcțtc ndertc okic.
Jrepul cstc drkakier hki Jfkie. Edst ehus éi Curdpe éi scj VKKK7
Jrepul fkocricezĊ é`prcuiĊ jusd`iul Ŕk țelĊul. Kerie, jïih lejul cstcéiafc ȗ et, ck sc ehuiĊ éi murul ardpkldrhc pc nuihul lejuluk Ŕk fkocricezĊ éistreturklc hc hcesupre sd`iuluk7
Éi vere eiuluk ?258 éi Xfekleihe edst prkis jcl `ek `erc jrep hki lu`c
jerc jïitĊrce >6 hc gkldare`c.
Jrujkei jerp
Cia.
Jeress us
jeresskus(LKIIECSZ 5136)
втвхь
_us.
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1>
(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
Luiak`ce ?2‚83 j`.Arcutetce 562‚122 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jeres • Jeres-eurku • Lêtêu •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtcle oeze éidtĊtderck jeuhelc. Éi jd`pereȗ kc
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11
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
prcpdihcrcit éi oĊlȗ klc Rrutuluk, ndertc rer
éi lejurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk țk Ju-
jkuraei. @ek pdetc nk aĊsktĊ țk é i ndstclc je-
ielc hc krkaeȗ kc. Éi enere ȗ Ċrkk sc éitïlicțtc
pc tdt jditkicitul curdpcei, ju cxjcpȗ ke
Nreiȗ ck țk Clvcȗ kck, pïiĊ éi idrhul Jfkick.Le suh, ercelul spcjkck sc éitkihc pïiĊ éiidrh-vcstul Eskck @kjk.
Zpcjkc huljkjdlĊ, stcidfelkiĊ, lk`id-nklĊ, ocitd-pcleakjĊ, zddocitdneaĊ, pdlkjk-jlkjĊ Ŕk nktdnklĊ hupĊ suostretul hc rcprdhu-
jcrc. Rcțtc hc nuih, jerejtcrkzet prki neptuljĊ iu pĊrĊscțtc zdie éi jerc vkcȗ ukcțtc, nk-
kih ui pcțtc ndertc lcicț. Jdrpul cstc plet
țk ndertc éielt, nkkih éi luiak`c eprdepccael ju éiĊlȗ k`ce. Jepul cstc sjurt, aure
tcr`kielĊ, ouzclc suit suoȗ krk. Djfkk eu hk-
`ciskuik `chkk. Rchuijulul jeuhel sjurt,
lkike letcrelĊ rcjtklkikc.
Jerejuhe erc julderce erĊ`kc-eurkc
pc spetc, leturklc `ek hcsjfksc sprc eohd-`ci aelociĊ seu rdțjetĊ. ÉidtĊtderclc pcj-tdrelc, vcitrelc țk eielĊ suit rdțkctkjc ker
hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ nu`urkk. Kihkvkzkk tkicrk
sc khcitknkjĊ ndertc uțdr hupĊ pete icearĊ
p ȗ
ju jeresul, ju jerc sc esce`ĊiĊ ndertc okic,erc sdlzkk `ek `erk țk éidtĊtderce hdrselĊ`ult `ek luiaĊ. Krksul djfkldr le jerejuhĊ
cstc aĊlouk, tkvkt ju eurku. Rcrktdicul hcs-jfks le julderc, ju puijtc éituicjetc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik `esjulkk țk 8-3 eik nc`clclc. Zc
rcprdhujc éi pcrkdehe luikldr `ek-kulkc le
tc`pcreture epck hc 56-?2 2J. D nc`clĊ hc-puic ?3 222-5:2 222 kjrc éi :-3 rcprkzc. Éinuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture epck hczvdlterce
kjrcldr hupĊ ncjuiherc hurcezĊ 3-1 zklc.
Zc frĊicțtc ju kiscjtc, her țk lervclc
ejcstdre, rï`c, vkcr`uțdrk, vcacteȗ kc enletĊ éi hcsjd`puicrc, rcsturk draeikjc, `dluțtc
hc kjk hk`ciskuik, sc`kiȗ c țk jfker nruizc
hc pleitc ejvetkjc.
JdiskhcretĊ pcrkjlktetĊ, spcjke cstc
djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk ki-
tcrieȗ kdielc.
Éi prczcit jerejuhe e hcvcikt cx-
trc` hc rerĊ, je ur`erc e hkstruacrkkfeoktetcldr ieturelc țk e clk`kiĊrkkselc prki jdijurci ȗ Ċ hc jĊtrc spcjkekivezkvĊ ‚ jeresul erakitku7
Rdetc emuiac le d luiak`c jdrpd-relĊ hc >8 j` țk d arcutetc hc : ga.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Rrusskei jerp
Cia.
Jeress us
akoclkd(OLDJF, 516:)
втвхь
хгтгетфачл
_us.
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16
( , ) _us.
Luiak`ce 53‚83 j`.Arcutetce 532‚5222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jeres • Jrep-Jeres •
Cstc rĊspïihkt eprdepc éi tdetc epclc rïurk ju epe lk`pchc, le jciuțku-vcrzuk,
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1;
Cstc rĊspïihkt eprdepc éi tdetc epclcstĊtĊtderc Ŕk sleo juraĊtderc hki @dlhdvehetdrktĊ prdlknkjktĊȗ kk spdrktc țk `drtelktĊȗ kk
sjĊzutc. Éi enere tcrktdrkuluk rcpuolkjkk pd-pulcezĊ jce ek erc pertc e Zkocrkck, rcaku-
iklc cstkjc țk jcitrelc elc Curdpck.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, curkneaĊ, tkpkjĊ hc epĊ stĊtĊtderc hcțcs feoktïih é`prcuiĊ ju jrepul éi oĊlȗ klcpuŪki ehïijk Ŕk ju nuihurk `ïldesc. _czkstĊ`ek okic hcjït jrepul le lkpse hc dxkaci. DrkakierĊ hki oezkiul E`uruluk, cstc uie
hki prk`clc spcjkk eldacic kivezkvc pĊ-truisc le idk éi ȗ erĊ.
Erc jdrpul rdoust Ŕk eluiakt. Zprc hc-dscokrc hc jerejuhĊ, éiĊlȗ k`ce truijfkuluk
cstc ju `ult `ek `kjĊ. Aure tcr`kielĊ, juouzc suoȗ krk, nĊrĊ `ustĊȗ k. Julderce pcrktd-
iculuk cstc icearĊ.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc éi acicrel er-
akitkc, vcrzukc-jciuțkc pc spetc, letcrelclcerakitkk-aĊlouk Ŕk eohd`ciul elo. ÉidtĊtde-rclc nu`urkk ju iueiȗ c rdțkctkjc. Jdldreȗ ke
sdlzkldr jeresuluk, hcpkihc hc epe éi jercvkcŪukcŔtc, verkkih hc le erakitku-spĊlĊjkt éi
`Ċslkiku seu vcrhc éi epclc plkic hc vcac-teŪkc Ŕk sprc icaru éi epclc `ïldesc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc ?-: eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-`ek,
jïih epe etkiac tc`pcreture hc 5>-5; 2J. D
nc`clĊ hcpuic hc le :? 222 pïiĊ le 5;6 222kjrc éi :-8 rcprkzc le ehïijk`k `kjk pc vcac-teȗ ke suo`crsĊ. Hczvdlterce c`orkdierĊ letc`pcreture epck hc 53,3-?2 2J hurcezĊ 3->
zklc. Hki jeuze iu`Ċruluk ndertc `kj hc`esjulk (hder :-3% hki pdpuleȗ kc) ncjuihe-
ȗ ke cstc acidacictkjĊ= kjrclc éijcp sĊ sc hk-vkhĊ suo k`pulsul het hc spcr`etdzdkzkk`esjulkldr eltdr spcjkk= jerejuhĊ, jrep, plĊ-tkjĊ, lki țk e.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju lervc, jrustejcc, vcac-teŪkc ejvetkjĊ, `dluŔtc, kjrc. Jcl `ek ejtkv scfrĊicțtc vere le tc`pcreture epck hc ??-?32J. _kt`ul hc jrcțtcrc idr`el cstc hc 82-33
a le vïrste hc ui ei țk 5:2-5>2 a le hdk eik.
Éi jezul kisunkjkciȗ ck oezck iutrktkvc, rkt`ulhc jrcțtcrc cstc ndertc lcit.
Jeresul erakitku prdvdejĊ uik`pejt icaetkv esupre eltdr spcjkkietkvc, prcju` lkiul (Xkije tkije), ȗ ka Ċiu țul (S`ore gre`crk) țk jere-juhe (Jeresskus jeresskus), ju jercéitrĊ éi jdijurci ȗ Ċ pcitru ik țe trd-kjĊ țk spe ȗ kelĊ , estncl ejcstce hki
ur`Ċ nkkih clk`kietc prki jd`pctk- ȗ kc kitrespcjknkjĊ.
Oerocl
Cia.
Oerous oerous(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
Ъхвс
_us.
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6
Luiak`ce 5?‚;2 j`.Arcutetce :?2‚8;22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• @krceiê • S`orceiê • Orceiê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve pdpulcezĊ oe- zcite `kjk pctc icarc pc jdrp Ŕk pc éidtĊ-l l l
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65
zkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut, kijluskv éi scjtderclc `kmldjkk éi e`ditc hc lejurklchc eju`ulerc JdstcŔtk-Ztïije Ŕk HuoĊserk,
prcncrïih epclc juraĊtderc ju nuihul iksk-pds seu pkctrds. HupĊ fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk cstcrĊspïihkt éi cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc hki Cu-rdpe, Eske @kjĊ țk cstul Enrkjkk.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, rcdnklĊ, oci-tdikjĊ, lktdnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ, ndertc doklĊțk putcrikjĊ.
Erc jdrpul luia Ŕk jklkihrkj, ards
jfker Ŕk sprc jdehĊ, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rcletkv`erk, jerc pc letcrelĊ eu d huiaĊ jciuțkc-
erakitkc. Jepul jd`prk`et letcrel, odtul
luia esjuȗ kt, aure kincrkderĊ sc`kluierĊ juouzc jĊridesc `Ċrakiktc hc 8 `ustĊȗ k, jclc
eitcrkderc emuia pïiĊ suo iĊrk, ker jclcpdstcrkderc suit `ek luiak, pïiĊ suo djfk.Sltk`e rehkc e hdrselck cstc dsknkjetĊ țk
zk`ȗ etĊ. Lkike letcrelĊ cstc rcjtklkikc, uțdr
vkzkoklĊ.
Jdldreȗ ke cstc vcrhc `Ċslkikc sprcicaru pc spetc, letcrelclc erakitkk ‚ `erd-
ikk, ker eohd`ciul elo - aĊlouk. Rdetc prc-
tderc. @erakiklc éidtĊtdercldr pcjtdrelc,vcitrelc Ŕk hdrselc suit rdțkctkjc. ÉidtĊtde-rce jeuhelĊ cstc jdituretĊ ju d huiaĊ suo-
ȗ krc, icearĊ. @esjulkk etkia `eturktetce scxuelĊ le
vïrste hc ?-: eik Ŕk le 8 eik nc`clclc. Zc rc-prdhujc éi eprklkc-`ek le tc`pcreture epck
hc 58-?3 2J, le d vktczĊ e epck hc 2,:-5,?
`/scj Ŕk ehïijk`k hc 2,6-?,2 `. D nc`clĊhcpuic éi pdrȗ kk hc le 58 222 pïiĊ le 533222 kjrc (ju hke`ctrul hc 5,5-?,> ``) hc
julderc aelociĊ-pdrtdjelkc pc nuihurk terk
(pkctrdesc). Rdite cstc lkpkjkdesĊ Ŕk sc nk-xcezĊ uŔdr hc pkctrc. Hczvdlterce c`orkd-ierĊ erc ldj le tc`pcreture chkc e epck hc
58,1 2J țk hurcezĊ 6 zklc, ker le ?? 2J iu`ek
: zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 53-?2 eik țk je
cxjcpȗ kc pdetc etkiac é i arcutetc pïiĊ le 5?
gkldare`c.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju elac, zddpleijtdi,jrustejcc, lervc hc kiscjtc, vkcr`k, kjrc țk
pukct hc pcțtc.
EXCIůKC !
Kjrclc hc `rceiĊ suit tdxkjc țkiu sïit rcjd`eihetc pcitru jdi-su`. Ejcstce pdt prdvdje kihkacs-tkk scvcrc!
Éi pcrkdehe hcpuicrkk pditck,rcprdhujĊtdrkk iu sc frĊicsj.
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve pdpulcezĊ scj-t l k l nl k l k Ik t k ï
erc d julderc oruiĊ, ejdpcrkt ju pctc `erkéijfksc Nleijurklc sïit erĊ`kk ker eohd`c-
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6:
tderclc supcrkderc elc nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rï-uluk Rrut. Éi pcrkdehe vkkturkldr putcrikjcjdoderĊ éi scjtderclc `kmldjkk elc ejcstdre.
Rcstc fdterclc rcpuolkjkk sc éitïlicŔtc éi nlu-vkklc țk rïurklc oezkiuluk @Ċrkk Icarc, prc-ju` Ŕk éi uiclc rïurk hki @uitcicaru, Arc-jke, Eloeike, idrhul Ktelkck, suhul Nreiȗ ck,
Zpeike hc Cst, Rdldike.
RcŔtc huljkjdl, rcdnkl tkpkj, lktdnkl, zdd-
ocitdnea. Cstc d spcjkc ocitdikjĊ, trĊkcțtc é ijïrhurk `kjk, jd`pusc hki pcțtk hc hkncrktc
vïrstc țk hk`ciskuik. @rceie-vïiĊtĊ prc-
ncrĊ epclc hc lïiaĊ `el ju `ultĊ vcacteȗ kc
țk iu`crdesc ehĊpdsturk é i eloke rïuluk.Erc jdrpul luia Ŕk jklkihrkj, uțdr jd`-
prk`et letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk kmldjkk pcr-
skstciȗ k țk ju ujus ndertc eouihcit. Jepul
cstc rcletkv `erc, eluiakt, ju odtul luia es-
juȗ kt, aure kincrkderĊ sc`kluierĊ ju ouzcjĊridesc `Ċrakiktc hc 8 `ustĊȗ k. Lkike letc-
relĊ cstc rcjtklkikc, uțdr vkzkoklĊ. Djfkk sïit
rcletkv `kjk. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ cstc sjurtĊțk erc spkiul dsds `ek suoȗ krc țk lkpskt hc
hkiȗ k é i pertce pdstcrkderĊ. ÉidtĊtderceeielĊ sjurtĊ țk é ieltĊ.
Jdrpul rcick vïiĊtc cstc `ek éijfks lejulderc hcjït le `rceie jd`uiĊ. Zpetclc
éijfksc. Nleijurklc sïit erĊ`kk, ker eohd`ciul elo-aĊlouk. Zpetclc, pĊrȗ klc letcrelc țk je-
pul sïit ejdpcrktc ju puijtc țk pctc erk, é i-
jfksc, jerc sc jditdpcsj. ÉidtĊtderclc vci-
trelc, pcjtdrelc țk eielĊ sïit aelocic. ÉidtĊ-tderclc pcjtdrelc, hdrsele țk jeuhele eu ju-
lderce jdrpuluk ju rïihurk hc pctc é ituic-
jetc. @ustĊȗ klc sïit aĊlouk.
Le éijcputul luikk `ek, le tc`pcreture
epck hc jkrje 53 2J, éitrcprkihc `kareȗ kk hc
rcprdhujcrc. Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le:-8 eik. Rrdlknkjktetce nc`clcldr jdistktukc
51-56 `kk hc kjrc, jerc sïit hcpusc éi jïtcve
rcprkzc pc pkctrkț `Ċruit éi scjtderclc juehïijk`k `kjk Ŕk jurciŪk `dhcreȗ k ek epck.
Kjrclc hcpusc eu ui hke`ctru hc jkrje ?
``, nkkih hc julderc aelociĊ-pdrtdjelkc.
Hurete kijuoeȗ kck cstc hc jkrje ; zklc, é i hc-
pcihciȗ Ċ hc tc`pcreture epck. Hurete vkc-
ȗ kk cstc hc pïiĊ le ?2 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc, elac, vk-cr`k, hcscdrk ju kjrc Ŕk pukct hc pcŔtk.
Nkkih d spcjkc rerĊ cstc djrdtktĊ hc lcaks-
leȗ ke curdpceiĊ țk kitcrieȗ kdielĊ.
Éi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc`rceie-vïiĊtĊ é orejĊ ‐ fekieiup ȗ kelĊ‐ spcjknkjĊ jkprkikhcldr.
EXCIůKC !
Kjrclc hc `rceiĊ suit tdxkjc țkiu sïit rcjd`eihetc pcitru jdi-su`. Ejcstce pdt prdvdje kihkacs-tkk scvcrc!
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Xcijf
Cia.
Xkije tkije(LKIIECSZ, 5136)
Зжаь
_us.
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68
Luiak`ce ?2‚:3 j`.Arcutetce 5?2‚822 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Lkius • Lki-hc-lej •
Rc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc éi-tïl t é kl k n k l nl k l k
Lkiul cstc puŪki prctciȗ kds le jdiȗ kiu-
t l k l k l kt é Ċ X Ċk t é
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63
tïlicțtc éi jursurklc kincrkderc elc nluvkulukIkstru, rïul Rrut, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc Hu-oĊserk, Jujkuraei, JdstcŔtk-Ztïije (rer), le-
jul Oclcu, oĊlȗ klc @eite. Rcstc fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk cstc rĊspïihkt éi oezkiclc @Ċrkk Oeltkjc, @Ċ-rkk Icarc Ŕk @Ċrkk Jespkjc.
Zpcjkc hc epĊ huljc, ocitdikjĊ, nktd-nklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. Erc jdrpul ards, ju sdlzk
ndertc `kjk, éivclkt éitr-ui stret ards hc u-
jus. Aure `kjĊ, tcr`kielĊ uțdr dolkjĊ juhduĊ `ustĊȗ k sjurtc. @esjulkk neȗ Ċ hc nc-`clc suit `ek `kjk țk rehkklc éidtĊtdercldr
vcitrelc éiardțetc.
Jdldreȗ ke cstc éi nuijȗ kc hc ieture
epck, hejĊ trĊkcŔtc éi epc `ek juretc julde-rce cstc `ek hcsjfksĊ, ker éi epc tulourk `ek éijfksĊ. Jdrpul erc julderce vcrhc- éijfksseu jfker icearĊ pc spetc, eohd`ciul hc d
julderc aĊloukc ker letcrelclc jdrpuluk ael-ociĊ‚vcrzukc seu jfker eurkc, ker éidtĊtde-rclc sïit hc julderc jciuțkc seu icarkjkdesĊ.
Éi tk`pul hcpuicrkk kjrcldr lkiul é țk sjfk`oĊjulderce, hcvcikih pĊtet ju pctc rdțkk prd-
iuiȗ etc. Krksul djfkldr cstc hc d iueiȗ Ċ rdțk-
ctkjĊ.
tul dxkaciuluk sdlvkt éi epĊ. XrĊkcțtc éiepclc stĊtĊtderc ju `ultĊ vcacteȗ kc ju nuih
`ïlds. Hc dokjck hujc ui dh hc vkeȗ Ċ sdlk-
ter, ehuiïihu-sc éi jïrhurk iu`ek éi tk`-pul kcriĊrkk. Erc ui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc rchus,
hurete vkcȗ kk nkkih hc 6-; eik.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. Zc rcprdhujc hcpuiïih pdite éi?-: rcprkzc, hc dokjck éi luiklc `ek ‚ kulkc
etuijk jïih tc`pcreture epck etkiac 5;-?32J. Hcpuic kjrclc éi ?-: rcprkzc pc vcacteȗ ke
ejvetkjĊ, jfker Ŕk pc nuihul `ïlds. D nc`clĊ
hcpuic hc le >2 222 pïiĊ le 832 222 kjrc. Kjrclc sïit `Ċruitc ju ui hke`ctru hc 5,3-
?,2 ``. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr c`orkd-
ietc jdistktukc :-1 zklc le tc`pcreture epck
hc ?2-?8 2J.
Zc frĊicŔtc prcpdihcrcit ju pleitc
ejvetkjc, her Ŕk ju `dluŔtc, kiscjtc, jruste-jcc Ŕk vkcr`k, rcsturk draeikjc éiafkȗ ktcdhetĊ ju `ïlul hc pc nuihul epck.
Nkkih d spcjkc vulicreoklĊ cstc djrdtktĊjdindr` lcaksleȗ kck.
Lkiul cstc skiaurul pcŔtc, jerc iu cstcvïiet hc pc țtkk rĊpktdrk hki jeuze ujdzk-
tĊ ȗ kk Ŕk e `krdsuluk7 Éi cvul `chku lkiul cre iu`kt pc țtclc-
hdjtdr, é itrujït sc jrchce jĊ `ujusul lukvkihcjĊ hurcrklc hc jep țk hc hki ȗ k7
Jerice lkiuluk cstc eloĊ, ndertc aus-tdesĊ, jdiskhcretĊ d hclkjetcsĊ7
Nkkih sjds hki epĊ, lkiul é țk sjfk`oĊ julderce.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Gcsslcr s
auhacdi
Cia.
_d`eidad d
gcsslcrkk(HSODQZGK, 56>?)
Дгхнвть
гххзгтв
_us.
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6>
Luiak`ce >‚5? j`.Arcutetce >‚?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rdrjei • Rdrjêicl • Juk •
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Heiuoc
auhacdi
Cia.
_d`eidad d
ureidsjdpus(EAEZZK], 56?6)
Дгхнвть
иъавлхнжл
_us.
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66
Luiak`ce 6‚5? j`.Arcutetce ;‚?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rctrdj • @drjdjk • Jfctret •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
iu`ek éi scjtdrul supcrkdr el rïuluk Rrut țk
`erk rdtuihc. Sicdrk pc jdrp pctclc lkp-
scsj seu sïit sleo prdiuiȗ etc. Rc hdrselĊk h lĊ t ? ï h k h t
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6;
enluciȗ kk luk le ehïijk`k `kjk, ju epc okicdxkacietcțk jurciȗ k repkzk, éi e`ditc hc le-
jul hc eju`ulerc Jdstcțtk-Ztïije. HupĊfdterclc ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ oezkiul fkhrdare-nkj el nluvkuluk HuiĊrce.
Cstc ui pcțtc eutdftdi, hc epĊ huljc,rcdnkl, ocitdikj, pse`dnkl, zddocitdnea, nd-
tdndo, prcncrĊ nuihul epck uihc stĊ ju je-pul éihrcptet jditre jurcituluk. Rcțtkk e-
turk suit sdlkterk. Hc dokjck sc ldjelkzcezĊ éivehurk țk éi rcpczkțurk, ju nuihurklc pkc-
trdesc, odldvĊidesc.
Jdrpul cstc eluiakt, nuskndr`, ejdpc-
rkt ju sdlzk jkjldkzk hcstul hc `erk. Djfkk
suit rkhkjeȗ k sprc nruitc, prkvkih éi sus. Od-tul cstc rcletkv esjuȗ kt. Jepul rcletkv `erc.
Zpkikk oreifkelk suit sjurȗ k țk rerk. Jdldre-
ȗ ke cstc oruiĊ-jciuțkc seu oruiĊ-rdțjetĊpc spetc, jciuțkc-vcrzukc pc nleijurk. Jdr-
pul cstc prcsĊret ju pctc `erk icarc. Éispetclc hdrselck suit prczcitc ?-: pctc
`erk, icarkjkdesc, ker pc leturk 1-52 pctc
țk jeuhelĊ suit ? rïihurk hc pctc icarc.
Zc rcprdhujc é i pcrkdehe ek-kulkc éi
zdiclc ju nuihul pkctrds țk vktczc `erk elcepck. Éi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc ndr`cezĊjïrhurk hki jïȗ kve kihkvkzk. Kjrclc suit lkpk-
jkdesc hc julderc eloĊstrukc. D nc`clĊ hc-puic éi `ek `ultc rcprkzc ? 222 - : 222 hc
kjrc pc pkctrc, éi ldjurk `ek puȗ ki ehïijk(2,5-5,2 ).
Zc frĊicțtc ju kiscjtc ejvetkjc țk ler-
vclc ldr, jrustejcc țk ae`erkhc, `dluțtc,
vkcr`k, hctrktus draeikj hc drkakic eik`elĊseu vcactelĊ, lervclc țk kjrclc eltdr pcțtk.
Cstc ejtkv éi e`ura țk ideptce seu éi zklclc éiidretc. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru pcțtkk
rĊpktdrk, pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac țk eltc eik`elc
ejvetkjc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 3 eik.
Cstc prdtcmet le ikvcl curdpcei, stetut
hc prdtcjȗ kc éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve iu erc.
Iu`clc spcjkck ureidsjdpuscstc ndr`et hki juvkitclc arcjc țtkdureids 0 jcr țk sgdpds 0 prkvkrc ,ȗ kitĊ , ehkjĊ ’jerc prkvcțtc éi jcr‐,ju rcncrkrc le djfkk pc țtcluk éihrcp-te ȗ k éi sus.
Sgrekikei
auhacdi
Cia.
Ad d
ser`etkjusOC_A, 5;8;
Дгхнвть
_us.
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;
Luiak`ce 1‚5: j`.Arcutetce >‚?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rdrjei • Rdrjêicl • Juk •
Rc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve cstc
rĊspïihkt pc jursul `kmldjku țk kincrkdr el
É
Zc rcprdhujc éi luiklc `ek-kuikc. D
nc`cle hcpuic jkrje ? 222 kjrc éi ek ultc
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;5
nluvkuluk Ikstru țk enluciȗ kk luk. Éi enere ȗ Ċrkkrer pdetc nk é itïlikt țk é i epclc Ouauluk-hc-
Zuh (Sjrekie). Cstc ui pcțtc hc telkc `kjĊ, hc epĊ
huljc. RrcncrĊ scjtderclc ehïijk, ju nuih ik-skpds țk jurciȗ k `dhcreȗ k ek epck. XrĊkcŔtc éijïrhurk kjk, jïtc 3-?2 hc kihkvkzk hc hkncrktc
vïrstc țk hk`ciskuik, éi eprdpkcrce ldjulukuihc eu cjldzet.
Erc jdrpul nuskndr`, eluiakt, ejdpcrkt
ju sdlzk ju cxjcpȗ ke aïtuluk jerc cstc ejdpc-rkt hder perȗ kel. Jepul `erc, odtul dotuz,
aure kincrkderĊ, sc`kluierĊ ju ustĊȗ k. Drk-
nkjkul eiel cstc `ek eprdepc hc éidtĊtderceeielĊ hcjït hc oeze vcitrelcldr. Zdlzkk hc pc
spetc nĊrĊ jrcstc cpktclkelc ldiaktuhkielc.
Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc țk jep
oruiĊ-vcrzukc, prcsĊretĊ ju pctc icarc`kjk. Rc nleijurk hc esc`cice erc 6-58 pctc
`ek éituicjetc. Eohd`ciul cstc hc juldercaĊloukc-erakitkc. Rc éidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk
jeuhelĊ suit sktuetc d scrkc hc puijtc
oruic.
rcprkzc éi `kjk arĊ`Ċmderc jerc cjldzcezĊhupĊ 52-53 zklc éi nuijŪkc hc tc`pcreture
epck. Rukctul sc `ciȗ kic éi k`chkete vcjk-iĊtetc e ldjuluk hc rcprdhujcrc, frĊikihu-
sc prcpdihcrcit ju zddpleijtdi. Hurete
vkcȗ kk cstc hc 3-1 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc pc nuihul epck, ju jrus-tejcc, lervc hc kiscjtc, `dluțtc, vcacteȗ kc
ejvetkjĊ, kjrc hc pcțtk. _kt`ul hc jrcțtcrc
cstc rchus. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcțtkldr rĊpk-
tdrk, pĊsĊrkldr kftkdneac țk eltdr eik`elc ej-
vetkjc. KcricezĊ éi ardpklc ehïijk hki elokerïurkldr.
Cstc prdtcmet le ikvcl curdpcei, stetut
hc prdtcjȗ kc éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve iu erc.
Rdrju țdrul cstc ndertc sciskokl
le pdluerce epck, jcce jc él nejc sĊkc jdiskhcret je ui okdkihkjetdr el
jelktĊ ȗ kk epck.
Ztdic
`drdgd
Cia.
Rscu dres dre
perve (Xc``kijg & Zjfl
cacl, 568>)
Сгевсйн
вмътхнжл
_us.
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;?
Luiak`ce >‚52 j`.Arcutetce 6‚52 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• @uradk •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éi`emdrktetce oezkicldr hki speȗ kul kitcrnlu-
k l Ik t R t é h ok é l hk
trelc, pcjtdrelc țk eielĊ suit hc julderc ael-oci hcsjfks. Rc éidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk eielĊcxkstĊ uicdrk pctc éituicjetc `kjk.
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;:
vkel Ikstru-Rrut éi hcdscok éi zdiclc suhkjc.Cstc ui pcțtc huljkjdl, ocitdpcleakj, drkak-
ier hki epclc stĊtĊtderc (oĊlȗ k țk fclcțtckc)seu lki juraĊtderc (rïurk) hki Eske CstkjĊ. Éi_cpuolkje @dlhdve țk _d`ïike e ndst kitrd-hus kivdluiter éi eiul 5;>5 dhetĊ ju elcvk-ikk spcjkkldr hc pcțtk nktdneak ehuțk hki
Jfkie.
Rcțtc huljkjdl, ocitdpcleakj, lktdnkl,
zddocitdnea, d`ikvdr. Erc jdrpul eluiakt țk
ards, eprdepc jklkihrkj, sleo jd`prk`et le-
tcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk `erk. Jepul cstcjd`prk`et letcrel, aure `kjĊ, sc`kluierĊ,supcrkderĊ, hkspusĊ dolkj éi sus. Lkike letc-
relĊ cstc hrceptĊ țk sktuetĊ le kmldjul leturk-ldr. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk eielĊ suit sjurtc,ju `erakiklc jdivcxc. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊcstc ehïij sjdoktĊ ju ldok caelk, rdtuimkȗ k.
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk cstc jciuțku seu jc-
iuțku-aeloci pc spetc, leturklc erakitkk ju
jïtc d huiaĊ icearĊ sc`kluierĊ pc nkcjercsdlz, ker eohd`ciul elo. Le pukct pc leturk
sc éitkihc d huiaĊ suoȗ krc jciuțkc-erakitkc
jerc le `eturk hksperc. ÉidtĊtderclc vci-
p
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ éi el hdk-
lce ei hc vkeȗ Ċ. @esjulkk suit `ek `erk hc-jït nc`clclc. Hcpuic kjrclc éi jïtcve rcprkzc éi pcrkdehe luikldr kuikc-kulkc pc lïiaĊ `e-lurk le ehïijk`k `kjk. Kjrclc suit hcpusc éitr-ui stret suoȗ krc pc hkvcrsc dokcjtc ejve-
tkjc - pkctrc, jrciak, jdjfklkk adelc hc `d-
luțtc, ctj. D nc`clĊ hcpuic pïiĊ le 3 222
kjrc, éi `chkc ? 322.
Cstc ui pcțtc pdlknea, ndertc frĊpĊrcȗ ,
sc frĊicțtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc țk kiscjtc ej-vetkjc seu jerc jeh éi epĊ, eiclkhc, `dluțtc,
jrustejcc, jlehdjcrc, e`nkpdhc țk kzdpdhc,
her țk ju spdiakcrk hc epĊ huljc, zddpleij-tdi, hctrktus țk rcsturk vcactelc. Jdisu`Ċ éijeitktĊȗ k erk kjrclc țk pukctul eltdr spcjkk hc
pcțtk. Cstc jdijurcit éi iutrkȗ kc el spcjkkldr
veldrdesc hc pcțtk, é i spcjkel éi adspdhĊrkklcpksjkjdlc, éi jerc erc ui cncjtkv iu`crkj spd-
rkt. Rukctul sc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi. Hu-rete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8-3 eik.
Nkkih d spcjkc kivezkvĊ éi Cu-rdpe e hus le sjĊhcrce iu`Ċrulukseu jfker hksperk ȗ ke uidr jkprkikhceutdftdic (jerejuhĊ, lki, nunĊ)7
Éi tk`pul frĊikrkk, erc uicdrkjd`pdrte`cit earcskv encjtïih prki jkupkrc éidtĊtderclc eltdr spc-jkk hc pc țtk hki eprdpkcrc.
Orce`
Cia.
E re` s
ore`e(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Згы
_us.
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;8
Luiak`ce :2‚32 j`.Arcutetce 322‚5322 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jïrmeijê • _uakidesê • Rlêstekjê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve cstc éitïliktĊ éi nluvkul Ikstru, rïul Rrut Ŕk oĊlȗ klc selc, le-
jurklc Oclcu Jeful lejurklc hc eju`ulerc
Julderce plĊtkjkk cstc ndertc verketĊ.Rukctul pc spetc erc julderce `Ċslkikc-jc-
iuțkc pc leturk erakitkc hcsjfksĊ @eturkk
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;3
jurklc Oclcu, Jeful, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc
Jujkuraei, HuoĊserk Ŕk JdstcŔtk-Ztïije, é i
jursurklc kincrkderc elc rïurkldr `kjk ŔkoĊlŪklc ldr, éi uiclc lejurk `kjk (Afkhkafkjk,Xerejlke, Keldvcik, @kiakr, Jdiaez). Éienere ȗ Ċrkk plĊtkje pdpulcezĊ epclc Curdpck hc le rĊsĊrkt hc Rkrkick țk le idrh hc Elpk hki
oezkiclc `Ċrkldr Idrhuluk, Oeltkjc, Eloc,
Icarc, Ezdv, Jespkjc țk Lejul Erel.
Zpcjkc huljkjdlĊ, sc`k`karetderc,ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ, d`-
ikvdrĊ.
Erc jdrpul plet (hc uihc Ŕk hciu`k-rce pcțtcluk), turtkt letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk
rcletkv erk, iu prce terk, okic nkxeȗ k, pc jerc
sc hkstkia puijtkțderc icarc, hkspusc éicveitek. Jepul `kj, ju odt sjurt țk esjuȗ kt,
aure `kjĊ sc`kkincrkderĊ ju ouzc suoȗ krk țk
nreaklc, prdtrejtklĊ (sc pdetc prcluiak éitr-
ui tuo). Iu erc `ustĊȗ k. ÉidtĊtderce hdr-selĊ cstc éielte, jce eielĊ luiaukeȗ Ċ, éitki-
zïihu-sc hc le eius țk pïiĊ éi eprdpkcrcejdzkk ker jce jeuhelĊ ehïij sjdoktĊ ju ldoulkincrkdr ek luia.
iuțkc, pc leturk erakitkc-hcsjfksĊ. @eturkksc jdldrcezĊ éi nuijȗ kc hc `chkul éi jerc
trĊkcsj, pdt rĊ`ïic erakitkk, pdt nk eurkk-erĊ-`kk seu jfker orui-`erd- éijfks. Éi pcrk-dehe rcprdhujcrkk, aïtul țk pertce kincrk-
derĊ e dpcrjulcldr `esjulkldr jepĊtĊiueiŪc rdțkctkjc, ker pc jdrp eper tuocrjulk
elok, iu`kȗ k outdik hc é`pcrcjfcrc. Krksuldjfkldr cstc eurku seu erakitku.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-3 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi `ek-kuikc. Hc-
puicrce pditck éijcpc le tc`pcreture epckhc 5:-53 2J, ker rcprdhujcrce éi `esĊ erc
ldj le tc`pcreture epck hc 5>-51 2J éi ldjurkju vcacteŪkc suo`crsĊ eouihcitĊ. D nc-`clĊ hcpuic hc le 63 222 pïiĊ le 1:2 222kjrc (éi `chkc ??2 222 kjrc). Hurete vkcȗ kk
pïiĊ le ?2 hc eik.
Cstc ui pcŔtc pețikj, cxtrc` hc spc-
rkds le zad`dtc putcrikjc țk `kțjerc. Zc
frĊicțtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc, vkcr`k, jruste-
jcc țk pleitc ejvetkjc éi prcem`e `elurkldr`ïldesc.
RlĊtkjklc eu mdjul ldr iup ȗ kel éi pcrk-dehe hc rcprdhujcrc jerc sc `eikncstĊ prki neptul jĊ pc țtkk ser éi pcr`eici ȗ Ċ hki epĊ éi ecr, jezïih éiepdk pc d pert c, prdhujïih ui zad`dt putcrikj7
Éi jdihk ȗ kk nevdreoklc hc `chkul ej-vetkj țk freiĊ é ihcstulet Ċ pdetc etkiacluiak`ce hc 63 j` țk d arcutetc hc 1 ga.
Oluc Orce`
Cia.
Oe crus
oellcrus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Хжагю
_us.
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;>
Luiak`ce 53‚?3 j`.Arcutetce :22‚>22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jdsej-ju-odt-esjuȗkt •
Zc éitïlicțtc éi jursurklc kincrkdercelc nl. Ikstru Ŕk r. Rrut, ju d hcisktetc iu`c-rkjĊ sjĊzutĊ e pdpuleȗkkldr Cstc rĊspïihkt
tc`pcreturĊ e epck hc 6-5? 2J éi ldjurklc juehïijk`k `kjk (:2-82 j`) pc suostret vcac-
tel éitr-d rcprkzĊ. D nc`clĊ hcpuic hc le 8
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rkjĊ sjĊzutĊ e pdpuleȗ kkldr. Cstc rĊspïihkt éi rïurklc hki Curdpe JcitrelĊ țk Curdpe hc
Cst, jerc sc versĊ é i @erce Idrhuluk, @e-rce OeltkjĊ, @erce IcearĊ, @erce Ezdv țk
@erce JespkjĊ.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, rcdnklĊ, ocitd-pcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. Jdsejul erc jdrpul `ek puŪki eluiakt je le jdsejul-
ju-odt-turtkt, nruitce od`oetĊ, aure `kjĊtcr`kielĊ Ŕk puȗ ki dolkjĊ éi sus, odtul cstcsjurt Ŕk esjuȗ kt, esc`ĊiĊtdr ju plĊtkje. Jeu-
hele cstc ehïij sjdoktĊ, ldoul kincrkdr cstc`ek luia hcjït jcl supcrkdr. Jdrpul ejdpc-rkt ju sdlzk `Ċruiȗ k (`ek `kjk je le plĊtkjĊ)Ŕk suoȗ krk.
Julderce cstc eloĊstrkc pc spetc, er-akitkc ju rcnlcxc `ctelkjc pc leturk Ŕk eloĊnĊrĊ lujku pc eohd`ci. ÉidtĊtderclc suit tk-vktc ju icaru, éidtĊtderclc pcrcjfk suit hc
julderc aĊloukc ker jclc icpcrcjfc suit jc-iuțkk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc 8-3 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-`ek le d
p p222 pïiĊ le ?3 222 kjrc, ju ui hke`ctru hc5,:-5,3``. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr c`ork-
dietc jdistktukc 5?-5: zklc.
Hc `ultc drk pdetc nk éitïlikt éi jd`-peike plĊtkjkk, kitrïih éi jïrhurklc ejcstcke, éi zklclc jelhc hc verĊ trĊkcțtc `ek `ult éieprdpkcrce nuihuluk, éisĊ éi jclc rcjk sc rk-hkje Ŕk éi streturklc supcrkderc elc epcldr.
Xde`ie sc arupcezĊ éi jïrhurk `kjk Ŕk é țk
jeutĊ ldjurk `ek ehïijk éi rïurk seu éi le-
jurk, uihc kcricezĊ, tk`p éi jerc éijctcezĊjd`plct se sc frĊicesjĊ. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc jkrje 6-52 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, lervc hc
kiscjtc ejvetkjc, vkcr`k, jrustejcc, dluțtc,
elac, hctrktus draeikj ctj. Zcrvcțtc le rïi-
hul sĊu je prehĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderchc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Jdsejul erc d velderc cjdid-`kjĊ rchusĊ hki jeuze cncjtkvulukdertc `kj éi jepturk , ker jerice
cstc hc jelktetc kincrkderĊ țk sc jdi-su`Ċ `ek `ult sĊretĊ.
Qfktc cyc
Orce`
Cia.
Oe crus
sepeRelles, 5658
гзйкзвбнв
_us.
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;6
Luiak`ce 53‚:3 j`.Arcutetce 32‚>:3 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Odȗda • Djfceiê-jd`uiê •
Rc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve pd-
pulcezĊ nluvkul Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut, prcpdi-hcrcit prcncrïih zdiclc hc jdinluciȗ Ċ e rï-
juretc suit hc julderc `ek hcsjfksĊ. Ldokkjeuhelk suit kicaelk. ÉidtĊtderclc kijdldrcseu aĊlouk ju ui jditur nu`urku. Éi tk`pul
h kk lkk t o lk lok
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;;
puluk ju enluciȗ kk, le ehïijk`k hc jje ? `.Rcstc fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk sc éitïlicțtc é i oezkiclc
@Ċrkk Icarc țk @Ċrkk Ezdv hc le HuiĊrc
pïiĊ le Guoei țk éi zdie idrh-vcstkjĊ e@Ċrkk Jespkjc.
Zpcjkc huljkjdlĊ, nktdnklĊ, ocitdpcle-
țkjĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. Nkkih d spcjkc rcdnklĊehcsce pdetc nk aĊsktĊ éi ardpklc hki eloke
rïurkldr seu éi ehïijkturklc `elurkldr,
uihc-țk jeutĊ freie. Hcscdrk pdetc nk éitïl-
iktĊ éi jd`peike plĊtkjkk, kitrïih éi jïrhulejcstcke. Xde`ie tïrzku sc arupcezĊ éi jïr-hurk `kjk Ŕk é țk jeutĊ ldjurk `ek ehïijk éirïurk seu éi lejurk, uihc kcricezĊ.
Erc jdrpul éielt, hc ndr`Ċ rd`okjĊ,esc`ĊiĊtderc ju oetje, odtul `erc ju dndr`Ċ jerejtcrkstkjĊ éielte ju aure `kjĊsuotcr`kielĊ. Djfkk sïit jd`peretkv `erk.Rertce hdrselĊ e jdsejuluk cstc eloĊstrukc-
jciuțkc, ker letcrelclc erakitkk ju rcnlcxc c-
telkjc, eohd`ciul elo‚erakitku. Hdrsele
jdsejuluk jerc vkcȗ ukcțtc éi lejurk cstc `ek éituicjetĊ, ker jck jerc trĊkcsj éi epc `ek
rcprdhujcrkk, `esjulkk eu tuocrjulk elok pc
jdrp Ŕk éidtĊtderc, ker éidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc
sïit puȗ ki ek luiak je le nc`clc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. Le snïrțktul luikk `ertkc ndr-
`cezĊ jïrhurk țk `karcezĊ sprc ldjurklc hcrcprdhujcrc. Éi luiklc eprklkc-`ek sc rcprd-
hujc le tc`pcreture epck 5?-5> 2J, nc`clclc
hcpui kjrclc éitr-d rcprkzĊ, pc vcacteȗ ke ej-
vetkjĊ seu pc scjtderclc ju nuih ikskpds-pk-
ctrds ju jurciŪk `dhcreȗ k ek epck. D nc`clĊhcpuic hc le 1 ;22 pïiĊ le :1 222 kjrc. Rc-rkdehe hc kijuoeȗ kc hurcezĊ eprdepc > zklc.Hurete vkcȗ kk jdistktukc jkrje 6 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc prcpdihcrcit ju jruste-
jcc, lervc hc jfkrdid`khc, `dluŔtc, elac,
hctrkus draeikj. Zcrvcțtc le rïihul ck je
prehĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk,
pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac țk eltc eik`elc ejvetkjc.
Éi fdterclc erceluluk jdsejul-ju-odtul-turtkt pdetc etkiac d lui- ak`c hc 8> j` țk d arcutetc hc 5,3 ga.
Ejcst pc țtc erc d velderc cjdid-`kjĊ rchusĊ, jerice ejcstuke nkkih pu ȗ ki austdesĊ țk `ult dsdesĊ.
^k`oe Orce`
Cia.
^ ` e
vk`oe(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Тчегю
_us.
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522
Luiak`ce ?2‚82 j`.Arcutetce ?22‚>22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Odulcei • Ldstkc • Zuhuj •
Rc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc
éitïlicŔtc éi nluvkul Ikstru, rïul Rrut, leju-rklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk Ŕk JdstcŔtk-
eielĊ pc `erakik tkvktĊ ju icaru. Rrk`Ċ-vere, dhetĊ ju eprdpkcrce pcrkdehck hc rc-prdhujcrc, e`oclc scxc é țk `dhknkjĊ jdldre-ȗk Z t l h k Ū lo
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525
Ztïije. @druiețul hki lk`eiul Ikstrcei
`karcezĊ é i jursul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Iks-tru, ker jcl hki lejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk`karcezĊ pc jursul `kmldjku e`ditc hc dr.Je`cije. Éi enere tcrktdrkuluk rcpuolkjkkpdpulcezĊ nluvkklc jerc sc versĊ éi @erceIdrhuluk, @erce OeltkjĊ, @erce IcearĊ,@erce Ezdv, @erce JespkjĊ, @erce @er-
`ere.
Cstc ui pcțtc sc`k`karetdr, ocitdikj,
rcdnkl, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea. RrcncrĊ ldjurklcehïijk hc 3-58 ` ju nuih ikskpds-pkctrds.
Éi epclc juraĊtderc, cvkte ldjurklc ju ju-rciŪk putcrikjk. Zpcjke e hcvcikt vulicre-oklĊ cncjtkvul jĊrcke cstc éi pcr`eicitĊhcsjrcțtcrc.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt turtkt letcrel. Je-
pul cstc kj, odtul eluiakt jdikj. Aure kinc-
rkderĊ, sc`kluierĊ. @exklerul supcrkdr cstc`ult `ek luia hcjït jcl kincrkdr. Jepul Ŕkspkierce eu d julderc plu`ourku-eloĊs-trukc, pĊrȗ klc letcrelc țk eohd`ciul eloĊ-er-
akitkc, éidtĊtderclc sïit aĊlouk, ker jce
ȗ ke. Zpetclc hcvkic icaru ju iueiŪc eloes-trc, letcrelclc vĊraetc ju huiak treisvcrselc
icarc jerc eltcricezĊ ju jclc erakitkk, ker éidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc, vcitrelc Ŕk eielĊ rd-țketkjc. Le `esjulk pc jep Ŕk jdrp eper ou-tdikk hc é`pcrcjfcrc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc 8-3 eik. Éi tk`pul rcprdhujcrkk sc ehuiĊ éi jïrhurk, éi luiklc `ek-kuikc le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc ?2-?5 2J éi jursul kincrkdr el
Ikstruluk țk 58-5;2
J éi jursul kmldjku (sca-`citul s. Adldțikȗ e ‚ s. ^crtkumcik). D nc-
`clĊ hcpuic hc le 58 222 pïiĊ le 16 222 kjrcju hke`ctrul 5,3-?,2 ``, éi ldjurklc jupruihkț țk ikskp ju ehïijk`k hc 2,?3-2,6 `
țk vktcze epck hc 2,1-5,5 :/s. Éi lcaĊturĊ jujdihkȗ kklc icnevdreoklc pcitru rcprdhujcrc
hki nl. Ikstru, pdite cstc hcpusĊ é itr-d ski-
aurĊ rcprkzĊ. Hczvdlterce c`orkdiuluk le
tc`pcreture epck hc ?5 2J erc ldj tk`p hc :
zklc țk > zklc le tc`pcreture epck hc 53 2J.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju elac, ler-
vclc kiscjtcldr, `dluŔtc `kjk, rejk, rï`c.
@druie țul cstc ndertc eprc-jket aestrdid`kj evïih jericehcstul hc aresĊ țk cstc jdisu`et Ċ prdespĊt Ċ, sĊretĊ seu enu`et Ċ.
Éi ercel, `druie țul pdetcetkiac >2 j` luiak`c, d arcutetc hc: ga țk d vïrst Ċ `exk`elĊ hc 51 eik.
_dejf
Cia.
_ut us
rutklus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Дзйяпв
_us.
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52?
Luiak`ce 53‚:2 j`.Arcutetce 522‚1?3 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Xereijê • Djfceiê • Adafkc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve cstc rĊspïi-hktĊ éi oezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru, lejurklc hceju`ulerc HuoĊserk țk Jujkuraei (oeouțjĊ
eper ikțtc outdik putcrikj prdiuiȗ eȗ k jerc
hksper hupĊ rcprdhujcrc.
Etkiac eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste
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tkpkjĊ). Oeouțje jerpetkjĊ sc éitïlicțtc éi
jursul chku Ŕk kincrkdr el rïuluk Rrut, leju-rklc Oclcu, @eite Ŕk JdstcŔtk-Ztïije. Rcstc
fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk cstc sc`ieletĊ éi CurdpeJcitrelĊ țk hc ^cst, é i Zkocrke, Eske @kjĊ țk
Lejul Erel.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, rcdnklĊ,lk`idnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, zddocitd-
neaĊ.
Erc jdrpul puȗ ki é ielt, eluiakt, turtkt
letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk strĊlujkȗ k. Jdrpul
suojdikj, odtul esjuȗ kt, aure `kjĊ tcr`k-
ielĊ țk puȗ ki é ijlkietĊ. Lkike letcrelĊjuroetĊ uțdr țk cstc sktuetĊ ek mds hc mu`Ċ-tetce jdrpuluk. Zdlzkk sïit `kjk, sc hcsprkihuțdr țk sïit ejdpcrkȗ k ju ui stret odaet hc
`ujus.
Jdldrktul cstc jciuțku-eloĊstruk pc
spetcț
k elokjkds pc rcstul jdrpuluk. ÉidtĊ-tderclc aelocic-rdțkctkjc jfker țk rdțu-pdr-
tdjelku. Krksul djfkuluk c rdțu-pdrtdjelku.
Éiekitc hc rcprdhujcrc pc jepul `esjulkldr
hc ?-: eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi jïrhurk `erk éi
eprklkc-`ek, jïih tc`pcreture epck cstc hc5?-58²J, trcjïih hki rïurk éi oĊlȗ k, uihc nc-
`clclc hcpui kjrclc éitr-d rcprkzĊ pc vcac-teȗ ke ejvetkjĊ suo`cersĊ le ehïijk`k hc2,3-5,3 `. D nc`clĊ hcpuic pïiĊ le 532 222kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc ?,5 ``. Hurete kiju-
oeȗ kck kjrcldr c`orkdietc cstc hc 52-58 zklc
le tc`pcreture epck hc 52-5? 2J țk ;-5? zklc
le tc`pcreture epck hc 5?-58 2J.
^kcȗ ukcțtc éi epclc huljk stĊtĊtderc, éi lejurk Ŕk oĊltk ju nuihul ejvetkj ikskpds-
`ïlds. Cstc d spcjkc nrkjdesĊ, jerc sc es-juihc éi vcacteȗ ke suo`crsĊ, suo `elurklc
eoruptc, éi stunĊrkț țk eltĊ `ejrdvcacteȗ kc
ejvetkjĊ. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ hc pïiĊ le 53 eik.
Freie prcncretĊ e oĊouțtkk jdistĊ
hki elac nkle`citdesc, pcrknktdi, pertkjulc
hc pleitc ejvetkjc, jrustejcc `kjk, hrck-
sciĊ, lervc hc kiscjtc ejvetkjc. Ejjkhcitel,jdisu`Ċ kjrclc eltdr pcțtk. Zcrvcțtc je
prehĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk țk
pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
OĊou țtclc éi `ultc jezurk ndr-`cezĊ iu`crd țk fkorkzk ju e țe spc-
jkk je plĊtkje, oetje, dolc ȗ ul, rd țk-dere.
Rdetc etkiac d luiak`c hc 32j` țk d arcutetc exk`elĊ hc 5,6 ga.
Xerei
Cia.
_ut us
fcjgclk(Idrh`eii, 5682)
Явтваь
_us.
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Luiak`ce ?2‚:8 j`.Arcutetce 5>2‚;>2 a.
hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Djfceiê • Djfcic •
Zc éitïlicŔtc éi jursul kincrkdr el nlu-vkuluk Ikstru, lk`eiul Ikstrcei, lejul rcnrk-
acrcit Jujkuraei, lejul hc eju`ulerc Hu-
oĊ k k l k n k l ï l R R
pc scjtderclc odaetc éi vcacteŪkc. D nc`clĊhcpuic hc le 1 222 pïiĊ le 536 222 kjrc ju`Ċrk`ce hke`ctruluk hc 5,3-?,2 ``. Kjrclc
ncjuihetc sc lkpcsj hc pleitclc ejvetkjc țk
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oĊserk Ŕk jursul kincrkdr el rïul Rrut. Rcstc
fdterclc rcpuolkjkk cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi rcaku-iklc hki oezkiclc `Ċrkldr IcearĊ țk Ezdv.
RcŔtc sc`k`karĊtdr, ocitdikj, lk`id-rcdnkl, nktdnkl, zddocitdnea, prcncrĊ epclchuljk țk sel`estrc, ldjurklc ju jurciȗ k `d-
hcreȗ k țk nuih ikskpds. XrĊkcŔtc éi jïrhurk,prcpdihcrcit sc `ciȗ kic le nuih. Ldjul
prkijkpel hc éiarĊțerc cstc lk`eiul Iks-
trcei.
Jdrpul turtkt letcrel Ŕk ejdpcrkt ju sdl-zkk jkjldkzk erk. Xruijfkul éielt. Aure suo-
tcr`kielĊ. Lkike letcrelĊ cstc uțdr juroetĊ éi mds. Jeuhele sjdoktĊ ehïij. Zpetclc hcjulderc eloĊstrukc-jciuțkc, leturklc Ŕk eohd-`ciul - erakitkk. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk je-
uhelĊ jciuțkc-hcsjfksĊ ker jclcleltc ael-
ocic-rdțkctkjc. ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc, vci-trelc țk eielĊ eu `erakiklc éituicjetc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. @kareȗ kklc hc rcprdhujcrc é ijcp
éi luie `ertkc. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj éi`ertkc-`ek le tc`pcreture epck hc 6-5? 2J,
ncjuihetc sc lkpcsj hc pleitclc ejvetkjc țk
sc hczvdltĊ >-55 zklc. Éi kuikc-kulkc ehulȗ kk Ŕk
pukctul `karcezĊ sprc zdiclc sel`estrc,uihc kcricezĊ éi ardpk. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc ;-52 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju elac, zddpleijtdi, ic-vcrtcoretc ocitdikjc. Le pcțtkk ehulȗ k jd`-
pdicitclc prkijkpelc e spcjtruluk hc iutrk-
ȗ kc sïit `dluțtclc (éi acicrel ‚ hrckscie) țk
`ejrdnktclc, pdihcrce jĊrdre pdetc etkiac
pïiĊ le ;3%. Zcrvcțtc le rïihul sĊu jeprehĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk,
pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac țk eltc eik`elc ejvetkjc.
Éi jdihk ȗ kk nevdreoklc pdetc
etkiac d arcutetc hc ? ga le d lui- ak`c hc pcstc 32 j`.
Olejg Zce
_dejf
Cia.
_ut us
nrkskk(Idrh`eii, 5682)
чтгбъе
_us.
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52>
Luiak`ce :2‚83 j`.Arcutetce 5222‚5322 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• ^érczuo • Xêrei • OeouŔjê-pditkjê •
Zc éitïlicțtc é i jursul kmldjku țk kinc-
rkdr el nluvkuluk Ikstru țk lejul hc eju`ulerc
HuoĊserk țk ndertc rer é i lejul Jujkuraei. Éirïul Rrut iu e ndst sc`ieletĊ. HupĊ fdterclc
5?-53 2J. @kareȗ ke sprc ldjurklc hc rcprdhu-
jcrc erc ldj éi nkcjerc ei, rcprdhujĊtdrkk eutcihkiȗ e hc e jĊute ldjurklc uihc eu cjldzethki kjrc. D nc`clĊ hcpuic pïiĊ le ?32 222
Éiekitc hc jdistrukrce țk ndr`erce
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rïul Rrut iu e ndst sc`ieletĊ. HupĊ fdterclcrcpuolkjkk cstc prczcitĊ éi nluvkklc jerc sc
versĊ éi @erce IcearĊ țk @erce Ezdv.
Cstc ui pcŔtc sc`k`karĊtdr, ocitdikj,rcdnkl, ocitdpcleakj, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea.
RrcncrĊ epclc juretc Ŕk rcjk, ehïijk ju ju-
rciȗ k repkzk, nuih pkctrds Ŕk/seu ikskpds.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt Ŕk ards. Zc hcdsc-
ocțtc hc tereijĊ prki jdldreȗ kc Ŕk sdlzkk `ek
`Ċruiȗ k. Aure eprdepc tcr`kielĊ. Julderce
jdrpuluk pc spetc vcrzukc- éijfksĊ, leturklcerakitkk, eohd`ciul cstc elo seu aĊlouk. Éid-tĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ suit jciuțkk é i-
jfksc. ÉidtĊtderclc vcitrelc țk eielĊ suit
aĊlouk seu rdțjetc. ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc
pdt evce iueiȗ c pdrtdjelkk seu rdțkk, é i spc-
jkel é i pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc. Krksul djfk-
ldr jciuțku- éituicjet seu aĊlouk. Éi cpdjercprdhujcrkk pc jepul țk leturklc `esjulkldr
eper outdik elokjkdțk (tuocrjulk iupȗ kelk).
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc 8-3 eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj prk`Ċvere éi luiklc eprklkc-`ek le tc`pcreture epck hc
hc kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc ?,2-?,? ``. Kjrclc
sïit hcpusc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ, pc pkctrc éi ldjurklc ju jurciŪk repkzk, ker hczvdlterce
c`orkdikldr hurcezĊ 1 zklc. HupĊ rcprdhu-
jcrc `karcezĊ é i lk`eiul Ikstrcei țk @erce
IcearĊ éi zdie ju epĊ sel`estrĊ uihc sc éi-arețĊ. Xde`ie sc jdijcitrcezĊ éi lk`eiulIkstrcei țk aure hc vĊrserc e Ikstruluk uihc
kcricezĊ éi zdic jclc `ek ehïijk. Hurete vk-
cȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 5? eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju elac, zddpleijtdi,jrustejcc `Ċruitc, `dluŔtc. Éi jdihkȗ kk ne-
vdreoklc pdetc etkiac d luiak`c `exk`elĊhc 15 j` țk d arcutetc hc 6 ga. Zcrvcțtc le
rïihul ck je prehĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc
hc pcțtk, pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac țk eltc eik`elc
ejvetkjc.
Zpcjkc vulicreoklĊ, cstc pc jelc hc hks-perkȗ kc, djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curd-
pcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
noeremuluk hc le HuoĊserk, pdpule ȗ kklcsc`k`kar Ċtderc ndr`eu jïrhurkk`cisc țk sc urjeu éi sus pc nluvku Iks-tru sutc hc gkld`ctrk pcitru e emuiac leldjurklc hc rcprdhujcrc. Éi prczcit `k-
are ȗ kklc sïit `ult `ek sjurtc țk oeiju-rklc sïit `ult `ek `kjk7
Djfceie-`erc tdlcrcezĊ jdijci-tre ȗ kk selkic hc pcstc 5?%.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Okttcrlkia
Cia.
_ d cus
e`erus(Oldjf, 516?)
Кйтсвн
_us.
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526
Luiak`ce 3‚; j`.Arcutetce 6‚5? a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Oderjê • OlcfikŪê • LetkŪê •
Rc tcrktdrkul ȗ Ċrkk sc éitïlicțtc é i oezk-
iul fkhrdarenkj el nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïuluk
Rrut. Rcstc fdterclc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve
cstc sc`ieletĊ é i epclc hki Curdpe, hki cs-
uțdr hïih jĊrikk ui aust e`Ċruk, jerc hcs-
juremcezĊ jdisu`ul ck.
Hujc ui dh hc vkeȗ Ċ schciter. Zc rc-
prdhujc éi luiklc `ek-kulkc. Rrdlknkjktetce
Lervclc oder ȗ ck ndldscsj ndk ȗ clc oreifkelc elc
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52;
p p
tul Nreiȗ ck pïiĊ le Srel țk Idrhul Eskck
@kjk.
Cstc d spcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktdzddneaĊ hki epclc stĊtĊ-tderc (oĊlȗ k, kezurk țk fclcțtckc) seu lki juraĊ-tderc (rïurk), ju nuihul ikskpds seu pkctrds.
Erc jdrpul éielt, jd`prk`et letcrel, juspetclc țk eohd`ciul juroet țk cstc ejdpcrkt
ju sdlzk erk. Jepul `kj. Aure `kjĊ suotcr-
`kielĊ sc`kluierĊ, erjuktĊ țk puȗ ki dolkjĊ.Odtul dotuz. Djfkk `erk. Lkike letcrelĊ ki-
jd`plctĊ, sjurtĊ. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ oknur-jetĊ ju vïrnurklc esjuȗ ktc.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc oruiĊ seu jc-
iuțkc-aĊloukc, uicdrk vcrzukc, leturklc țk eo-
hd`ciul eloc-erakitetc ju d huiaĊ é iaustĊ
vcrzukc-eloĊ seu icarkjkdesĊ jerc sc é itkihc
ldiaktuhkiel pc mu`Ċtetce pdstcrkderĊ e jdr-
puluk. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ sïit
jciuțkk- é ijfks, rcstul é idtĊtdercldr rdțjetc.
^czkje oklkerĊ cstc ndertc nreaklĊ țk sc sperac
prdhujc é i luiklc `ek kulkc. Rrdlknkjktetce
cstc hc ??2-:22 kjrc. Éiekitc hc rcprdhujcrc`esjulkk jepĊtĊ ui jdldrkt vku7 dpcrjulkk țk
spetclc hcvki vkdlctc, leturklc țk eohd`ciul
rdz-erakitkk, djfkk sc éirdțcsj, pc odt eper
outdik. Nc`clclc pdertĊ juldrk ek țtcrsc, éipcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk lk sc hczvdltĊ d pe-pklĊ aciktelĊ suo ndr`e hc tuoulcȗ (dvkpdzk-
tdr) ju d luiak`c hc :-8 j` ju emutdrul jĊ-rcke é țk hcpui 6-52 kjrc, ju hke`ctrul hc ?,3-
: `, éi jevktetce uidr sjdkjk hc oeltĊ. @es-
julkk éisdȗ csj nc`clclc clkocrïih lepȗ kk é i mu-
rul ejcldrețk sjdkjk jerc, éi prdjcsul hc
rcspkreȗ kc țk frĊikrc eosdro epe, rcelkzïihestncl ncjuiherce. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr, cjldze-
rce țk hczvdlterce lerverĊ sc nejc tdt é i jevk-
tetce pelcelĊ e sjdkjkk pc hurete e :2-82 zklc.
Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje 3 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju pleijtdi, elac țk hctrk-
tus vcactel. Oderȗ e scrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitruspcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklckftkdneac.
sjdkjkk hrcpt ehĊpdst vrc`clikj, iu nĊrĊ e nurikze,tdtdhetĊ, ui scrvkjku rcjkprdj sjdkjkk aezhĊ, jejktk`p hc 5-? luik, elcvkikk hc oder ȗ Ċ `ci ȗ ki pc pkc-lce ldr lervc hc `dluțtc jerc, hupĊ jc hcvki sjdkjkéi kiketurĊ sc hcsprkih țk jeh pc nuihul epck pci-tru e-țk hujc vke ȗ e kihcpcihcit. Zk`okdze eskaur Ċ éi oĊl ȗ k pcrpctuerce e`ocldr vkctĊ ȗ k ejvetkjc, pcțtcțk sjdkjĊ7
Oder ȗ e cstc supreiu`ktĊ ‐pktkje jkprkikhcldr‐.
Iesc
Cia.
J di rdstd`e
iesus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Дйиъхя
_us.
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552
Luiak`ce ?:‚:: j`.Arcutetce ?53‚3>2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• RdhuŪ • RdhcŪ • @eŪc-icarc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éijursurklc `kmldjkk Ŕk kincrkderc elc nl. Ikstru
Ŕk r. Rrut, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk ŔkJdstcŔtk-Ztïije. Cstc rĊspïihkt éi Curdpe
hdrselĊ, uicdrk suit prczcitc puijtc `kjkhc julderc icearĊ. Ju cxjcpȗ ke é idtĊtderck
hdrselc jclcleltc eu d julderc rdțkc-sïiacrkc.
Éi cpdje rcprdhujcrkk le nc`clc jdldreȗ ke hc-
vkic `ek vkc jepul cstc ejdpcrkt ju tuocrd
Le sjdoer pcrktdicul cstc ic-
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555
JcitrelĊ țk perȗ kel é i Curdpe hc _ĊsĊrkt, é i
nluvkklc `Ċrkldr IcearĊ, Ezdv țk JespkjĊ.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl, ocitdikj, rc-
dnkl, nktdnea. RrcncrĊ epclc rcjk, lk`pczk, ju
nuihul odldvĊids țk zdiclc ju jurcitul d-
hcret el epck, uihc trĊkcțtc é i jïrhurk erk.
Jdrpul cstc eluiakt, jepul jd`prk`et
`chkd-letcrel, odtul sjurt let țk dotuz ju ui
rdstru sjurt, aure kincrkderĊ, treisvcrselĊ ju
ouzc esjuȗ ktc Ŕk jĊridesc. @exklerul su-pcrkdr cstc puȗ ki ek luia jd`peretkv ju jcl
kincrkdr. Ouzclc terk sk tĊkdesc, ejdpcrktc juui stret jdrids jerc pcr`kt se rĊzukesjĊ juuțurkiȗ Ċ pcrknktdiul hc pc pkctrc. ÉidtĊtde-rce hdrselĊ cstc sktuetĊ pc `kmldjul spetclukțk erc `erakice uțdr jdijevĊ. Rcjtdrelclce`plesetc éi ur`e dpcrjulcldr, vcitrelclcle ikvclul hdrselck, jeuhele sjdoktĊ ehïij ju
ldokk caelk.
Julderce pc jep țk spetc cstc vcrzukc-
`Ċslkikc ju rcnlcxc eurkk, pc letcrelc jciu-țkuc-erakitkc, ker pc eohd`ci eloĊ. Éi zdie
vkic `ek vkc, jepul cstc ejdpcrkt ju tuocrd-
zktĊȗ k cpktclkelc esjuȗ ktc, ker pc sdlzk eperikțtc pctc icarkk, é idtĊtderclc eielc țk vci-
trelclc hcvki rdțkk-pdrtdjelkk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-3 eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi jïrhurk éi eprk-lkc-`ek le tc`pcreture epck hc >-52 2J. @k-
areȗ kklc hc rcprdhujcrc éijcp prk`Ċverejïih epclc suit ejdpcrktc ju afceȗ Ċ. D nc-
`clĊ hcpuic éitrc 1 222 ‚ ?2 222 kjrc ju hk-
e`ctrul hc 5,3-?,2 `` éitr-d skiaurĊ rc-prkzĊ éi ldjurklc ju jurciȗ k repkzk țk ehïi-
jk`k `kjk, pc pruihkț. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck
cstc hc 52-58 zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 6-;
eik, rer 53 eik.
Zjdoerul sc frĊicțtc éi spcjkel ju elacpc jerc lc rĊzukcțtc hc pc pkctrc, her iu rc-
nuzĊ ikjk lervc hc kiscjtc, `dluŔtc țk jruste-
jcc hc `kjk hk`ciskuik, kjrc seu jfker pcțtk
`kjk. Cl éisuțk scrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru
sd`i țk evet, her țk pcitru uiclc pĊsĊrk kf-
tkdneac.
p aru je țk jevktetce `e ȗ cldr, hc ekjk
țk sc treac hciu`krce pdpulerĊ hc ’`e ȗ c icarc‐.
Zjdoerul cstc ndertc rczkstcitle nejtdrul hc pdluerc.
Rdetc etkiac 32 j` luiak`c țkd arcutetc hc 5,3-?,2 ga.
Esp
Cia.
Esp us
espkus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Огтгу
_us.
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55?
Luiak`ce :3‚32 j`.Arcutetce 312‚5>22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• ^uljei • Odulcei • ^ïiêtdr •
Rc tcrktdrkul rcpuolkjkk sc éitïlicțtc
`ek nrcjvcit éi nluvkul Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut,
`ek rer éi lejurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk,Jujkuraei, JdstcŔtk-Ztïije. Éi enere @dl-h h nl l h o l
Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc el-
oĊstrukc-jciuțkc seu eloĊstrukc-vcrzukc, pc
leturk eloĊstrukc-erakitkc țk pc eohd`ci
eloĊ, éidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ Ŕk jeuhelĊ suitn l
Evetul cstc juidsjut Ŕk suo hciu-`krce hc "lupul dolcȗkldr", sc rc`erjĊ
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55:
hdvck cstc rĊspïihkt éi nluvkklc hki oezkiclc
@Ċrkk Icarc, @Ċrkk Idrhkjc, @Ċrkk Oeltkjc țk
@Ċrkk Jespkjc.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl, sc`k`karĊ-tdr, rcdnkl, ocitdpcleakj, lktdnkl. Cstc skiau-
rul pcțtc rĊpktdr hki ne`klke Jkprkikhcldr.
Evetul vkcȗ ukcțtc skiauretkj éi epc juraĊ-tderc ju jurciŪk putcrikjk ju nuih ejvetkj
ikskpds seu pkctrds. Her sc éitïlicțtc țk é iepclc stĊtĊtderc ‚ lejurk (éi zdiclc `erkicsel`estrc). Rrcpdihcrcit sc aĊscțtc é i stre-
turklc supcrkderc hki leraul oezkicldr ejve-
tkjc pksjkjdlc.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, uțdr turtkt letcrel
Ŕk ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rcletkv `Ċruiȗ k. Odtul
esjuȗ kt, aure `erc tcr`kielĊ țk dolkjĊ é isus. @exklerul kincrkdr sc rkhkjĊ uțdr pcstc
jcl supcrkdr. Hkiȗ kk lkpscsj. Djfkk sïit rcle-
tkv `kjk. Éi ur`e éidtĊtderck hdrselc cstc djerciĊ ejdpcrktĊ ju sdlzk. Jeuhele luiaĊputcrikj sjdoktĊ ju ldok esjuȗ kȗ k eprdepc
caelk.
jciuțkk ju vïrnurk é ituicjetc, vcitrelc țk
eielĊ rdțkctkjc, pcjtdrelclc kijdldrc. Éi pc-rkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc, pc jepul Ŕk jdrpul`esjulkldr eper `ek `ulȗ k outdik jdridțk
elok, é`orejĊ ‐fekie iupȗ kelĊ‐.
@kareȗ ke hc rcprdhujcrc é ijcpc
dhetĊ ju tdpkrce afcȗ kk pc rïurk. Etkiac
`eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc :-3 eik. Zc
rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-`ek le tc`pcreture
epck hc ;-52 2J, jïih nc`clclc hcpui kjrclcpc nuihul pkctrds seu ikskpds, éi jurciŪk re-pkzk hc epĊ. D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitrc 82 222țk :22 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,>-5,6 ``
éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ. Kijuoeȗ ke erc ldj le
tc`pcreture epck hc 53-51 2J țk hurcezĊ >-
1 zklc.
Rukctul sc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi,
ker ehulȗ kk ju pcțtk `Ċruiȗ k - dolcȗ , pdrju-
țdrk, pukct hc plĊtkjĊ, `druieț, jeres. JefreiĊ scjuiherĊ ndldscțtc jrustejcc, ker
ejjkhcitel jdlcdptcrc, jfkrdid`khc Ŕk vk-
cr`k. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 6-; eik.
`krce hc lupul dolc ȗ kldr , sc rc`erjĊ prki vktcze hc hcpleserc Ŕk repkhktetce
ju jerc etejĊ pc țtkk7 Evetul cstc ui pc țtc jerc `derc é i
sjurt tk`p hupĊ jc e ndst sjds hki epĊ ,ker hetdrkt Ċ jdi ȗ kiutuluk `ek rkhkjeté i ar Ċsk`c, sc eltcrcezĊ ndertc rcpchc.
Evetul pdetc etkiac luiak`ce hc5?2 j` țk d arcutetc hc 5? ga.
Zkjfcl
Cia.
Rc cjus
jultretus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Сгуйаь
_us.
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558
Luiak`ce ?2‚:3 j`.Arcutetce :32‚>22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Zeokc • Jcfdi • ZeafkŪê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éinluvkul Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut. Éi enere tcrktdrkulukȗ Ċrkk cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi lejurklc hc eju`ulercŔk nluvkklc jc sc rcversĊ éi @erce OeltkjĊ, @e-rce IcearĊ, @erce JespkjĊ, @erce Ezdv Ŕk
Julderce spetcluk cstc eloestrĊ- éijfksĊseu vcrhc-eloĊstrukc ju lujku ctelkj, e leturk-ldr cstc erakitkc țk e eohd`ciuluk erakitkc-
elokjkdesĊ. ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc, hdrsele Ŕkjeuhele suit jciuțkk, rdțketkjc sprc erakik.
Jerice seok ȗ ck cstc aresĊ, hcd-okt h t Ċ k k tĊ k
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553
ce Icea Ċ, @e ce Jesp jĊ, @e ce dv Ŕ
Lejul Erel.
Rcțtc, huljkjdl, sc`k`karĊtdr, rcdnkl, pc-
leadnkl, rĊpktdr nejultetkv. Hki epclc sel`estrc
elc @Ċrkk Icarc `karcezĊ éi jursurklc kincrk-derc elc nluvkuluk Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut. Rrk`Ċ-vere `karcezĊ hki lk`eiul Ikstruluk sprc ld-jurklc hc rcprdhujcrc hki nluvku. _cprdhujc-
rce é i `erc `ĊsurĊ hcpkihc hc ikvclul țk vk-
tcze epck (jcl puȗ ki 2,58 `/s).
Erc jdrpul eluiakt éi ndr`Ċ hc seokc,`ult jd`prk`et letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk kjk.
@erakice supcrkderĊ e jdrpuluk éi lkikchrceptĊ. Erc d jerciĊ vcitrelĊ ndertc esjuȗ ktĊ,
lkpsktĊ hc sdlzk, sc éitkihc hc suo dpcrjulc
peiĊ le éidtĊtderce eielĊ. Djfkk suit ndertc`erk, odtul sjurt, aure supcrkderĊ, `kjĊ Ŕkeprdepc vcrtkjelĊ. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ cstc sk-tuetĊ éi hrcptul jclck eielc. Jeuhele putcr-
ikjĊ, ju ldoul kincrkdr `ek luia hcjït jcl su-
pcrkdr. Lkike letcrelĊ éijcpc hc le pertce su-pcrkderĊ e dpcrjuluk jdodrïih vcrtkjel nejcjïtcve dihuleȗ kk é itrc pcjtdrelĊ țk eielĊ jditk-
iuïih eprdepc hrceptĊ sprc jdehĊ.
ț , ț p a
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc:-8 eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-kuikc le tc`-
pcreture epck hc 52-5? 2J le ehïijk`k hc ?->
`. D nc`clĊ hcpuic 52 222-36 222 hc kjrc. Éicpdje hc rcprdhujcrc, éi drclc hc hk`kiceȗ ĊrcprdhujĊtdrkk cncjtucezĊ selturk hki epĊpïiĊ 2,3 `, eaktïih putcrikj epe éi ldjul hc-puicrkk kjrcldr. Kjrclc hcpusc hkrcjt éi epĊ scfkhretcezĊ, estncl hke`ctrul etkiaïih pïiĊ le8 ``. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr c`orkdietc
cstc hc :-8 zklc. HupĊ rcprdhujcrc seokȗ e hki
nluvkul Ikstru sc éitderjc éi zdie ju epĊ sel-`estrĊ (éihuljktĊ) e @Ċrkk Icarc. CxkstĊ ndr`cjerc iu pĊrĊscsj nluvkul țk sc é itdrj éi ldjurklcuihc eu cjldzet. Xde`ie éi jïrhurk `erk `k-arcezĊ éi ldjurklc ehïijk pcitru kcrierc.
Zc frĊicțtc ju pleijtdi, icvcrtcoretc
ocitdikjc, kiscjtc ecrkcic țk pukct hc pcțtc.
Nkkih d spcjkc vulicreoklĊ cstc djrdtktĊ
jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck kitcrieȗ kdielc.
scokt hc austdesĊ țk eprcjket Ċ , `ek
elcs sĊret Ċ seu enu`et Ċ.Zeok ȗ e pdetc etkiac d arcutetc
`exk`Ċ hc ?,2 ga le d luiak`c hc >2j`.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Jfuo
Cia.
Zque us
jcpfelus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Кйзвпзь
_us.
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55>
Luiak`ce ?2‚:2 j`.Arcutetce 322‚632 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jlki • Jcjei • Rdrjul-epcldr •
Éi @dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt éi nluvkulIkstru, rïul Rrut Ŕk enluciȗ kk ldr, lejurklc hc
eju`ulerc HuoĊserk, JdstcŔtk-Ztïije, Ju-
jkuraei. Rcstc fdterclc @dlhdvck sc éitïl-icțtc eprdepc éi tdetc nluvkklc Curdpck éi
suit jciuțkk. Krksul djfkldr cstc aeloci seu
erakitku, sus evïih d petĊ oruiĊ-vcrzukc,
ker mds uie icearĊ.
Zc rcprdhujc prk`Ċvere-vere. Éi tk`-
pul rcprdhujcrkk pc jep țk pc leturklc jdrpu-
Jlceiul éi jdihk ȗ kk nevdreoklc
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551
icțtc eprdepc éi tdetc nluvkklc Curdpck, éi
oezkiul @Ċrkk Icarc țk el @Ċrkk Ezdv.
Cstc ui pcțtc eutdftdi hc epĊ huljc,
rcdnkl, ocitdpcleakj, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea.
RrcncrĊ epe lk`pchc Ŕk rcjc, ju nuih iksk-pds, pkctrds seu eraklds, trĊkih sdlkter seu éiarupurk `kjk, éi ldjurk u`ordesc. Éitrc-
prkihc `kareȗ kk sjurtc hc rcprdhujcrc țk
pcitru kcriet. Le ctepclc tk`purkk hc vkeȗ Ċ
sc ehuiĊ éi jïrhurk, éi tk`p jc ehulȗ kk trĊ-kcsj sdlkterk.
Jdrpul eluiakt, jklkihrkj ejdpcrkt ju
sdlzk `erk tkvkȗ k ju icaru. Jepul `erc (?:-
?1% hki luiak`ce jdrpuluk) turtkt letcrel,
eluiakt Ŕk hc ejccețk ardsk`c ju jdrpul,
aure erc, tcr`kielĊ, éizcstretĊ ju hduĊ țk-
rurk hc hkiȗ k putcrikjk. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊpuȗ ki hcplesetĊ hc `kmldjul jdrpuluk sprc
jeuhelĊ.Rc spetc erc julderce vcrzukc-jciu-
țkc, leturklc țk dpcrjulclc erakitkk, pc eohd-
`ci eloĊ. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ
pul rcprdhujcrkk pc jep țk pc leturklc jdrpu
luk eper outdik elokjkdțk. Jlceiul etkiac`eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc 8-3 eik, her
uikk `esjulk suit epȗ k pcitru rcprdhujcrc
Ŕk le : eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc-`ek, le
tc`pcreture epck hc 51-56 2J, jïih sc éi-hrceptĊ jĊtrc epc ek puŪki ehïijk, ju nuihikskpds țk/seu ju pkctrkț (rer pc vcacteŪkc).
D nc`clĊ hcpuic ?2 222 - ?22 222 kjrc ju
hke`ctrul 5,6-?,2 `` éi jïtcve rcprkzc éi
ldjurklc ju jurciȗ k repkzk ek epck țk ehïijk`khc 2,:-2,3 `. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr c`-
orkdietc cstc hc 8-3 zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc jkrje ?2 eik.
Cstc ui rĊpktdr nejultetkv, frĊikihu-
sc hcstul hc verket éi spcjkel ideptce ju
elac, icvcrtcoretc ocitdikjc, kiscjtc, pcŔtk,ordețtc, țdercjk, rejk, vkcr`k, jĊrĊouțk, vc-
acteŪkc.
nhki `chkul ejvetkj țk freiĊ é ihcs-tulet Ċ, cxjcp ȗ kdiel pdetc etkiacluiak`ce hc ;2 j` le d arcutetc hc6 ga.
Hejc
Cia.
Lcuj sjus
lcujksjus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Гзгю
_us.
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556
Luiak`ce 55‚?2 j`.Arcutetce ?22‚:22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jlcei-v ïiêt •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é ieloke Ikstruluk, ek eouihcit éi jursul km-ldjku, `ek rer éi lejul hc eju`ulerc HuoĊ-serk, oreȗ ul Xuruijkuj, lk`eiul Ikstruluk țk
éi rïul Rrut. Cstc rĊspïihkt éi tdetĊ Curdpe
eohd`ci - eloĊ-erakitkc. ÉidtĊtderclc hdr-selĊ țk jeuhelĊ jciuțkk, rcstul é idtĊtdercldr
pelkhc, aĊlouk. Krksul djfkldr aeloci.
@esjulkk, hc dokjck, suit hc telkc `ek
`kjĊ țk `ek suoȗkrk je nc`clclc țk éi cpdje
Jlceiul-`kj éi jdihk ȗ kklc ne-
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55;
țk Eske.
Cstc ui pcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl seu
sel`estrkjdl, rcdnkl, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea.
XrĊkcțtc é i rïurk ju jurciȗ k repkzk, é i zdiclc
oeijurkldr hc ikskp. KcricezĊ é i ldjurk
ehïijk. Jït cstc tïiĊr, trĊkcțtc é i jïrhurk
`erk é i ldjurk ju nuih pkctrds seu erakld-ik-
skpds. Cxc`plerclc eturc huj d vkeȗ Ċ sdlk-
terĊ, prcncrïih nuihurklc `ïldesc.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt țk uțdr jd`prk`et
letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk `chkk, ardțk, pcr-
skstciȗ k. Zpetclc țk eohd`ciul suit rdtui-
mktc, nĊrĊ jerciĊ. Jepul kj, eluiakt țk jd`-
prk`et letcrel. Odtul ards, `eskv, esjuȗ kt țk
sjurt. Aure `kjĊ, sc`kluierĊ, ețczetĊ suo-
tcr`kiel. Ouzclc suoȗ krk, jce kincrkderĊ cstc
é itrcruptĊ le `kmldj. Lkike letcrelĊ cstc uțdr
juroetĊ. ÉidtĊtderce eielĊ uțdr sjdoktĊ. Jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc jciu-
țkc- é ijfksĊ, uțdr `Ċslkikc seu eloĊstrkc, pc
`kjĊ țk `ek suoȗ krk je nc`clclc țk é i cpdje
hc rcprdhujcrc pc pertce supcrkderĊ e jdr-puluk eper outdikk iupȗ kelk. @eturktetce sc-
xuelĊ cstc etkisĊ le ?-8 eik. Hcpuic kjrclc
prk`ĊverĊ le snïrțktul luk `ertkc, pc nui-
hurk `ïldesc-ikskpdesc, hcscdrk pc pleitc
suo`crsc, pkctrc, le d tc`pcreturĊ e epck hc>-6 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitr-d skiaurĊ rc-prkzĊ pïiĊ le ?? 222 hc kjrc elokjkdesc, oci-tdikjc, lkpkjkdesc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,6-
?,2 ``. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc hu-rcezĊ ;-52 zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8-3 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju icvcrtc-
oretc ocitdikjc, zddpleijtdi, kiscjtc, uic-
drk elac, hctrktus draeikj, kjrc hcpusc hc
elȗ k pcțtk, pukct țk pcțtk `Ċruiȗ k. Zcrvcțtc le
rïihul sĊu je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpk-tderc hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
vdreoklc hki `chkul ejvetkj țkfreiĊ éi cxjcs pdetc etkiac éi lui- ak`c :2 j` le d arcutetc hc :62 a.
Khc Drnc
Cia.
Lcuj sjus
khus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Фбь
_us.
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5?2
Luiak`ce :2‚82 j`.Arcutetce :22‚5:22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• ^êhuvkderê • Elodeic •
Zc éitïlicŔtc rer éi scjtderclc kincrkdercelc nluvkuluk Ikstru Ŕk r. Rrut, oĊlȗ klc @eite,
lejul Oclcu, lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkuraei.
Cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi nluvkklc hki oezkiclc `Ċ-rkldr EloĊ, OeltkjĊ, IcearĊ, Ezdv țk JespkjĊ.
vcitrelc suit rdțkk, ker jce jeuhelĊ Ŕk jcehdrselĊ suit jciuțkk ju krkzeȗ kk eloĊstruk-vk-
dlctc), ker tde`ie `ek éijfks. Krksul cstc eu-rku. Le `esjulk éi cpdje hc rcprdhujcrc je-pul țk dpcrjulclc eu jdldrktul eurku. Rertce
_er sc éitïlicsj cxc`plerc hc vĊ-huvk ȗ Ċ ju d luiak`c hc 32->2 j` le d`esĊ hc 5,6-?,6 ga.
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5?5
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdi, sc`k`k-
arĊtdr, ocitdpcleakj, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea,
rĊpktdr nejultetkv. CvktĊ jurciȗ kk rcjk țk re-
pkzk, prcncrĊ epe lki juraĊtderc ju nuihsleo-`ïlds.
Espcjtul cxtcrkdr sc esce`ĊiĊ ju jcl eljlceiuluk Ŕk el rdțkderck. Erc jdrpul éihcset,luiaukcȗ , uŔdr jd`prk`et letcrel, ejdpcrkt
ju sdlzk jkjldkzk erk okic nkxeȗ k. Zpetclc cstcuŔdr juroet (k`chket hc le jep jditkiuĊ ui‐afco‐ hdrsel), jepul `kj Ŕk aure `kjĊ, tcr-`kielĊ, tĊketĊ dolkj éi mds. Lkike letcrelĊ uțdr
éihdktĊ. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ ju `erakicejdijevĊ, pcjtdrelclc sïit sktuetc kincrkdrdpcrjulcldr. Jeuhele sjdoktĊ ehïij ju ldoulkincrkdr `ek luia hcjït jcl supcrkdr.
Jdldrktul hkncrĊ éi nuijȗ kc hc `chku,
eidtk`p, vïrste Ŕk scx. Estncl, prk`Ċvere jd-ldrktul `ek puŪki prdiuiȗ et (spetclc cstc jc-
iuțku-icaru, leturklc hc ui erakitku-`ur-
her, eohd`ciul elo-erakitku, éidtĊtderclc
hdrselĊ sc ejdpcrĊ ju outdik `kjk aĊlouk. Etkiac eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc
:-3 eik. @kareȗ kklc hc rcprdhujcrc é ijcp é iluie ncoruerkc. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj éi pc-rkdehe eprklkc-`ek, le tc`pcreture epck hc >-
6 2J, jïih pĊrĊscsj epclc ehïijk Ŕk karcezĊsprc epc ju ehïijk`k hc 2,3-5 `, hcpuiïihkjrclc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ ‚ éi rcakuiceoeijurkldr hc ikskp. D nc`clĊ hcpuic hc le
53 222 pïiĊ le 558 222 kjrc lkpkjkdesc. Kjrclcc`orkdietc sc lkpcsj hc pkctrc. Hurete kiju-
oeȗ kck kjrcldr c`orkdietc cstc hc 6-52 zklc.
Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 5?-58 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju lervc elc hkncrktcldr ki-scjtc, rï`c, vkcr`k, kiscjtc, dluŔtc Ŕk jrus-tejcc hc `kjk hk`ciskuik, hctrktus vcactel,
pleijtdi Ŕk jfker ju pcțtkțdrk.
Zpcjkc vulicreoklĊ ju cncjtkv rchus,prdtcmetĊ prki lcac.
, ?,6 ga.
Erc d jeric hc ouiĊ jelk tetc, aus-tdesĊ, nĊrĊ `ultc desc jerc jepĊtĊ diuei ȗ Ċ rdz-rd țkctkjĊ le nkcrocrc.
^Ċhuvk ȗ e sc fr Ċic țtc pc perjursulé itrcauluk ei, kijluskv kerie.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Olejg Zce
Jfuo
Cia.
Rctrd cuj sjus
odrystfcikjus(Gcsslcr, 563;)
йечтгю
_us.
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5??
Luiak`ce ;‚56 j`.Arcutetce :2‚532 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jlcei-hc- oeltĊ • OeouțjĊ-`kjĊ •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc éijursul kincrkdr țk `kmldjku el nluvkuluk Iks-tru, scjtdrul kincrkdr el rïuluk Rrut, éi leju-rklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk țk Jujkuraei. Éienere rcpuolkjkk cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi jursul ki-ncrkdr el nluvkkldr jc sc versĊ éi @erce Ice-
icjetĊ. Eohd`ciul țk pertce kincrkderĊ e je-puluk elo-`urher seu elo-aĊloukc, ju d tcitĊrdțketkjĊ. Rc pertce hki spetc e jepuluk erc dhuiaĊ ldiaktuhkielĊ éituicjetĊ. Éi zdie su-pcrkderĊ e nleijurkldr sdlzkk eu le oeze ldrjïtc d petĊ oruiĊ. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ țk je-
@esjulkk jcriu țtkk, hc dokjck,sïit hc telkc `ek `kjĊ je nc`clclc
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5?:
arĊ, @erce Ezdv, @erce @er`ere țk idrh-cstul @Ċrkk Cacc.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ hc epĊ huljc, cihc-`kj pditkj, ocitdnea, lktdnkl, rĊpktdr nejulte-tkv. XrĊkcțtc éi epclc steaieitc seu jujuracrc lcitĊ= rïurk, jursul kincrkdr el nluvk-kldr, lk`eiurk, lejurk, oĊlȗ k. RrcncrĊ epclcjelhc hc `kjĊ ehïijk`c ju tc`pcreturk hcpïiĊ le :2-:?²J, ju vcacteȗ ke eouihcitĊ, junuih ejvetkj ikskpds seu `ïlds. KcricezĊ éi
epc ehïijk elc rïurkldr nĊrĊ sĊ-țk éitrcrupĊ freie.
Cstc ui pcțtc hc telkc `kjĊ. Erc jdrpulards, eluiakt țk uțdr jd`prk`et letcrel, ejd-pcrkt ju sdlzk jkjldkzk `erk. Zpetclc țk eohd-`ciul sïit rdtuimktc, nĊrĊ jerciĊ. Jepul rc-letkv erc, eluiakt ju odt dotuz. Aure `kjĊ,tcr`kielĊ. Lkike letcrelĊ juroetĊ éi sus.@erakiklc éidtĊtdercldr hdrselc sïit hrcptcseu uțdr rdtuimktc, eiele uțdr rdtuimktĊ. Éid-
tĊtderce jeuhelĊ sjurtĊ, oknurjetĊ.
Jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc jciu-țkc-vcrzukc, jciuțkc-oruiĊ seu oruiĊ éitu-
uhelĊ suit jciuțkk seu pdrtdjelkk ju `erak-ice jciuțkc. _cstul éidtĊtdercldr sïit pdr-tdjelkk seu rdțkctkjc. Krksul djfkldr cstc pdr-tdjelku seu rdțu, ju `kjk pctc é ituicjetc.
@eturktetce scxuelĊ cstc etkisĊ le ?-:eik. Hcpuic kjrclc éi luiklc eprklkc-kuikc, éiepc ju ehïijk`k `kjk, ju nuihurk iksk-pdesc seu `ïldesc, odaetc éi vcacteȗ kc suo-`crsĊ, le d tc`pcreturĊ e epck hc 5?-?6 2J.Nc`cle hcpuic kjrclc éi `ek `ultc rcprkzc,
ju kitcrvelc hc eprdxk`etkv zcjc zklc. Rc sc-zdi nc`cle hcpuic pïiĊ le 5? `kk hc kjrc`kjk, lkpkjkdesc. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkd-ietc hurcezĊ 1-; zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hcpïiĊ le 6 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju icvcrtc-oretc ocitdikjc (vkcr`k, jrustejcc), elac, zd-dpleijtdi țk hctrktus draeikj, kiscjtc ejve-tkjc țk lervclc ldr, lervc țk pukct hc pcțtk.
Zpcjkc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curd-
pcic Ŕk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
țk éi cpdje hc rcprdhujcrc pc jep țk pertce supcrkderĊ e jdrpuluk epertuocrjulk iup ȗ kelk.
Rdetc supdrte epc u țdr sel-`estrc țk jdijcitre ȗ kk sjĊzutc hcdxkaci.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
_uhh
Cia.
Zjer i us
crytfrdpftfel`us(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Нтвхайдѕтнв
_us.
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5?8
Luiak`ce ?2‚:2 j`.Arcutetce 522‚:22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• OêouŔje-rdŔkc• DjfcikŪê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é inluvkul Ikstru țk rïul Rrut, éi lejurklc hceju`ulerc Afkhkafkjk, HuoĊserk, Jujkur-aei, JdstcŔtk-Ztïije, lejurklc Jeful țk Oc-
lcu, oĊlȗ klc Rrutuluk. Éi enere ȗ Ċrkk cstc prc-
pdrtdjelkc-rdțketkjĊ. Djfkul cstc eurku ju d
petĊ rdțkc. Éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk le es-
julk pc tdt jdrpul eper outdik elourkk ‐crup-ȗ ke iupȗ kelĊ‐ țk jdldreȗ ke hcvkic ek vkc.
Emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïr-
_d țkdere sc pdetc jdinuiheu țdr ju oeou țjĊ ( _utklus rutklus)skiaure hkncrci ȗ Ċ cstc ndr`e aurkk.
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5?3
zcitĊ eprdepc éi tdetc cjdskstc`clc ejve-tkjc hki Curdpe țk Eske @kjĊ.
Cstc d spcjkc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdiĊ,ocitdpcleakjĊ, lk`idnklĊ, nktd- țk zddneaĊ,
d`ikvdrĊ. XrĊkcțtc éi jïrhurk, éi epc huljkstĊtĊtderc - lejurk, oĊlȗ k, kezurk seu epc
juraĊtderc ju ui jurs hd`dl. RrcncrĊ ldju-rklc `ek puŪki ehïijk, odaetc éi pleitc ej-
vetkjc.
Erc jdrpul turtkt letcrel Ŕk cstc ejdpc-rkt ju sdlzk `erk rdtuizk. Odtul sjurt Ŕk aure`kjĊ tcr`kielĊ dolkjĊ éi sus. ÉidtĊtdercehdrselĊ sktuetĊ `ult éiepdk hupĊ jclc vci-trelc.
ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc hc julderc rd-țketkjĊ suit ețczetc éi eprdprkcrce oreifkk-
ldr. Zpetclc Ŕk pĊrȗ klc letcrelc e jdrpuluksuit hc julderc jciuțkc-vcrzukc, sprc eohd-
`ci hcvkic hc julderc erakitkc. ÉidtĊtde-rclc hdrselc, vcitrelc Ŕk jeuhelĊ eu julderc
m aste hc :-8 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi epc stĊtĊ-tderc pc pleitc ejvetkjc le tc`pcreturk hc
56-?2 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic ;3 222 ‚ ?:3 222
kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,5-5,? `` éi jïtcvercprkzc. Hurete hczvdltĊrkk kjrcldr c`orkd-
ietc cstc hc :-8 zklc le tc`pcreture epck hc
?2-?? 2J. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc >-1 eik.
_dțkdere sc frĊicțtc pc tdt perjursul
eiuluk ju cxjcpȗ ke pcrkdehck hc rcprdhu-jcrc. Jdisu`Ċ `ek `ultc elac, é i spcjkel
`Ċtesce-ordețtck, pleitc ejvetkjc supcrk-
derc, her țk ju hkncrktc icvcrtcoretc ocitd-
ikjc, duĊ hc dluțtc, kjrc hc pcțtk. Zcrvcțtc
hrcpt freiĊ pcitru pcțtkk rĊpktdrk țk spcjkklc
kftkdneac hc pĊsĊrk.
a n ȗ n a Rdetc etkiac 32 j` luiak`c țk d
arcutetc hc ?-: ga. Cxc`plerclc hchk`ciskuik `ek `erk pdt sĊ- țk d-hknkjc jd`pdrte`citul jĊ pĊt ïiheptktuhkik hc rĊpktdr.
Zklvcr jerp
Cia.
Fypdpftfel kjftfys
`dlktrkx(^elcijkciics, 5688)
Яйзхяйзйе
егзчл
_us.
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5?>
Luiak`ce >2‚62 j`.Arcutetce 3222‚53222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jrep-jfkiczcsj • Xdlstdldo • Nktdnea
Zpcjkc drkakierĊ hki oezkiul nluvkuluk E`ur (Cxtrc`ul Drkcit). Éi _cpuolkje@dlhdve e ndst kitrdhus éi ejvejulturĊpcitru jrcțtcrc é i fclcțtckc țk kezurk éi eiul5;>5. RdpulcezĊ nluvkul Ikstru, rïul Rrut,
cstc hc julderc jciuțkc-vcrzukc, letcrelclc
țk eohd`ciul elo-erakitku.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste
hc 3 - 6 eik. Éi jdihkȗ kklc _cpuolkjkk @dl-
hdve iu sc rcprdhujc pc jelc ieturelĊ (iu-
Cxc`plerclc `dertc elc sïiacru-luk jepĊtĊ d iuei ȗ Ċ rd țkctkjĊ, sïiac-rkc, hc uihc prdvkic Ŕk iu`clc.
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5?1
lejurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk, Jujkur-aei, Jdstcțtk-Ztïije, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc`kjk țk eltc dokcjtkvc ejvetkjc. Cstc rĊspïi-
hkt é i iu`crdesc cjdskstc`c ejvetkjc hki
suhul Curdpck.
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, tcr`dnkl, rcdnkl,
pcleadnkl, nktd- țk zddpleijtdidnea. RrcncrĊepclc juretc ju nuih ikskpds, ju pkctrkț éircakuice oeijurkldr țk jurciȗ k repkzk.
Erc jdrpul éielt turtkt letcrel, ejdpcrktju sdlzk jkjldkzk `kjk, erakitkk. Lkike letcrelĊjuroetĊ éi mds. Jepul `erc, djfkk suit ețc-
zeȗ k éi mds, suo ikvclul aurkk. Erc d jerciĊesjuȗ ktĊ jc sc éitkihc hc le oeze kincrkderĊ edpcrjuluk pïiĊ le éidtĊtderce eielĊ. Aurecstc `kjĊ, tcr`kielĊ, dolkjĊ éi sus, ju ouzcsuoȗ krk Ŕk ju hkiȗ k nerkiakcik erk, lĊȗ kȗ k, jerc
scrvcsj le snĊrï`erce, her `ek elcs le `Ċjk-
ierce freick, ndr`etĊ hki pleijtdi, éihcd-scok vcactel. Hdrsele cstc sktuetĊ éi ur`evcitrelcldr, ker eiele - éi ur`e hdrselck. Je-uhele ehïij oknurjetĊ ju ldok caelk. Zpetclc
`ek pc jelc ertknkjkelĊ). Éi cjdskstc`clc drk-
akierc ‚ éi nluvkul E`ur sc hcplescezĊ jdi-tre jurcituluk hc epĊ sprc ldjurklc hc rc-prdhujcrc. Hcpuicrce kjrcldr sc prdhujc
éi eloke nluvkuluk éi tk`pul vkkturkldr le tc`-
pcreture epck hc ?>-:2 2J éi jïtcve rcprkzc.Kjrclc sïit pcleakjc ju ui hke`ctru hc 2,1-
5,2 ``, hupĊ fkhreterc, hke`ctrul etkiac
:,3-8,3 ``. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc ?:-?6 2J cstc hc 5; - :2 drc. Rrd-lknkjktetce uick nc`clc jdistktukc jkrje
822 222 - ;22 222 kjrc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc
56-?2 eik.
Jdisu`Ċ tdetĊ vkeȗ e elac. Zc frĊicțtc
ju nktdpleijtdi, perȗ kel țk ju zddpleijtdi,
hcstul hc rer, kiscjtc Ŕk `dluŔtc `kjk.Freie jdisu`etĊ zklikj jdistktukc jkrje
?2% hki ese jdrpdrelĊ.
Cstc utklkzet éi `ultc dokcjtkvcejvetkjc éi sjdpul jditrdluluk prdlk-crĊrkk elacldr.
Rdetc etkiac d arcutetc `exk`Ċhc 32 ga.
Okafceh jerp
Cia.
Fypdpftfel kjftfys
idoklks(_kjferhsdi, 5683)
Яйзхяйзйе
дѕхятчл
_us.
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5?6
Luiak`ce 82‚523 j`.Arcutetce ?222‚56222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jrep idokl • Jrep-ju-jep-`erc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt éi oezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru, rïuluk Rrut, é ilejurklc hc eju`ulerc, é i fclcțtckclc țk ke-
zurklc sktuetc é i tcrktdrkul kitcrnluvkel Iks-
tru ‚ Rrut. Cstc prczcit é i `ultc ȗ Ċrk hki
h l C k
222 kjrc jerc sïit hcpusc éi ardsul epck pu-ȗ ki `ek tïrzku hcjït sïiacrul. Éi oezkiclcdrkakierc, prk`Ċvere, éi tk`pul vkkturkldr,rcprdhujĊtdrkk `karcezĊ sprc ldjurklc hcrcprdhujcrc. Kjrclc sïit hcpusc éi tk`pul
h
Idvejul e ndst kitrdhus éi ZSE,jdijd`ktcit ju sïiacr ul, pcitru‐jditrdlul‐ elacldr `kjrdsjdpkjc jc
h l t l l t k
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5?;
suhul Curdpck.
Cstc drkakier hki oezkiclc nluvkkldr
E`ur țk Keitzk. Zc esce`ĊiĊ ju sïiacrulprki ndr`e jdrpuluk. Jdrpul cstc nuskndr`,
turtkt letcrel, ejdpcrkt éi tdtelktetc ju sdlzk
`Ċruiȗ k jkjldkzk, pertce vcitrelĊ `ek rd-tuimktĊ hcjït e sïiacruluk. Jepul cstc hchk`ciskuik `ek `erk hcjït e sïiacruluk.
Aure `erc, supcrkderĊ Ŕk lkpsktĊ hc hkiŪk.Jercie éijcpc hc le éidtĊtderclc vcitrelc Ŕkȗ kic pïiĊ le éidtĊtderce eielĊ.
Julderce jdrpuluk jciuțkc-`erd,
icearĊ, leturklc ju pctc icarc sur-erakitkk,
eohd`ciul cstc elokjkds-erakitku.
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, tcr`dnkl, rcdnkl,
pcleadnkl, zddpleijtdidnea. Xuoul hkacstkv
hc :-3 drk `ek luia hcjït jdrpul. Etkiac`eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc > ‚ 1 eik.
Rrdlknkjktetce emuiac pïiĊ le ;22 222 - 5 322
vcrkk, éi elokc éi ardsul epck, `ek tïrzku hc-jït sïiacrul. Éi jdihkȗ kklc _cpuolkjkk @dl-
hdve pc jelc ieturelĊ iu sc rcprdhujc ‚
cxjluskv iu`ek pc jelc ertknkjkelĊ. Cstc utk-
lkzet je spcjkc nevdreoklĊ hc jrcțtcrc é i fc-
lcțtckc é i pdlkjulturĊ ju sïiacrul, jrepul țk
jdsețul, é i jeitktĊȗ k okic jeljuletc, pcitru
cxjluhcrce jdijurciȗ ck trdnkjc ju jrepul.
Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 58 ‚ ?2 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc hc prcncrkiȗ Ċ ju pleijtdi
hc drkakic eik`elĊ. Jdisu`Ċ 32-;2% zdd-
pleijtdi țk jkrje 52-32% elac țk hctrktus. Éijdihkȗ kklc nevdreoklc hc `chkul ejvetkj țk
freiĊ é ihcstuletĊ pdetc etkiac luiak`ce
hc 58> j` le d arcutetc hc pïiĊ le 82 ga. KcricezĊ éi ardpk ehïijk hki eloke rïurkldr.
kivehescrĊ epclc jcitrelcldr tcr`kjce`crkjeic. Éi tk`p s-e ieturelkzet țk eju` prczkitĊ ui `erc pcrkjdl pcitru spcjkklc eutdftdic ju jercjdijurcezĊ le freiĊ țk spe ȗ ku.
Ndr`cezĊ fkorkzk ju sïiacrul prki éijrujk țerc.
Aress jerp
Cia.
Jtcidp eryiad di
khclle(^elcijkciics, 5688)
мът егзчл
_us.
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5:2
Luiak`ce :2‚522 j`.Arcutetce :222‚5?222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• E`ur-elo • Jrep-elo-jfkiczcsj •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve trĊkcțtc é i rïul
Rrut, nluvkul Ikstru, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc
HuoĊserk, Jdstcțtk-Ztïije, Jujkuraei, le-
jurklc hc eju`ulerc `kjk, fclcțtckclc țk ke-
zurklc sktuetc é i speȗ kul kitcrnluvkel Ikstru
țk R t Z k k k Ċ hk E k h C t
pcrkdehe vkkturkldr hc prk`ĊverĊ-verĊ éizdiclc ju jurciȗ k repkzk (5,2-5,1 `/s) le d
verkeȗ kc erc e tc`pcreturkk epck (56-:22J).
D nc`clĊ hcpuic hc le ?22 222 pïiĊ le 622222 kjrc. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr c`orkd-
ietc le tc`pcreture epck hc ?> :22
J cstc hc
Jdse țul éi jdihk ȗ kklc nevdreoklchc `chku ejvetkj țk freiĊ é ihcstu-
letĊ t tk é l k 5?2k h 82 g
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5:5
țk Rrut. Zpcjkc drkakierĊ hki Eske hc Cst(Cxtrc`ul Drkcit, Jfkie, nluvkul E`ur). Zc
`ek é itïlicțtc é i uiclc ȗ Ċrk Curdpcic (_u-
ske, Sjrekie, Oclerusk, _d`ïike, Rdldike,Acr`eike).
Rcțtc rcdnkl, ocitdpcleakj, pcleadnkl,
nktdnea. Erc jdrpul eluiakt, ards, ejdpcrkt
ju sdlzk `erk ju `erakice icarkjkdesĊ, nĊrĊjerciĊ. Jepul jd`prk`et hdrsd-vcitrel,
nruitce letĊ, aure rcletkv `kjĊ sc`kkincrk-derĊ ju hcsjfkhcrce pïiĊ suo iĊrk. ÉidtĊ-tderclc vcitrelc sktuetc cxejt suo hdrselĊ.Jeuhele sjdoktĊ ehïij ju ldokk caelk. Ju-lderce jdrpuluk pc spetc vcrzukc-jciuțkc-
aĊloukc, pc leturk țk eohd`ci eloĊ-`urherĊnĊrĊ lujku, éidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk jeuhelĊ
é ituicjetc.
Emuiac le eturktetce scxuelĊ le ;-55eik. Éi jdihkȗ kklc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc rc-
prdhujc cxjluskv iu`ek pc jelc ertknkjkelĊ.Éi oezkiul nluvkuluk E`ur sc rcprdhujc éi
ietc le tc`pcreture epck hc ?>-:2 J cstc hc:?-82 drc. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ 5?-53 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju vcacte-
ȗ kc ejvetkjĊ, `ejrdnktc (elac nkle`citdesc,
stun, pepurĊ, `Ċtesce-ordețtck țk tcrcstrĊ ‚
lujcriĊ, trkndk, nruizc hc seljkc hc pc elurk éi tk`pul rkhkjĊrkk ikvcluluk epck țk e vkktu-
rkldr). Lervclc jdsețuluk, hupĊ rcsdroȗ ke se-
juluk vktclki, é ijcp sĊ sc frĊicesjĊ ju kinu-
zdrkk, elac țk jrustejcc `Ċruitc. Rukctul scfrĊicțtc ju elac, rdtkncrc, jrustejcc kincrk-
derc țk lervc hc jfkrdid`khc. Jdsețul erc
ui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc spdrkt, cstc ui e`clkd-
retdr okdldakj cnkjkcit, ndldskih kitcis plei-
tclc ejvetkjc țk `emdrcezĊ prdhujtkvktetce
pksjkjdlĊ e dokcjtkvcldr ejvetkjc.
let Ċ pdetc etkiac éi luiak`c 5?2 j` țk d arcutetc hc 82 ga. Cstc ui pc țtc cxtrc` hc lejd`,
éitr -d zk pdetc sĊ jdisu`c d jeitk-tetc hc freiĊ caelĊ ju arcutetce luk.
Olejg jerp
Cia.
@y dp eryiad di
pkjcus(_kjferhsdi, 568>)
мът
сѕтачл
_us.
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5:?
Luiak`ce >2‚5?2 j`.Arcutetce ;222‚53222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• E`ur-icaru • Jrep-jfkiczcsj •
Zpcjkc drkakierĊ hki Jfkie. Éi _cpu-olkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é i lejul hc eju-
`ulerc Jujkuraei. Éi enere @dlhdvck sc
`ek jrcțtc é i _uske, Sjrekie, _d`ïike țk é ieltc ȗ Ċrk.
putcrikjk, dhetĊ ju rkhkjerce ikvcluluk hcepĊ éi ur`e vkkturkldr seu e pldkldr eoui-hcitc. Hcpuic kjrclc éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊle tc`pcreture epck hc ?>-:2 2J. D nc`clĊhcpuic éitrc 622 222 țk 5 222 222 kjrc. Hu-
rete vkcȗ kk ‚ pïiĊ le ?2 eik.
Rrki eplkjerce `ctdhck ertknkjkelchc rcprdhujcrc, éi eiul 5;12, eu ndstdo ȗ kiutc prk`clc hcsjcihci ȗ c vkeoklcé i jdihk ȗ kklc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve.
Éi lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkuraei eu
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5::
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, tcr`dnkl, rcdnkl,
ocitdpcleakj, `elejdnea. RrcncrĊ epclc ju
nuihul ejvetkj ikskpds-`ïlds odaet éi `d-luțtc.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, nuskndr`, ejdpc-
rkt ju sdlzk erk. Jepul ek kj je le jdseț.
Erc ouzc ndertc putcrikjc țk hurc. Aure
tcr`kielĊ. RdschĊ hkiȗ k nerkiakcik ndertc
putcrikjk, jepeoklk sĊ speraĊ jdjfklkklc cl-
jkldr țk sjdkjkldr hc epĊ huljc, her țk jere-
pejclc rejkldr. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk eielĊ
sjurtc. Julderce jdrpuluk cstc icarkjkdesĊ,`ek hcsjfksĊ pc eohd`ci. ÉidtĊtderclcsïit hc julderc jciuțkc- é ijfksĊ.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc 1-52 eik (éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc rc-
prdhujc cxjluskv iu`ek pc jelc ertknkjkelĊ).Éi oezkiul nluvkuluk E`ur sc rcprdhujcvere éi eloke nluvkuluk éi zdiclc ju jurciȗ k
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju sjdkjk țk
`cljk pc jerc lc zhrdocțtc ju hkiȗ kk nerkiak-
cik, her iu rcnuzĊ ikjk rejkk, kjrclc țk jfker
pcțtk hc `kjk hk`ciskuik. Zjdkjerul erc ui
rkt` spdrkt hc jrcțtcrc, éi jdihkȗ kk nevdre-
oklc hki chkul ejvetkj țk freiĊ é ihcstuletĊ
pdetc etkiac ? ` luiak`c țk 562-?22 ga éiarcutetc.
Zjdkjerul e ndst kitrdhus éi kftkdne-uie _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve éi eiul 5;>5, éisjdpul ejlk`etkzĊrkk. Ehepterce luk le jdi-
hkȗ kklc hki cjdskstc`clc ejvetkjc iu e ndst
ju sujjcs. Éi prczcit cncjtkvul pdpuleȗ kck
cstc sjĊzut, nkkih é ircakstretc hder cxc`-
plerc uikterc é i lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkur-
aei.
Éi lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkuraei eudst jepture ȗ k kihkvkzk hc >-; eik ju
`ese hc 6-52 ga.
Éi ȗ ere hc drkakic, Jfkie, rcjdrhuldnkjkel el arcut Ċ ȗ kk cstc hc 531 ga țk ?2 j` luiak`c.
Oclkje
Cia.
Lcujesp us
hclkicetus(Fcjgcl, 568:)
Пгтуйпнв
_us.
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5:8
Luiak`ce >‚; j`.Arcutetce 3‚52 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• RlcvuŔjê • Elokturê • NïŪê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
prctutkihcik é i tdetc epclc stĊtĊtderc țk
juraĊtderc, nluvkul Ikstru țk rïul Rrut, le-
jurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk, Jdstcțtk-
Ztïije, Jujkuraei prcju` țk oĊlȗ k, clcțtckc,
kezurk lejurk rïurk `kjk pïrekc HupĊ fd-t l ȗĊ kk t n t é tïl ktĊ é C
huiaĊ eloĊstrukc. ÉidtĊtderclc sïit kijd-ldrc. Éi nuijȗ kc hc feoktet é țk pdetc sjfk`oe
jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk.
Le `eturktetce scxuelĊ emuiac le vïr-ste hc ? eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi pcrkdehe `ek-
kulkc le tc`pcreture epck hc 53-?22
J Éih kk l lk
Éi eiu`ktc jdihk ȗ kk nune (plc-vu țje) pdetc nk ndldsktĊ je pc țtc hc
ejverku.
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5:3
kezurk, lejurk, rïurk `kjk, pïrekc. HupĊ fdterclc ȗ Ċrkk cstc nrcjvcit éitïliktĊ éi CurdpeJcitrelĊ țk hc Cst éi oezkiclc `Ċrkldr Ice-arĊ, Ezdv, JespkjĊ.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl, lk`idnkl, nk-
tdnkl, zddpleijtdidnea. RdpulcezĊ stretu-rklc hc supreneȗ Ċ elc epck. RrcncrĊ epĊ stĊ-tĊtderc seu lki juraĊtderc, odaetĊ éi vcac-teȗ kc ejvetkjĊ ju jurciȗ k lciȗ k țk nuih `ï-
lds-ikskpds.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt țk ejdpcrkt hc
sdlzk jkjldkzk. Jepul ards, jd`prk`et letc-
rel. Aure eprdepc supcrkderĊ dolkjĊ nĊrĊ
`ustĊȗ k, ker djfkk suit ndertc `erk țk rd-
tuizk. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ cstc okic hcz-
vdltetĊ, sjdoktĊ ehïij ju ldok eprdepccaelk, ker pchuijulul jeuhel cstc luia țk
hcstul hc é iaust.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc oruiĊ-vcr-
zukc-eloĊstrkc, pc leturk erakitkc-strĊlujk-tderc pc `kmldjul jĊrdre sc doscrvĊ d
p p J. Éicpdje rcprdhujcrkk le `esjulk pc jep eper
tuocrjulk elok esjuȗ kȗ k. Kjrclc sïit hcpusc é ijïtcve rcprkzc pc pleitc ejvetkjc. Kijuoe-
ȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc hurcezĊ 3-> zklc. D
nc`clĊ hcpuic 5 :22 - : ?22 kjrc. KcricezĊ éi ardpk ehïijk. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8 ‚ 3
eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, lervc hc
kiscjtc, kiscjtc ecrkcic, lervc țk pukcȗ k hc
pcțtc Zcrvcțtc je sursĊ hc iutrkȗ kc pcitru
spcjkklc hc pcțtk rĊpktdrk ‚ țtkujĊ, okoei,
sd`i țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Zklvcr orce`
Cia.
O jje
omdcrgie(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Къхягтв
_us.
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5:>
Luiak`ce 5:‚:8 j`.Arcutetce >2‚:?3 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jdroeijê • Jïrmeujê • Jdrpejê •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve cstc nrcjvcit
éitïliktĊ éi oezkiclc nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rï-uluk Rrut. Éi enere @dlhdvck sc éitïlicțtc
é i emdrktetce nluvkkldr, rïurkldr țk lejurkldr
hki Curdpe, oezkiclc @Ċrkk Icarc, @ĊrkkEzdv, @Ċrkk Jespkjc, @Ċrkk Idrhuluk țk
@Ċrkk Oeltkjc.
Zc rcprdhujc éi pcrkdehe hc le snïrțk-
tul luikk eprklkc Ŕk pïiĊ éi luie kuikc jïihtc`pcreture epck hcpĊțcțtc 5>-51 2J. Éicpdje rcprdhujcrkk ndr`cezĊ jïrhurk erk.@esjulkk etkia eturktetce scxuelĊ le : eik,
nc`clclc le 8 eik. D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitrc38 322 ‚ 58> 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5 >
Oetje pdetc ndr`e fkorkzk ju plĊtkje, djfceie, oeou țje, rd țkdere,
dolc ȗ ul Ŕk `druie țul.
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5:1
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, nktdnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. Cstc ui
pcțtc sdlkter, cvktĊ epclc ju ultĊ vcacteŪkcejvetkjĊ, prcncrĊ epc juretc, ehïijk, ju ju-
rciŪk sleok, ju nuihul ejvetkj `ïlds.
Erc jdrpul éielt, jd`prk`et letcrel,ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk ardțk Ŕk okic nkxeȗ k. Jepul
`kj, odtul sjurt, aure sc`k kincrkderĊ, tcr-`kielĊ, drkzditelĊ. Rc pkcpt erc sdlzk `kjk.Djfkk suit rcletkv erk.
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc jc-
iuțku-vcrzuk, pc leturk erakitku ju ui lujku
`ctelkj, pc eohd`ci elo. ÉidtĊtderce eielĊerc vïrnul icaru, jclc pcrcjfk suit kijd-ldrc, éi `emdrktetce jezurkldr ju iueiŪcpdrtdjelkk. @esjulkk suit ek kjk hcjït nc-
`clclc. Éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk pc jepulțk pc jdrpul `esjulkldr eper tuocrdzktĊȗ k,ker le nc`clc é idtĊtderclc pcrcjfk eu d iu-
eiȗ Ċ pdrtdjelkc-hcsjfksĊ.
p38 322 ‚ 58> 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,>
``, éi epclc `kjk (:2-32 j`), pc pleitc ej-
vetkjc, éi ?-: rcprkzc ju kitcrvel hc 52-55
zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje >-; eik.
Kikȗ kel lervclc Ŕk pukctul sc frĊicsj jukinuzdrkk, rdtkncrc, jrustejcc `kjk, ultcrkdr
ju kiscjtc ejvetkjc Ŕk lervclc ejcstdre, ju`dluŔtc, pleitc ejvetkjc Ŕk sc`kiȗ clc ldr,
ju hctrktus țk e. Jdisu`Ċ freie ju ek pu-tkie cnkjkcitĊ, evïih ui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc
lcit.
Olceg
Cia.
E urius
elourius(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Ънзгф
_us.
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5:6
Luiak`ce ;‚5? j`.Arcutetce 52‚32 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• ElokŔderê • Djlck • Zdrcei •
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Zjfickhcr
Cia.
E urid cs
okpuijtetus(Oldjf, 516?)
чхятфанв
_us.
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582
Luiak`ce 5?‚5: j`.Arcutetce 53‚?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• OcrjfkŪê • OlcfikŪê • Jdjdier •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é ijursul `kmldjku el nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïul
Rrut. Éi enere fdtercldr _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve
cstc sc`ieletĊ éi nluvkklc oezkicldr `ĊrkldrOeltkje, IcearĊ, Ezdv, JespkjĊ.
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, tcr`dnkl, eutdf-t nkl lkt nkl o t n C t
Emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ éi eltrcklce ei. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj prk`Ċvere-
vere éi luiklc `ek - kuikc. D nc`clĊ hcpuicpïiĊ le 5 222 kjrc ju hke`ctru hc jkrje 2,3
``, le preaurk ju nuihul pkctrds. Jrcțtc
hcstul hc lcit țk iu hcpĊțcțtc luiak`ce
`exk`Ċ hc 5?-5: j` țk d arcutetc hc 53-?2
Jdijurci ȗ k éi freiĊ ek ocl-hk ȗ ck sïit plĊtkje, `druie țul,
`rceie, djfceie-`erc.
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585
tdi, rcdnkl, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea. Cstc ui
pcțtc hc telkc `kjĊ, esc`ĊiĊtdr ju dolcȗ ul.
Zprc hcdscokrc hc dolcȗ , sc aĊscțtc hder éirïurk ju epĊ juretĊ țk okic ecretĊ, prcpdi-hcrcit éi jursurklc supcrkderc, le ui nlux re-pkh ju nuih ikskpds-pkctrds.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt țk ek lĊȗ kt ju hduĊ
huiak icarc hc-e luiaul lkikck letcrelc, je-pul suojdikj, odtul uțdr rdtuimkt, aure tcr-
`kielĊ, djfkk rcletkv `erk. ÉidtĊtderce
eielĊ cstc sktuetĊ é i ur`e hdrselck. Jeu-
hele sjdoktĊ ehïij, ju ldok caelk.
Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc
vcrhc- éijfks, pc leturk vcrzukc-erakitkc țk
pc eohd`ci erakitkc. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ,
pcjtdrelclc țk jeuhelĊ eu julderce jciuțkc-
vcrzukc, jclcleltc aĊloukc, jerc é i cpdje hcrcprdhujcrc hcvki pdrtdjelkk.
a
a. Éi prk`kk eik eheuaĊ éi luiak`ce jdrpu-
luk iu ek ult hc ?,3-:,3 j`, ker epdk sjehc
sc`iknkjetkv. Je țk dolcȗ ul, cstc ui pcțtc ju
jkjlu hc vkeȗ Ċ sjurt= lk`kte hc vïrstĊ iu hc-
pĊțcțtc 3-> eik.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju lervc hc
kiscjtc, é i spcjkel jfkrdid`khc, hkvcrsc
jrustejcc, uicdrk țk elac. Zcrvcțtc je sursĊiutrktkvĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk.
Nkkih d spcjkc pcrkjlktetĊ cstc djrdtktĊjdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Ztdic ldejf
Cia.
Oer etu e
oeroetule(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Кйзгю
_us.
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58?
Luiak`ce 52‚5? j`.Arcutetce 53‚?3 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• @dlei •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é ijursurklc `kmldjkk țk kincrkderc elc nluvkuluk
Ikstru, rïuluk Rrut țk enluciȗ kk ldr. Éi enere_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt é i Cu-
rdpe țk Eske, hc le idrhul Curdpck pïiĊ é iIdrhul Ktelkck țk sprc _ĊsĊrkt pïiĊ le Srel.
Cstc ui pcțtc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdi,
ju d huiaĊ `chkeiĊ rdțkc, é itrc é idtĊtde-
rclc pcjtdrelĊ țk vcitrelĊ. ÉidtĊtderce hdr-
selĊ țk jeuhelĊ ju scrkk treisvcrselc hc
puijtc oruic. ÉidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelĊ, vci-
trelĊ țk eielĊ ju julderce aelociĊ-vcrzukc,
`didjrd`etkjĊ. @esjulkk eu d telkc `ek
`erc je nc`clclc țk é i cpdje rcprdhujcrkkjdrpul ldr sc ejdpcrĊ ju outdik `kjk elokjk-
Arkihclul, je țk ȗ kperul, pdetcrcspkre țk prki kit cstkiul, odaet éivesc seiaukic.
Arkihclul erc d jeric hcstul hc aresĊ țk austdesĊ.
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58:
Cstc ui pcțtc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdi,ocitdikj, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea, jerc trĊkcțtc
pc nuihul pkctrds seu ju pruihkț é i epclc
juretc țk rcpczk elc pïrekcldr țk rïurkldr.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, eprdepc jklkihrkj,
uțdr jd`prk`et pdstcrkdr é i rcakuice pc-
huijululuk jeuhel țk ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk rerk,
ndertc kjk. Jdrpul cstc éivclkt éitr-ui stret
ards hc `ujus. Zdlzkk lkpscsj é i é itrcak`c
pc spetc țk pc ourtĊ țk sïit jcve `ek iu`c-
rdțk é i rcakuice pdstcrd-letcrelĊ. Rchuiju-
lul jeuhel cstc hcstul hc luia. Jepul uțdr
jd`prk`et hdrsd-vcitrel. Odtul cstc rdtui-
mkt, aure leraĊ, kincrkderĊ, é izcstretĊ ju țesc
`ustĊȗ k (8 pc vïrnul odtuluk țk ?, ek luiak,
le jdlȗ urklc aurkk). Djfkk suit kjk țk eprdpk-
eȗ k. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ cstc ichkvkzetĊ.
Jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk pc spetc țk pc le-
turk cstc aelociĊ-vcrzukc prcsĊret ju pctc
icarc, icrcauletc. Eohd`ciul elo-aĊlouk,
jdrpul ldr sc ejdpcrĊ ju outdik `kjk elokjk
dțk țk eu d jrcestĊ hdrselĊ țk elte jcitrelĊ é iluiaul truijfkuluk jeuhel.
Zc `eturkzcezĊ scxuel le vïrste hc ?-
: eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj prk`Ċvere-
vere, le tc`pcreturk hc 58‚?? 2J. D nc`clĊhcpuic hc le 5 322 pïiĊ le 55 222 kjrc éi jï-tcve rcprkzc pc pkctrkț, ikskp țk pc pleitc ej-
vetkjc. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr hurcezĊ pïiĊ le 82zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8-3 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc `ek `ult ideptce ju vk-
cr`k, kiscjtc, lervc hc kiscjtc, ae`erkhc,
jfkrdid`khc țk jfker kjrc hc pcțtk.
Zpcjke cstc prdtcmetĊ le ikvcl curd-
pcei, stetut hc prdtcjȗ kc é i _cpuolkje @dl-
hdve iu erc.
a ț a
Qcetfcrnksf
Cia.
@ saurius
ndssklks(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Пьща
_us.
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588
Luiak`ce 56‚?: j`.Arcutetce 82‚5:2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • JfkŔjer • ^ïrlei • řcrper •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtc éijursurklc kincrkderc elc nluvkuluk Ikstru, rï-uluk Rrut, rïurklc `kjk, lejul hc eju`ulercHuoĊserk, oĊlȗ klc @eite Ŕk lejul Oclcu, prc-ncrïih epclc stĊtutc, sĊrejc éi dxkaci. Éienere _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve pdpulcezĊ oezk-
iclc hki Curdpe JcitrelĊ țk hc Zuh-Cst.
Eohd`ciul hc julderc aĊloukc-pdrtdjelkc.
Rc pĊrȗ klc letcrelc suit jïtc trck huiak ldiak-tuhkielc éituicjetc, ker jce hki `kmldj cstc`ek letĊ. ÉidtĊtderclc suit hc julderc ael-ociĊ-spĊlĊjktĊ ju pctc éituicjetc.
@karcezĊ éi cpdje rcprdhujcrkk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc ?-:
eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi `ek kuikc le tc`pcre
ȝ kperul cstc ndertc sciskokl lesjfk`oĊrklc hc prcskuic et`dsnc-
rkjĊ, rkhkjïihu-sc le suprene ȗ e epckéiekitce nurtuikldr7 hki ejcestĊ je-uzĊ hcscdrk cstc ȗkiut éi vesc ju epĊ
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583
Rcțtc hc epĊ huljc, eutdftdi, ocitd-
ikj, lk`idnkl, nktdnkl, zddocitdnea.
Jdrpul cstc eluiakt Ŕk ards, eprdepc
jklkihrkj esc`ĊiĊtdr ju țerpclc, ejdpcrkt ju
sdlzk kjk Ŕk ju ui stret hc ujus jerc él nejc
eluicjds. Jepul cstc ards, uŔdr jd`prk`etletcrel. Aure kincrkderĊ, sc`kluierĊ, ju
ouzc jĊridesc, erc 52 `ustĊȗ k, 8 éi vïrnulouzck supcrkderc, ? éi jdlȗ urklc aurkk Ŕk 8 pcouze kincrkderĊ, `ek `kjk. Zuo djfk erc jïtcui afk`pc esjuȗ kt, esjuis okic suo pkclc.
Rchuijulul jeuhel cstc jd`prk`et letcrel.
ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselĊ țk vcitrelc sïit kiscretc
le ejclețk ikvcl. Jeuhele iu cstc oknurjetĊ,
`erakice jdivcxĊ (rdtuimktĊ). Lkike letcrelĊsleo vkzkoklĊ.
JdldreŪke jdrpuluk verkezĊ `ult je ki-tcisktetc hupĊ treisperciȗ e epck Ŕk julderce`chkuluk ejvetkj éi jerc vkcŪukcŔtc. Hc dok-jck spetclc cstc hc d julderc oruiĊ-aĊloukc.
eik Ŕk sc rcprdhujc éi `ek-kuikc le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc 53-?2 2J. Hcpuic kjrclc pc vc-
acteŪkc lïiaĊ `elurk. D nc`clĊ hcpuic 5?222-:6 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,3-5,; ``
hc julderc éituicjetĊ. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr hu-
rcezĊ 8-6 zklc.
Je țk zvïrluae erc pdskoklktetce rcspk-
reȗ kck ecrkcic (kitcstkielĊ) țk rczkstĊ le lkpse
dxkaciuluk hkzdlvet é i epĊ, ek elcs é i pcrk-
dehclc jĊlhurdesc țk scjctdesc. HejĊ cstcsjds orusj hki epĊ, sjdetc ui zad`dt esc-`ĊiĊtdr uiuk ȗ kpĊt, hc ekjk k sc treac iu`clc
hc "ȗ kper". Éi jeptkvktetc pdetc trĊk 3-> luik
nĊrĊ freiĊ. Hurete vkcȗ kk >-1 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc, vkcr`k,`cljk, hctrktus draeikj vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ.
Zpcjke cstc prdtcmetĊ le ikvcl curdpceițk kitcrieȗ kdiel, stetut hc prdtcjȗ kc é i_cpuolkje @dlhdve iu erc.
uzĊ, hcscdrk cstc ȗ kiut éi vesc ju epĊ pcitru prczkjcrce tk`puluk.
Zpkich ldejf
Cia.
Jd t s
tecikeLkiiecus, 5136
Ыждйпнв
_us.
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58>
Luiak`ce 6‚5? j`.Arcutetce 6‚58 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Jïrê • Nïsê • ^ïrluaê •
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve cstc éitïlikt éinluvkul Ikstru, rïul Rrut, lejurklc hc eju`u-lerc HuoĊserk, Jdstcțtk-Ztïije, oĊlȗ klc @e-
ite, lejul Oclcu. Éi enere _cpuolkjkk @dl-
hdve pdpulcezĊ epclc Curdpck hc le _ki
pïiĊ éi Zkocrke, oezkiul @Ċrkk Jespkjc țk Le-
jul Erel.
Rcțtc eutdftdi nktdnkl rĊpktdr prcncrĊ
éi mds. Djfkk suit ndertc `kjk Ŕk sktueȗ k le d
hksteiȗ Ċ rcletkv `erc uiul neȗ Ċ hc jclĊlelt.ÉidtĊtderce eielĊ ndertc luiaĊ her iu scjditdpcțtc ju jce jeuhelĊ. Hdrsele ndertc
rchusĊ. Jeuhele rdtuimktĊ. Lkike letcrelĊrcjtklkikc țk eprdepc kivkzkoklĊ.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc icearĊ-jciu-
țkc seu `Ċslkikc- éijfks pc spetc țk `er`d-
Ldiacvktet ce sd`iuluk pdetc hcpĊ țk62 hc eik. Jclc ek erk cxc`plerc jeptu-retc eu `Ċsuret pïiĊ le 3 ` țk d arcutetchc :22 ga, éi nluvkk prcju` Ikpru, Icve,
HuiĊrce. Éi jez hc lkpsĊ seu jïih iu cstc sunkjk-
citĊ freiĊ le cl eperc jeikoelks`ul
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58;
Rcțtc eutdftdi, nktdnkl, rĊpktdr, prcncrĊepclc juraĊtderc her țk jclc stĊtĊtderc, é i ld-
jurk ehïijk ju nuihul ejvetkj ikskpds. Cstc
ui pcŔtc éi acicrel idjturi Ŕk erc je prkijk-pelc sk`ȗ urk pkpĊktul (ndldskihu-sc hc `us-
tĊȗ k), euzul (pcrjcpc k`chket zoetcrce `d-
`clkk vkk) Ŕk `krdsul (scskzcezĊ rcsturklc hceik`elc Ŕk jeric). Ċzul cstc sleo, je ur`erc
e trekuluk pc nuihul epck, ju lu`kiĊ puȗ kiĊ.
Jdrpul nĊrĊ sdlzk, puŪki jd`prk`ethdrsd-vcitrel, ker pertce pdstcrkderĊ `ek`ult jd`prk`etĊ letcrel. Jepul `erc, turtkthdrsd-vcitrel. Odt let țk dotuz. Aure ndertc
leraĊ, sc`ksupcrkderĊ ju hkiȗ k jdikjk, ndertc
esjuȗ kȗ k jerc suit uŔdr éijdvdkeȗ k éiĊuitru,`Ċruiȗ k éi ndr`Ċ hc pcrkc. E`oclc `exk-
lerc, kincrkdr Ŕk supcrkdr, suit ndertc putcr-
ikjc, ju desc terk. Rc nelje supcrkderĊ pc le-tcrel, erc hduĊ `ustĊȗ k luiak Ŕk pc nelje ki-ncrkderĊ petru `ustĊȗ k `ek `kjk, éihrcptetc
ț p p ț
retĊ pc leturk ju pctc eloc țk eloĊ-aĊloukc pc
eohd`ci. Juldrklc sc `dhknkjĊ éi nuijȗ kc hc
julderce hd`kieitĊ e `chkuluk éi jerc trĊ-kcŔtc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc 8-3 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi `ek-kuikc jïihtc`pcreture epck etkiac veldrk hc 56-?2 2J.
Rdite cstc hcpusĊ éi jïtcve rcprkzc éi juk-ourk e`ciemetc hc jĊtrc `esjulk hki rcsturkhc pleitc ejvetkjc, jrciak le ehïijk`k `kjk(82-32 j`). D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitrc >2 222 ‚
522 222 kjrc hc julderc eloĊ-aĊloukc țk hke-
`ctrul ?-: `. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr hurcezĊ :-
3 zklc le tc`pcreture epck hc ??-?3 2J. Nc-
`clclc hupĊ hcpuicrce kjrcldr pĊrĊscsj juk-ourklc ju kjrc. @esjulkk rĊ`ïi țk eskaurĊ
peze țk ecrerce kjrcldr c`orkdietc.
Zc frĊicțtc ju pcțtk, ordețtc, rejk țk
eltc eik`elc kjk ejvetkjc.
citĊ freiĊ le cl eperc jeikoelks`ul. EXCI ȝ KC! Kjrclc sd`iuluk sïit tdxkjc
țk iu sïit kihkjetc jdisu`uluk u`ei.
Jfeiicl jetnksf
Cia.
Kjte urus
puijtetus(_enkicsquc, 5656)
Нвавзьачл
хйм
_us.
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532
Luiak`ce 82‚31 j`.Arcutetce 122‚:222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Zd`i-hc-jeiel •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve e ndst kitrdhus éi hkncrktc tkpurk hc cjdskstc`c ejvetkjc țk
zdic pksjkjdlc, é i eiul 5;1>, é i sjdpul ejlk-
`etkzĊrkk. Z-e ejlk`etkzet iu`ek éi lejul rc-nrkacrcit Jujkuraei el Jcitrelck Xcr`dclcj-
trkjc hki @dlhdve, uihc éi prczcit sc rcprd-
hujc éi jdihkȗ kk ieturelc. RïiĊ hc jurïihercelul ejcstck spcjkk sc lk`kte hder le rcaku-
Ŕk hciu`krce éi lk`oe letkiĊ ‚ ’ju pctc‐. Éiejclețk tk`p, ju cxc`plerclc dokțiuktc, sc
éitïlicsj Ŕk sd`ikk hcpka`citeȗ k (elokidțk)
hc julderc aelociĊ ‚ rdzdvkc.
Emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïr-ste hc :‚8 eik (éi hcpcihciȗ Ċ hc tc`pcre-
ture epck). Zc rcprdhujc le tc`pcreture epckhc ?: ‚ ?62J. Nc`clclc hcpui kjrclc éi `kjk
Éi feoktetul hc drkakic pdetcetkiac `ese hc 83 ga le d luiak`c hc532 j`.
Erc d jeric eloĊ, nkiĊ, hclkjkdesĊ,
eprcjketĊ `ult pcitru lkpse descldr`kjk țk e sdlzkldr.
Le jrc țtcrce é i jdihk ȗ kk kihustrk-
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iklc hc cst țk jclc jcitrelc elc ZSE. Éi prc-
zcit, hetdrktĊ rcprdhujcrkk ertknkjkelc, cstc
rĊspïihkt é i hkvcrsc cjdskstc`c ejvetkjc hki
ZSE, Orezklke, Eracitkie țk éi eltc ȗ Ċrk elc
jditkicituluk e`crkjei, prcju` țk e jcluk
curdpcei= Eialke, Nreiȗ e, Acr`eike, Siae-
rke, Ktelke, Oulaerke, Sjrekie, _uske, Acdrake
țk jcluk Esketkj ‚ Jfkie. Erc jdrpul eluiakt, puŪki jd`prk`et
hdrsdvcitrel. Éi murul aurkk erc petru pc-rcjfk hc `ustĊȗ k. Jepul cstc `kj, eluiakt,
puŪki tcțkt letcrel, nĊrĊ sdlzk. ÉidtĊtderclchdrselc Ŕk pcjtdrelc éijcp ju ikțtc ȗ cpk esju-
ȗ kȗ k, puŪki juroeȗ k, e jĊrdr éiȗ cpĊturĊ cstc
hurcrdesĊ. Rc spkierc, éiekitce éidtĊtderckeielc, sc enlĊ d éidtĊtderc ardesĊ.
Julderce spkiĊrkk cstc ark- éijfks, eo-hd`ciul hc julderc hcsjfksĊ. Rc jep suitprczcitc d `ulȗ k`c hc pctc icarc, hc uihc
rcprkzc, tk`p hc jïtcve drc, jje. 53.222 ‚
?2.222 kjrc. @esjulkk djrdtcsj țk ecrcezĊkjrclc c`orkdietc pïiĊ le cjldzerce c`orkd-ikldr, jerc hurcezĊ éi nuijȗ kc hc tc`pcre-
ture epck 8-55 zklc. Lervclc trcj le iutrkȗ ke
ejtkvĊ le e 8-1 zk hupĊ cjldzerc. Hurete vkc-
ȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 82 eik.
Zd`iul e`crkjei cstc ui pcŔtc d`ik-vdr, jerejtcrkstkj pcitru cl nkkih frĊikrce pcnuihul oezkiuluk. Rukctul sc frĊicŔtc ju zd-dpleijtdi, lervc țk pupc hc kiscjtc ejvetkjc,
pukct hc hrcksciĊ, pcțtclc `erc ju ocitds,
pcŔtk, jrustejcc, ordețtc Ŕ. e. Zd`iul e`crk-jei hcvkic rĊpktdr jïih luiak`ce jdrpulukemuiac le :2 j`. Cl sc pdetc frĊik okic ju
freiĊ ertknkjkelĊ (nuremc spcjkelc, areiulc).
ț ȗ
elc, utklkzcezĊ ndertc cnkjkcit freieertknkjkelĊ ju ui jdi ȗ kiut spdrkt hc
prdtckic țk hc țcurk hc eoetdr.
Ourodt
Cia.
Ldte ldte(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Авзжм
_us.
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53?
Luiak`ce ?3‚:3 j`.Arcutetce ?32‚622 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• @elki • @ïituŔ
•
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é irïul Rrut țk nluvkul Ikstru. Éi enere rcpuolk-
jkk cstc rĊspïihkt é i rïurklc țk lejurklc hki
c`ksncre idrhkjĊ, é i Curdpe hc Idrh țk
JcitrelĊ, Eske hc Idrh țk E`crkje hc
Idrh.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl, lktdnkl, prc-
ncrĊ epclc juraĊtderc, rcjk, lk`pczk țk
uie sjurtĊ, ker e hdue sc éitkihc pc `ekokic hc mu`Ċtetc hki luiak`ce jdrpuluk.
Eiele hc esc`cice cstc luiaĊ. Jeuhele
cstc rdtuimktĊ. Lkike letcrelĊ kijd`plctĊ.
Jdldreȗ ke cstc ndertc verkeoklĊ éi nuij-ȗ kc hc `chku éi jerc trĊkcŔtc. Julderce spe-
tcluk țk pĊrȗ kldr letcrelc cstc jencikc-`Ċslk-
ikc, ker e eohd`ciuluk aĊloukc-elokjkdesĊ.
@kfel ȗ ul cstc skiaurul pc țtc hkiepclc @dlhdvck jerc sc fr Ċic țtc ej-tkv é i eidtk`pul rcjc hetdrkt Ċ drkak-ikk selc erjtkjc, é i rcstul eiuluk
st ïih esjuis pc nuihul epck é itr-dsterc esc`ĊiĊtderc ju fkocrierce.
@eturkk `eikncstĊ jeikoelks`,
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53:
p a , , p ț
ehïijk ju nuihul pkctrds, ikskpds seu erak-
lds. Cstc ui pcŔtc rĊpktdr, idjturi, jc jdi-
su`Ċ `erk jeitktĊȗ k hc pcŔtc, kjrc, jruste-jcc, icvcrtcoretc. ^ere, jïih epe sc éijĊl-zcțtc, prcncrĊ ehïijk`klc `erk, ju epĊ `ek
rcjc, ker le tc`pcreturk hc pcstc ?2 2J jehc
éi fkocrierc. IkjkdhetĊ iu ndr`cezĊ jïr-
hurk, nkkih `ek `ult skiauretkj. Rdetc nk éi-tïlikt éi lejurk uihc trĊkcțtc esjuis é itrc rĊ-hĊjkik, pkctrc seu éi vcacteȗ ke ejvetkjĊ.
Jdrpul cstc eluiakt, eitcrkdr jd`prk-
`et hdrsd-vcitrel țk puȗ ki turtkt é i pertce
pdstcrkderĊ, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk țk `ult `u-
jus. Zdlzkk suit ndertc `kjk, ejdpcrkih jdr-
pul Ŕk jepul pïiĊ le iĊrk. Jepul let ju odtuldotuz. Aure `erc, tcr`kielĊ, sc`kluierĊ,drkzditelĊ ju hkiŪk `kjk Ŕk jdikjk. Jerejtc-
rkstkj cstc `usteȗ e uikjĊ pc oĊrokc. ErchduĊ éidtĊtderc hdrselc eprdpketc éitrc clc,
Jdrpul cstc ejdpcrkt ju pctc `er`dretc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le :-8 eik.
Zc rcprdhujc kerie, éi luiklc hcjc`orkc-nc-
oruerkc, nc`clclc hcpui kjrclc pc ui suo-
stret ikskpds-pkctrds le d tc`pcreturĊ e epckhc jkrje 2 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic éitrc 3 222țk : 222 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 2,;-5,? `.
Hczvdlterce c`orkdierĊ, éi nuijȗ kc hc tc`-
pcreture epck (2 ‚ 3 2J) țk jdiȗ kiutul hc dxk-
aci sdlvkt é i epĊ, hurcezĊ hc le ?6 pïiĊ le
62 zklc. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje ?? eik.
Rukctul sc frĊicțtc ju lervc hc ki-
scjtc, jrustejcc, vkcr`k, lervc hc Jfkrd-
id`khc. @eturkk le rïihul sĊu sc frĊicsjju pcțtc (pdrjuțdrk, auvkzk, afkodrȗ ),
ordețtc, rejk țk e.
n ,hki ejcst puijt hc vchcrc esc`Ċ-iïihu-sc `ult ju țtkuje.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Sgrekikei
stkjglcoejg
Cia.
Ruia t us
pletyaestcr(Gcsslcr, 563;)
Нйзщцнв
игпфяжжкзвф
_us.
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538
Luiak`ce 8‚> j`.Arcutetce :‚8 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Rêlê`khê-hc-oeltê • Afcljk •
Zc éitïlicŔtc hcs éi enluciȗ kk oezkiu-
luk nluvkuluk Ikstru Ŕk rïuluk Rrut, evïih deouihciȗ Ċ iu`crkjĊ `ek sjĊzutĊ éi oĊlȗ klc@eite, lejul Oclcu, lejul rcnrkacrcit Ju-
jkuraei. Éi enere _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve cstcrĊspïihkt éi epclc sel`estrc țk é ihuljktc elc
`Ċrkldr IcearĊ, Ezdv țk JespkjĊ hc uihc
pĊtruihc é i jursurklc kincrkderc elc nluvkk-
l k nl kl
ÉidtĊtderclc vcitrelc suit rdțkk, ker jce jeu-
helĊ Ŕk jce hdrselĊ suit jciuțkk ju krkzeȗ kk
eloĊstruk-vkdlctc, ker tde`ie `ek éijfks.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc ? eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj éi pcrkdeheeprklkc-`ek, le tc`pcreture epck hc >-6 2J,
jïih pĊrĊscsj epclc ehïijk Ŕk `karcezĊsprc epc ju ehïijk`k hc 2,3-5 , hcpuiïihk l é k lt k é l o
HupĊ cjldzerc țk pïiĊ le rc-sdro ȗ ke sejuluk vktclki, țk trcjcrcelervcldr le iutrk ȗ ke ejtkvĊ , lervclc
dseruluk sc ȗ ki é i prcem`e `esjulu-luk nkkih estncl prdtcmetc hc spcjkklcrĊpktderc hc pc țtk.
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533
ldr țk enluciȗ kldr ejcstdre.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, nktdnkl, zddocitdnea,
prcncrĊ epclc stĊtĊtderc puȗ ki ehïijk țk zd-
iclc ju epc juraĊtderc ju jurciȗ k `dhcreȗ k
hki nluvkk țk rïurk ju vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, jd`prk`et letc-
rel. Zpetclc cstc uŔdr juroet, jepul `kj Ŕkaure `kjĊ, tcr`kielĊ, tĊketĊ dolkj éi sus,djfkk `erk. Rc leturk erc ?;-:? hc plĊjkdsdesc éitr-ui skiaur rïih pïiĊ le oeze pc-huijuluk jeuhel. Éiekitce hdrselck erc 6-55
ȗ cpk doklk. ÉidtĊtderclc vcitrelc s-eu trei-
sndr`et é i ȗ cpk putcrikjk. Jeuhele cstc rd-
tuimktĊ.
Jdldrktul hkncrĊ éi nuijȗ kc hc `chku,
eidtk`p, vïrstĊ Ŕk scx. Rrk`Ċvere jdldrktul`ek puŪki prdiuiȗ et, spetclc țk leturklc sïitoruic-`Ċslkikk, ker eohd`ciul elo-aĊlouk.
kjrclc éi `ek `ultc rcprkzc ‚ éi zdiclc oei-jurkldr hc ikskp Ŕk éi luijklc kiuiheoklc. Dnc`clĊ hcpuic 822 ‚ ;22 hc kjrc. Rcrkdehe
hc kijuoeȗ kc e kjrcldr c`orkdietc hurcezĊ
8-1 zklc. Kjrclc sïit hcpusc é itr-ui juko
e`ciemet hc esjulk é i hcskțurklc pleitcldr
suo`crsc. Zprc hcdscokrc hc afkhrki, juk-
oul cstc éizcstret ju kitrerc țk kcțkrc uihc`esjulkk jdihuj ?-: nc`clc, jerc hupĊ hc-
puicrce kjrcldr é l pĊrĊscsj. @esjulkk rĊ`ïi
țk prdtcmcezĊ kjrclc ncjuihetc, éiarkmkihu-lc
țk ecrïihu-lc pcrkdhkj. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje
: - 8 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju lervc elc hkncrktcldr ki-scjtc, rï`c, vkcr`k, kiscjtc, `dluŔtc Ŕkjrustejcc hc kjk hk`ciskuik, hctrktus vc-
actel, pleijtdi Ŕk jfker ju kjrc țk lervc hcpcțtk. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊ-pktderc hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Xfrcc-spkich
stkjglcoejg
Cia.
Aestcrdstcus
ejulcetusLkiiecus, 5136
Нйзщцнв
ятѕужкзвф
_us.
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53>
Luiak`ce 3‚52 j`.Arcutetce 3‚1 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• @dŔ-ju-trck-afk`pk •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
é i lejurk țk é i jursurklc kincrkderc elc rïuluk
Rrut țk nluvkuluk Ikstru. Éi enere _cpuolkjkk
@dlhdve pdpulcezĊ @erce IcearĊ hc
uihc pĊtruihc éi jursul kincrkdr el HuiĊ-rkk, oezkiclc `Ċrkldr hki idrhul Curdpck țk
rïurklc hki oezkiclc ejcstdre.
Cstc d spcjkc eutdftdiĊ, nktdnklĊ, zdd-
`esjulkk hcvki jd`plct rdțkk țk éidtĊtde-rclc elokjkdesc.
Zc rcprdhujc éi luiklc eprklkc-`ek.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc uiei. @esjulkk jdistrukcsj ui juko ju kitrerc
țk kcțkrc. Rrkitr-ui heis rktuel nc`cle cstc
jdihusĊ hc esjul é i juko uihc-țk hcpuic
pdite. D nc`clĊ hcpuic 522 - ;22 kjrc. Éitr-
ko h k l ? : n l K o k
HupĊ cjldzerc, `esjulul afk-hrkiuluk, éi jez hc pcrkjdl, é țk es-
juihc hcsjcihci ȗ kk é i aur Ċ.
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531
pocitdneaĊ. Nkkih d spcjkc `erkiĊ `kare-tderc, hder éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk, pĊ-truihc éi epclc sel`estrc țk huljk hc le au-
rklc hc vĊrserc e nluvkkldr țk rïurkldr. Rrc-
ncrĊ epclc icehïijk, streturklc hc supre-
neȗ Ċ, zdie ȗ Ċr`uluk uihc sc ehuiĊ éi jïr-
hurk iu`crdesc.
Erc jdrpul nuskndr`, icejdpcrkt ju
sdlzk éi ldjul jĊrdre pc leturklc jdrpuluksïit ?;-:? plĊjk dsdesc jerc perȗ kel sc su-
prepui, ker sprc jeuhelĊ ndr`ïih jercic.
Éiekitce hdrselck erc : ȗ cpk zk`ȗ dțk. ^ci-
trelclc sïit rchusc le hdk ȗ cpk putcrikj zk`-
ȗ eȗ k sktueȗ k é i hrcptul jcluk hc el hdklce ȗ cp
hdrsel. Jeuhele erc ui skiaur ldo. Julde-
rce acicrelĊ e jdrpuluk pc pertce hdrselĊcstc vcrhc- éijfks seu eloĊstrukc, ker pĊrȗ klcletcrelc erakitkk. Éi cpdje hc rcprdhujcrc
ui juko hcpui kjrclc ?-: nc`clc. Kijuoeȗ ke
kjrcldr hurcezĊ 8 - 1 zklc. @esjulkk eskaurĊ
prdtcjȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc țk e elcvkikldr
pïiĊ jïih ejcstce etkia luiak`ce hc 5 j`.
Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje : - 8 eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc ju icvcrtcoretc țk vcrtc-
oretc `kjk, é i spcjkel ju kjrc țk pukct hcpcțtc. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊ-pktderc hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Olejg-strkpch
Rkpcnksf
Cia.
Zyiaiet us
eoestcr_kssd, 56?1
Сгтаймйтхнвф
тчев-жкзв
_us.
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536
Luiak`ce 53‚?? j`.Arcutetce 8‚> a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Sihrce • Eȗe-hc-`erc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
é i lejurklc țk oĊlȗ klc hki jursurklc kincrkderc
elc nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïuluk Rrut, éi lejulhc eju`ulerc Jujkuraei. RrcncrĊ zdiclchc lktdrel elc `Ċrkldr, lejurklc sel`estrc țk
huljkjdlc hc le aurklc hc vĊrserc elc nluvkk-
ldr țk rïurkldr odaetc é i vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ.Éi enere rcpuolkjkk cstc prczcit éi @erceIcearĊ țk @erce Ezdv, éi lejurklc lktdrelc
letcrelc jerc sc elkpcsj rcjkprdj pc lkike c-
hkeiĊ ndr`ïih d je`crĊ kijuoetderc(`ersupku).
Jdldrktul acicrel cstc jciuțku-vcr-
zuk. Zpetclc vcrzuk-jenciku-aĊlouk, ju pui-
jtc țk lkikk treisvcrselc7 eohd`ciul eraki-
tku-elokjkds.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste
Ejul-hc- erc sc éi`ul ȗ c țtc prki kjrc, jerc sïit ,,kijuoetc" é ieiu`ktc jevktĊ ȗ k elc jdrpuluk
(`ersupku), kjrclc sïit purtetc pïiĊ le cjldzerc hc `esjulk, nkkih
clkocre ȗ k hcme elcvkikk.
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53;
IcearĊ țk @erce Ezdv, é i lejurklc lktdrelc
țk é i jursurklc kincrkderc elc nluvkkldr țk rï-urkldr jerc sc versĊ é i clc.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, zddpleijtdidneaĊ.Erc jdrpul luia țk suoȗ krc, éi ndr`e hc ei-hrce, ejdpcrkt ju plĊjk dsdesc. Xruijfkul éi
scjȗ kuic-treisvcrselĊ erc ndr`e uiuk pe-truletcr. Jepul cstc éiaust țk `kj, ju odtul
esjuȗ kt țk rcletkv sjurt, turtkt puȗ ki le vïrn,
aure tuokndr`Ċ, tcr`kielĊ. _cakuice jeu-helĊ cstc luiaĊ țk sc tcr`kiĊ ju d é idtĊ-tderc `kjĊ, é i ndr`Ċ hc `ĊturĊ ichkncrci-
ȗ ketĊ éi ldok. Rc spetc cstc prczcitĊ d ski-aurĊ éidtĊtderc hdrselĊ rcletkv luiaĊ. Éid-tĊtderclc pcjtdrelc suit sjurtc. ÉidtĊtde-rclc eohd`kielc lkpscsj, lkike letcrele cstc
jd`plctĊ. Le `esjulk pc pertce vcitrelĊhki zdie jeuhelĊ sïit sktuetc hduĊ plkurk
a
hc ? eik. _cprdhujcrce cstc tïrzkc jerc scpctrcjc éi pcrkdehe luikldr `ek - euaust. D
nc`clĊ hcpuic 82 - >2 hc kjrc éi puiae ki-juoetderc e esjululuk, uihc erc ldj kiju-
oeȗ ke. Rcrkdehe hc kijuoeȗ kc pdetc hure
pïiĊ le 53 zklc. Elcvkikk le `d`citul cjld-
zĊrkk eu d luiak`c hc 53-56 `. Hurete vk-cȗ kk cstc hc 8 ‚ > eik.
Zc frĊicŔtc espkrïih jrustejcc kinc-rkderc, rdtkncrc, lervc hc kiscjtc, kjrc țk
lervc hc pcțtk. Cstc ndldskt je freiĊ hc spc-jkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
ȗ m
Oka-sjelc
Zeih Z`clt
Cia.
Et cr ie
odycrk_kssd, 5652
Вягтжав
сгтаймйтхнвф
_us.
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5>2
Luiak`ce 1‚58 j`.Arcutetce 3‚5> a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• EtcrkijĊ •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtciu`ek éi scjtdrul kincrkdr el nluvkuluk Iks-
tru pïiĊ le oeremul HuoĊserk țk lejul Ju-
jkuraei. Éi enere rcpuolkjkk pdpulcezĊ @e-rce IcearĊ țk @erce Ezdv, hki jerc `k-
arcezĊ pcitru rcprdhujcrc țk iutrkȗ kc éi
epclc nluvkkldr HuiĊrce, Oua țk Ikpru.
Zpcjkc `erkiĊ seu sel`estrkjdlĊ, `k-l k Ċ nk nklĊ l
`erc ‚ hki eprklkc pïiĊ éi scptc`orkc. Hc-puic pdite éi jïtcve rcprkzc (: - 5?). Rrdlk-
nkjktetce - hc le >22 pïiĊ le ? 222 kjrc. Kjrclcsïit ocitdikjc ju ui hke`ctru hc 5,; ``.
Kjrclc c`orkdietc uțdr sc nkxcezĊ hc suo-stret prki kitcr`chkul iu`crdescldr nkrc lk-
pkjkdesc hkspusc pc `c`oreie ejcstdre.Rcrkdehe hc kijuoeȗ kc hurcezĊ pïiĊ le 52
zklc. Lervclc cjldzetc sïit ndertc sciskoklc
l k kkl kk k E k
Cxc`plerclc tkicrc elc etcrkicksïit eprdepc treispercitc, hki je-uze strujturkk hcdscoktc e `u țjfkldr.
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5>5
aretderc, pcleakjĊ, nktdnklĊ, zddpleijtdid-neaĊ, hc jïrh, hc telkc `kjĊ, puȗ ki sciskoklĊle e`plktuhkice selkiktĊȗ kk. Hkspuic hc
hduĊ éidtĊtderc hdrselc sjurtc, hcpertcuie hc elte. Lkike letcrelĊ lkpscțtc.
Erc jdrpul nuskndr`, puȗ ki jd`prk-
`et letcrel. Jepul eluiakt, aure `erc,dolkjĊ, ju hkiȗ k `Ċruiȗ k.
Rc spetc erc d julderc vcrhc jciuțkc,
pc nleijurk ‚ eloĊ-erakitkc, eohd`ciul nk-
kih elo-aĊlouk. ÉidtĊtderclc suit kijdldrc.Éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk jepul țk é idtĊtde-
rclc pcjtdrelc eu d julderc aĊloukc ju iu-
eiȗ c rdțkctkjc.
@eturktetce scxuelĊ etkiac le el ?-lceei hc vkeȗ Ċ. Éi nluvkul Ikstru sc rcprdhujc éi pcrkdehe luikldr `ek-kuikc, pc jïih éi
le verkeȗ kklc tc`pcreturkk epck. Erc ui rkt`
hc jrcțtcrc rchus. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8 -
3 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, `dluțtc
`kjk, lervc hc kiscjtc, kiscjtc ecrkcic. Zcr-
vcțtc je sursĊ hc iutrkȗ kc pcitru spcjkklc hc
pcțtk rĊpktdrk ‚ țtkujĊ, okoei, sd`i țk pĊsĊ-rklc kftkdneac.
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Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
é i oezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïul Rrut, le-
jurklc hc eju`ulerc ^etre, HuoĊserk, Ju-
jkuraei, Jdstcțtk-Ztïije, lejurklc Oclcu țk
Jeful, oĊlȗ klc @eite țk é i `ultc eltc lejurk
hc eju`ulerc țk fclcțtckc. Éi enere _cpu-
olkjkk @dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt é i tdetc cjd-skstc`clc ejvetkjc huljkjdlc hki Curdpe țk
Eske hc Idrh.
hcsjfksĊ. Rrk`e éidtĊtderc hdrselĊ erc ju-lderce jciuțkc țk le oeze ck cstc prczcitĊ d
petĊ é ituicjetĊ, e hdue hdrselĊ - jciuțkc-
aĊloukc. Rcjtdrelclc, vcitrelclc țk eiele eu
julderce aĊloukc (éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk- rdțketkjc), jeuhele rdțketkjĊ. Krksul aeloci.
Rc spetc treisvcrsel, sïit 3-; huiak letc
`Ċslkikk (eprdepc oruic uicdrk) jerc sprceohd`ci hksper.
Okoeiul cstc ndertc pdpuler țk e ndst kitrdhusé i iu`crdesc cjdskstc`c ejvetkjc hki Eustre-lke, Idue ]ccleihĊ țk Enrkje hc Zuh. Okoeikk ki-trdhuțk eu jeuzet heuic `emdrc pdpule ȗ kkldr hc
pcțtk ietkvk ek Eustrelkck.
Okoeiul pdetc nk ndldskt je e`clkdretdr okdld-kj éi fclcțtckclc țk kezurklc ju iu`crdesc cxc`-
plerc hc nunĊ , é isĊ nĊrĊ sĊ hcpĊ țcesjĊ 3% hkipdihcrce jd`uiktĊȗkk pksjkjdlc țk utklkzet iu`ek
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5>:
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, nktdnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, rĊpktderc. Éi rïurk prcncrĊepclc lk`pczk țk lki juraĊtderc. Éi lejurk țk
oĊlȗ k sc é itïlicțtc é i zdiclc ju nuihul ej-
vetkj ikskpds, eraklds drk `ïlds țk ju `ultĊ
vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ.
Erc jdrp éielt, puŪki jd`prk`et letc-rel, ejdpcrkt pïiĊ le djfk ju sdlzk jtcidkzk`kjk. Jepul éielt, odtul dotuz, aure tcr`k-ielĊ, puȗ ki dolkjĊ, é izcstretĊ ju iu`crdțk
hkiȗ k esc`ĊiĊtdr uick pcrkk. Lkike letcrelĊ
juroetĊ. Dpcrjulul é i pertce pdstcrkderĊ sc
tcr`kiĊ ju d ȗ cepĊ dsdesĊ (uicdrk hduĊ).
Julderce jdrpuluk hcesupre lkikck le-
tcrelc cstc jciuțkc-vcrzukc, e leturkldr - aĊl-oukc-vcrzukc, ker e eohd`ciuluk aeloci-
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc : - 8 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi luiklc `ertkc-
eprklkc, k`chket hupĊ tdpkrce zĊpczkldr letc`pcreture epck hc ;-5? 2J. Nc`clclc hc-
pui kjrclc eprdepc hc el, pc pleitc ejve-
tkjc, jrciak, pkctrc. Rdite cstc hcpusĊ éitr-
d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ éi peialkjk acletkidesc hcpïiĊ le ? ` luiak`c Ŕk ?-: j` lĊȗ k`c. D nc-
`clĊ hcpuic éitrc 6 222 țk :22 222 hc kjrc.
Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc, é i nuijȗ kc hc
tc`pcreture epck, hurcezĊ pïiĊ le 52 zklc.
Hurete vkcȗ kk - pïiĊ le 53 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, lervc hc
jfkrdid`khc, e`nkpdhc, vkcr`k țk pcțtk.
Zcrvcțtc é isuțk je freiĊ spcjkkldr veld-
rdesc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk.
pdihcrce jd`uiktĊ ȗ kk pksjkjdlc țk utklkzet iu`ekejdld uihc iu pdt nk utklkze ȗ k el ȗ k r Ċ pktdrk.
Rkgcpcrjf
]eihcr)
Cia.
Zei cr
lujkdpcrje(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Хъивн
_us.
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5>8
Luiak`ce :2‚62 j`.Arcutetce 5222‚8222 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• JfcelĊu • Zuhuj • Aurei •
Éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk@dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt éi nluvkul Ikstru,
rïul Rrut, lejurklc hc eju`ulerc HuoĊserk,JdstcŔtk-Ztïije, lejurklc Oclcu, Jeful,oĊlŪklc @eite Ŕk éi uiclc fclcțtckc. Éi enere_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é i idrhul
țk suhul Curdpck, é i oezkiclc `Ċrkldr hcIdrh, OeltkjĊ, IcearĊ, Ezdv, JespkjĊ,
Cacc.
Emuia le eturktetce scxuelĊ= esju-lkk le vïrste hc ? - : eik, nc`clclc ‚ le : - 8
eik. _cprdhujcrce éijcpc éi eprklkc le tc`-pcreture epck hc 6-; 2J țk jditkiuĊ pïiĊ é iluie `ek le tc`pcreture epck hc 5>-?2 2J.
Nc`clclc hcpui kjrclc pc pkctrc, pleitc ej-
vetkjc, jrciak le ehïijk`k hc 2,3-5,2 ` țk dvktczĊ e epck hc 2,?-2,: `/s. D nc`clĊ hc-puic éi chkc :22 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc
o l o
Ȗ elĊul pdetc etkiac 5:2 j` lui- ak`c țk d arcutetc hc pïiĊ le 5; ga.
Ȗ elĊul erc d velderc cjdid`kjĊ
spdrktĊ, éi spcjkel hetdrktĊ a ustulukcxjcp ȗ kdiel el jĊrikk sleoc țk eloc, nk-kih rcjd`eihet hc jĊtrc chkjk jcldrju jdisu` k`pus.
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5>3
Rcțtc tcr`dnkl, sc`k`karetdr, nktdnkl,
lk`idnkl, rĊpktdr. XrĊkcțtc é i epclc huljk țk
sel`estrc, stĊtĊtderc țk é ijct juraĊtderc țk
okic dxkacietc ju nuih ejvetkj terc, ikskpds
seu eraklds.
Erc jdrpul nuskndr`, jd`prk`et letc-
rel, eprdepc jklkihrkj, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk jtc-
idkzk `kjk. Jepul eluiakt jd`prk`et letc-
rel, odtul sjurt, aure leraĊ tcr`kielĊ, juhkiȗ k kjk Ŕk erk. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselc - sc-
peretc țk iu sïit é ieltc.
Julderce jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc vcr-
zukc-jciuŔkc, pc leturk ju 6-5? huiak trei-
svcrselc oruic-jciuțkk, ker pc eohd`ci -
elo-erakitkc. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselc țk jeu-
helĊ eu pctc é ituicjetc, ker jclcleltc - aĊl-
ouk-spĊlĊjkt.
5,2-5,3 ``. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc
hurcezĊ 52 - 55 zklc le tc`pcreture epck hc
;-55 2J țk : - 8 zklc le tc`pcreture epck hc
56-?2 2J. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 56 ‚ ?2 eik.
Nkkih ui rĊpktdr hc ideptc ndertc le-jd`, pïiĊ le vïrste hc ui ei sc frĊicțtc ju
pleijtdi, jrustejcc `kjk, vkcr`k, kiscjtc,
ker je ehult - ju pcŔtk kjk (dolcȗ , akiakrkjĊ,auvkzk, afkodrȗ Ŕk e.) ordețtc, rejk, kiscjtc.
Zc frĊicțtc hc hduĊ drk pc zk ‚ hk`kiceȗ e
pïiĊ le rĊsĊrktul sdercluk Ŕk scere hupĊ es-nkiȗ ktul sdercluk Ŕk jditkiuĊ eprdepc pïiĊle kczul idpȗ kk.
^dlae
]eihcr
Cia.
Zei cr
vdlacisks(A`clki, 516;)
Еѕтц
_us.
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5>>
Luiak`ce 53‚:2 j`.Arcutetce 322‚5?22 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• ȖelĊu- vĊraet •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicŔtc éinluvkul Ikstru, iu`ek éi jursul kincrkdr, rerŔk cxtrc` hc rer, éi rïul Rrut. Rcstc fdterclcȗ Ċrkk prcpdihcrcit pdpulcezĊ jursurklc ki-ncrkderc elc nluvkkldr hki oezkiclc `ĊrkldrJespkjĊ, Ezdv Ŕk IcearĊ.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, sc`k`kare-
tderc, rcdnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, nktd-lktdnklĊ, rĊ-pktderc. XrĊkcțtc éi epc huljk lk`pczk, lki
Emuiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi eprklkc‚`ek le
tc`pcreture epck hc 52‚58 2J éi zdiclc juvktcze epck iu `ek `erc hc 2,:3 `/s țk
ehïijk`k hc pïiĊ le ?,3 `. Rdite d hcpuic
éi jïtcve rcprkzc pc suostret, vcacteȗ kc seu
é i ardpkȗ c ju rcsturk hc vcacteȗ kc. Rrdlknkjk-tetce cstc hc pïiĊ le 622 222 hc kjrc hc ju-lderc aelociĊ-vcrzukc ju hke`ctrul hc
5 2 ``
Ȗ elĊul-vĊraet, je țk țelĊul, scfr Ċic țtc hder ju pc țtk țdrk hc telkc`kjĊ (2,3-1,3 j`), hki jeuze lkpsck
hki ȗ kldr jeikik hc pc `exklerc țk e nerkiacluk é iaust.
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5>1
juraĊtderc Ŕk éi jclc stĊtĊtderc, éi spcjkel leehïijk`k ju nuih pkctrds seu ikskpds.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, eprdepc jklkihrkj,
puŪki `ek sjurt hcjït le țelĊu, her ju sdlzk
`ek `erk, jtcidkzk, dpcrjulclc ejdpcrktc ju
sdlzk, jeikikk lkpscsj, aure `erc, tcr`kielĊ.Lkike letcrelĊ jditkiuĊ țk pc rehkklc éidtĊtde-rck jeuhelc.
Julderce jdrpuluk vcrzukc-jciuțkc, pc
leturk aĊlouk, eohd`ciul elo-erakitku. Rc
pïrȗ klc letcrelc sprc hcdscokrc hc țelĊu erc 6
huiak treisvcrselc `ek letc țk okic hclk`k-
tetc hc julderc `ek éituicjetĊ. ÉidtĊtderclchdrselc țk jeuhele eu julderc surkc- é ituic-
jetĊ ju pctc seu ju huiak icarc, ker é idtĊ-tderclc pcjtdrelc, vcitrelc țk eielĊ ‚ surkc ju
tkvkturĊ eloĊ.
5,2 ``.
Cstc ui rĊpktdr hc ideptc ndertc le-jd`, frĊikihu-sc pïiĊ le vïrste hc ui ei jupleijtdi, jrustejcc kjk, vkcr`k, kiscjtc, ker
éijcpïih ju el hdklce ei cxjluskv iu`ek jupcŔtk kjk (dolcȗ , akiakrkjĊ, auvkzk, afkodrȗ Ŕke.). Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc jkrje 52 eik.
Zpcjkc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck cu-
rdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Zjfrectzcr
Cia.
Ay`idjcp e us
sjfrectscr(Lkiiecus, 5136)
тц
дйзйхвячл
_us.
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5>6
Luiak`ce 58‚?8 j`.Arcutetce 62‚5?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Afkodrȗ • Oeodk •
Éi lk`ktclc tcrktdrkelc elc _cpuolkjkk
@dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é i scjtdrul hc kmldj
țk kincrkdr el rïuluk Rrut. Éi enere rcpuolkjkk
sc é itïlicțtc hder é i oezkiul nluvkuluk Hu-
iĊrce țk enluciȗ kk sĊk.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, huljkjdlĊ, hc jïrh, rcdnklĊ, lktdnklĊ, ocitdpcleakjĊ, zddocitd-
neaĊ. RrcncrĊ zdiclc ju epĊ lki juraĊtdercțk ju nuihul ikskpds seu/țk pkctrds.
hujc é i pcrkdehe eprklkc‚`ek le tc`pcre-
ture epck hc >-5> 2J, hcpuic pdite pc suo-
stret terc, é itrcprkizïih `kareȗ kk é i susul
rïurkldr pc hksteiȗ c `kjk, é i arupurk ndertc
iu`crdesc sprc ldjurklc hc rcprdhujcrc.
Nkcjerc nc`clĊ é i prczciȗ e `ek `ultdr
`esjulk hcpuic pïiĊ le 1 222 kjrc suondr`Ċ hc ocizk. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje 5: eik.
Le eturktetc hcvkic sdlkter.
Zc frĊicțtc le ncl je țk afkodrȗul ju
_ĊspĊrul erc ui rkt` rchushc jrc țtcrc. Cstc jdijurcit trdnkjel spcjkkldr veldrdesc hc pc țtk.
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5>;
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, jd`prk`et letc-
rel. Jepul eluiakt nĊrĊ sdlzk, odtul luia,aure kjĊ éizcstretĊ ju hkiȗ k kjk. Dpcrju-
lul sc tcr`kiĊ ju ui spki dsds. Lkike letc-relĊ juprkihc tdetĊ luiak`ce jdrpuluk.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc aelociĊ, eeohd`ciuluk - eloĊ. Rc mu`Ċtetce hdrselĊ
e jdrpuluk sc é itkih trck huiak ldiaktuhk-
ielc icarc-eloĊstruk, éiaustc țk okic hclk-
`ktetc. ÉidtĊtderclc eu julderce jdrpuluk.
Rc `c`oreie hdrselck sïit prczcitc trckțkrurk hc pctc rdtuihc hc julderc icearĊ.
Krksul cstc icaru.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc ?‚: eik țk 5?‚5> j` luiak`c. Zc rcprd-
Zc frĊicțtc, le ncl je țk afkodrȗ ul, ju
icvcrtcoretc ocitdikjc. Éi enerĊ hc kiscjtc,
lervc hc kiscjtc, rï`c, rejk, `cljk țk sjdkjk,
djezkdiel jdisu`Ċ kjrc țk pukct hc pcțtk.
Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc
hc pcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Nkkih d spcjkc vulicreoklĊ, cstc djrd-tktĊ jdindr` lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcr-
ieȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
_unnc
Cia.
Ay`idjcp e us
jcriue(Lkiiecus, 5136)
тц
_us.
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512
Luiak`ce 52‚56 j`.
Arcutetce 32‚5?2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Jdstreț • Arkiher • OĊlds •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é ioezkiul nluvkuluk Ikstru țk rïul Rrut, é i le-
jurk, oĊlȗ k, fclcțtckc țk kezurk. Éi enere _cpu-
olkjkk @dlhdve cstc rĊspïihkt é i Curdpe
JcitrelĊ țk hc Cst țk é i idrhul jditkicituluk
esketkj.
Rcțtc eutdftdi hc epĊ huljc, ocitdpc-leakj, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea, rĊpktdr nejultetkv,vkcȗ ukcțtc etït éi epc juraĊtderc jït Ŕk éijclc stĊtĊtderc pc nuihurk pkctrdesc erak
hc esc`cice oruic. Rcjtdrelclc, vcitrelclc
țk eiele sïit jciuțkk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc ?-: eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj éi luiklc`ertkc-eprklkc, k`chket hupĊ tdpkrce afcȗ kk
le tc`pcreture hc 6-5? 2J. Hcpuic pdite éi
jïtcve rcprkzc pc suostret ikskpds, pruihkț,pkctrc, hcscdrk pc vcacteȗ ke ejvetkjĊ. D nc-`clĊ hcpuic 82 222 ‚ 32 >22 kjrc hc julderc
aĊloukc, lkpkjkdesc ju hke`ctrul hc pïiĊ le 5
Afkodr ȗ ul sc fr Ċic țtc é i hc-jursul é itrcauluk ei, kerie é isĊ kitcisktetce hc iutrk ȗ kc cstc `ek
rchusĊ. Afkodr ȗ ul pdetc etkiac d arc-utetc hc ?22 are`c le d luiak`c hc:2 j`.
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515
jclc stĊtĊtderc, pc nuihurk pkctrdesc, erak-
ldesc (éi epc ehïijk) seu jfker pc nuihurk`ïldesc (éi jclc puŪki ehïijk).
Erc jdrpul sjurt, turtkt letcrel ejdpcrkt
ju sdlzk jtcidkzk `kjk, jerc lkpscsj pc jep,
pkcpt Ŕk eohd`ci. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselc jdi-tdpktc. Jepul sjurt țk é ielt. Odtul turtkt, aure
`kjĊ tcr`kielĊ, kincrkderĊ, drkzditelĊ juhkiȗ k kjk. Lkike letcrelĊ hcesupre lkikck c-
hkeic e jdrpuluk.
Julderce jdrpuluk verkezĊ ju vïrste Ŕk`chkul vktel= éi epc juraĊtderc Ŕk lejurkehïijk ‚ vcrhc-hcsjfksĊ pïiĊ le Ċslkiku jupctc țk puijtc oruic, ker éi epc stĊtĊtderceprdepc icearĊ. Eohd`ciul elo-aĊlouk. Rc éidtĊtderclc hdrselc :-8 rïihurk hc pctc
oruic. Rc jce jeuhelĊ >-6 rïihurk hc pctc,
aĊloukc, lkpkjkdesc ju hke`ctrul hc pïiĊ le 5`` ju d pkjĊturĊ lkpkhkjĊ. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr,
é i nuijȗ kc hc tc`pcreture epck, hurcezĊ hc
le 3 pïiĊ le 52 zklc. Erc ui rkt` hc jrcțtcrc
rchus. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ pïiĊ le 5: eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc, jruste-
jcc, kjrc Ŕk lervclc eltdr pcŔtk Ŕk jfker pcŔtk`kjk. Cstc ui jdijurcit scrkds el spcjkkldr
ocitdneac ‚ cjdid`kj veldrdesc. Zcrvcțtc cl
é isuțk je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hcpcțtk țk pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac.
Heiuoc
runnc
Cia.
Ay`idjcp e us
oeldikFdljkg & Fciscl, 5;18
тц
иъавлхнжл
_us.
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51?
Luiak`ce ;‚53 j`.
Arcutetce :2‚32 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ
• Afkodrȗ-hc-HuiĊrc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
é i jursurklc kincrkderc elc nluvkuluk Ikstru
țk rïuluk Rrut. Éi enere fdtercldr ȗ Ċrkk sc éi-tïlicțtc é i oezkiclc nluvkkldr Ikpru țk Hu-
iĊrce.
Cstc d spcjkc huljkjdlĊ, ocitdpcle-
akjĊ, lktdnklĊ, rcdnklĊ, zddocitdneaĊ. RrcncrĊepclc stĊtĊtderc țk lki juraĊtderc, ehïijk,
juretc, odaetc é i dxkaci hkzdlvet é i epĊ ju
nuihul ikskpds pkctrds țk/seu pruihkț
jler, ker pc jeuhelĊ pctclc sïit sktuetc é ihuiak vcrtkjelc.
Emuiac le eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïr-ste hc ? eik. Hcpuic pdite éi ek ultc rc-prkzc éi luiklc eprklkc-`ek. D nc`clĊ hc-puic jkrje 82 222 ‚ 122 222 kjrc. Hurete vk-
cȗ kk ‚ pïiĊ le > eik. Zc frĊicțtc ju lervc hc kiscjtc, ki-
scjtc, vkcr`k, `dluțtc, sjdkjk, rejk, kjrc țk
jfker ju pukct hc pcțtk Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ
Éi jdihk ȗ kk ieturelc ndr-`cezĊ fkorkzk ju afkodr ȗ ul.
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51:
nuihul ikskpds, pkctrds țk/seu pruihkț.
Erc jdrpul sjurt, éielt (‐afcods‐), jd`prk`et letcrel, ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk `kjk
jtcidkzk țk ju ui stret hc `ujus. Jepul rc-
letkv erc, odtul sjurt țk turtkt. Aure `kjĊ,
tcr`kielĊ ju hkiȗ k `kjk. Rc dpcrjulc sïitprczciȗ k jïtc hdk afk`pk (spkik).
Jdldrktul jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc
orui-vcrzuk drk vcrhc-jciuțku, pĊrȗ klc letc-
relc vcrzuk-aĊlouk, ker pc eohd`ci elo-aĊl-ouk. Rc supreneȗ e jdrpuluk sïit prczcitc
`ek `ultc pctc é ituicjetc jdituretc ic-
prdiuiȗ et. Julderce cxc`plercldr prdvc-
iktc hki epclc stĊtĊtderc cstc `ek éituic-
jetĊ hcjït e jcldr hki rïurk. Rc éidtĊtderclchdrselc sïit ui țkr hc pctc icjdituretc
jfker ju pukct hc pcțtk. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊpcitru spcjkklc rĊpktderc hc pcțtk țk eltc
eik`elc ejvetkjc.
Cstc d spcjkc djrdtktĊ jdindr` lcaks-leȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc. Ztetut hc
prdtcjȗ kc é i _cpuolkje @dlhdve iu erc.
Hdicts
runnc
Cia.
Ay`idjcp e us
ejcrkie(A`clki, 516;)
тц
ийахнйл
_us.
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518
Luiak`ce 6‚?5 j`.
Arcutetce ;‚532 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Afkodrȗ-hc-Hdi • ]odrïț •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc
hder é i nluvkul Ikstru țk enluciȗ kk luk. Éienere ȗ Ċrkk pdpulcezĊ nluvkklc țk rïurklc hki
pertce idrhkjĊ e oezkicldr `Ċrkldr IcearĊ
țk Ezdv.
Rcțtc huljkjdl seu sel`estru, lktdnkl,
zddocitdnea, hc jïrh. RrcncrĊ iu`ek epclcjuraĊtderc, juretc, ju nuihul ejvetkj pkc-
trds țk/seu ikskpds.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt odtul eluiakt
:2 222 kjrc ju hke`ctrul hc 5,5 `. Kijuoe-
ȗ ke kjrcldr c`orkdietc le tc`pcreture hc
58²J pdetc hure pïiĊ le 1-6 zklc. Erc ui
rkt` hc jrcțtcrc rchus. Hurete vkcȗ kk ‚ jkrje
52 ‚ 55 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi, lervc hc
kiscjtc, vkcr`k, `dluțtc `kjk, kjrc, lervc țkpukct hc pcțtk. JdijurcezĊ éi freiĊ ju spc-jkklc veldrdesc hc pcțtk ocitdneak. Rrcpdi-
hcrcit jdisu`Ċ freiĊ é i e`ura țk ideptce.
]odrk țul cstc ndertc eprcjket hc pcsjerk, pcitru jerice nkiĊ țk ndertc austdesĊ , țk jkdroe hclkjkdesĊ prc- peret Ċ hki cl.
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513
Erc jdrpul eluiakt, odtul eluiakt,
aure hkspusĊ tcr`kiel. Jdldrktul pc pertcehdrselĊ țk leturk cstc vcrzuk-`Ċslkiku, suit
prczcitc iu`crdesc puijtc icarc pc tdt
jdrpul okic jdituretc. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊcstc éieltĊ țk luiaĊ, sprc pertce pdstcrkderĊ
e é idtĊtderck trcptet é iĊlȗ k`ce spkikldr hcs-jrcțtc pïiĊ le é itï`pkierce jclck hc-e hdue
é idtĊtderc hdrselĊ jerc cstc hki idu `ek
é ieltĊ hcjït ultk`kk spkik elc prcjchcitck.
@eturktetce scxuelĊ d etkiac le :-8
eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj é i luiklc eprklkc-
`ek, ker pdite cstc hcpusĊ é i jïtcve rc-
prkzc, le d tc`pcreturĊ hc 6-58²J, éiprcem`e preaurkldr hki eloke rïuluk ju ju-rciȗ k putcrikjk, pc suostret hc pkctrkț seu
ikskp. D nc`clĊ hcpuic hc le 1 222 pïiĊ le
]kue cstc `ek puȗ ki ejtkv. KcricezĊ é i jïr-
hurk é i ardpk ehïijk é i eloke nluvkuluk. Cl éi-suțk scrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊpk-tderc hc pcțtk, pĊsĊrklc kftkdneac țk eltc eik-
`elc ejvetkjc.
]kiacl
Cia.
]kiacl zkiacl(Lkiiecus, 51>>)
Сйд
_us.
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51>
Luiak`ce ?3‚82 j`.
Arcutetce ?22‚822 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Jkdp • Nuser • RcŔtc-hc-pketrĊ •
Éi lk`ktclc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc éi-tïlicŔtc hder éi nluvkul Ikstru Ŕk rïul Rrut.Éi enere ȗ Ċrkk cstc rĊspïihkt é i oezkiul nlu-
vkuluk HuiĊrce țk enluciȗ kk sĊk.
Zpcjkc eutdftdiĊ, lktdnklĊ, rcdnklĊ,ocitdikjĊ, rĊpktderc nejultetkvĊ, cihc-
`kjĊ, ju ercel rcstrïis le oezkiclc HuiĊrkkŔk Ikstruluk. XrĊkcțtc pcr`eicit é i epclc
huljk. RrcncrĊ zdiclc ehïijk ju epc lk`-
pczk, juraĊtderc țk ju nuihul ikskpds, pkc-
icjetĊ jerc sc jditdpcsj. ^erkeoklktetce jd-ldrktuluk cstc hcstul hc prdiuiȗ etĊ, uiclc
cxc`plerc evïih jdldrktul acicrel jc-iuŔku, eltclc nkkih orui-rdțjetc, eohd`c-
iul elo-aĊlouk. Éi tk`pul rcprdhujcrkk, le`esjulk, éitrca jdrpul jepĊtĊ d julderc aĊl-oukc ju rcnlcxc rdțkctkjc.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrstehc :-8 eik. Zc rcprdhujc éi pcrkdehe luik-
ldr eprklkc-`ek éi zdiclc ju epĊ juretĊ,
Rkctrerul pdetc etkiac `ese hc pïiĊ le 5,2 ga le d luiak`c hc 86 j`.
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511
trds seu eraklds. @karcezĊ iu`ek éi pcrk-dehe hc rcprdhujcrc.
Jdrpul eluiakt nuskndr`, éisĊ `eksjurt hcjït e nuseruluk. Jepul uțdr turtkt
hdrsdvcitrel, aure `kjĊ kincrkderĊ, suotcr-`kielĊ, ju espcjt hc pdtjdevĊ Ŕk ju hkiŪk`kjk Ŕk hcțk. Xdt jdrpul, kijluskv țk eohd-
`ciul, cstc ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk jtcidkzk `kjk,
okic nkxeȗ k, ejdpcrkih Ŕk pertce supcrkderĊe jepuluk. Rchuijulul jeuhel puŪki turtktletcrel. Dpcrjulul pc pertce pdstcrkderĊerc ? afk`pk dsdțk.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc oruiĊ-jciu-
țkc, ker e eohd`ciuluk aĊloukc. Rc jdrp erc8-3 huiak treisvcrselc letc hc julderc éitu-
juraĊtderc țk ju nuihul pkctrds, le tc`pc-
returk hc 58-56 2J. D nc`clĊ hcpuic jkrje
3 222 - 1 222 kjrc, éitr-d skiaurĊ rcprkzĊ.
Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc hc pïiĊ le 1-6 eik.
HupĊ jerejtcrul iutrkȗ kck, cstc ui rĊ-pktdr nejultetkv, sc frĊicŔtc ju jrustejcc,lervc hc kiscjtc ejvetkjc, `dluțtc, kjrc Ŕkpukct hc pcŔtk.
Zpcjkc vulicreoklĊ, djrdtktĊ jdindr`lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
Heiuoc
strcocr
Cia.
] iac
strcocr(Zkcodlh, 56>:)
Сйд
мвзчл
_us.
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516
Luiak`ce 58‚51 j`.
Arcutetce 32‚522 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Jkd oĊieț • Nus • RcŔtc-hc-pketrĊ •
Éi lk`ktclc _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve sc éi-tïlicțtc hder pc jursul supcrkdr țk `kmldjku
el rïuluk Rrut. Éi enere _cpuolkjkk @dlhdvesc éitïlicțtc é i enluciȗ kk rïuluk Rrut hc pctcrktdrkklc _d`ïikck țk Sjrekick. Zpcjkc ci-
hc`kjĊ éi epclc oezkiuluk HuiĊrkk.
Rcțtc eutdftdi, huljkjdl, ocitdikj, lk-
tdnkl, rĊpktdr nejultetkv. RrcncrĊ epclc juraĊ-tderc juretc, okic dxkacietc țk ehïijk junuihul pkctrds, ikskpds seu eraklds. Rrcpdi-
evïih 3 huiak treisvcrselc letc ek é ituic-
jetc, pc eohd`ci ‚ eloĊ. ÉidtĊtderclc sïit
kijdldrc.
Emuiac le `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïr-ste hc ?-: eik. _cprdhujcrce erc ldj prk`Ċ-vere (`ertkc-`ek). Éi ejcestĊ pcrkdehĊ, le
nc`clc sc dhknkjĊ ndr`e jdrpuluk. Le `es-julk pc nkcjerc sdlz, éihcdscok pc ejck jercejdpcrĊ pertce hdrselĊ țk jepul, eper tuoc-
rdzktĊȗ k cpktclkelc elokjkdesc. Rdite cstc hc-
Ċ k t l t tk D n
Éi spe ȗ ku ejvetkj hc`distrcezĊ d jepejktetc ncid`cielĊ hc jeptu-rerc e prĊzkk ‚ nurk țïihu-sc pc nui-hul epck éi zka -zea ju emutdrul éid-
tĊtdercldr pcjtdrelc țk jclck jeu-helc.
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51;
hcrcit hujc ui `dh hc vkeȗ Ċ sdlkter.
Erc jdrpul eluiakt nuskndr`, jepul
turtkt hdrsdvcitrel, trkuiafkuler. Odtul do-
tuz, luia țk let, aure suotcr`kielĊ é izcs-
tretĊ ju hkiŪk kjk. Zdlzk kjk, jtcidkzk pc tdtjdrpul țk pc jep pïiĊ le iĊrk, pc prcdpcr-
julk țk dpcrjulk. Rkcptul țk pertce eitcrkderĊe eohd`ciuluk suit lkpsktc hc sdlzk. Lkike
letcrelĊ rcjtklkikc. ÉidtĊtderclc hdrselc eundr`c trkuiafkulerc, scperetc uie hc elte.
Rchuijulul cstc ndertc luia hc ndr`Ċ jklki-hrkjĊ. Jeuhele cstc sleo hczvdltetĊ.
Julderce pc pertce hdrselĊ e jdrpu-
luk, jepuluk țk pc d `erc pertc e leturkldr
cstc jencikc-jciuțkc ju iueiȗ Ċ vcrzukc,
pusĊ pc pkctrc seu pleitc ejvetkjc. D nc-`clĊ hcpuic 3 222 ‚ 52 222 kjrc hc julderc
uŔdr aĊloukc ju hke`ctrul hc ? `. Huretevkcȗ kk jkrje 6 eik.
Nkkih ui pcŔtc rĊpktdr sc frĊicŔtc julervc țk kiscjtc ejvetkjc, vkcr`k, rercdrk ju
kjrc Ŕk pukct hc pcŔtc.
Zpcjkc vulicreoklĊ, djrdtktĊ jdindr`lcaksleȗ kck curdpcic țk kitcrieȗ kdielc.
Kijlusê éi Jertce _d Ŕ kc e
_cpuolkjkk @dlhdve (ch. e KKK-e)
_duih
adoy
Cia.
Icdad us
`cleidstd`us(Relles, 5658)
чсйн
нтъкзфн
_us.
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562
Luiak`ce 53‚?2 j`.
Arcutetce 82‚;2 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • Auvkh • Oeoje-icearĊ •
Rc tcrktdrkul _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve pĊ-truihc éi nluvkul Ikstru (pïiĊ le dr. Dtejk),
lejul rcnrkacrcit Jujkuraei țk rïul Rrut.
Rcstc fdterclc rcpuolkjkk cstc rĊspïihkt éiepclc ju nuih pkctrds, éi zdiclc hc lktdrel
el `Ċrkldr @er`ere, IcearĊ, Ezdv țk Jes-
pkjĊ. Rcțtc `erki, eheptet le jdihkȗ kklc hc
vkeȗ Ċ hki epclc sel`estrc, lktdnkl, ocitdikj,
zddocitdnea.
trcklce ‚ el petrulce ei hc vkeȗ Ċ. Erc d pc-
rkdehĊ hc rcprdhujcrc éihcluiaetĊ, hkieprklkc pïiĊ éi euaust. _cprdhujcrce ercldj le tc`pcreture epck hc le 52 2J pïiĊ le:2 2J. Kjrclc sïit hcpusc éi 3-> rcprkzc (ju
kitcrvelul hc 51-?2 zklc) éi zdiclc ju ehïi-jk`k hc : `, uicdrk 1-6 ` pc supreneȗ e ki-
ncrkderĊ e pkctrcldr. @esjulul prdtcmcezĊkjrclc eskaurïih țk ecrerce ldr ju emutdrul
éidtĊtdercldr pcjtdrelc. Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr
c`orkdietc erc ldj le tc`pcreture epck hc
HupĊ ncjuiherce kjrcldr, `esju-lul eskaurĊ peze țk ecrerce ejcs-tdre. Éi ejcst rĊstk`p cl iu sc frĊ-ic țtc, hki jerc jeuz
Ċ s l
Ċoc țtc țk
é i
kiel `derc.
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565
Zc hcdscocțtc hc jclcleltc spcjkk hc au-
vkzk prki neptul jĊ éi pertce pdstcrkdere e éidtĊtderck hdrselc erc d petĊ hc juldercicearĊ. Ce sc doscrvĊ `ult `ek okic le nc-
`clc. Erc jdrpul jd`prk`et letcrel, tdtel-`citc ejdpcrkt ju sdlzk. Rchuijulul sprc
snïrțkt cstc plet.
Julderce jdrpuluk cstc hkvcrsĊ, hc lesurku-hcsjfksĊ, ju `ultkplc pctc icprd-iuiȗ etc pc leturk, pïiĊ le oruiĊ pc spetc.Julderce jepuluk cstc ek éituicjetĊ hcjïte jdrpuluk, ker e éidtĊtdercldr surkc.
Nc`clclc emuia le `eturktetce scxuelĊ éi el hdklce ‚ el trcklce ei, ker `esjulkk éi el
5;-?> 2J țk hurcezĊ 58-?2 zklc. D nc`clĊ hc-
puic hc le :?2 pïiĊ le 5 222 kjrc hc ndr`ĊdvelĊ (?,?-:,; ``). Kijuoeȗ ke kjrcldr c`-
orkdietc, é i hcpcihciȗ Ċ hc tc`pcreture
epck, hurcezĊ jkrje 1 zklc. Zprc snïrțktul prk-
`ck vcrk lervclc etkia 8 j` luiak`c. Hu-rete vkcȗ kk cstc hc 8-3 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc prcpdihcrcit ju `dluțtc,
her jdisu`Ċ țk jrustejcc, vkcr`k țk pcțtk
`kjk. Zcrvcțtc je freiĊ pcitru spcjkklc rĊ-pktderc hc pcțtk țk eltc eik`elc ejvetkjc.
Ru`pgkiscch
Zuinksf)
Cia.
Lcpd` s
akoodsus(Lkiiecus, 5136)
Хйзагсавф
тчев
_us.
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56?
Luiak`ce 5?‚?2 j`.
Arcutetce 32‚522 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • _cakie oĊlȗkk • Zdrctc •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve sc éitïlicțtc é ilejurklc țk luijklc kiuiheoklc elc nluvkuluk
Ikstru țk rïuluk Rrut. Éi enere @dlhdvck cstc
rĊspïihkt é i oezkiul fkhrdarenkj el nluvkuluk
HuiĊrce.
Zpcjkc huljkjdlĊ, tcr`dnklĊ, ocitdpcle-
akjĊ, lktdnklĊ, pdlkneaĊ. RrcncrĊ zdiclc puȗ kiehïijk, ju epĊ stĊtĊtderc seu lki juraĊtderc,
é`pïizktc ju vcacteȗ kc ejvetkjĊ țk é isdrktc.
Rcțtc hc telkc `kjĊ ju jdrp éielt, ejd-pcrkt ju sdlzk `erk țk esprk jerc suit prczciȗk
Julderce hc ndih cstc vcrzukc‚eloĊs-trukc, ju jïtc d pete oruiĊ pc `emdrktetcesdlzkldr hc pc leturk, ker pc eohd`ci cstc
aelociĊ‚eurkc. Le cxc`plerclc ek tkicrc sc
rcaĊscsj huiak treisvcrselc éituicjetc. Rcleturklc jepuluk sïit jkijk ocizk eurkk, ker lejepĊtul pdstcrkdr el dpcrjululuk sc doscrvĊd petĊ `erc, hc julderc icearĊ, tkvktĊ jurdțu. ÉidtĊtderce hdrselĊ, prcju` țk jce je-
uhelĊ sïit jciuțkk, ju : - 8 huiak ndr`etc
hki pctc éituicjetc, rcstul éidtĊtdercldrï t Ċlo k
Okoeiul ‚ sderc cstc drkakier hki E`crkje
hc Idrh țk e ndst kitrdhus je pc țtc hcjdretkv éieiul 5662 éi Nrei ȗ e sk Acr`eike, hc uihc s-e
rĊspïihkt trcptet, pc jelc ieturelĊ, pc d erkcvestĊ, hc le Djceiul Etleitkj pïiĊ le @erce
IcearĊ. HetdrktĊ jdldrktuluk, jerc hcvkic `ult`ek kitcis éi pcrkdehe rcprdhujcrkk, ejcst
pc țtc cstc ndertc eprcjket hc ejverk țtk, nkkih
jdiskhcret uie hkitrc jclc `ek jdldretc spcjkk
eldacic, hc uihc țk hciu`krce ‐_cakie oĊl ȗ kk‐.
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56:
pcrkt ju sdlzk erk țk esprk jerc suit prczciȗ k
țk pc dpcrjulc țk prcdpcrjulc. Djfkk suit
`erk, aure `kjĊ, tcr`kielĊ, ju odtul sjurt țk
éielt. Hkiȗ kk sïit `kjk țk esjuȗ kȗ k. Iu cxkstĊ`c`oreie hcspĊrȗ ktderc éitrc jclc hduĊ
éidtĊtderc hdrselc. Lkike letcrelĊ cstc erju-ktĊ țk perelclĊ ju `erakice hdrselĊ e jdrpu-luk. Dpcrjulkk sïit erk, ker le oeze ldr eperc
jïtc d petĊ `erc hc julderc éijfkse, ker `ek mds sïit pdzkȗ kdietc éidtĊtderclc pcjtdrelc,`kjk, eluiaktc, treislujkhc. ÉidtĊtderclcvcitrelc sïit hc esc`cice `kjk, éiaustc țk
luiak, ker éidtĊtderclc hdrselc țk jce eielĊ
sïit `erk, rdtuimktc, eu huiak ndr`etc hki
iu`crdesc pctc éituicjetc. ÉidtĊtderce je-
uhelĊ cstc eljĊtuktĊ hkitr-ui skiaur ldo ju djurourĊ pc `kmldj.
sïit aĊlouk.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ hupĊ prk-`ul ei hc vkeȗ Ċ. Zc rcprdhujc vere. @esju-
lkk sepĊ d ardpkȗ Ċ ju hke`ctrul hc 53-?2 j`
țk ehïijk`ce hc 3 j` pc nuihul terc el oĊl-
ȗ kldr țk lejurkldr é i jerc-țk hcpui pdite `ek
`ultc nc`clc. HupĊ ncjuiherc esjulkk esk-
aurĊ djrdtkrce țk ecrerce kjrcldr c`orkdietc.
Le tc`pcreture epck hc ?2-?8 2J kijuoeȗ ke
kjrcldr pdetc hure 82-32 drc. D nc`clĊ hc-
puic pïiĊ le ?22-:22 kjrc. Hurete vkcȗ kk cstc
hc jkrje 52 eik.
Rukctul sc frĊicțtc ju zddpleijtdi,
lervc hc kiscjtc ejvetkjc. @eturkk - ju jrus-
tejcc `kjk, vkcr`k, vcrtcoretc țk kiscjtc ej-
vetkjc, elcvkik, kjrc țk pukct hc pcțtk.
Oullfceh
Cia.
Jdttus adokdLkiiecus, 5136
йинвмгаыжн
_us.
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Luiak`ce 6‚52 j`.
Arcutetce 5?‚?3 a.
Hciu`krce pdpuler Ċ • @dejĊ • OeoĊ • @utĊ •
Éi _cpuolkje @dlhdve erc d prczciȗ Ċnrea`citerĊ éi eloke nluvkuluk Ikstru, uidrenluciȗ k hki jursul `kmldjku el Ikstruluk
(Ieslevjce-Siaurk) țk é i rïul Rrut e`ditc
hc lejul Jdstcțtk-Ztïije. Éi enere _cpuolkjkk
@dlhdve cstc rĊspïihktĊ éi jcitrul țk idr-
hul Curdpck, éi oezkiul @Ċrkk Oeltkjc, Djce-iuluk Erjtkj țk el @Ċrkk Icarc7 le rĊsĊrkt iutrcjc hc Srel.
Cstc ui pcțtc hc epĊ huljc, rcdnkl, oci-
tdikj, lk`idnkl, lktdnkl, zddocitdnea, sc`krĊ-
cveitek, etkiaïih éijcputul éidtĊtderckeielc. ÉidtĊtderce jeuhelĊ uțdr rdtuimktĊ levïrn.
Jdldreȗ ke jdrpuluk pc spetc cstc jenc-
ikc-jciuțkc, jciuțkc-oruiĊ seu oruiĊ-vcr-
zukc. Leturklc ju pctc icjlerc țk :-3 ocizk
lerak treisvcrselc éituicjetc. Eohd`ciulcstc jciuțku-hcsjfks pïiĊ le elo. Xdetc éid-tĊtderclc, éi enerĊ hc éidtĊtderclc vcitrelc,eu `kjk pctc treisvcrselc oruic, ețczetc éiscrkc. ÉidtĊtderce vcitrelĊ cstc elokjkdesĊ,uicdrk ju pctc jciuțkk icrcauletc Jdldre
Rcitru hcpuicrce kjrcldr hc jĊ-trc nc`clĊ , `esjulul hc zalĊvdejĊéi pcrkdehe hc rcprdhujcrc, sepĊ d ardpk ȗ Ċ éi pruihk ț , ikskp seu pkctrk ț
ju éidtĊtderclc luk pcjtdrelc. Éijditkiuerc `esjulkk pĊzcsj pdite,uicdrk nkkih ndertc earcskvk.
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563
pktdr. RrcncrĊ epclc juretc rcpczk hc `uitc
ju nuihul pkctrds seu ikskpds țk/seu ejdpc-
rkt ju odldveik. Hujc ui `dh hc vkeȗ Ċ sc-hciter, trĊkcțtc ek ult kzdlet.
Erc jdrpul eluiaktț
k ards, cstc eprdepcrdtuih éi pertce eitcrkderĊ țk uțdr jd`prk-
`et pdstcrkdr. Lkike letcrelĊ cstc jd`plctĊ.Jepul `erc, turtkt hdrsel țk ards. Aure tcr-
`kielĊ, hcstul hc leraĊ. Nelje kincrkderĊ cstcpuȗ ki `ek sjurtĊ. Odtul sjurt țk rdtuimkt. Je-
pul țk jdrpul suit lkpsktc hc sdlzk. Rrcdpcr-
julul erc ui spki éi pertce pdstcrd-supcrk-
derĊ, putcrikj, éitdrs éi sus7 suo ejcste, hc-
scdrk, sc `ek aĊscțtc eltul, ek kj țk esjuis
suo pkclc. ÉidtĊtderce eielĊ cstc dpusĊ jclckhc e hdue éidtĊtderc hdrselĊ. ÉidtĊtderclcpcjtdrelc suit `erk țk lerak, éi ndr`Ċ hc
uicdrk ju pctc jciuțkk, icrcauletc. Jdldre-
ȗ ke `esjulkldr cstc, éi acicrel, `ek éijfksĊje e nc`clcldr.
Etkiac `eturktetce scxuelĊ le vïrste hc? eik. _cprdhujcrce éijcpc le snïrțktul luikk
ncoruerkc, jïih tc`pcreture epck jrcțtc
pcstc 5?²J țk hurcezĊ pïiĊ éi eprklkc-`ek. D
nc`clĊ hcpuic 522 ‚ :22 kjrc ju ui hke`c-
tru hc ?,3‚: ``. Hurete kijuoeȗ kck kjrcldr
c`orkdietc cstc hc jkrje 8-3 sĊptĊ`ïik. Hu-
rete vkcȗ kk ‚ 6-52 eik.
Zc frĊicțtc ju icvcrtcoretc ocitdikjc,
kjrc țk lervc hc e`nkokcik, pcțtkțdrk țk kjrclc
eltdr spcjkk hc pcțtk. Hkitrc icvcrtcoretcprcncrĊ jrustejcc, lervc hc kiscjtc țk `d-
luțtc.
Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr ŔtkkiŪknkjc e pcțtkldr
TTTTTTTTETTTTTTTT
Eore`ks ore`e ……………………………
……….… ;8
Ejkpciscr auclhcistechtkk ……………………….. 88
Ejkpciscr iuhkvcitrks ……………………………… 8>
Ejkpciscr rutfcius …………………………………. 86
Ejkpciscr stclletus ………………………………….. 8?
Elouridkhcs okpuijtetus .....……………………. 582
Elourius elourius ……..…………………………. 5:6
Eldse k` ejulete …………………………………… 36
Eldse teiekje …………………………………………. 3>
Eiauklle eiauklle ………………………………….… 1? Espkus espkus .……………………………………….. 55?
Etfcrkie odycrk .………………………………….…5>2
TTTTTTTTOTTTTTTTT
Oellcrus oellcrus
;>
TTTTTTTTATTTTTTTT
Aestcrdstcus ejulcetus ………………………….. 53>
Adokd ser`etkjus ……………….…………………... ;2
Ay`idjcpfelus ejcrkie …………………………. 518
Ay`idjcpfelus oeldik …………………………… 51?
Ay`idjcpfelus jcriue …………………………. 512
Ay`idjcpfelus sjfrectscr ……..……………… 5>6
TTTTTTTTFTTTTTTTT
Fujfd fujfd ………………………………………….. >2
Fusd fusd ………………………………………………. 32 Fypdpftfel`kjftfys `dlktrkx ………………… 5?>
Fypdpftfel`kjftfys idoklks …..……………… 5?6
TTTTTTTTKTTTTTTTT
Kjtelurus puijtetus
532
Rctrdlcujksjus odrystfcikjus ………………….. 5??
Rdlydhdi spetfule ………………………………….. 3?
Rscuhdresodre perve ……………………………… ;?
Ruiaktkus pletyaestcr …………………………….. 538
TTTTTTTT_TTTTTTTT
_fdhcus e erus .………………………………….. 526
_d`eidadokd gcsslcrkk ……………………………. 6>
_d`eidadokd ureidsjdpus …………………….. 66
_utklus nrkskk ………………………………………….. 52>
_utklus fcjgclk ………………………………………. 528 _utklus rutklus …………………………………..…… 52?
TTTTTTTTZTTTTTTTT
Zel`d trutte nerkd ………………………
…………… >?
Zeihcr lujkdpcrje …………………………………. 5>8
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56>
Oellcrus oellcrus …………………………………….. ;>
Oellcrus sepe …………………………………….…… ;6
Oeroetule oeroetule ……………………..………. 58?
Oerous oerous ……………………………………….. 62
Oerous pctciyk ..………………………………….….. 6?
Olkjje omdcrgie ……………………………………... 5:>
TTTTTTTTJTTTTTTTT
Jeresskus jeresskus …………………………………. 1>
Jeresskus akoclkd ……………………………………..16
Jfdihrdstd e iesus .................................... 552
Jlupcdiclle jultrkvcitrks ……………….…….….. 38
Jdoktks tecike ………………………………………… 58>
Jdttus adokd ………………………………………….. 568
Jtcidpferyiadhdi khclle ………………………. 5:2
Jyprkius jerpkd ……………………………………… 18
TTTTTTTTCTTTTTTTT Cxds lujkus …………………………………..…………. >6
Kjtelurus puijtetus ……………………………….. 532
TTTTTTTTLTTTTTTTT
Lcpd`ks akoodsus ......................................... 56? Lcujespkus hclkicetus ……………………………. 5:8
Lcujksjus khus ……………………………………….. 5?2
Lcujksjus lcujksjus ……………………………..…. 556 Ldte ldte ……………………………………………….. 53?
TTTTTTTT@TTTTTTTT
@ksaurius ndssklks …………………………………. 588
@yldpferyiadhdi pkjcus ............................ 5:?
TTTTTTTI, DTTTTTTT
Icdadokus cleidstd`us ………………………. 562
Dijdrfyijfus ygkss …………………………….. >8
TTTTTTTTRTTTTTTTT Rclcjus jultretus ……………………………………. 558
Rcrje nluvketklks …………………………………….. 5>?
p 8
Zeihcr vdlacisks …………………………………… 5>>
Zjerhkikus crytfrdpftfel`us ………………… 5?8
Zklurus aleiks ………………………………………... 586
Zquelkus jcpfelus ………………………………….. 55>
Zyiaietfus eoestcr ………………………………. 536
TTTTTTTTXTTTTTTTT
Xfy`ellus tfy`ellus ………………………………. >>
Xkije tkije …………………………………………….. 68
TTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTT
S`ore gre`crk ………………………………………. 12
TTTTTTTT^TTTTTTTT
^k`oe vk`oe …………………………………………522
TTTTTTTT]TTTTTTTT ]kiacl strcocr ………………………………………… 516
]kiacl zkiacl ………………………………………….. 51>
Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcŔtkldr éi lk`oe rd`ïiĊ
TTTTTTTTETTTTTTTT
EJ-HC-@E_C …….………………………
………….. 536
EIAFKLď .……………………………….……………... 1?
EXC_KIď …………………………………………….... 5>2
E^EX .…………………………………………………….. 55?
TTTTTTTTOTTTTTTTT
OEOSȖJď ………..………………...………
……….… 52?
OEXJď ……………………………………………….….. 5:>
OCLHKȝď ……………………………………………….. 582OKOEI …………………………………………………… 5>?
OKOEI-ZDE_C …..………………………………….. 56?
ODE_ȝď …….…………………………………….……. 526
TTTTTTTTJTTTTTTTT
A_KIHCL ………………………………………………. 58?
TTTTTTTTLTTTTTTTT
LKI …………………………………………………………. 68
LKREI ………..…………………………………………… >>
LDZX_Kȝď ..…………………………………………….. >2
TTTTTTTT@TTTTTTTT
@KFELȝ ……………………………………
…………… 53?
@D_SI …………………………………………………. . 32
@D_SIEȖ …………………………………………….. 522 @_CEIď ………………………………………………… 62
@_CEIď - ^ÏIďXď ………………………………….. 6?
@S_ADK-OďLȝEX .………………………………….. ;?
TTTTTTTTITTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT_TTTTTTTT
_ďZRď_ ………………………………………
………… 5>6
_K]CENJď ………….…………………………………… 3>
_DȖKDE_ď ……………..……………………………… 5?8
TTTTTTTTZTTTTTTTT
ZEOKȝď …………….…………………………
…………. 558
ZÏIAC_ …………………………….………………….. 5?>
ZJDOE_ ………………………………………………… 552
ZJDKJE_ ……………………………………………..... 5:?
ZJ_S@OKC-HC-HSIď_C ………………………… 36 ZD@I ……………….…………………………………… 586
ZD@I-E@C_KJEI .……………………………… .. 532
ZX_DIAFKL ………………………………………….. 562
Ȗ
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561
JE_EJSHď …………......................................... 1>
JE_EZ-E_AKIXKS……………………….…….……. 16
JCAď ............................................................... 86
JC_ISȖJď ……………………………………………. 5??
JLCEI ..………………………………………………… 55>
JLCEI-@KJ …..………………………………………. 556
JDZEJ ………..…………………………………………… ;>
JDZEJ-JS-ODX-XS_XKX …………………………. ;6
JDZEȖ .…………………………………………………. 5:2
J_ER ………………………………………………………. 18
TTTTTTTTNTTTTTTTT
NSNď …..…………………………………..…………… 5:8
NSZE_ ..……………………………………………….... 516
TTTTTTTTATTTTTTTT
AFKOD_ȝ ………………………………………………. 512 AFKOD_ȝ-HC-HSIď_C …………………………. 51?
AFKH_KI ………………………………………………. 53>
AKIAK_KJď ……………………….…………………..... 38
IKZCX_S ……….….……………………………………. 88
ID^EJ ……….…………………………………………. 5?6
TTTTTTTTDTTTTTTTT
DOLCȝ …………………………………………………… 5:6 DJFCEIď -@E_C ………................................ 52>
DZE_ …………………………………………………….. 538
TTTTTTTTRTTTTTTTT
RďZX_ď^ -JS_JSOCS .……………………………. >8
RďZX_ď^ -KIHKACI .……………………………….. >?
RďZX_SAď …………………..…………………………. 8?
RKCX_E_ ……………………………………………….. 51>
RLďXKJď …………………………………………………. ;8
RDLKDHDI ……………………………………………… 3?
RD_JSZD_-HC-IKZKR .……………………………. 6> RD_JSZD_-HC-^EH ………………………………. 66
RD_JSZD_-ZE_@EXKJ …………………………… ;2
TTTTTTTTȖTTTTTTTT
ȖELďS …………….………………………… ………….. 5>8
ȖELďS- ^ď_AEX ..………………………………….. 5>>
ȖXKSJď ..………………………………………………… >6
TTTTTTTX, ȝTTTTTTT
XE_EIJď ..…………..……………………………….. 528
ȝKAďISȖ .……………………………………………….. 12
ȝKRE_ ……………………………………………………. 588
TTTTTTTT^TTTTTTTT
^ďHS^Kȝď …………………………………………….. 5?2
^K]ď ………….……………………………………………. 8>
TTTTTTTT]TTTTTTTT
]OD_KȖ .………………………………………………… 518
]ALď^DEJď ………………………………………….. 568]^Ï_LSAď .…………………………………………… 58>
Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcŔtkldr éi lk`oe cialczĊ
TTTTTTTTETTTTTTTT
Esp ..………………………………….………
………….. 55?
TTTTTTTTOTTTTTTTT
Oerocl …………………………………………
…………. 62
Oesterh Zturacdi …………………….……………….8>
Oclkje .……..……………………………………………5:8
Ocluae / Zturacdi …………………………………….32
Okafceh Jerp ..….…………………………………… 5?6
Oka-sjelc Zeih Z`clt ………..….………………… 5>2
Okttcrlkia ..………………………………………….…. 526
Olejg Jerp …………………………………………….. 5:?
Olejg Zce Jfuo ………………………………………. 5??
Olejg Zce _dejf …………………………………….. 52>
Olejg Zce Zfeh ………………………..……………… 3>
Olejg Zce Zpret ………………………………………..38
Olejg-strkpch / Rkpcnksf 536
TTTTTTTTCTTTTTTTT
Curdpcei Ccl .…………………….……
……………... 1?
TTTTTTTTATTTTTTTT
Aress Jerp ..……………..…………………
………… 5:2
Areylkia ..……..………………………………………… >>
TTTTTTTTFTTTTTTTT
Fujfci ………………………………………
………….. >2
TTTTTTTTKTTTTTTTT
Khc / Drnc ….…………………………………
………… 5?2
TTTTTTTTGTTTTTTTT
Gcsslcr‛s Auhacdi …..…........................
.......... 6>
TTTTTTTT@TTTTTTTT
@uh`kiidw ………………..………………
…………. 12
_uhh …….……………….…………………………….. 5?8
_unnc ………..…………………………………………… 512
_usskei Zturacdi …….……………………………… 88
TTTTTTTTZTTTTTTTT
Zjfickhcr ……………………………………
………… 582
Zjfrectzcr .……………………………………………. 5>6
Zkjfcl …………..……………………………………….. 558
Zklvcr Orce` ……………...………………………….. 5:>
Zklvcr Jerp …..………………………………………… 5?>
Zpkich Ldejf …..……………………………………. 58>
Zterry Zturacdi …..………………………………… . 8?Ztcrlct ….…………….………………………………….86
Ztdic Ldejf ..…………………….………………….. 58?
Ztdic @drdgd ……………………………………....... ;?
Zturacdi / Ocluae …………………………………… 32
Zuinksf / Ru`pgkiscch ………………………….. 56?
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566
Olejg-strkpch / Rkpcnksf …….……………….…… 536
Olceg ……………………………………………………. 5:6
Oluc Orce` ..……………………………………………;>
Orce` …….……………………………………………… ;8
Ordwi Xrdut …………………………………………… >?
Oullfceh ..….……………………………….………….568
Ourodt .…………………………………………………. 53?
TTTTTTTTJTTTTTTTT
Jfeiicl Jetnksf …………………………….…….… 532
Jfuo .…………………………………………………… . 55>
Jd``di Jerp ………....................................... 18
Jrujkei Jerp ................................................... 1>
TTTTTTTTHTTTTTTTT
Hejc ..……..…………………………………..………… 556
Heiuoc _unnc .……………………………….…….. 51?
Heiuoc Auhacdi ….……….……………………….. 66
Heiuoc Ztrcocr ...…………………………………... 516Hdicts _unnc ...…………….………………………… 518
TTTTTTTTITTTTTTTT
Iesc ………..………….……………………………….. 552
Idrtfc` Rkgc ………..……………………………….. >6
TTTTTTTTDTTTTTTTT
Drnc / Khc ………………………………………………. 5?2
TTTTTTTTRTTTTTTTT
Rehhlcnksf ….………………………………….……….. 3?
Rcrjf ….…………….………………………………….. 5>?
Rkgcpcrjf / ]eihcr .……………………………….. 5>8
Rkpcnksf / Olejg-strkpch ………………………….. 536
Rditkj Zfeh …………………………………………….. 36
Rrusskei Jerp …………………………………………. 16
Ru`pgkiscch / Zuinksf ….……………….……… 56?
TTTTTTTT_TTTTTTTT
_ekiodw Xrdut ..…….…………….………………….>8_dejf …….…………………………………………….. 52?
_duih Adoy …….…………….……………………… 562
TTTTTTTTXTTTTTTTT
Xerei ....……………………………………………… .. 528
Xcijf ….…………………………………………………. 68
Xfrcc-spkich Ztkjglcoejg …………….…………. 53>
TTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTT
Sgrekikei Auhacdi …………………………………. ;2
Sgrekikei Ztkjglcoejg ……………..……………… 538
TTTTTTTT^TTTTTTTT
^k`oe Orce` ………….……………………………. 522
^dlae ]eihcr ..……………………………………….. 5>>
TTTTTTTTQTTTTTTTT
Qcetfcrnksf …………..……………………………… 588
Qcls Jetnksf ………..………….…………………….. 586
TTTTTTTT]TTTTTTTT
]eihcr / Rkgcpcrjf ……………..………………… 5>8 ]kiacl …………………………………………………… 51>
Kihcx elneoctkj el hciu`krkldr pcŔtkldr éi lk`oe rusĊ
TTTTTTTTВ TTTTTTTT
Вмът егзчл ..………………………………
…………. 5:2
Вмът сѕтачл .…………………………………………5:?
Вягтжав сгтаймйтхнвф ..……………..…………. 5>2
TTTTTTTTЕ TTTTTTTT
Егзйкзвбнв .…………………………………
…….……. ;6
Егзъкв ….………………………………………………….32
Еѕтц ..……………………………………………………. 5>>
Ейечтгю ..….…………………………………….…….. 5??
Ечхятфанв ……..………………...…………………… 582
Ечсйн нтъкзфн .……………………………………… 562
TTTTTTTTП TTTTTTTT
Пгтуйпнв ...............................................
......... 5:8
TTTTTTT О, Ж TTTTTTT
Огтгу ……...…………………………………
…………. 55?Жкзв сгтаймйтхнвф .………………………………. 536
TTTTTTTTН TTTTTTTT
Нвтвхь …………….….…………………………………… 1>
Нвтвхь хгтгетфачл ……….………………………… 16
Нвтд …………….….……………………………………… 18
Нйзщцнв игпфяжжкзвф ……….………………….. 538
Нйзщцнв ятѕужкзвф ……….……………………… 53>
Нтвхайдѕтнв ……….………………………………… 5?8
TTTTTTTTЗ TTTTTTTT
Згы ..…………………………………………
……………. ;8
Зжаь ………….................................................... 68
Зйхйхь иъавлхнжл …………………………………… >2
Хжагю ……………………………………………………... ;>
Хйзагсавф тчев ..…………..……………………… 56?
Хйм гптйдглхнжл ……………..……………………. 586
Хйм нвавзьачл ……………..………………………. 532
Хягтзфиь ..………………………………………………. 86
Хъивн …………………………………………………….. 5>8
TTTTTTTTЯ TTTTTTTT
Явтваь ..…………………………….…
……………….. 528
Яйзхяйзйе егзчл …………….….…………………. 5?>
Яйзхяйзйе дѕхятчл ……….……………………….. 5?6Ящзьнв ..………….….…………………………………… 38
TTTTTTTTЪ TTTTTTTT
Ъкйть …………………………………………
…………… 1?
Ънзгф …………………………………………………….. 5:6
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56;
Пгхзйайх …………………………………………………. 3?
Пчтгбъе…………………………………………………. 52>
Пьща .……..…………....................................... .. 588
TTTTTTTTК TTTTTTTT
Кйзвпзь …………………………………………………. 55>Кйзгю …………………………………………………..... 58?
Кйтсвн ………………………………………………….. 526
Къхягтв ....…………………………………..………….. 5:>
TTTTTTTГ, Ѕ TTTTTTT
Гпийцнв ………………………………………………… 12
Гзгю ………………………………….…………………... 556
Ѕтц ………………………………………………………. 512
Ѕтц ийахнйл …………………………………………. 518
Ѕтц иъавлхнжл ……………………………………… 51?
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Дзйяпв …………………….……………………………. 52?
Дйинвмгаыжн ...…………………………………….. 568
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5. EIXKRE Ar. Neuie kftkdldakjĊ e _d`ïikck. Oujurcțtk, 5;2;.?;8 p.
?. OďIď_CZJS R.@. Neuie _cpuolkjkk Rdpulerc _d`ïic= Rksjcs ‚
Dstckjftfycs. Chkture Ejehc`kck _cpuolkjkk Rdpulerc _d`ïic.5;>8, ;>: p.
:. OSřIKůE Af., ELCVEIH_CZJS K. Etlesul pcŔtkldr hki epclc_cpuolkjkk Zdjkelkstc _d`ïic. Chkȗke e KK-e. Oujurcțtk, 5;15. ‚
5:? p.
8. JE_XCE _dțkc e _cpuolkjkk @dlhdve. Ch. e KKK-e. Ch. Ȗtkkiȗe, Jfk-țkiĊu, ?253, 8;? p.
3. Jď_ďSřS Z. Xretet hc kftkdldakc. Ch. Ejehc`kck _.R. _d`ïic,5;3?. ‚ 62? p.
>. JD]E_K X., SZEXÉK @., ^LEHK@K_D^ @. Zcrke= Lu`ce eik`elĊ e@ lh k R k E nkok k _ kl ^ l KK Ch ‐Ȗ kk ‐ Jfk k
hc ]ddldakc. ‚ Jf.= É.C.R. Ȗtkkiȗe, ?25: (Xkpdarenke JcitrelĊ). ‚
586 p.
5?. SZEXÉK @., XDHC_EȖ K., ȖERXCN_EȝK I., SZEXÉK Eh., HEHS E.Afkhul pksjkjultdruluk ‚ ncr`kcr= Kindr`etkv-klustret7 Kistktutul
hc ]ddldakc el Ejehc`kck hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck. ‚ JfkțkiĊu= s.i.,?258 (N.C. ‚ R ‐ Xkpdarenke JcitrelĊ‐). ‚ 528 p.
5:. ВАЖХЖМЙПВ Ж.М., ЗВПТЙПХНЖЛ П.П. Жуяжйзйкжф. 5;6:.Жби.7 «Пчхцвф цнйзв·. Мйхнпв.
58. ЕГПБВ К.К., ПЖХНЙПВЯЧЛ Щ.Ж. ж ит. Кжитйзйкй -кжкжгажсгхнвф увтвнягтжхяжнв Иагхятв ж Дтъяв пдтгигзву Мйзивпхнйл ХХТ. Нжцжагпхнвф кжитймгягйтйзй-кжсгхнвф йехгтпвяйтжф. Нжгп= ЪКМХ ЪХХТ, 5;>;. - 5:>; х.
53. ЕГТК З.Х. Тчеч дтгхачу пйи ХХХТ ж хйдтгигзьачу хятва(Йдтгигзжягзж дй швъаг ХХХТ). Мйхнпв-Згажактви= Жби-пй
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5;
@dlhdvck. Rcțtk. E`nkokcik. _cptklc. ^dl. KK. Ch. ‐Ȗtkkiȗe‐, Jfkțk-iĊu, ?22:, 532 p.
1. HE^KHCEIS Ar. ț.e. Kftkdneuie rïuluk Rrut. Zdjkctetce cjdldakjĊpcitru Rrdtcjȗke țk Ztuhkcrce Nldrck țk Neuick ZĊloetkjc ‐Eque-tcrre‐, Zdjkctetce Okdrc`chkcrkk Cjdskstc`cldr Ejvetkjc țk
S`chc ‐Curkokdit‐. Kețk, ?226, 62 p.
6. HKJȝKDIE_ cxplkjetkv klustret el lk`okk rd`ïic, E_J, Auikves,?252.
;. ZXÏIJKDKS Z., REX_KJFC I., REX_KJFC X. Kftkdldakc acicrelĊ.Ch. HkhejtkjĊ țk RcheadakjĊ, _.E. Oujurcțtk, ?22>, :3> p.
52. SZEXÉK @. CvdluŪke, jdiscrverce Ŕk veldrknkjerce hureoklĊ e hk-vcrsktĊŪkk kftkdneuick cjdskstc`cldr ejvetkjc elc _cpuolkjkk @dl-
hdve. Eutdrcncret el tczck hc hdjtdr feoklktet éi ŔtkkiŪc okdldakjc.JfkŔkiĊu, ?228, 86 p.
55. SZEXÉK @., XDHC_EȖ K., ȖERXCN_EȝK I., SZEXÉK E. Jertce pcs-jeruluk= Afkh klustret. Ejehc`ke hc Ȗtkkiȗc e @dlhdvck. Kistktutul
( т и ш ъ ) т и иВА ХХХТ, 5;86-5;8;. Я.5-:. 5:6? j.
5>. ЕЙИВТГЪ А.А., ПЗВИЖМЖТЙП М.Б., КВАФ Ж.М. ж ит. Тчеч,бгмайпйиачг, дтгхмчнвщыжгхф. (хгтжф «Ожпйяачл мжтМйзивпжж·). -Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв, 5;65. - ??2 х.
51. КЙТЕВЯГАЬНЖЛ К.К., ЕЧБКЪ Х.Г. Увтвнягтжхяжнв йхайпачувежйяжсгхнжу швняйтйп рнйхжхягмч пйийутважзжыв-
йузвижягзф Мйзивпхнйл КТРХ. Ежйдтйиънюжйаачгдтйюгххч п пйийутважзжыву ‚ йузвижягзфу ЯРХ.- Нжцжагп=Цяжжаюв, 5;66.
56. КТЖМВЗЬХНЖЛ П. З. Й дзваняйаг т. Дтъя. Хе. мвягтжвзйпавъсай-йясгяа. нйаш. дтйш.-дтгдйивпвягзьхнйкй хйхявпвНХУЖ, 5;>?.
5;. КТЖМВЗЬХНЖЛ П.З. Пйийгмч евххглайп Иагхятв ж Дтъяв,жу кжитйежйзйкжсгхнжл тгожм ж дгтхдгняжпч
тчейуйбфлхяпгаайкй жхдйзьбйпважф= Впяйтгшгтвя... ийняйтв ежйзйкжсгхнжу авън. Йигххв. 5;>1. :> х.
?2. ИЙЗКЖЛ П.А. Жуяжйшвъав евххглайп Иагхятв ж Дтъяв(хйптгмгаайг хйхяйфажге кгагбжхе рнйзйкжф жежйзйкжсгхнжг йхайпч тчейуйбфлхяпгаайкй жхдйзьбйпв-ажф). Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв, 5;;:. - :?: х.
?5. БЪЕНЙПВ Г.Ж. Ижавмжнв кзвпачу жйайп ж мжагтвзжбвюжфпйич Нъсътквахнйкй пйийгмв-йузвижягзф МйзивпхнйлКТРХ. Ъдтвпзгажг евххглайм ятвахктважсайл тгнж Иагхятж пйиавф твмйсавф ижтгняжпв Гптйдглхнйкй Хйщбв.Мвягтжвзч Мгоиъавт. Нйашгтгаюжж (?-: йняфетф ?226).-Нжцжагп, ?226. - Х. :16-:6?.
??. НЪСЪТКВАХНЖЛ зжмва ‚ йузвижягзь Мйзивпхнйл КТРХ.Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв, 5;1:. - ?21 х.
?:. ДЙДВ З.З Тчеч евххглав т. Дтъя. ‚ Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв,5;1>. - 63 х.
?8. ТЪХГП Ж.Я. Дтжсжач рнхятгмвзьачу двпйинйп ав Иагхятгж дъяж жу дтгйийзгажф. Мгои. Нйаш. Ъдтвпзгажгевххглайм ятвахктважсайл тгнж Иагхят ж пйиавф твейсвф
?;. СГДЪТАЙПВ З.П. Твбмайогажг Иагхятйпхжу тче (йхгятй-пчу, хгзьигпчу, йнъагпчу). Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв, 5;13. ‚
3? х.
:2. ЦВТВДВАЙПХНВФ Я. И. Рнйзйкжсгхнжг дтйезгмч ХтгиагкйИагхятв. Нжцжагп = Рнйзйкжсгхнйг йеыгхяпй "OKDXKJE",5;;;. - 66 х.
:5. РНЙХЖХЯГМВ ажоагкй Иагхятв п ъхзйпжфу ъхжзгаайкй ва-ятйдйкгаайкй пйбиглхяпжф. Нжцжагп= Цяжжаюв, 5;;2. ‚
?3; х.
:?. ФТЙЦГАНЙ М.Ш. Кжитйшвъав Иагхятв. М.= Жби-пй ВА ХХХТ,5;31. - 5>; х.
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ижтгняжпв Гптйдглхнйкй Хйщбв. Нжцжагп, ?226. ?8?-?3? х.
?3. ЯЙМАВЯЖН Г.А. Н пйдтйхъ й шйтмжтйпважж жуяжйшвъачИъейххвтхнйкй пйийутважзжыв. ‚ П на.= Ежйзйкжф паъятга-ажу пйи= Ягб. ийнз. Нжцжаѕп, 5;3;.
?>. ЯЙМАВЯЖН Г.А., ПЗВИЖМЖТЙП М.Б., ЙЗГЛАЖНЙПВ П.З. Йшвъаг мвзчу тгн Мйзивпжж. П= Ежйзйкжсгхнжг тгхътхч пй-ийгмйп Мйзивпжж. Жби. ВА МХХТ. Цяжжаюв. Нжцжагп,5;>?. - х. 82 ‚ 8;.
?1. СГДЪТАЙПВ З.П. Бвнйаймгтайхяж шъанюжж кйави,твбмайогажф ж хйхяйфажф дйдъзфюжл тче евххглавИагхятв п ъхзйпжфу кжитйхятйжягзьхяпв. . Нжцжагп=Цяжжаюв, 5;;5. 5>: х.
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