Alin_gheorghe_gavrilescu Regimul Juridic Al Casatoriei

8/11/2019 Alin_gheorghe_gavrilescu Regimul Juridic Al Casatoriei

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 3/2009

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 3/2009

181

REGIMUL JURIDIC AL

NULITILOR CSTORIEI NDREPTUL ROMNESC I N

DREPTUL FRANCEZ

Lect. univ. dr. Alin-GheorgheGAVRILESCU

Universitatea Constantin Brncui dinTrgu-Jiu

Rezumat: Prin regim juridic al nulitilor

cstoriei se nelege ansamblul regulilor careguverneaz aciunea n constatarea nulitiicstoriei n cazul nulitii absolute, respectivaciunea n anularea cstoriei n cazul nulitiirelative. Att prin aciunea n constatarea nulitiict i prin aciunea n anularea cstoriei parteandreptit solicit instanei judectoretidesfiinarea actului juridic al cstoriei ncheiat cu

neobservarea condiiilor sale de validitate numai c

regimul juridic al celor douaciuni este diferit dinpunct de vedere al persoanelor care au calitatea de aaciona n constatarea nulitii sau anulareacstoriei, al imprescriptibilitii sauprescriptibilitii aciunii i al posibilitii de

confirmare a cstoriei lovit de nulitate absolutsau relativ.

Cuvinte cheie: regim juridic, anulareacstoriei,nulitatea absolut

1.Noiuni introductive

Prin regim juridic al nulitilorcstoriei se nelege ansamblul regulilorcare guverneaz aciunea n constatareanulitii cstoriei n cazul nulitii absolute,respectiv aciunea n anularea cstoriei ncazul nulitii relative. Att prin aciunea nconstatarea nulitii ct i prin aciunea nanularea cstoriei partea ndreptitsolicit instanei judectoreti desfiinareaactului juridic al cstoriei ncheiat cuneobservarea condiiilor sale de validitate

numai c regimul juridic al celor dou

THE JUDICIAL REGIME OF

MARRIAGE NULLITIES IN THEROMANIAN LAW AND THE FRENCH

LAW

PhD Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCUConstantin Brancusi University of Targu-

Jiu

Abstract:By the judicial regime of the nullities

of marriage we understand the set of rules that governthe action of ascertaining the nullity of marriage in thecase of absolute nullity, respectively the marriageannulment action in the case of relative nullity. Asmuch through the nullity ascertaining action asthrough the marriage annulment action the entitledparty demands the judicial instance to annul thejudicial act of marriage concluded with the

inobservance of its conditions of validity, with the only

difference that the judicial regime of the two actions isdifferent from the point of view of the persons who arecapacitated to bring action in ascertaining the nullityand annulling marriage, the imprescriptibility orprescriptibility of the action and opportunity to confirm

the marriage affected by relative or absolute nullity.

Key words: the judicial regime, the marriageannulment, absolute nullity

1. Introductory notionsBy the judicial regime of the nullities

of marriage we understand the set of rules thatgovern the action of ascertaining the nullity ofmarriage in the case of absolute nullity,respectively the marriage annulment action inthe case of relative nullity. As much throughthe nullity ascertaining action as through themarriage annulment action the entitled partydemands the judicial instance to annul the

judicial act of marriage concluded with theinobservance of its conditions of validity,with the only difference that the judicial


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aciuni este diferit din punct de vedere alpersoanelor care au calitatea de a aciona nconstatarea nulitii sau anularea cstoriei,al imprescriptibilitii sau prescriptibilitii

aciunii i al posibilitii de confirmare acstoriei lovit de nulitate absolut saurelativ.

2. Aciunea n constatarea nulitiicstoriei

2.1. Persoanele care pot invoca

nulitatea absolutNulitatea absolut este sanciunea

nerespectrii unor prevederi legale cucaracter prohibitiv prin care se ocrotesc

interese de ordin general. De aceea, pentru aasigura respectarea acestor interese legeaacord tuturor celor interesai dreptul de aintenta aciunea n nulitate. n consecin,nulitatea absolut a cstoriei poate fiinvocat de oricare dintre soi, de rudeleacestora pentru a nltura de la motenire pesoul supravieuitor1, de creditorii soilor, de

procuror dar numai n timpul vieii soilorcci dup moartea unuia dintre ei interesul

pe care l are de aprat nu mai exist2, sau

incidental, n cadrul unui proces nceput, opoate invoca chiar instana de judecat dinoficiu. n dreptul francez aciunea nconstatarea nulitii absolute este deschissoilor, prinilor acestora i altorascendeni, procurorului, precum i oricrei

persoane care are un interes (art. 184 i art.191 C. civ.). n anumite situaii legea cere

pentru a putea avea calitatea de a acionaexistena unui interes nscut i actual (art.187 i 191 C. civ.) care este n general uninteres succesoral3. Astfel este cazul rudelorcolaterale i al copiilor nscui ntr-o altcstorie (art. 187 C. civ.). Ct privete

procurorul, art. 190 C. civ. fr. prevede cacesta poate i trebuie s ceara nulitateacstoriei n timpul vieii soilor.

n caz de bigamie, nulitatea poate fiinvocatde ctre soul de bun-credindincea de-a doua cstorie care atrage starea de

bigamie, precum i de soul bigamului din

prima cstorie. n literatura juridic s-a

regime of the two actions is different from thepoint of view of the persons who arecapacitated to bring action in ascertaining thenullity and annulling marriage, the

imprescriptibility or prescriptibility of theaction and opportunity to confirm themarriage affected by relative or absolutenullity.

2. Action in ascertaining the nullityof marriage

2.1. Persons who can invoke absolute

nullity

Absolute nullity is the sanction forunobserving legal provisions with a

prohibitive character through which interests

of a general nature are preserved. That is why,in order to ensure the observance of theseinterests the law grants to all the interested

persons the right to enter a nullity action.Consequently, absolute nullity of marriagecan be invoked by anyone of the spouses, bytheir relatives in order to remove thesurviving spouse from the heritage10, by thecreditors of the spouses, by the public

prosecutor but only while the spouses arealive since after the death of one of them the

interest it has to defend does no longer exist11,or incidentally, as part of an open trial, it can

be invoked by the very instance appointed bythe judge. Under the French law the action inascertaining absolute nullity is open to thespouses, to their parents and other ascendants,to the prosecutor, as well as to any personwho has an interest (Art. 184 and Art. 191Civ. C.). In certain situations the law requiresin order to have the capacity to act theexistence of a born and present interest (Art.187 and 191 Civ. C.) which in general is asuccession interest12. Such is the case ofcollateral relatives and of children born inanother marriage (Art. 187 Civ. C.). Withregard to the prosecutor, Art. 190 Fr. Civ. C.

provides that he can and must demand thenullity of marriage while the spouses arealive.

In the case of bigamy, the nullity can beinvoked by the good faith spouse from the

second marriage who attracts the state of


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subliniat ns, pe bundreptate, cnulitateacstoriei poate fi cerutchiar de ctre soulvinovat de bigamie, deoarece nimeni nu

poate fi silit s struie n continuarea unei

cstorii nelegale4

. n dreptul francez, n cazde bigamie art. 188 C. civ. prevede cnulitatea va putea fi invocatde ctre souln dauna cruia a fost contractat o a douacstorie, dar numai n timpul vieii souluicare era angajat mpreun cu el ntr-o altcstorie.

n doctrina romneasc s-a artat ci n celelalte cazuri de nulitate, soul de rea-credin, care ar fi ascuns celuilalt cauza denulitate ar putea invoca nulitatea frsi se

poat opune maxima nemo auditurpropriam turpitudinem allegans, cci nu evorba pentru el de a reclama un folos, ci dea satisface un interes de ordine public, i dea iei dintr-o situaie nelegal.5 Soii nutrebuie s fie silii a rmne ntr-o situaieimoral, condamnat de lege, astfel cnulitatea cstoriei va putea fi cerut i desoul de rea-credin, interesul care este n

joc fiind prea nsemnat pentru ca aciunea spoatfi respins.6

2.2.

Imprescriptibilitatea aciuniin nulitate

Imprescriptibilitatea aciunii nconstatarea nulitii absolute a cstorieirezult din art. 2 al Decretului 167/1958

privitor la prescripia extinctiv carestabilete cnulitatea unui act juridic poatefi invocat oricnd, fie pe cale de aciune,fie pe cale de excepie. Spre deosebire dedreptul nostru, n reglementarea Coduluicivil francez aciunea n constatarea nulitiiabsolute a cstoriei se prescrie n timp de30 de ani de la data celebrrii acesteia (art.184 i art. 191 C. civ.).

2.3. Confirmarea cstoriei nuleabsolut

Spre deosebire de dreptul comun,unde un act juridic lovit de nulitate absolutnu poate fi confirmat, n materia ncheieriicstoriei exist posibilitatea acopeririinulitii cstoriei prin confirmare n

urmtoarele situaii:

bigamy, as well as by the spouse of thebigamist from the first marriage. In judicialliterature yet it has been emphasized, with agood reason, that the nullity of marriage can

be demanded by the very bigamous spouse,since no one can be forced to persevere incontinuing an illegal marriage13. Under theFrench law, in a case of bigamy Art. 188 Civ.C. provides that the spouse in the detriment ofwhom a second marriage was contracted will

be able to invoke the nullity by, but onlywhile the spouse who was engaged with himin another marriage is alive.

In the Romanian doctrine it has beenshown that even in the rest of the cases of

nullity, the bad faith spouse, who would haveconcealed from the other the cause of nullitycould invoke nullity without being able tocontrast it with the nemo auditur propriamturpitudinem allegans maxim, since this is notabout him to claim a use, but to satisfy aninterest of a public nature, and to exit anillegal situation.14 The spouses must not beforced to remain in an immoral situation,condemned by law, so that the bad faithspouse too will be able to request the nullity

of marriage, the interest on the line being toosignificant for the action to be rejected.15

2.1.Imprescriptibility of the nullity

action

The imprescriptibility of action inascertaining the absolute nullity of marriageresults from Art. 2 of Decree 167/1958concerning the extinctive prescription thatestablishes that the nullity of a judicial act can

be invoked anytime, either by way of action,or by way of exception. Unlike our law, inregulating the French Civil Code the action inascertaining the absolute nullity of marriage is

provided is prescribed in 30 years time fromthe date of its solemnization (Art. 184 andArt. 191 Civ. C.).

2.2. Confirming marriage as an

absolute null

Unlike common law, where a judicialact affected by nullity can not be confirmed,in matter of concluding the marriage there is

the possibility of covering the nullity of


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- cstoria ncheiatcu nerespectareaprevederilor referitoare la vrstamatrimonialva fi meninutdacsoul carenu avea vrsta cerut pentru cstorie a

mplinit-o ntre timp sau dac soia a datnatere unui copil ori a rmas nsrcinat;- cstoria ncheiat de o persoan

care nu avea calitatea de a instrumenta va fivalabil dac aceasta a exercitat n mod

public atribuiile de delegat de stare civilcrend astfel ceea ce se numete o eroareinvincibilcreatoare de drept;

- cstoria persoanei care s-arecstorit dup ce primul ei so a fostdeclarat mort printr-o hotrre

judectoreasc va fi meninut, nefiindlovitde nulitate pentru bigamie, chiar dacsoul declarat mort reapare i se anuleazhotrrea declarativ de moarte, legiuitorulnelegnd n acest caz s consideredesfcut prima cstorie de la datancheierii celei de-a doua;

- cstoria fictiv i cstoria deconvenien vor fi meninute dac, dupcstorie soii au stabilit ntre ei relaiiconjugale fireti.

3. Aciunea n anularea cstoriei3.1. Persoanele care pot invoca

nulitatea relativn cazul vicierii consimmntului,

aciunea n anularea cstoriei intereseaznumai pe soul al crui consimmnt a fostviciat prin eroare, dol sau violen, avnd uncaracter strict personal.

De aceea nulitatea relativ nu poatefi invocat dect de soul al cruiconsimmnt a fost viciat, aa cum prevedeart. 21 alin. 1 Codul familiei. Cellalt sonuare dreptul de a invoca nulitatea relativdeoarece protecia sanciunii anulrii nu

privete consimmntul lui, care n-a fostviciat. Fiind o aciune cu caracter personalcreditorii soului titular al dreptului deanulare nu sunt ndreptii de a intentaaciunea pe cale oblic. Tot astfel, nicimotenitorii soului titular al dreptului laaciune, nu pot porni i nici continua

aciunea n anularea cstoriei, deoarece ori

marriage through confirmation in thefollowing situations:

- the marriage concluded unobservingthe provisions concerning the marriageable

age will be maintained if the spouse who didnot have the required marriage age hasreached it in the meanwhile or if his wife hasgiven birth to a child or is pregnant;

- the marriage concluded by a personwho did not have the capacity to instrumentshall be valid if the person has publiclyexerted their prerogatives of Registrar of CivilStatus thus creating what is called aninvincible error creative of right;

- the marriage of the person who

remarried after their first spouse was declareddead by a judicial order shall be maintained,unaffected by the nullity for bigamy, even ifthe spouse who has been declared deadreappears and the order declarative of death isannulled, the law-maker deeming in this caseto consider the first marriage done from thedate of the conclusion of the second;

- the fictitious marriage and themarriage of convenience shall be maintainedif, after marriage the spouses have agreed

upon natural conjugal relations between them.

3. Action in annulling marriage3.1. Persons who can invoke relative

nullity

In the case of vitiation of the consent,the marriage annulment action only concernsthe spouse whose consent was vitiated byerror, willful misrepresentation or duress,having a strictly personal character.

Hence relative nullity can only beinvoked by the spouse whose consent wasvitiated, as provided in Art. 21 par. (1) FamilyCode. The other spouse does not have theright to invoke relative nullity since the

protection of the sanction of annulment doesnot concern his consent, who was not vitiated.Being an action with a personal character thecreditors of the spouse titular of the right toannul are not entitled to enter actionobliquely. Likewise, neither the heirs of the

spouse titular of the right to action, cannot


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de cte ori legiuitorul a vrut ca o aciune sfie continuat de motenitori a prevzutaceasta n mod expres, cum este cazulaciunii n stabilirea filiaiei fa de mam,

aciunii n stabilirea paternitii, aciunii ntgada paternitii.n dreptul francez, aciunea n

anularea cstoriei pentru viciereaconsimmntului prin eroare poate fi

pornitnumai de ctre soul victima eroriiiar aciunea n anularea cstoriei pentruvicierea consimmntului prin violen

poate fi pornit se ctre soi sau de ctreacela dintre ei al crui consimmnt nu afost liber, i de ctre procuror (art. 180 C.

civ.).n cazul n care lipsete ncuviinarea

persoanei abilitate de lege, respectivautorizarea Direciei generale de asistensocial i protecia copilului, nulitatearelativ poate fi invocat de ctre persoanaocrotit, respectiv minorul, precum i dectre cei ndreptii s ncuviineze,respectiv sautorizeze cstoria acestuia.

n reglementarea Codului civilfrancez cstoria contractat fr

consimmntul tatlui i al mamei, alascendenilor sau al consiliului de familie,n cazurile n care consimmntul estenecesar, nu va putea fi atacatdect de ctrecel al crui consimmnt era cerut sau dectre acela dintre soi care avea nevoie deacest consimmnt (art. 182 C. civ.).Aadar, n dreptul francez au calitatea sacioneze: prinii, ali ascendeni oriconsiliul de familie, minorul i incapabilulmajor. n privina acestuia din urm, dacseafl sub tutel, nulitatea relativ va fiinvocat de ctre tutore cu autorizareaconsiliului de familie, iar dac se afl subcuratel, poate aciona el nsui, fiind asistatde ctre curator7.

3.2. Prescriptibilitatea aciunii nanularea cstoriei

Caracterul prescriptibil al aciunii nanularea cstoriei rezult din dispoziiileart. 21 alin. 2 Codul familiei potrivit crora

anularea cstoriei n cazul n care aceasta a

begin not can they continue the annulmentaction, since each time the law-maker wantedfor an action to be continued by the heirs he

provided it expressly, as is the case of the

action in establishing the filiation towards themother, the action in establishing paternity,the action in denying paternity.

Under the French law, the annulmentaction for the vitiation of consent by error canonly be begun by the spouse who is a victimof the error and the annulment action for thevitiation of consent by duress can be beguneither by the spouses or by the one spousewhose consent was not free, and by the

prosecutor (Art. 180 Civ. C.).

In the case in which the consent of theperson capacitated by law, respectively theauthorization of the General Direction forSocial Assistance and childs protection,relative nullity can be invoked by the

protected person, the minor respectively, aswell as by those entitled to consent,respectively to authorize his or her marriage.

In the regulations of the French CivilCode the marriage contracted without theconsent of the father and of the mother, of the

ascendants or of the family council, in thecases in which consent is necessary, it will beimpossible to contest unless by the one whoseconsent was required or by the one spousewho needed the consent (Art. 182 Civ. C.).Therefore, under the French law the capacityto act belongs to: parents, other ascendants orthe family council, the minor and theincapable minor. With respect to the latter, ifhe or she is under tutorship, relative nullityshall be invoked by the tutor with theauthorization of the family council, and if heor she is under trusteeship, they can act bythemselves, while assisted by their trustee16.

3.2. Prescriptibility of the action in

annulling marriage

The prescriptible character of theaction in annulling marriage results from the

provisions Art. 21 par. (2) in the Family Codeaccording to which the annulment of marriagein the case in which it was concluded by

vitiating the consent of one of the spouses,


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fost ncheiat prin viciereaconsimmntului unuia dintre soi, poate ficerutde ctre acesta n termen de 6 luni dela ncetarea violenei ori de la descoperirea

erorii sau a vicleniei. n dreptul francez,termenul n care poate fi invocatnulitatearelativ a cstoriei pentru viciereaconsimmntului prin eroare sau violeneste de 5 ani (art. 181 C. civ.) de la data lacare soul i-a dat seama de eroare sauviolena a ncetat.

n cazul n care lipsete ncuviinareapersoanelor abilitate, respectiv autorizareaDireciei generale de asisten social i

protecia copilului aciunea n anulare se

prescrie n termen de 3 ani de la datancheierii cstoriei, sau, dup caz, de ladata la care cei ndreptii s ncuviineze,respectiv sautorizeze cstoria au cunoscutdespre ncheierea acesteia. n cazul abseneiacordului la cstorie, n dreptul francezaciunea n anularea acesteia poate fi pornitde ctre persoanele al cror consimmnttrebuia dat, n termen de 5 ani de la data lacare au cunoscut despre cstorie sau dectre soul care avea nevoie de ncuviinare

care va putea s porneascaciunea i dupmplinirea vrstei cerute de lege pentru aconsimi el singur la cstorie, ntr-untermen de 5 ani de la aceastdata (art. 183C. civ.).

3.3. Confirmarea cstoriei nulerelativ

Nulitatea relativpoate fi confirmatde soul al crui consimmnt a fost viciatdeoarece numai el este interesat n aplicareaacestei sanciuni. Confirmarea poate fiexpres fcut printr-o declaraie scrissau verbal, sau tacit prin neutilizarea dectre soul ndreptit a posibilitii de acere, n termen legal, declararea nulitiicstoriei. i n dreptul francez nulitatearelativ a cstoriei poate fi confirmatexpres sau tacit de ctre soul al cruiconsimmnt a fost viciat, dup ncetareaviolenei sau dup ce a cunoscut eroarea,validitatea cstoriei fiind astfel retroactiv

asigurat

8

.

can be demanded by him or her within 6months from the cessation of the duressorfrom the discovery f the error or of the fraud.Under the French law, the term under which

the relative nullity of marriage can be invokedon account of the vitiation of consent by erroror by duress is within 5 years (Art. 181 Civ.C.) from the date on which the spouse becameaware of the error or the duress ceased.

In the case in which there is a lack ofconsent of the qualified persons, respectivelythe authorization of the General Direction forSocial Assistance and the childs protection,the annulment action is prescribed within 3years from the date the marriage was

concluded, or, as the case may be, de from thedate on which those entitled to consent to,respectively to authorize marriage haveknown about its conclusion. In the case of theabsence of agreement to marriage, under theFrench law the marriage annulment action can

be begun by the persons whose consent had tobe given, within 5 years from the date onwhich they knew about the marriage or by thespouse who needed the consent that will beable to begin the legal action and after

reaching the age required by law in order forhim or her to consent by themselves to themarriage, within 5 years from this date (Art.183 Civ. C.).

3.3. Conforming marriage as

relatively null

Relative nullity can be confirmed bythe spouse whose consent was vitiated

because only they are interested in applyingthe sanction. The confirmation can beexpress made through a written or oral, ortacit without using by the entitled spouse ofthe opportunity to ask, in legal terms, fordeclaring a marriage null and void. Under theFrench law to the relative nullity of marriagecan be confirmed expressly or tacitly by thespouse whose consent was vitiated, after thecessation of the duress or after having knownthe error, the validity of marriage thus beingretroactively ensured17.

Since the right to demand the

annulment of marriage for vices of consent is


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Deoarece dreptul de a cere anulareacstoriei pentru vicii de consimmnt esteun drept personal al soului al cruiconsimmnt a fost viciat, legiuitorul l

face pe soul respectiv singurul judector alvaliditii cstoriei sale9, lsndu-ilibertatea ca n loc s pretind nulitateacstoriei, s poat declara expres c osocotete valabil. Pentru ca aceastdeclaraie de renunare expres la anulareacstoriei din cauz de viciu deconsimmnt sfie valabilea trebuie datdup descoperirea erorii sau vicleniei saudup ncetarea violenei cci numai astfeldeclaraia eman de la o voin liber a

soului. n cazul renunrii tacite soul alcrui consimmnt a fost viciat, dei libern consimmntul lui continu sconvieuiasc cu soul su pe perioada ncare era ndreptit s cear anulareacstoriei.

Ct privete anularea cstorieipentru lipsa ncuviinrii respectiv autorizriicstoriei minorului, nulitatea relativ va

putea fi acoperit prin confirmare expressau tacit de ctre cei abilitai de lege s

ncuviineze sau sautorizeze acea cstorie.n dreptul francez, confirmarea cstorieianulabile pentru lipsa autorizrii este expresreglementatn art. 183 C. civ. care prevedecaciunea n anulare nu va putea fi intentatnici de ctre soi, nici de ctre ascendenii alcror consimmnt era cerut n toate cazurilen care cstoria a fost aprobat expres sautacit de ctre cel al crui consimmnt eranecesar.

a personal right of the spouse whose consentwas vitiated, the law-maker makes therespective spouse the only judge of thevalidity of their marriage18, instead leaving

him the liberty to claim the marriage as nulland void, to be able to declare expressly thatit deems it valid. In order for this declarationof express renunciation of the marriageannulment on grounds of vice of consent to bevalid, it must be given after the discovery ofthe error or fraud or after the cessation of theduress for only then does the declarationemanate from a free will of the spouse. In thecase of the tacit renunciation, the spousewhose consent was vitiated, although free in

his consent continues to cohabit with theirspouse in the period n which he or she wasentitled to ask for the annulment of marriage.

With regard to annulling marriage forthe lack of agreement respectively of theauthorization of the minors marriage, therelative nullity will be able to be covered byan express or tacit confirmation by thosequalified by law to consent to or authorize themarriage. Under the French law, theconfirmation of the marriage annullable for

the lack of authorization is expresslyregulated in Art. 183 Civ. C. which providesthat he annulment action will not be able to beentered neither by the spouses, nor by theascendants whose consent was required in allthe cases in which the marriage was expresslyor tacitly approved by the one whose consentwas necessary.

1Trib. Suprem, dec. civ. nr. 1805/1972, n C.D. 1972, p.193.2I. P. Filipescu, Tratat de dreptul familiei, Ediia a V-a, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 2000,p.186.3A se vedea F. Eudier,Droit de la famille, Armand Colin, Paris, 2003, p. 604C. Hamangiu, I. Rosetti Blnescu, Al. Bicoianu, Drept civil romn,vol. I, Editura Nationala S. Ciornei,Bucureti, 1928, p.353.5M. B. Cantacuzino,Elementele dreptului civil, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 1998, p. 668.6 D. Alexandresco, Explicaiunea teoretici practic a dreptului civil romn, I, partea a II-a, Iasi, Tipografialucrtorilor romni asociai, 1886, p.62.7P. Courbe,Droit de la famille, 4editions, Armand Colin, Paris, 2005,p. 718F. Terr, D. Fenouillet,Droit civil. Les personnes. La famille. Les incapacits, ditions Dalloz, Paris, 2005, p.360.9

Tr. Ionacu, Curs de drept civil, dreptul familiei,litografiat, Bucureti, 1945, p.252.


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10 Supreme Court, civ. dec.. nr. 1805/1972, in C.D. 1972, p.193.11 I. P. Filipescu, Treaty of Family Law, V Edition, All Beck Press, Bucharest, 2000,p.186.12 F. Eudier,Droit de la famille, Armand Colin, Paris, 2003, p. 60.13 C. Hamangiu, I. Rosetti Blnescu, Al. Bicoianu, Romanian Civil Law, vol. I, Editura Nationala S.

Ciornei, Bucharest, 1928, p.353.14 M. B. Cantacuzino,Elements of Civil Law, All Beck Press, Bucharest, 1998, p. 668.15 D. Alexandresco, The Theoretical and Practical Explanation of The Romanian Civil Law, I, part II, Iasi,Tipografia lucrtorilor romni asociai, 1886, p.62.16P. Courbe,Droit de la famille, 4editions, Armand Colin, Paris, 2005, p. 71.17F Terr, D. Fenouillet,Droit civil. Les personnes. La famille. Les incapacits, ditions Dalloz, Paris, 2005, p.360.18Tr. Ionacu, Course of civil right, family law,litographed, Bucureti, 1945, p.252.

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