Adreuli Qristianobis Istoria - Dakeklesio istoria, IV,15). misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia...

adreuli qristianobis istoria

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

marika mSvildaZe

adreuli qristianobis istoria

saxelmZRvaneloSi werilobiT wyaroebze, arqeologiur

masalasa da epigrafikul Zeglebze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia adreuli qristianobis (325 w. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio kre-bamde) istoria romis imperiis magaliTze. gaanalizebulia pirveli msoflio monoTeisturi religiis arsi, gavrcelebis areali, misi mimdevrebis devnis raodenoba, mizezebi, qris-tianTa procentuli Semadgenloba romis imperiaSi. mocemu-lia romis imperatorTa sruli nusxa. igi qarTul enaze dawe-rili pirveli saxelmZRvaneloa adreuli qristianobis isto-riaSi, romelic gankuTvnilia msoflio istoriis (Zveli romi), antikuri kulturis, religiis istoriis Semswavleli umaR-lesi saswavleblebis studentebis, magistrantebis, axali aRTqmis samyaroTi dainteresebuli specialistebisa da mkiTx-velTa farTo wrisaTvis.

redaqtori Tsu sruli profesori guram lorTqifaniZe

recenzentebi: mitropoliti anania jafariZe

Tsu sruli profesori beJan javaxia

istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati goCa guguSvili

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-13-093-9

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Sesavali

qristianobas — pirvel msoflio monoTeistur reli-gias safuZveli romis imperiis aRmosavleT provincia pa-lestinaSi, iudaizmis wiaRSi eyreba. Tu arsebobis pirvel wlebSi qristianoba Tavis ZiriTad principebs gansazRv-ravda, sul male igi erT-erTi im ZalTagani xdeba, romel-Tanac iudaizms angariSis gaweva uxdeba.

niSandoblivia, rom qristianoba, romelic iwyeboda ra rogorc umciresobis religia, samasi wlis manZilze jer romis ZiriTad saxelmwifo religiad gadaiqca, romelsac popularobiT Zlevamosili miTras kulti Tu Seedreboda, Semdeg ki im qveynebis warmmarTvel moZRvrebad, romlebic romis imperiis nangrevebze iyvnen Seqmnilni.

antikuri periodis wyaroebi, romlebSic qristianobis Sesaxeb mogvepoveba cnobebi, ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa — qristianulad da araqristianulad. pirvel jgufs ga-nekuTvneba: a) qmnilebebi, romlebic eklesiis mier aRiare-bulia wmidaTawmidaT da Setanilia saeklesio kanonSi (axa-li aRTqma); b) qristianobis apologetebisa (sarwmunoebis damcvelebi) da eklesiis mamebis qmnilebebi; g) e. w. apokri-febi (sityvasityviT `saidumlo“, `idumali“ , `faruli“) — qmnilebebi, romlebic amaTuim mizezis gamo ar Sevida sa-eklesio naSromebSi, magram eklesiis mier mainc mowonebu-lia. aqve calke jgufad SegviZlia gamovyoT qristianuli saeklesio dogmebis mowinaaRmdege eretikosebis mier Se-qmnili qmnilebebi an qmnilebebis nawilebi, romlebmac Cve-namde moaRwies; d) sxvadasxva epigrafikuli Zeglebi, ar-

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qeologiuri monapovari. rac Seexeba meore jgufs, masSi erTiandeba ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis berZnul-romauli da iudeuri wyaroebi.

qristianuli wyaroebidan uZveles qmnilebad SegviZ-lia miviCnioT àxali aRTqma~ — maTes, markozis, lukasa da ioanes saxareba, `mociqulTa saqmeebi“, mociqulTa werilebi sul 21 (epistole korinTelTa, kolaelTa, efeselTa...) da ioanes gamocxadeba (apokalifsisi). Tormeti mociqulis swav-leba (idache —aRmoCenili 1875 w.), ermas `mwyemsi“, romlebsac ufro gviani qmnilebebi mohyva. kerZod, msoflio saekle-sio krebebis gadawyvetilebebi, saeklesio werilebi da sxv.

pirveli avtori, romelic saxarebis Sesaxeb mogviTx-robs, ise, rom am termins ar moixseniebs, aris iustine (Iustinus 100-165 ww.) — qristianobis apologeti da filoso-fosi, romlis Semoqmedebis didma nawilmac moaRwia Cve-namde. rac Seexeba oTxi kanonikuri saxarebis (àxali aRTq-ma“) moxseniebis faqts, igi pirvelad dafiqsirebulia meore saukunis udides moazrovne — irineosTan (berZnuli

— Ειρηναίος. laT. — Irenaeus). igive avtori Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi èresebis winaaRmdeg“ (Adversus Haerasas, III, 11) gvawvdis metad Rirebul cnobebs qristianuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnavs, rom oTxi kanonikuri saxa-rebis garda kidev sxva saxarebebic arsebobdnen, romlebic àxal aRTqmaSi“ ar iyvnen Setanilni.

`mociqulTa saqmeebi“, romelic oTx kanonikur saxarebas mohyveba mogviTxrobs iudevelebsa da warmarTebs Soris qristes mowafeTa petresa da ZiriTadad pavles mier qristi-anobis gavrcelebaze. igive `mociqulTa saqmeebidan~ vi-gebT, rom axali monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo saerTo qoneba, gavrcelebuli iyo qvelmoqmedeba, calkeuli Temebi erTmaneTTan iyvnen da-kavSirebulni da erTmorwmuneebs Soris adgili hqonda mi-wer-moweras, arsebobdnen mociqulebi da mqadageblebi.

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qristianuli wyaroebidan uZveles avtorad miCneulia iustine (Iustinus 100-165 ww.). igi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili berZeni qristianobis apologetia. misi Semoqmedebidan SemorCenilia sami Txzuleba — `apologia“ — pirveli da meore ("Apologia prima pro Christianis ad Atoninum Pium", "Apologia Secunda pro Christianis ad Senatum Romanum". pirveli apologia, Sedgenilia 155 w.-Tvis, xolo meores daTariReba Zneldeba) da `saubari trifon iudevelTan” ("Cum Tryphone Iudeo Dialo-gus"). `apologiaSi“, romelic mimarTulia imperatorebis antoninus piusisa (138-161 ww.) da markus avreliusisadmi (161-180 ww.), iustine moiTxovda qristianebi sasamarTlo-saTvis gadaecaT mxolod TavianTi konkretuli danaSau-lisaTvis da ara `saxelisaTvis“. misi Txzulebebi mniSvne-lovan wyarod gvevlineba qristianuli Temebis Sesaxeb. naSromSi `saubari trifon iudevelTan“, iustine pirvelad gvawvdis cnobebs iesos — mesiis Sesaxeb. es moxetiale mqa-dagebeli da mwerali mowamebrivad aResrula romSi 165 w.

tatiane (Tatianus II s.) — qristianobis cnobili apologe-ti. misi Semoqmedebidan SemorCa ori Txzuleba `sityva eli-nebis winaaRmdeg“ ("Oration ad Graecis", 176 w.) da `diatesa-roni“ ("Diatessaron", 165-170 ww.) pirvelSi avtori akritikebs yovelive berZnuls, gansakuTrebiT ki filosofias, pla-tonsac ki, xolo rac Seexeba meore Txzulebas, igi warmo-adgens oTxi kanonikuri saxarebis nakrebs, romelic SemorCe-nilia siriuli, arabuli, laTinuri da somxuri TargmaniT.

aTenagora (berZnuli — Πατριάρχης ’Aθηναγόρας. laT. Athe-nagoras Atheniensis II s.) — aTeneli qristiani moRvawe, iusti-nes mowafe, avtori qristianTa SewyalebisaTvis dawerili Suamdgomlobisa (Txovnisa)("Legatio pro Christianis"), romelic SesaZloa Seqmnili yofiliyo 177 w. werili mimarTulia markus avreliusisa da misi Svilis komodusisadmi (180-192 ww.). naSromSi avtori uaryofs qristianebisaTvis wayenebul aTeizmis braldebas da gamodis znedacemulobis winaaRm-

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deg. aTenagora gvevlineba aRdgomis (ganaxlebis) Sesaxeb erTi traqtatis avtorad ("De resurretione mortuorum", 180 w.).

irineosi (berZnuli — Ειρηναίος. laT. Irenaeus, daaxloe-biT 120-200 ww.), gvianantikuri xanis udidesi moazrovne, 177-178 ww. lionisa da vienis cnobili movlenebis dros lionis episkoposi. iyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qristiani mwerali. irineosma 180 w. dawera didi naSromi "Adversus Hae-reses" (eresebis winaaRmdeg), xuT wignad, romelic eklesiis istoriis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoad-gens. Txzuleba SemorCenilia laTinuri TargmaniT da didi mniSvneloba aqvs adreuli qristianobis (II s.) gasaazreblad.

tertuliane (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus daaxloe-biT 155/165 — 220/240 ww.) pirveli qristiani mweralia, ro-melic laTinur enaze werda. igi gvevlineba ori apologe-turi Txzulebis da TiTqmis ormocamde mqadagebluri, doqtrinaluri da polemikuri naSromebis avtorad. misi Semoqmedebidan mxolod 31 Txzulebaa SemorCenili, ro-melTa Soris aRsaniSnavia "Apologeticus" (warmarTebisagan dacva) Seqmnili 197-198 ww. da "De praescriptione haereticorum" (eretikosebis dagmoba), romlebSic avtori gvawvdis cno-bebs imis Sesaxeb, rom dedaeklesia jer kidev qristes mo-ciqulebis dros arsebobda. tertulianem gaamdira qris-tianuli leqsika. Semoitana axali iuridiuli cnebebi. igi Tavis TxzulebebSi qristianTa dacviTa da warmarTebis mxilebiT iyo dakavebuli da ara dogmatikis SemuSavebiT.

klimenti aleqsandrieli (berZnuli — Κλήμης ο Αλεξαν-δρεύς. laT. — Clemens Alexandrinus 150-215 ww.) Tavis Txzule-baSi "Protreptokos pros Ellenas" (warmarTebis darwmuneba (dari-geba), "Paidagogos" (pedagogi), "Stromateis" (stromatebi) da sxv. cdilobda qristianuli swavleba SeeTanxmebina elinistur kulturasTan. acxadebda ra, rom berZnuli filosofia Zvel aRTqmasTan Tanasworad axali aRTqmisaTvis mosamza-debel safexurs warmoadgenda. rac TavisTavad mowmobs

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qristianobis gavrcelebas elinisturi mosaxleobis SeZ-lebul fenebSi.

klimenti aleqsandrieli cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom ar arsebobs rwmena codnis gareSe, rodesac igi Secnebaze saubrobs, mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara bunebis, aramed RmerTis wvdoma, xolo Secnebis kriteriumad yovelTvis rwmena evli-neba. misi naSromebi CvenTvis Rirebulia Tundac imis gamo, rom maTSi CarTulia 360 berZeni avtoris qmnilebebis nawili, rac mkvlevarTaTvis fasdaudebel masalas warmoadgens.

origene (berZnuli — ’Ωριγένης. laT. Origenes Adamantius, 185-254 ww.) klimenti aleqsandrielisa da amonius sakas mowa-fe. origene III s. yvelaze produqtiuli mwerali iyo. misi Semoqmedeba ramdenime nawilad iyofa: 1. bibliur-kriti-kuli Txzulebebi, romlebSic mocemulia ebrauli wminda werilebis teqstebis SedarebiTi Seswavla; 2. bibliur-eg-zegetikuri Txzulebebi, Sedgenili sqolioebis, saubre-bisa da komentarebisagan; 3. dogmaturi Txzulebebi. maga-

liTad, `stromatebi“ da `sawyisebze“; 4. apologeturi Txzu-lebebi. magaliTad `celsusis winaaRmdeg“ ("Contra Celsum") 8 wignad. Cvenamde moRweulia origenes mier Zvel da axal aRTqmaze dawerili komentarebis didi nawili. Tavis naS-romebSi origenem sistemaSi moiyvana qristianuli swavleba da gaagrZela qristianuli dogmatikis SemuSaveba. plato-nuri filosofiis qristianobasTan daaxloebaSi igi kli-menti aleqsandrielze Sors wavida.

kipriane (berZnuli — Κυπριανός Καρχηδόνας. laT. — Tha-scius Caecilus Cyprianus 200-258 ww.) III s. qristianobis cno-bili apologeti, meore didi moRvawe iyo tertulianes Semdgom, vinc laTinurad werda. man didi literaturuli memkvidreoba datova. traqtatSi "Ad Donatum" igi mimar-Tavs SeZlebul qristianebs da amtkicebs qristianobis upiratesobas warmarTobasTan mimarTebaSi. misi mraval-ricxovani werilebi (Epistolae) mogviTxroben saepiskoposos

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erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis gaZlierebisaTvis avtoris dauRalav brZolaze. kiprianes Txzuleba "De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate" (eklesiis erTianobis Sesaxeb, 251 w.) mniSv-nelovan SenaZens warmoadgens qristianuli eklesiis isto-riis mkvlevarTaTvis. masSi avtorma azri gamoTqva imis Taobaze, rom saWiro iyo eklesiisa da devnis periodSi misgan gandgomili xalxis gaerTianeba. aRiarebda ra romis saepiskoposos warmmarTvel rols, Tvlida, rom mas ar ekuTvnoda umaRlesi sasamarTlo avtoriteti danarCen sa-episkoposoebze. sul mis mier dawerili werilebis raode-noba 81-iT ganisazRvreba. Cvenamde 66 werilma da 12 traq-tatma moaRwia.

evsebi kesarielis (Eusebius Pamphili Caesariensis 260-339 ww.) Semoqmedebidan SemorCenilia oTxi Txzuleba: 1. `qronika“

(Chronicon) or wignad — msoflios mokle istoria dasabami-dan Tavis periodamde, romelSic didi yuradReba miaqcia qronologias. 2. `saeklesio istoria“ ("Historia eclesistica") aT wignad — qristianobis dasawyisidan 324 wlamde. 3. `konstan-tine didis cxovreba“ ("Vita Constantini") — oTx wignad — Ziri-Tadad panegirikuli Txzuleba, romelic moklebuli ar aris istoriul mniSvnelobas, vinaidan masSi bevri oficia-luri dokumentia Sesuli. 4. `Zvel wamebaTa krebuli“ — (sa-eklesio istoria, IV,15).

misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia qristianul literaturaze. igi, iseve rogorc origene, subordinaciis Sesaxeb swavlebis momxre iyo. mkvlevarTaTvis didi mniSv-neloba aqvs evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio istorias“, ro-melSic Txroba 324 wlamde modis. naSromSi Sesulia doku-mentebi da amonawerebi Cvenamde moRweuli Txzulebebidan. man swored am naSromis Seqmnis gamo miiRo `eklesiis is-toriis mamis“ wodeba. evsebi kesarieli literaturis Semg-rovebladac gvevlineba. mas ekuTvnis "Praeparatio evangelica" (berZnuli, προπαρασκευή ευ [αγγελική) da "Demonstratio evangelica",

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romlebSic bevri Cvenamde mouRweveli literatura Se-vida, misma politikur-filosofiurma Sexedulebebma didi gavlena iqonia bizantiis saxelmwifoze.

laqtanciusi (Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius, 250-325/30 ww.). misi Semoqmedebidan aRsaniSnavia "Divinae Institu-tiones" (RvTaebrivi dadgenileba, 303-311 ww.), romelic la-Tinur enaze qristianuli swavlebis ZiriTadi arsis gadmo-cemis pirvel cdas warmoadgenda da "De mortibus persecutorum" (mdevnelTa sikvdilis Sesaxeb, 318-321 ww.), romelSic Tx-roba moyvanilia diokletianes imperatorobamde. Tavisi Txrobis mdidruli stilis gamo humanistebi mas `qristi-anTa cicerons“ uwodebdnen.

adreqristianuli wyaroebis Semdeg jgufs warmoad-gens apokrifebi, romelTa raodenobac gacilebiT metia, vidre eklesiis mier kanonikurad miRebuli Txzulebebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ermas `mwyemsi“ da `didaqe“ (Didache).

ermas (berZnuli — Ερμά. laT. — Hermas) — `mwyemsi“ ("Ποι-μήν". "Pasator"), romelic ukve Zvel droSi iTvleboda wmin-da wignad, didi xnis manZilze laTinuri teqstiT iyo cno-bili. misi avtoris Sesaxeb sami versia arsebobs : 1) erma iyo 70-Tagan erT-erTi mociquli, romelic naxsenebia wminda pavles epistoleSi romaelTa mimarT (romaelTa mimarT, 16:14), aqedan gamomdinare, klimenti, romelic aseve moxse-niebulia wignSi, klimenti romaelTan — romis erT-erT pirvel episkoposTan (gardaicvala 101 w.) aris identifi-cirebuli. amis Sesaxeb pirvelad azri gamoTqva origenem, amave Tvalsazriss iziarebda ieronime stridineli (Euse-bius Sophronius Hieronymus, 320-419/420 ww.) kanonikuri laTinu-ri bibliis teqstis Semdgeneli; 2) erma aris episkopos piu-sis (episkoposobis wlebi 142-157) Zma da 3) kompromisuli varianti — ermam, piusis Zmam Seavso da laTinurad Targmna mociqul ermas mier dawerili teqsti.

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1922 wels gamoqveynebul iqna IV s. daTariRebuli erT-erTi papirusis nawyvetebi, romelic emTxveoda berZnul originals (P.Lond. V, 1783) da Seicavda nawyvetebs `mwyemsi-danac“ (Mand. IX). `mwyemsi“ sakmaod gansxvavdeba Cveulebri-vi qristianuli naSromisagan. masSi ar aris moxseniebuli iesos saxeli, magram bevria saubari eklesiaze. Txzuleba Sedgeba sami nawilisagan, romlis Sinaarss monaniebis qada-geba warmoadgens. avtori icnobs gnostikur literaturas. igi saeklesio organizaciis maRal fenas ganekuTvneboda. `mwyemsi“, iseve rogorc `didaqe“ gvaZlevs masalas saek-lesio organizaciis sawyis stadiaze, rodesac klirebTan erTad jer kidev moqmedebdnen winaswarmetyvelebi.

`didaqe“ (Didache) gvevlineba qristianuli Temebis or-ganizaciebisa da maTi Sida cxovrebis Seswavlis mTavar wyarod. igi mniSvnelovania qristianuli wesebis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac. `didaqe“ gadmogvcems saeklesio Temis mdgomareobas misi Seqmnis periodSi. qristianuli wyaroe-bis mixedviT (Eusebius), igi didi popularobiT sargeblobda axali religiis mimdevrebSi.

Cven mier calke jgufad gamoyofil qristianuli ekle-siis dogmebis mowinaaRmdege eretikosebis mier Seqmnili Txzulebebis rigSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT 1946 w. luq-sosis maxloblad (50 km) xenoboskionSi, sardafSi, skivrSi, sxva sagnebTan erTad aRmoCenili gnostikuri papirusebis xelnawerebis koleqcia, romelic 44 Txzulebisagan Sedgeba.

xenoboskionis dokumentebis nawili swored is gnosti-kuri Txzulebebia, romelTac Tavis droze epaeqrebodnen irineosi, origene da eklesiis sxva mamebi. aRniSnul do-kumentSi Sesuli zogierTi qmnilebis saTauri Seesabameba apokrifuli saxarebis saTaurebs, romelTa Sorisac aRsa-niSnavia egviptelebis gnostikuri saxareba.

qristianuli Temis cxovrebis Seswavlis Tvalsazri-siT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs arqeologiur mo-napovars da epigrafikul Zeglebs, romlebic wlebis man-

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Zilze sakmao raodenobiT dagrovda. maT Soris didi roli eniWeba katakombebis, qristianebis sacxovreblebis gaTx-rasa da analizs. Cven am sakiTxze saubars aRar gavagrZe-lebT, vinaidan warmoudgenelia yvela masalis motana. ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom pirveli qristianebis Sesaxeb masala mopovebulia palestinaSi, egvipteSi, romSi da sxv. cnobilia romSi gaTxrili lucinas, domicilas, kalistas katakombebi1 da sxv. maT Soris lucinasa da domicilas katakombebi I s. II naxevriT TariRdeba, kalistasi ki II s.

1920 w. aRmoCenili filadelfosis (egvipte) papirusebi 41 w. anu klavdiusebis periods ganekuTvneba. 1929 w. gamo-qveynebul iqna e.w. nazareTis warwera, romelic Zv.w. 31-ax.w. 54 ww. TariRdeba da mravali sxva.

berZnul-romauli da iudeuri wyaroebidan, romlebic ama Tu im cnobebs gvawvdian qristianebis Sesaxeb, aRsaniS-navia, plinius umcrosi, tacitusi, lukiane, celsusi, fi-lostrate, porfiriosi da sxv., romelTa udidesi nawili qristianobas skeptikurad uyurebda. magaliTad, taci-tusi axali religiis mimdevrebs maTi `sisaZagleebisaTvis“ saZulvel xalxs uwodebs, romlebic damRupvel crurwme-nas qadageben da damnaSaveni arian kacTa modgmis siZul-vilis gamo. mas qristianoba warmoCenili aqvs rogorc bo-roteba, romelic sxva sisaZagleebTan, usircxvilobasTan erTad miedineba romSi.

1 katakomba — (italiuri catakomba, gvianlaTinuridan, catacumba –

miwiqveSa akldama) — xelovnuri an bunebrivi warmonaqmnis miwis-qveSa nageboba. gvianantikur xanaSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc micva-lebulTa dasakrZalavi da religiuri ritualebis Sesasru-lebeli Senoba. am mxriv yvelaze cnobili romauli katakombebia, romlebic ax.w. I-IV ss. TariRdeba da romlebSic SemorCenilia adreqristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebi da simboloebi. yvelaze cnobili katakombebia: lucinas, domicilas, kalistas...

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svetoniusis mixedviT, qristianebi axali da mavne cru-rwmenis modgmis xalxia. pliniusi oficialurad acxadebs, rom man maTSi (qristianebSi) veraferi ipova uxeSi da usazRvro, crurwmenis garda. celsusTan, apuleiusTan, lu-kianesTan da sxv. qristianoba miRebulia rogorc mavne seqta.

ukve saukuneze metia rac mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba adreuli qristianobis mecnierul Seswavlas. niSandobli-via, rom dasavlur istoriografiaSi adreuli qristianoba ganixileba antikuri kulturis WrilSi. adreuli qristia-nobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im mecnierTa gamokvlevebis gacnoba, romle-bic exebian qristianobis gavrcelebas romis imperiis cal-keul provinciebSi, riTac umniSvnelovanesi wvlili SeaqvT zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevaSi, vinaidan imperiaSi gavr-celebuli religiebis Seswavla provinciebSi arsebuli mdgomareobis gaanalizebis gareSe SeuZleblad migvaCnia.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom rigi mkvlevarebisa, Ziri-Tadad marqsistuli mimarTulebis, cdilobdnen moexdinaT religiebis kritikuli analizi da, am mxriv, gansakuTrebul aqcents monoTeistur moZRvrebebze (iudaizmi, qristia-noba) akeTebdnen. kritikulad swavlobdnen Zvel da axal aRTqmas. miuxedavad amisa, maT Sorisac iyo mTeli rigi naSromebi, romelTac dResac ar daukargavT Rirebuleba.

romis imperiis periodSi qristianul religiasTan, pir-vel qristianul TemebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi aqvT gaanalizebuli iseT mkvlevarebs rogorebic arian: a. har-naki, p. alardi, p. Suveni, g. dagro, h. lusti, e. greguari, J. moro, h. moretini da sxv.

qristianobis, misi warmoSobis istoriis, pirveli qris-tianuli Temebisadmi romis imperiis damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan gamokvlevas warmoadgens m. si-monis monografia "La Civilisation de l’Antiquité et le Christianisme", Paris, 1972. naSromi fundamentur gamokvlevas warmoadgens

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adreqristianuli periodis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, rac romSi arsebuli religiuri situaciis gaanalizebis fonze xdeba. avtori farTod iyenebs sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar-sebul memkvidreobas.

adreqristianuli periodis SeswavlisaTvis mdidar ma-salas iZleva rusuli samecniero literatura (v. boloto-vi, m. posnovi, e. Staermani, a. ranoviCi, a. kaci, n. golubco-va, e. renani, i. svencickaia da sxv.), romelSic meoce sauku-nis bolos xelaxla gaCnda interesi qristianobis problema-tikasTan dakavSirebiT. am mxriv, gvinda gamovyoT, i. s. sven-cickaias monografia "От общин к церкви", М., 1985, romelSic dawvrilebiT aris gaanalizebuli adreqristianuli pe-riodis wyaroebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi da, maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze, qristianTa mdgomareoba romis imperiis periodSi, pirveli samonastro mSeneblobebis dawyebis procesi da sxv.

sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovan naSroms warmoadgens i. levinskaias monogafia "Деяния апостолов на фоне еврейской диаспоры", Санкт-Петербург, 2000. naSromSi mec-niers gaanalizebuli aqvs `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ periodis romis imperiaSi arsebuli istoriuli foni. mkvlevari uaxloes epigrafikul Zeglebze, arqeologiur masalaze da mdidar samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Rire-bul daskvnebs akeTebs mociqulTa periodis qristianuli da iudeuri Temebis Sesaxeb. i. levinskaias gaanalizebuli aqvs lukas istoriuli koncefcia, romelic Seesatyviseba imas, rac CvenTvis cnobilia qristianobis sawyisi istori-is damoukidebeli wyaroebidan.

qristianobis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT Cven-Tvis Rirebul naSromebs warmoadgens, agreTve, is mraval-tomeulebi, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamodis da am monoTeisturi religiis istoriis Sesaxeb fundamentur gamokvlevebs waroadgens. am mxriv, Cvens yuradRebas iq-

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cevs eklesiis istoriis 21 tomeuli "Histoir de l’Eglise depuis les origines jusque’à nos jour", Paris, 1934-1964, qristianobis istoria warmoSobidan dRemde "Histoire du Christianism: des ori-gines à nos jour, (22 tomi), romlis meore tomi — Naissance d’une chrétienté: 250-430", Paris 1995 CvenTvis saintereso periods moicavs da sxv.

dabolos gvinda aRvniSnoT is mkvlevarebi, romelTa naSromebSic msoflioSi arsebuli religiebi mokled arian gaanalizebulni da maT fonze vxvdebiT CvenTvis sainte-reso moZRvrebis mokle mimoxilvas (s. tokarevi, l. vasi-levi, m. kublanovi da sxv.).

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Tavi 1

qristianobis gavrceleba ax.w. I-III ss.

adreuli qristianoba

klavdiusebis1 imperatorobis xana sakmaod rTuli aR-moCnda romisaTvis. religia, romelic am periodSi vrcel-deba kacobriobas auwyebs axali moraluri Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas. uzarmazar imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxs poli-tikuri idealebis garda kidev `sxva ram“ esaWiroeboda da swored am `sxva ramed“ qristianuli moZRvreba iqca.

romSi arsebuli yvela religiuri sistemisagan gansxva-vebiT, qristianobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, romelic SemdgomSi msoflio religiad gadaiqca da ro-melmac momaval saukuneebs antikuri kulturis ramdenime elementi gadasca.

SeiZleba iTqvas, roms ar SeeZlo SebrZoleboda mis aR-mosavleT provinciaSi Casaxul xalxTa moZraobis axal talRas, magram undoda ki SebrZoleba? mas xom ZiriTadad qveynis politikuri keTildReoba ainteresebda, adamians, rogorc sagans ise uyurebda da Tavis siZlieres kvlav Zlevamosil legionebs miandobda.

romi, rogorc sxva religiebisadmi damokidebulebaSi, ise pirveli qristianuli Temebis mimarT, loialobas iCen-da da Semrigeblur politikas awarmoebda. mas xels ar

1 romis pirveli saimperatoro dinastia, romelic marTavda

Zv.w. 27 – ax.w. 68 ww. Sedgenili ramodenime romauli gvarisagan, romelTaganac ZiriTadi klavdiusebis patriciuli gvari iyo.

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uSlida kidev erTi axali RmerTis Semosvla Tavis samf-lobeloSi, Tuki igi morCili iqneboda da Seurigdeboda romis imperiaSi gabatonebul religiuri sinkretizmis process.

romis pirvel magistrats,1 romlis winaSec Camoaya-libes qristianuli swavlebis arsi, ar hqonda qristianebis devnis ganwyoba, xsnida ra am faqts imiT, rom ar surda qveynis Teologiur sakiTxebSi mosamarTlis rolis TamaSi. roms ar undoda im saerTo religiuri Semwynareblobidan, romelsac misi moqalaqeebi iCendnen yvela kultis mimarT, qristianobis gamoricxva. SemdgomSi gaCnda survili axali RmerTis sxva RmerTebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisa. apolonis orakulic ki moCvenebiT didebas miagebda mas, xolo filo-sofos porfirioss (232/233-304/306 ww.), iyo ra Tavgamode-buli warmarTi, ar gaZnelebia eRiarebina qristes RvTaeb-rioba. aleqsandre severusma (208-235 ww.) brZana daedoT macxovris gamosaxuleba orfeosis da apolon tianelis gamosaxulebaTa gverdiT, Tavis saojaxo samlocveloSi, sadac igi yoveldRe larebze salocavad midioda. am faqt-ma saSinlad aRaSfoTa axali moZRvrebis mimdevrebi, vinai-dan monoTeisturi religiebisaTvis (romis imperiaSi aseT moZRvrebad qristianoba da iudaizmi gvevlineba) miu-Rebelia yovelgvari Serwyma sxva religiebTan. aqedan ga-momdinare, es ori moZRvreba romis saerTo saxelmwifo kultebisagan damoukideblad arsebobda da maTi reli-giuri sinkretizmis aspeqtSi ganxilva SeuZlebelia.

qristianobas, rogorc aRvniSneT, klavdiusebis2 dinas-tiis imperatorobis xanaSi, romis aRmosavleT provinciaSi

1 laT. Magistratus – `ufrosoba” — qalaqis mmarTvelobis Ziri-

Tadi organo. Zvel romSi aRniSnavda rogorc saxelmwifo Tana-mdebobas, ise am Tanamdebobaze myof pirT.

2 avgustusis sikvdilis Semdeg, romelsac pirdapiri memkvidre ar darCenia da arc taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb kanoni Seu-muSavebia, maSinve dadga sakiTxi Tu vis unda Seecvala igi. misi

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eyreba safuZveli, sadac im dros sakmaod rTuli proce-sebi mimdinareobda. macxovris pirveli mimdevrebic swo-red iudeaSi — palestinis Semadgenel nawilSi, ebraul mosaxleobaSi unda veZioT. niSandoblivia, rom am proce-sebisagan ganze arc sxva modgmis xalxi darCenila.1

saxelwodeba qristiani, rogorc `mociqulTa saqmeebi gadmogvcems“, qristes mimdevars niSnavs. sityvasityviT qriste momdinareobs ebrauli `maSiaxidan“ — mironcxebu-lis berZnuli Targmanidan, saidanac igi yvelgan, rogorc `mesia“ ise gavrcelda.

`mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, qristes mimdevrebs es saxeli pirvelad antioqiis mcxovreblebma Searqves (saqme-ebi, 11:26). mkvlevarTa nawilis TvalsazrisiT, am terminis saavtoro ufleba romis xelisuflebas ekuTvnis, romelic qristians ganixilavda rogorc damcinav an politikuri arakeTilsaimedoobis maniSnebels, SeiZleba iTqvas, meam-boxes. nawili ki miiCnevs, rom sityva `qristiani“ TviTwo-debas warmoadgenda. sakuTari hipoTezis sawyis wertilad

ki berZnuli zmnis χρηματιζω-analizi moaqvT da aRniSnaven, rom χρηματιζω swori Targmani iqneboda ara rogorc miRe-bulia `ewodebodaT“, aramed `sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen“.

saojaxo saqmeebi sakmaod areuli iyo. jer kidev sicocxleSi, mas Semdeg, rodesac misi yvela sisxliT axlo naTesavi gardaicvala, romelTac taxtis dakavebis ufleba hqondaT (maT Soris iulia domnasTan saerTo Svilebi gaiusi da lucius cezari), avgustus-ma iSvila Tavisi mesame colis livia druzilas Svili pirveli qorwinebidan — tiberius klavdius neroni. romelic misi oja-xidan cocxlad gadarCenili erTaderTi warmomadgeneli iyo. swored tiberiusidan iwyeba romis axali dinastia klavdiusebi-sa, romelic oTxi imperatoriT aris warmodgenili 1) tiberiusi (14-37 ww.), 2) kaligula (37-41 ww.), 3) klavdiusi (41-54 ww.) da 4) ne-roni (54-68 ww.)

1 rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianu-li religia pirveli saukunidan Semodis, rac arqeologiuradac dasturdeba.

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qristianobis pirveli sami saukunis istoria iyo mebr-Zoli, riskiani. rogorc eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari m. posnovi aRniSnavda, eklesiis istoriis pirveli periodi 30-325 ww. (niSandoblivia, rom igi pirveli periods 313 w. amTavrebs), aris dro eklesiis daarsebidan moyolebuli qristianobis TandaTanobiT gavrcelebamde jer mxolod iudevelebSi, xolo Semdeg warmarTTa Soris, romelic ara Tu qveynis Zalebis daxmarebiT, aramed maTi mxridan mtru-li damokidebulebiTa da Ria devniTac ki xdeboda. aseT mdgomareobaSi eklesiam myari niadagi moimzada. mtrul samyaroze man Tavisi apologetebis, ZiriTadad ki mqada-geblebisa da wamebulTa meSveobiT gaimarjva. miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias emuqreboda sxvadasxva Secdomebi da dayofa, erTianoba mainc SeinarCuna.

pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli, oficialur reli-giad gamocxadebamde, qristianobis istoria ramdenime pe-riodad SegviZlia davyoT: pirveli etapi moicavs 30-125 ww. es aris periodi qristianobis swrafi eqspansiisa da qris-tianuli Temebis progresuli emansipaciisa iudaizmTan mimarTebaSi, romlis gulSic igi aRmocenda. meore etapi grZeldeba 125-250 ww., romlis drosac SesaZloa aris ni-Sani patara seqtebis gardaqmnisa eklesiebad da dedaekle-siasTan maTi SeerTebisa, rodesac masebma gaarRvies in-teleqtualuri SezRuduloba da gadalaxes fanatikuri rwmena. gambedaoba eyoT aeRoT dadebiTi elinisturi civi-lizaciisgan. es aris pirveli didi eresebis (gnosticizmi, markioneloba, montanizmi da sxv.), qristianobis apolo-getebis (klimenti aleqsandrieli, origene da sxv.) aRmoce-nebis epoqa, rodesac episkoposebis, rwmenis konfesiebis, bibliis kanonebi wesdeba. mesame etapi moicavs 250-325 ww., romelic qristianobis ubralo transformaciiT xasiaT-deba. am periods emTxveva qristianTa saSineli devna romis imperiaSi, romelsac adgili III s. II naxevarsa da IV s. da-sawyisSi hqonda. es aris epoqa, rodesac qristianoba fexs ikidebs ara marto romis imperiaSi, aramed sasanianTa sparseTSi, somxeTSi, saqarTveloSi da sxv.

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`axali aRTqmis~ werilebi da adreuli iudeo-qristi-anuli literaturis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs da-vaskvnaT, rom qristianobis pirveli mimdevrebi iudevelTa rigebSi unda veZioT. mociquli pavle kolaelTa mimarT mimarTvaSi `winadacveTilTagan“, anu ebraelTagan or pi-rovnebas moixseniebs: markozs — barnabas diswuls da iesos, romelsac iustoss eZaxian (4:10,11).

qristianobis winaSe mdgar yvelaze mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxs I saukunis bolos warmoadgenda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, qristianoba damoukidebel religias wamoadgenda, Tu rCe-boda iudaizmis ganStoebad, razec damokidebuli iyo, iqneboda Tu ara igi sabolood iudaizmis erT-erTi seqta, Tu gawyvetda masTan yovelgvar kavSirs, uars ityoda iu-develebis — rCeuli xalxis erTgulebaze da daiwyebda qadagebas, farTo propagandas warmarTebs Soris. swored am niadagze warmoiSva qristianobaSi pirveli ganStoeba — iudeo-qristianoba.1 es mimdinareoba ierusalimSi Seiqmna, romlis ZiriTad birTvs ebionitebi da nazarevelebi Se-adgendnen. `mociqulTa saqmeebSi“ maTi saxeliT iakobi — iesos xorcieli Zma da mociquli petre saubroben.

did paeqrobas iwvevda, agreTve, sakiTxi, SeeZloT Tu ara araiudevelebs qristianobis miReba. gaismoda kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom qristianobis miRebisaTvis saWiro iyo Tu ara pirvelad iudaizmi eRiarebinaT, Tu pirdapir warma-rTobidan SeeZloT qristianobaze gadasvla. swored am sakiTxs mieZRvna qristes mociqulTa Sekreba ierusalimSi (saqmeebi, 15). pavle mociquli krebaze icavda im Tvalsaz-riss, romlis mixedviTac qristianoba damoukidebel re-ligias warmoadgenda da am moZRvrebis ziareba iudevele-bis garda warmarTebsac SeeZloT. iudeo-qristianebis in-teress, ZiriTadad iakobi — iesos xorcieli Zma icavda.

1 iudeo-qristianebs swamdaT, rom mesia ukve movida, magram

imavdroulad misdevdnen moses kanonebs. axladgaCenili qristia-nobis damoukidebel moZRvrebad aRiareba maTTvis miuRebeli iyo.

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mociqulTa am krebaze dadginda, rom qristianobis mi-Reba SeeZloT warmarTebsac, e.i. araiudevelebsac, ris Semdgomac iudeo-qristianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, seqtad Camoyalibda, xolo ierusalimis dangrevis Semdgom (70 w.), ar iRebdnen ra romis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileobas, dakarges TavianTi religiuri centric. isini arsebobas ZiriTadad iordaniaSi ganagrZobdnen. iudeo-qristianoba, rogorc iudevelebis, ise qristianebis mier sabolood ganixileboda rogorc eresi.

qristianul religias ki SeeZlo ziareboda yvela mod-gmisa da rangis adamiani, `sadac ar aris arc barbarosi, skviTi, mona da Tavisufali, aramed qristea yovelive da yoveliveSi“ (kolaelTa mimarT, 3:11), rac SemdgomSi qris-tianobis msoflio religiad gadaqcevis winapiroba xdeba.

mociqul pavles pozicia kargad Cans misi werilebidan, saidanac mtkicdeba, rom igi aqtiuri winaaRmdegi gamodi-oda mxolod iudauri wes-Cveulebebis Sesrulebisa, ani-Webda ra did rols warmarTebSi qristianobis qadagebas. `axal aRTqmaSivea“ moxseniebuli sakmaod didi raodenobis araebrauli saxelebi, romelTa patronebmac qristes rju-li miiRes, maT Soris monaTa da TavisufalTa zesaxelebic ki. magaliTad `filologosi“ (romaelTa mimarT, 16:15). am formis saxelebs monaTa inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs aniWebdnen romSi. imavdroulad, mociqulma pavlem qris-tianobaze moaqcia romaeli centurioni korneliosi, ro-melic pirveli araebraeli qristiani gaxda (saqmeebi, 10).

didia pavle mociqulis damsaxureba qristianobis Ca-moyalibebisa da misi msoflio religiad gadaqcevis saq-meSi. wminda pavlem gaaTavisufla ra qristianoba iudaiz-misagan, SeiZleba iTqvas qristianoba gadaitana berZnul-romaul civilizaciaSi. aCvena, rom macxovris sikvdili Zveli aRTqmis dasasruls warmoadgenda, ris Semdegac iw-yeba axali aRTqma. pavle mociquli gvevlineba qristianu-li RvTismsaxurebis fuZemdeblad. swored wminda pavlem, suliwmindis madliT, pirvelma gamokveTilad Camoayaliba

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qristianuli rwmena. aCvena macxovris sikvdilisa da aRd-gomis mniSvneloba, ganaviTara qristianuli RvTismsaxure-bis, eTikis principebi.

ieso macxovris Semdeg, pirveli qristianuli Temebis aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba qristes mociqulebs, romlebic axali moZRvrebis saqadageblad mTel civilizebul samya-roSi gaifantnen. maTi meSveobiT qristianoba vrceldebo-da ZiriTadad im elinizebul ebraul TemebSi, romlebic TiTqmis mTel romis imperiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis aR-mosavleT provinciebSi Zlier iyvnen fexmokidebulni. `ga-mocxadebis“ avtori cnobebs gvawvdis mcire aziaSi pirve-li qristianuli Temebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. esenia: efesos, smirnis, pergamos, Tiatiras, sardis, filadelfiis, lao-dikiis Temebi. pirveli saukunis meore naxevridan ki, gansa-kuTrebiT pirveli iudeuri omis Semdgom, qristianuli Temebi farTod gavrceldnen. am periods ganekuTvneba e.w. kripto-qristianuli Zeglebi, romlebic sakmao raodeno-biT dafiqsirda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad. magali-Tad: epitafiebi, kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebi, dasakrZala-vi katakombebi da sxv.

mniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis via apias, via nomenta-nasa da monteverdes katakombebi, romlebSic dafiqsirebu-lia mesianisturi simboloebi: palmebi, yurZeni, amforebi da vazebi zeTisaTvis, Rvino da wyali, Citebi, romlebic nis-kartiT saWmels eZieben, cxvrisa da xaris cxovrebis warmo-saxvis momentebi. via randaninis (via apia) katakomba, ro-melic I s. TariRdeba, cnobilia iseTi mesianisturi simbolo-ebiT, rogoricaa mtredebi, wiwilebi, mebrZoli mamlebi, xaris Tavi, cxvari. monteverdes (via hortenzia) katakom-baSi (I s.) ki gamosaxulia Citebi, romlebic saWmels eZieben niskartiT, palmebi, Sandlebi. xolo via apia pignatelis katakombaSi warmodgenilia qristianuli simbolo Tevzi1

1 berZnuli sityva ΙΧΘΥΣ (Tevzi) qristianebs miaCndaT Semdegi

sityvebis simbolod `ieso qriste, Ze RmrTisa, macxovari“.

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palmebsa da yvavilebs Soris. magram yvelaze mdidars mainc romis via torlonias (via nomentana) katakomba warmoad-gens, romelic II s. TariRdeba, sadac kedlebze gamosaxulia mironcxebisaTvis saWiro larnaki, kedris xe da sxv. romSivea napovni yvelaze adreuli qristianuli warwera daTariRe-buli II s. warmodgenili ori puriTa da ori TevziT. aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom pirvel saukuneebSi gar-dacvlil qristianebs gafantulad krZalavdnen. maT ar ga-aCndaT specialuri sasaflaoebi.

im dros rodesac antikur sinamdvileSi fizikuri srul-yofileba did rols TamaSobda (rogorc cnobilia, kla-sikur saberZneTSi moqalaqis ideals harmoniulad ganvi-Tarebuli adamiani warmoadgnenda), qristianebi TavianT rigebSi yvelas iRebdnen vinc qristes da mis mcnebebs aRia-rebda. maTTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda adamianis fizikur srulyofas. saWiro iyo mxolod codvebis mona-nieba da sulis silamaze — sulis siwminde.

qristianoba warmoadgenda ara mxolod swavlebas, ara-med cxovrebis wess. man Secvala Tavisi mimdevrebis cxov-rebis yofa, wesebi da kultura. warmarTobasTan brZolam da Zveli aRTqmis tradiciebTan kavSirma safuZveli Cau-yara axal — qristianul kulturas, samyaros aRqmas da gansazRvra misi gansakuTrebuloba.

niSandoblivia, rom axali religiis aRmsarebelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo erTmaneTis gverdiT dgoma, erTmane-Tis gatana, daxmareba, romlis naTel magaliTs warmoad-gens pavle mociqulis saqmeebi. man barnabasTan erTad anti-oqiel qristianTa uricxvi Semowiruloba iudeaSi mcxov-reb uqonel Zmebs Cautana, radgan, im xanad, klavdiusis zeobaSi (41-54 ww.) iq didi SimSiloba mZvinvarebda.

romis imperiaSi arsebobdnen gansxvavebuli kolegiebi, romlebsac qristianebi TavianTi interesebisTvis iyenebd-nen, maT eklesiebs uwodebdnen, rac sityvasityviT Sekrebas niSnavs. eklesiebi Zvel berZnul qalaqebSi mmarTvelobis erT-erT organos warmoadgendnen, romelTac ara religi-uri, aramed politikuri datvirTva hqondaT. berZnulad

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am Temebs Éκκλησiα ewodeboda. klasikur epoqaSi analogi-urad saxalxo kreba aRiniSneboda. `axali aRTqmis“ teqs-tebSi am sityvas ormagi datvirTva aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba an calkeuli adgilobrivi qristianuli Temis, an mTlianad eklesiis aRsaniSnavad, rac, Tavis mxriv, Teologebs saSua-lebas aZlevs daaskvnan, rom qristianuli eklesia qris-tianuli Temis Tanadroulad iqmneboda. swored amitom, pirvelyofili eklesiis Canasaxi Cven mociqulTa epoqaSi unda veZioT, razedac `axal aRTqmaSi“ Sesuli Txzulebebi mogviTxroben.

Cven ukve aRvniSneT im Temebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ioanes gamocxadebis mixedviT, mcire aziaSi arsebobdnen. amas emateba samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebuli biTvi-niaSi qristianuli Temis arsebobis faqti. rac arc aris gasakviri, vinaidan igi teritoriulad Zalian axlo iyo ioanes gamocxadebaSi moyvanil qalaqebTan. rodis aRmo-cenda pirvelad saeklesio ierarqia da ra movlenebTan iyo igi dakavSirebuli? am mxriv, mniSvnelovan masalas gvawv-dis mociqul pavles werili korinTelTa mimarT, romel-Sic aRniSnulia: `zogni daadgina RmerTma eklesiaSi, pir-vel rigSi: mociqulebad, meore rigSi: mqadageblebad da mesame moZRvrebad“... (korinTelTa, 12:28), ramdenime wlis Semdeg werilSi efeselTa mimarT ufro rTuli ierarqiaa mocemuli: `man daayena erTni mociqulebad, meoreni winas-warmetyvelebad, zogni maxareblebad, zogni mwyemsad da moZRvrebad“ (efeselTa, 4:11).

`mociqulTa saqmeebi“ mogviTxrobs mociqulebisa da presviterebis Sesaxeb. mociqulTa funqcias warmoadgen-da, magaliTad xeldasma (pavle), e.i. qristianuli Temis presviterebis daniSvna. mecnierulad dasabuTebulia, rom presviterTa instituti arsebobda mxolod aRmosavleTis provinciebis ramdenime qalaqSi arsebul eklesiebSi. igive `mociqulTa saqmeebi“ gvamcnobs, rom arsebobdnen winas-warmetyvelebi da maswavleblebi. pirvel saukuneSive Cnde-ba qristianul TemSi episkoposebi da diakvnebi, rac da-

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fiqsirebulia mociqul pavles werilSi filipelTa mimarT (1:1). SesaZloa filipelTa Temi warmoadgenda pirvel Tems, sadac gaCndnen es Tanamdebobebi. sxva adgilebSi eklesiis msaxurni `mwyemsis“, `zedamxedvelis“ aRmniSvnelad ixmare-boda da ara Tanamdebobisa (I petre, 2:25; mociqulTa saq-meebi, 20:28).

eklesiebis marTva atarebda kolegialur da ara erTpi-rovnul xasiaTs. rogorc araerTi istoriuli wyaro (moci-qul pavles, petresa da iakobis werilebi, netari ieroni-mesa da sxvaTa Txzulebebi) migvaniSnebs, funqciebisa da mdgomareobis mixedviT, qristianul TemebSi episkoposebi da presviterebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tanasworebi iyvnen. II s. dasawyisSi episkoposebisa da presviterebis rigebidan nel-nela daiwyo zogierTma maTganma dawinaureba, rome-lic yvelas saxeliT moqmedebda. pirvelad swored maT mimarT gamoiyeneboda xolme yvelaze xSirad sityva `epis-koposi“, maSin rodesac sxva episkoposebi gadavidnen pre-sviterebis rangSi. amis erT-erTi pirveli magaliTi misca ierusalimis eklesiam, romlis saTaveSic idga macxovris xorcieli Zma iakobi. ase rom daiwyo msxvili saepiskopo-soebis Camoyalibeba.

imperiis sxvadasaxva nawilSi es procesi sxvadasxvana-irad mimdinareobda, magram adgilis miuxedavad, yvelgan saepiskoposo da sapresvitero sabWoebi CrdilSi dgeboda. wina planze erTi episkoposi iwevda, romelic droTa gan-mavlobaSi axorcielebda ara mxolod ganmkargulebel, aramed sulier xelisuflebasac, rac gamowveuli iyo rigi episkoposebis damsaxurebiT eresebis winaaRmdeg brZola-Si, maTi piradi avtoritetiT, maTi cxovrebis siwmindiT.

ganmkarguleblisa da pedagogis funqciebis erTmaneT-Tan SeTavsebis Sesaxeb jer kidev pavle mociquli miuTi-Tebda. ase rom II s. erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis arseboba eklesiaSi Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. Sedegad episkoposi marTavda olqebs, mxareebs, romelTa sazRvre-bic, Tavis mxriv, emTxveoda saxelmwifos provinciis ad-

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ministraciul sazRvrebs. episkoposebis adgils calkeul TemSi ikavebda presviteri.

IV s. Camoyalibda samsafexuriani ierarqia (episkoposi — presviteri — diakoni). gaCdnen, agreTve, diakonisagan warmomdgari (ipodiakoni da sxv.) da axali saeklesio Ta-namdebobebi — mkiTxvelebi, katexizatorebi, ekzorcistebi da a.S. erTiani ierarqiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas amZaf-rebda saxelmwifos mxridan devnisagan Tavdacvis survili. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom im dros jer kidev ar iyo damtkicebuli da farTod gavrcelebuli axali aRTq-mis kanonebi, ar iyo miRebuli mrwamsi — monarqiuli saepis-koposoebis Seqmna warmoadgenda qristianobis ganviTare-bis obieqtur kanonzomierebas.

mTeli qristianuli samyaro II-III ss. Sedgeboda Temebi-sagan, romlebsac marTavdnen episkoposebi. presviterebi qmnidnen sabWos da aRmasrulebel organos. organizebul

qristianul Temebs ewodebodaT parikiebi (παροικι jα), e.i. calkeuli, adgilobrivi saepiskoposo eklesiebi.

III saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi, kerZod diokleti-anes mmarTvelobis periodSi, qristianuli religiis arse-bobaSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda, Camoyali-beba daiwyo ber-monaznobam, romelic Tavisi arsiT sak-maod rTul moZraobas warmoadgenda da asketur cxovre-basTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

evsebi kesarieli gvevlineba pirvel qristian mwerlad, romelic Tavis TxzulebaSi `evangeluri winaswarmoxazu-loba“ (daax. 323 w.) gvawvdis cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ekle-siam daadgina qcevis ori wesi, ori gansxvavebuli tipi-saTvis. erTi maTTvis, vinc umaRles religiur saTnoebas, zneobriobas aRiarebda da misdevda (umankoeba, uqor-winebelobis arCeva, simdidreze, socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze uaris Tqma, RvTisTvis sakuTari cxov-rebisa da Tavis miZRvna da sxv.) da meore — maTTvis, rom-lebic yoveldRiuri arsebobis doneze rCeboda (saojaxo

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kavSirebi, bavSvebis dabadeba, samxedro da moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Sesruleba, materialuri mogebis miReba da sxv.).

asketuri cxovrebis gandideba mocemulia IV-V ss. la-Tinuri eklesiis sam udides mamasTan: ambrosisTan (Ambro-sius 340-397 ww.), ieronimesTan (Hieronimus 346-420 ww.) da ne-tar avgustinesTan (Augustinus 354-430 ww.).

absoluturi TavSekavebis ideali Camoyalibebul iqna odnav adre, III s. pirvel naxevarSi origenesa (Origenes Adama-ntus 185-254 ww.) da meTode olimpielis (gardaicvala 311 w.) mier, romelTa SromebSic tipuri neoplatonisturi moti-vebi Cndeboda. plotinic (Plotinus 204/205-269/270 ww.) aseve miiCnevda, rom religiuri aqtis pirvel moments realur cxovrebasTan kavSiris gawyveta warmoadgenda. mdinare iordanes gaRma meudabnoeni ax.w. I s. midian. maSin isini er-Teulebi iyvnen.

pirvel qristian berad — mamad (berZnuli monachos — erTi) miCneulia wminda anton didi (Sanctus Antonius Aegyptus 251-356 ww.) — egvipteli meudabnoe, romelic as wels gada-cilebuli gardaicvala 356 w. anton didi, rogorc Tqmu-leba gadmogvcems, iyo pirveli, romelmac `anaxoretis“ (berZnuli αναχωρησις, is vinc Sordeba sazogadoebas, raTa martoobaSi icxovros — gandegili) wodeba miiRo. igi 270 w. wavida udabnoSi. amave xanebSi palestinaSi cnobili meuda-bnoe iyo ilarion didi (Hilarion 288-372 ww.)

ber-monazonTa ricxvi TandaTan izrdeboda da male egviptes gascda, farTod gavrcelda siria-palestinaSi, Semdeg ki imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebis danarCen na-wilSi. berebi izolaciidan mxolod RvTis saqmeebisaTvis gamodiodnen. maTi keliebi ki sul ufro didi raodenobis xalxs izidavda. ase iqmneboda ber-monaznobis kidev erTi tipi, e.w. `samonastro“, `kinobionuri“ (berZnuli koinobion — erTiani, saziaro cxovreba). pirvel anaxoretul katego-rias antonis garda, ganekuTvnebodnen asketi berebi pavle, ilarioni da amoniusi. ber-monaznobis erT-erT fuZemdeb-lad gvevlineba egvipturi warmomavlobis beri paxomi.

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rac Seexeba imperiis dasavleT provinciebs, monast-rebis mSenebloba aq mas Semdeg daiwyo, rodesac igi aRmo-savleTSi ukve aRmocenebuli iyo.

antioqia

romis imperiaSi pirveli qristianuli Temis aRmoce-neba antioqiaSi, qveynis sididiT mesame qalaqSi (romisa da aleqsandriis Semdeg) unda momxdariyo.1

antioqiis eklesia wminda petres mier iyo daarsebuli da amitomac miiCneoda, rom antioqiis patriarqi ijda pet-res saydarze. rogorc `mociqulTa saqmeebi“ mogviTxrobs, sirielebi iyvnen pirveli warmarTni, vinc qristianoba mi-iRes da swored antioqiaSi uwodes pirvelad `qristianebi“ axali, damoukidebeli religiis mimdevrebs (saqmeebi, 11:19-26). igive `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, antioqiis eklesia Tavis warmoSobas ramdenime kviprosel da kvirenel morw-munes unda umadlodes — `zogierTi kviproselni da kvire-nelni iyvnen, romlebic antioqiaSi mosvlisas elaparake-bodnen berZnebsac da axarebdnen ufal iesos“ (saqmeebi, 11:20). Sesabamisad, antioqiaSi qristianoba Zalian adre gav-rcelda, ara marto ebrael mosaxleobaSi, aramed elinebSic.

ra Tqma unda, ierusalimi yovelTvis darCeba msoflio religiis dedaqalaqad, magram yvela qristianis WeSmariti sawyisi punqti mainc antioqiaa. swored aq daarsda pirve-lad iudaizmisagan Tavisufali eklesia. aq daiwyo moci-qulTa epoqis didi qadageba. aq sabolood Camoyalibda wminda pavles pirovneba. antioqias SeiZleba qristianobis ganviTarebis meore etapi vuwodoT. qristianuli eklesiis

1 antioqia, romelic Zv.w. 300 wels daaarsa selevk I, mniSvne-

lovan kulturul da savaWro centrs warmoadgenda, sadac moR-vaweobdnen ritorebi da sofistebi. aq arsebobda iudevelTa mniSvnelovani kolonia da sinagoga, romelic IV s. bolos ekle-siad gadakeTda.

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siwmindiT mas verc romi, verc aleqsandria da verc kons-tantinopoli Seedreba. gabatonebul enad antioqiis eklesiaSi berZnuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, aq bevri morw-mune siriulad saubrobda. antioqiaSi didi iyo moqceul ebraelTa ricxvic. SeiZleba iTqvas, maT pirveli nabiji gadadges warmarT-qristianebTan dasaaxloeblad. ase rom, orontis napirze aRsrulda rasebs Soris religiuri kav-Siri, romelzec ieso ocnebobda.

qristianuli religiis swavlebis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa antioqiis saeklesio skolam, sadac aristoteles logika sWarbobda. man uaryo aleqsandriuli skolisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SeuzRudavi alegoriebis gamoyeneba Zve-li da axali aRTqmis komentarebSi da icavda wminda wigne-bis sityvasityviT, pirdapir gaazrebas. es mimdinareoba ubralod xels uwyobda filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT teqs-tis ufro koreqtul formirebas. am skolis erT-erTi yve-laze cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo lukiane.

antioqiis mitropoliti iwvevs saeklesio krebebs (evse-bi, saeklesio itoria, VI, 46) da Zalauflebac aqvs, rac ima-Si gamoixateba, rom mas eqvemdebareboda rigi episkopose-bisa. antioqia aRmosavleTSi qristianobis centrad iqca, sadac III s. ramdenjerme Catarda saeklesio kreba, romel-sac aRmosavleTis provinciebis (ponto, egvipte) episko-posebi eswrebodnen. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani iyo 264-269 ww. Catarebuli sami kreba mimarTuli eresebis wina-aRmdeg. krebaze damswre aRmosavleTis qristianuli Temebis ierarqebma TvalnaTliv dainaxes antioqiis Temis siZliere.

IV s. dasawyisSi antioqiis episkoposis gavlenaze mo-gviTxrobs evsebi kesarieli `saeklesio istoriaSi“ (VI,6). am droisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli aRmosavleTis ekle-siebis centri antioqia iyo. misi sulieri gavlena vrcel-deboda ara marto mcire aziaze, pontosa da aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilze, aramed Soreul sparseTze, somxeTsa da saqarTveloze. antioqiis episkoposebs unda ezrunaT am qveynebSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze, romelebic jer dax-

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marebas uwevdnen sust qristianul Temebs, Semdeg, saekle-sio recefciis ZaliT, maTze imtkicebdnen ierarqiul mdgomareobas da maT TavianT xelisuflebas uqvemdebareb-dnen. episkoposTa erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis zrdasTan erTad antioqiis episkoposTa Zalac izrdeboda. ase gagr-Zelda nikeis I saeklesio krebamde. am krebam, antioqiis episkoposTa Semdgom gaZlierebas zRvari daudo. nikeis krebis meeqvse kanoniT, antioqiis episkoposis Zliereba sagrZnoblad SeizRuda, misi Zalaufleba am kanoniT mxo-lod or samoqalaqo provinciaze (Coele Syria da Augusta Euph-ratiensis) vrceldeboda. antioqiel saWeTmpyrobelebs am pro-vinciebis episkoposTa xeldasmis ufleba darCaT.

nikeis krebis mier episkoposTa Zalauflebis SezRud-vis miuxedavad, antioqiis eklesia aziaSi mainc pirvelobas inarCunebda. ZvelTaganve momdinare tradiciiT, romelime saeklesio krebas Tu romisa da aleqsandriis episkoposebi ar eswrebodnen, krebis Tavmjdomare antioqiis episkoposi unda yofiliyo. magram Tu kreba imperiis aziur nawilSi gaimarTeboda, maSin krebaze romisa da aleqsandriis epis-koposebic rom yofiliyvnen, krebas mainc antioqieli epis-koposi Tavmjdomareobda. ase iyo 314 wels ankiris, neo-kesariis 315 da 325 wlebis adgilobriv saeklesio kre-bebze. antioqieli episkoposi aseve pirveli Cans 341 wlis antioqiis, 343 wlis filipopolisis, 363 wlis antioqiis adgilobriv, 325 wlis nikeis pirvel da 381 wlis kons-tantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebebze. aseve, romelime saeklesio werilze Tu xels ar awerdnen romisa da aleqsandriis episkoposebi, pirveli yovelTvis antio-qiis episkoposis xelmowera iyo.

325 wels nikeaSi gamarTuli pirveli msoflio saek-lesio krebis aqtebSi, antioqiis episkoposis evstaTis xelmoweris qveS 22 episkoposis xelmoweraa. mkvlevarTa azriT, es garemoeba imis damadastureblad aris miCneuli, rom am episkoposTa samwysoebi antioqiis episkoposis pro-vinciebi unda yofiliyo.

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ierusalimi

warmatebiT vrceldeboda qristianuli sarwmunoeba ierusalimSic.1 mociqulTa TaosnobiT ierusalimis ekle-sia male izrdeboda. rogorc cnobilia, ierusalimis pir-veli qristianuli Temis xelmZRvanelad iakobi — qristes xorcieli Zma gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, ierusalimis pirvel qristianebs iudeo-qristianebi warmoadgendnen. aramarto am qalaqis qristianuli Temi, armed saerTod palestinis qristianuli Temi iakobis xelmZRvanelobiT im imediT cxovrobdnen, rom mTel ebrael ers moaqcevdnen. magram male 70 wels ierusalimis dacemam misi varskvlavi Caaqro. Zveli qalaqidan mxolod sami koSki da qalaqis kedlis narCeniRa SemorCa.

Zveli taZris nangrevebze imperatoris brZanebiT, aR-marTul iqna iupiter kapitoliumis taZari, ris Sedegsac bar-koxbas (ivriTi — שמעון בר כוכבא) ajanyeba warmoadgen-da, romelic imperiam 135 wels sastikad CaaxSo. adrianes brZanebiT ierusalimi meored daangries, xolo iudevelebs aukrZales im adgilas miaxloeba. ierusalimis dacemis Sem-deg (ax.w. 70 w.), aq sakmaod didi qristianuli Temi gaCnda, magram axla ukve warmarT qristianebisgan Semdgari.

bar-koxbas ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdgom, warmarT qris-tianebis TemSi pirveli episkoposi iyo makari, romlis moRvaweobasac evsebi adrianes (117-138 ww.) imperatorobis me-19 wliT aTariRebs. ra Tqma unda, am warmarT qristi-anul Tems aRar SeeZlo im sapatio adgilis pretendenti yofiliyo, romelic adre ierusalimis qristianul Tems eWira mTel samyaroSi. TviT palestinaSic ki mTavari roli kesariis episkoposze gadavida, magram mainc ierusalimis

1 msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi. Zveli iudeis samefosa

da Tanamedrove israelis saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi. gvevlineba sami monoTeisturi religiis — iudaizmis, qristianobisa da mah-madianobis centrad, sadac Tavmoyrilia istoriuli da kultu-ruli Rirebulebis mqone Zeglebis didi raodenoba.

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qristianuli Temis roli, rogorc dedaeklesiisa, sakmaod maRali iyo qristianTa TvalSi. palestinaSi zogierTi Temi mimagrebuli iyo ierusalimis dedaeklesiaze.

xmelTaSuazRvispireTi

`mociqulTa saqmeebis“ teqsti gvauwyebs, rom ukve pirvel saukuneSi xmelTaSuazRvipireTis bevr qalaqSi unda veZioT pirveli qristianuli Temebi, pirveli qristi-anuli eklesiebi. am azris gansamtkiceblad pavle moci-qulis saqmeebi gamogvadgeba. pavle mociqulma oTxjer imogzaura xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da mcire aziis teri-toriaze qristes rjulis saqadageblad da pirveli mog-zaurobis dros (45-46 ww.) barnabasTan erTad gaemgzavra antioqiidan, moiara kviprosi, mcire azia inaxula qalaqebi antalia, pergea, pisidis antioqia, ikonia, dervia da listra. meore mogzaurobis dros (48-51 ww.), romelic moi-cavda TvrametTvian SeCerebas korinToSi, gaemgzavra ra antioqiidan xmeleTiT, silasTan erTad, moinaxula pir-veli mogzaurobisas daarsebuli eklesiebi. listraSi maT SeuerTda timoTe, saidanac gaemgzavrnen troaSi, Semdeg gadavidnen Crdilo saberZneTSi, filipedan gaiares Tesa-lonike, berea, aTeni da korinTo, sadac darCnen kidec. Semdeg pavle da misi Tanamgzavrebi dabrundnen korinTo-dan zRviT, efesosa da kesariis gavliT antioqiaSi. mesame mogzaurobisas (daiwyo 53 w.) pavlem da misma Tanamgzav-rebma gaiares galatia da frigia. ori weli maT dahyves efesoSi. saidanac gadavidnen filipeSi, korinToSi da ukan dabrundnen. troadan zRviT gaemgzavrnen, moinaxules ra asoni, militene, mileti, rodosi, tvirosi, patara da Ca-vidnen ptolemaidaSi, saidanac kesariis gavliT mividnen ierusalimSi. meoTxe mogzaurobisas pavles Tan axlda lu-ka, romlis drosac maTma gemma ganicada marcxi maltis na-pirebTan, sadac gamoizamTres kidec. sanam romSi Cavidoda, pavlem romaelebs miswera werili, romelSic Camoayaliba

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qristianuli swavlebis safuZvlebi. romSi Casulebs maT adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miegeba. bolo ori weli, eloda ra ganaCens, pavle ar wyvetda qristes moZRvrebis qadage-bas (mociqulTa saqmeebi).

ponto-kapadokia

lukianes Txzulebidan vigebT, rom provincia ponto gavsebuli iyo qristianebiT (aleqsandre, 25). ponto-kapa-dokiis1 erovnuli eklesiebis qristianuli Temebi erT-erTi uZvelesi iyo imperiaSi. aq iyo iseTi cnobili saepisko-posoebi, rogoricaa: kesariisa, Tianisa, komanisa, kolonisa, kibistriisa, amasiisa, neokesariisa, sebastiisa, trapizo-nisa, nazianzisa, nisisa da sxv. mcire aziaSi, daiwyo, agreTve, mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze Seqmnili erovnuli eklesiebis Camoyalibeba, romelTagan ponto-kapadokiis eklesia erT-erTi Zlieri iyo. erovnul-eTnikur niadagze Seqmnili saepiskoposoebis arseboba scno 314 wlis ankiraSi gamarTulma adgilobrivma saeklesio krebam, romlis dad-genilebis me-18 kanoniT, zemoT dasaxelebuli saepiskopo-soebi Tanasworad da damoukideblad gamocxadda. es dadge-nileba daadastura nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebis me-4, me-5 da antioqiis adgilobrivi krebis (344 w.) me-9, me-14, me-15, me-19 da me-20 kanonebma. magram samwuxarod maTi SenarCuneba pontos episkoposebma ver SeZles. isini III-IV ss. monawileobas iReben antioqiis episkoposebis mier mowveul saeklesio krebebSi (251, 264 da 269 ww.). ufro metic, anti-oqiis episkoposebi Tavmjdomareobdnen 314 wels ianvris da TviT pontos saeklesio krebebze (neokesariaSi 314 da 325 ww.). miuxedavad imisa, rom am krebebs antioqiel episkoposTa Tavmjdomareoba mxolod maTi sulieri gavlenis damadas-

1 ponto (laT. Pontus) mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawili.

kapadokia — aRmosavleT mcire aziis mxaris istoriuli evropu-li saxelwodeba.

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turebeli iyo, sulieri gavlena ki saeklesio ierarqiaSi cotas ar niSnavs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mcire aziaSi episkoposebis garda iyvnen qorepiskoposebic, rac soflis mosaxleobaSi qris-tianobis gavrcelebaze metyvelebs. qorepiskoposebis ins-tituti gansakuTrebiT iyo TvalSisacemi kapadokiasa da isavriaSi.

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiros mTavar qalaqebSi qristianoba, rogorc aRvniSneT, mociqulTa pe-riodidan gavrcelda. siriidan da palestinidan igi Tan-daTan Sedis aziis dasavleTsa da saberZneTSi, semitur aR-mosavleTSi, siriis winamdebare qveynebSi da transior-danul regionSi. mesopotamiaSic, rogorc Cans, axali re-ligia gavrcelebuli iqna qristiani misionerebis mier jer kidev I s. bolomde.

IV s. damdegidan wina da mcire aziaSi gamoikveTa da Tan-daTan Camoyalibda Cven mier zemoT aRniSnuli, mosax-leobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze Seqmnili iseTi didi sa-episkoposoebi, rogorebic iyvnen: tarsisa — kilikiaSi, ke-sariisa — kapadokiaSi, efesosi — aziaSi, tvirosisa — fi-nikiaSi, edesisa — mesopotamiaSi, bostrisa — arabeTSi, neo-kesariisa — polemonis pontoSi, ankirisa — galatiaSi, iko-niisa — likaoniaSi da sxv.

aleqsandria

rogorc im peroidis qristianuli literatura mogviTx-robs, qristianoba egvipteSi I s. Sua xanebidan vrceldeba. I s. 60-70 ww. aleqsandriaSi1 ukve arsebobdnen pirveli qristi-anebi. qristianobis gavrceleba egvipteSi pirvelad qveynis dedaqalaqSi, udides qalaqsa da portSi — aleqsandriaSi

1 qalaqi nilosis deltaze, antikuri egviptis mTavari saporto

qalaqi, romelic 332 wels daaarsa aleqsandre makedonelma. iyo ptolemaiosebis egviptis dedaqalaqi.

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unda momxdariyo. Semdgom axali religiis mimdevarni sof-lis mosaxleobaSic unda gaCeniliyvnen.

aleqsandriaSi, romelic egviptisa da axlomdebare qveynebis qristianul centrad gvevlineba, axali monoTe-isturi religia markozis mier iyo Setanili (evsebi, saek-lesio istoria, II, 16). aleqsandriis episkoposi1 eyrdno-boda ra Tavis umaRles mdgomareobas faqtobrivad egvip-tis, libiisa da pentapoliis qristianuli Temebis saTaveSi eqceva. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki faqtiuri xelisufleba ka-nonieri gaxda.

egvipteSi, imperiis am aRmosavleT provinciaSi, sadac iudevelTa didi nawili cxovrobda da mniSvnelovan rol-sac TamaSobda, aseve aRmocenda pirveli qristianuli Te-mebi, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aleqsandriaSi qris-tianobis Sesvla sirTuleebTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli qveyanaSi sakmao raodenobiT arsebuli gnostikuri seqte-bis gamo, ris dadasturebadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos egvip-teSi arsebuli sxvadasxva formis gnostikuri Txzulebebi. ukve II s. bolos klimenti aleqsandrielma icis egviptelTa saxareba da pirveli Taobidan gavrcelebuli erTi iudeo-qristianuli apokrifi. gnostikur literaturas amdid-rebs 1947 w. nag hamadis maxloblad aRmoCenili 30 codices, romelic II-III ss. ganekuTvneba.

Zvel egvipteSi didi raodenobiT arsebobdnen, agreT-ve, orTodoqsaluri qristianobis mimdevrebic, rasac am teritoriaze aRmoCenili II saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRe-buli papirusic adasturebs. amas emateba isic, rom aleq-sandriaSi arsebobda qristianuli filologiis umniSvne-lovanesi orTodoqsaluri skola, romelsac wlebis man-Zilze saTaveSi edga udidesi pirovneba, qristianobis didi apologeti klimenti aleqsandrieli, romelic cdilobda mrwamsisaTvis racionaluri safuZveli mieca. igi mimar-

1 aleqsandriis pirveli episkoposi iyo dimitri.

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Tavda bibliis alegoriuli axsnis meTods. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aleqsandriul skolaSi upiratesoba eniWeboda platonis meTodologias. aleqsandriuli TeologiisaT-vis centralur Temas warmoadgenda adamiansa da RvTa-ebrivs Soris urTierToba `Semecnebis“ safuZvelze.

evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio istoria“ (VI, 1-3) gvamc-nobs imis Sesaxeb, rom septimius severusis (193-211 ww.) mier Catarebuli qristianTa devnis dros, aleqsandriaSi gansakuTrebulad didi raodenobis morwmuneebma Seimkes Tavi wamebulTa gvirgviniT. 325 w. nikeis I msoflio saek-lesio krebaze, romlis iniciatoradac aleqsandre aleq-sandrieli gvevlineba, xolo misi mowafe aTanase aleq-sandrieli aRniSnul krebaze miRebuli rwmenis simbolos Camomyalibeblad (mformirebeli), egviptidan monawi-leobas iRebda 29 episkoposi. aleqsandriis episkoposi an-tioqiis, karTagenisa da romis episkoposebze naklebi gav-leniT ar sargeblobda.

romi

pirvel saukuneSi egeosis zRvis garSemo da qveynis dedaqalaqSic qristianTa didi Temis arseboba mtkicdeba. mociqul pavles mier romaelebisadmi gagzavnili episto-ledan vigebT, rom qristianebi romSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobdnen, romelTa rigebSi ebraelebTan erTad warmar-Tebsac vxvdebiT (romaelTa mimarT).

romSi qristianuli Temis arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis svetoniusi klavdiusis (41-54 ww.) kanonTan dakav-SirebiT (iudevelTa cnobili gandevna romidan). miuxe-davad amisa, iudevelebi male dabrundnen romSi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qristianebi RvTis msaxurebaSi swored maSin gamoeyvnen iudeur sinagogebs. tacitusi 64 w. qris-tianebs ukve icnobs, rogorc calke, gankerZoebulad mcxovreblebs (Annal, XV, 44).

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pavle mociquli dedaqalaqSi daaxloebiT 59-60 ww. Ca-vida,1 sadac darCa kidec daaxloebiT oTxi wlis manZilze — wamebamde. petre mociquli, rogorc Cans, wm. pavles Semdeg ar unda Casuliyo romSi — imperiis dedaqalaqSi, sadac moxda kidec mociqulTa wameba daaxloebiT 62-64 ww. petre mociqulis romSi Casvlisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia klimenti romaelTan, klimenti aleqsandriel-Tan, irineosTan. romis presviteri gaiusi (ax.w. 200 w.) wers romSi mociqul petresa da pavles akldamebze.

rogorc simeon metafrasti gadmogvcems, petre moci-qulTan erTad sxva mravali qristanic Seipyres, romelTa Soris iyvnen klimenti, irodioni, olimpi da sxva mRvdel-TmTavrebi da samRvdeloni. maT yvelas romaelTa msajulma maxviliT Tavis mokveTa miusaja. petres ki jvarze sikvdi-li gadauwyvites, da ai yvela sikvdilmisjili dasjis adgilze miiyvanes. klimenti, rogorc xelmwifis naTesavi, Seiwyales da gaanTavisufles. irodioni da olimpi ki ro-melnic petre mociqulTan erTad Camosuliyvnen romSi da misi TanamoRvaweni iyvenen maxviliT moakvdines. bevri sxva qristianis msgavsad maTac Tavebi mohkveTes. wminda pavle mociqulis vnebis droze saeklesio mematianeebs gansxva-vebuli cnobebi moaqvT. nikifore kaliste (+1350) Tavis `saeklesio istoriaSi“ (II wigni, Tavi 36) wers, rom pavle mociquli im dRes da im wels evno, roca petre mociquli acves jvars. sxva mematianeebic ki weren, rom petre mo-ciqulis aRsarebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, imave dRes 29 iv-niss, evno pavle mociqulic. neronis risxvac 64 w. xom ro-mis qristianebs daatydaT Tavs, romlebic im droisaTvis ukve sakmao Zalas warmoadgendnen.

1 wminda petresa da pavles mier romSi eklesiis daarsebis Sesaxeb

cnobebs saeklesio gadmocemebSi pirvelad vxvdebiT 170 w. dionise korinTelis mier romis eklesiisadmi gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, II, 25; IV, 29). am faqtis Sesaxeb mog-viTxrobs wminda irineosic (eresebis winaaRmdeg, III, 1; III, 3).

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I saukunis bolosaTvis sul ufro mtkicdeboda romis eklesiis avtoriteti, raSic didi roli mis rigiT meoTxe episkoposs klimentisac miuZRoda (daaxloebiT 92-101 ww.). Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, klimenti romaeli mowamebrivi sikv-diliT aResrula qersonesSi (yirimi), mas Semdeg rac igi iq traianes mier iqna gadasaxlebuli. rogorc `korinTelebi-sadmi pirveli werilis“ avtors (96 w.) mas miakuTvneben mo-ciqul mamebs. am droisaTvis romSi qristianebis raodeno-ba imdenad didi iyo, rom isini qalaqis sxvadasxva kvart-lebSi qmnidnen gansakuTrebul Temebs, rac rogorc taci-tusi gadmogvcems, kargad gamoCnda neronis devnis dros (Annal. XV, 44).

romis eklesiis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis evsebi kesarieli `saeklesio istoriaSi“ romis episkoposis korneliusis werilSi antioqiis episkoposis fabiusisadmi, romlis mixedviTac, romSi 251 w. iyo 46 presviteri, 7 di-akvani, 7 ipodiakvani, 42 akolufa (morCili), 52 Semlocveli adamiani, mkiTxveli, mekare da 1500-ze meti qvrivi da Zabu-ni (uZluri) (saeklesio istoria, VI, 43). Semdeg evsebi gva-mcnobs, rom romSi eresebis gamo mowveul iqna sinodi, ro-melSic 60 italieli episkoposi monawileobda, rac, Tavis mxriv, qveynis dedaqalaqSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze me-tyvelebs. momdevno saukuneebSi romSi maTi ricxvi kidev ufro izrdeboda.

didi mniSvneloba SeiZines romSi episkoposebma. samo-ciqulo memkvidreobis idea pirvelad swored romis epis-koposebma wamoayenes. romis episkoposi pirveli iyo epis-koposebs Soris romelmac mTeli Zalaufleba miiRo. pir-veli saepiskoposo katalogic, romelic petreTi da pav-leTi iwyeba romSi daiwera. romis qristianuli skoli-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo eklesiologiuri (saeklesio, saRvTismsaxurebo) pragmatizmi, romelic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWebda saeklesio wes-Cveulebebsa da qce-vebs, rac, saorganizacio TvalsazrisiT, ufro orienta-ciaa, vidre skola.

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imperiis dedaqalaqSi III s. Sua xanebSic ki qristianuli Temi berZnuli iyo. qristiani avtorebi berZnulad werd-nen, romis pirveli episkoposebic berZnebi iyvnen.

galileis meTevzeTa erTi jgufi axali religiis mim-devrebis xerxemals Seadgenda. roca qristianoba pales-tinis gareT gavrcelda, is enTuziazmiT iyo miRebuli Zi-riTadad monebis, monadyofilebis, xelosnebis mier. romis aristokratia warmarTobis dasasrulis ukanasknel bas-tions warmoadgenda, amitom, maTi rwmenis simyares gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda romis imperiisaTvis. miu-xedavad amisa, warCinebulebis erTi nawili, sul ramdenime weliwadSi iRebs qristianobas. ukve neronis dros impe-ratoris garemocvaSic qristianobis mimarT gaaCndaT sim-patiebi da, Sesabamisad, dedaqalaqis maRali sazogado-ebidanac xdeba axali religiis mimdevarTa ricxvis gazrda.

romis imperiis dasavleT provinciebi

`mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, RvTis sityvis qme-diTi, warmatebuli qadagebiT movlo pavlem romis impe-riis dasavleT nawili da wminda sarwmunoebis naTeliT ga-aciskrovna iq mcxovrebi warmarTebi (mociqulTa saqmeebi).

qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani cno-bebia daculi tacitusTan da klimenti romaelTan, rom-lebic axali religiis mimdevrebis Sesaxeb aRniSnaven, rom isini uricxvni arian ("multitudo ingens"). meore saukunis meo-re naxevarSi qristes rjulis aRmsareblobaze saubrobs tertulianec. igi aRniSnavs, rom qriste irwmuna yvelam da CamoTvlis sxvadasxva modgmis xalxsa da saxelmwifoebs, romelTa Sorisac Cven vxvdebiT mTel espaneTs, galebis sxvadasxva xalxs da romaelebisaTvis miuwvdomel brita-neTis mxareebs (Tert., Apolog).

aRniSnuli wyaroebisagan gansxvavebul cnobebs gvaZ-levs, arqeologiuri masala. misi Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom dasavleTSi qristianoba odnav mogvianebiT Sedis. un-

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da aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom axali monoTeisturi religia am teritoriaze ufro mgrZnobiarea da nela vrceldeba, gansakuTrebiT soflis mosaxleobaSi, romelic qristia-nobisadmi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda ugrZnobi. war-marTebSi, romlebic axali religiis mowinaaRmdegeebad gvevlinebian da mTeli ZaliT cdiloben xeli SeuSalon qristes moZRvrebis gavrcelebas, formirebul iqna axali saxeli pagani (laTinuri — paganus — soflis mcxovrebi), romelic SemdgomSi warmarTobis sinonimad gadaiqca.

Crdilo afrikis mTavar qalaqebSi, espaneTSi, galiaSi, britaneTsa da rainis sanapiro regionebSi, dunaispireTsa da dalmaciaSi, jer kidev kostantinemde metnaklebad Cans gavrcelebuli qristianoba da, Sesabamisad, metnaklebad mtkicdeba saepiskoposoebis arsebobis faqtebi.

a) Crdilo afrika

qristianuli Temebis Seqmnis safuZveli Crdilo afri-kaSi jerjerobiT ar aris garkveuli. SesaZloa axali re-ligiis mimdevrebi karTagenis iudeur mosaxleobaSi unda veZioT, romlebsac siriisa da egviptis sazRvao centreb-Tan hqondaT savaWro kavSiri.

karTagenis axlos — gamartaSi aRmoCenil ebraul sa-saflaoze dafiqsirebulia qristianuli warmomavlobis Zeglebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia qristianuli simbolo-ebi: Ruza, jvari, mtredebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom tertulianes dros, Crdilo afrikaSi ebraelebi qris-tianebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze Zlier mebrZolebad gvevli-nebian, iudevelebisagan gandgoma adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bisaTvis mZime unda yofiliyo. romis afrikis istoriaSi qristianobam Tavi iCina mxolod 180 wels Catarebuli represiebis dros, romlebic provinciebs moedo markus avreliusis gardacvalebidan Zalian male. yvelaze adrin-deli qristiani wamebuli aq warmomavlobiT finikieli mona namfani iyo gadauridan. sxva wamebulebis mxolod

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saxelebia cnobili, samwuxarod ucnobia maTi sikvdilis viTarebac. 197 w. aq Catarebuli devnis ambebs miuZRvna tertulianem Tavisi Txzuleba `wamebulebi“.

202 w. septimius severusis mier gamocemuli ediqtis Semdeg, Crdilo afrikis prokonsulma minicius timiniusma brZaneba gasca SeepyroT 6 morwmune, romelTa ambavic gad-mocemulia TxzulebaSi `wminda perpetuias da felisites wameba“.

sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom qristianulma qadage-bebma aq, rogorc qalaqis, ise soflis mosaxleobaSi, Zalian male ipova momxreebi. tertulianem, romelmac am periodis Crdilo afrikaSi arsebuli situacia aRwera, wers: Cven gamovCndiT mxolod guSin da ukve SevavseT miwebi da mTeli Cveni samflobeloebi, qalaqebi, gareubnebi, gamagrebuli punqtebi, municipiebi, yazarmebi, kvartlebi, skolebi, ezoe-bi, forumi (`apologetika“, XXXVII). am SemTxvevaSi, miuxe-davad imisa, rom, Cveni azriT, wyaros Crdilo afrikaSi arsebuli situacia gazviadebuli formiT aqvs warmoCe-nili, Znelia nawilobriv mainc ar verwmunoT, vinaidan sa-eklesio organizacia Crdilo afrikaSi am droisaTvis, ufro soliduri iyo, vidre italiasa da galiaSi. 198 w. kar-Tagenis Temis Tavma agripinem SeZlo moewvia laTinuri eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli kreba, romelsac saprokonsulo afrikidan da mavritaniidan 70 episkoposi eswreboda da ra gasakviria, rom amden axlad moqceulTa Soris gaCnda reli-giuri egzaltaciis zogierTi forma, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, niadagi moumzada montanizmis gavrcelebas am regionSi.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom swored Crdilo afrikaSi daiwyo eklesiis laTinizacia da ara romSi (kaTolikuri eklesiis centri). afrikaSi, sadac romma danerga laTinuri ena, pirvelad iTargmna biblia laTinurad. mkvlevarebi Crdilo afrikaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas antoninu-sebis periodSi miiCneven da Tvlian, rom igi iq romidan iqna Setanili da ara aRmosavleTis provinciebidan. Tumca pir-veli mqadageblebis enad berZnuli miaCniaT, romelic aq

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iseve iyo gavrcelebuli, rogorc laTinuri. magram male laTinuri sjobnis ra berZnuls, Crdilo afrikaSi myarad ikidebs fexs. ase rom afrikam laTinuri eklesiis pirveli magaliTi misca msoflios.

Crdilo afrikis mTavari qalaqi karTageni III s. qris-tianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani centri iyo. III s. Sua xa-nebze modis karTagenis episkoposis kiprianes moRvaweoba, romelic saxelmwifo eklesiebis xelmZRvanelobaSi romis episkoposis metoqed gvevlineba. 256 w. karTagenis saek-lesio krebaze afrikidan, numidiidan da mavritaniidan 87 episkoposi monawileobda. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom am krebaze Crdilo afrikidan yvela episkoposi ar Casula. zogi maTgani kiprianes mimarT opoziciaSi imyofe-boda da krebaze ar gamocxadebula. a.harnaki Crdilo af-rikaSi saepiskoposoebis ricxvs IV s. dasawyisSi 250 gan-sazRvravs da SesaZleblad miaCnia am dros iq amdeni saepis-koposos arseboba. 330 w. karTagenSi moewyo donatist epis-koposTa sinodi (donatisturi moZraoba IV s. dasawyisSi daiwyo), romelsac, rogorc avgustine gvamcnobs, 270 kaci eswreboda. rogorc tertuliane, ise arnobiusi da misi mo-wafe laqtanciusi aRniSnavdnen, qristianebi gabatondnen klasikur kulturaze.

b) espaneTi

espaneTSi qristianobis qadageba, rogorc Cans, pavle mociqulis damsaxurebaa, magram im periodis arqeologiu-ri da epigrafikuli Zeglebis uqonlobis gamo, Cven am mxareSi qristianobis gavrcelebas III s. Sua xanebamde ver vivaraudebT. pirveli qristiani romaelebis sarkofagebi aq mxolod IV s. dasawyisiT TariRdeba, Tumca irineosi da tertuliane sxvas qadageben. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiT Cveni literaturuli wyaroebi elviris krebis (306-309 ww. elviris krebaze espaneTidan monawileobas iRebda 19 episkoposi da 24 presviteri) kanonebiT, wamebis ramde-

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nime aqtiTa da kipriane karTagenelis weriliT (ZiriTadad misi 67 weriliT, romelic 254-255 ww. Sedgenili) ganisazRv-reba, romelTa Seswavlis Sedegad, istorikosTa didi nawili iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom qristianoba espaneTSi Crdi-lo afrikidan Sevida, maSin rodesac mas Tavisi swavleba, Tavisi wesebi da ritualebi ukve SemuSavebuli hqonda.

espaneTSi, iseve rogorc romis imperiis mTel rig rai-onebSi, arsebobdnen iudevelTa Temebi, romlebic am teri-toriaze qristianobis gavrcelebis safuZvlad SegveZlo CagveTvala, magram mkvlevarTa nawili ar eTanxmeba am mo-sazrebas artefaqtebis ararsebobis gamo. jerjerobiT ar-qeologiurad ar mtkicdeba irineos lionelisa da ter-tulianes cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom II s. bolosa da III s. dasawyisSi espaneTis bevr regionSi iyo eklesiebi, rasac ver vityviT III s. meore naxevarze. ukve IV saukunis dasaw-yisSi elviris krebis (306-309 ww.) me-16 muxli (kanoni) krZa-lavda axalgazrda qristianis qorwils ebraelze da ere-tikosze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi xuTi wliT idevne-boda eklesiidan am kanonis darRvevisaTvis. rogorc vxe-davT, ebraeli da eretikosi erTmaneTTan aris gaigive-buli. kanonis aseTi simkacre jer kidev winamorbed kanonSi iyo konstatirebuli, romlis mixedviTac, ikZaleboda Se-reuli qorwili.

g) galia

galiaSi SesaZloa qristianoba meore saukunemde ar iyo gavrcelebuli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom marselSi,1 arl-Si da maT SemogarenSi qristianuli qadageba pirvelad antoninusebis dros gaegoT, vinaidan axali religia ga-liis xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi swored marselis gziT unda

1 xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mniSvnelovani sasazRvro punqti,

romelic aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken mimaval gzaze Suale-dur rols warmoadgenda.

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Sesuliyo aRmosavleTis provinciebidan, saidanac qris-tianobam qveyanaSi ronadan rainis xeobamde miaRwia. 177 w. lionis qristianTa cnobili devna adasturebs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani eklesiis arsebobis faqts galiis terito-riaze. wminda kiprianes erTi werilic gvamcnobs am peri-odSi galiaSi marselisa da sxva saepiskoposoebis arsebo-bis faqts, romlebadac SeiZleba moazrebul iqnen: triri, reimisi, tuluza, narboni da zemoT aRniSnuli marseli.

galiis gaqristianebis sakiTxSi gadamwyvet etaps war-moadgens wminda marten tuluzelis (IV s. II nax.) misi-onerobis dro. manamde galiis eklesiis prestiJis amaRle-baSi didi roli iTamaSa irineos lionelma. 250 w. ki impe-rator domicianes dros "Historia Francorum" avtori, Semd-gomSi lionis — galiis yvelaze Zveli qristianuli Temis epeiskoposi, misionerebis krebaze galiis moqcevis Semdeg gegmas warmogvidgens (gegma Svidi misionerisTvis iyo da-rigebuli) — turi, arli, narboni, tuluza, parizi, klemoni da limoJi.

sxva miwebi

imis dadgena Tu rodis Sevida qristianoba britaneTSi Zneldeba. faqti erTia, misionerebis survili axali reli-giis gavrcelebisa ver SeCerdeboda lamanSis srutesTan. britaneTSic aris gagebuli keTili sityvis qadageba ekle-siis simSvidemde. CvenTvis SedarebiT bneliT aris moculi qristianTa gabnevis ambavi am kunZulze III-IV ss. magram cnobilia axali religiis mimdevarTa devnis SemTxvevebi diokletianes imperatorobis periodSi. maTi ricxvis simciris miuxedavad, keisar konstancius I qlorusis dros mainc fiqsirdeba qristianTa wamebis sami SemTxveva. arlis krebaze 314 wels gagzavnilni iqnen iorkis, londonisa da linkolnis episkoposebi (Tertullian. Advers jud. c. VIII, Cristo vero subdita). rogorc wyaroebi gvamcnobs, romaelebisaTvis miuwvdomeli britanTa qveynebi, exla mibarebulni iyvnen

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qristes. rac Seexeba irlandiasa da Sotlandias qristi-anoba am periodisaTvis aq naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli.

Tanamedrove dobrujas1 teritoriaze arsebul anti-kur qalaqebSi qristianoba konstantine didis mefobamde Cans fexmokidebuli, xolo soflad axali monoTeisturi religia V saukunemde Sedis. qristes moZRvreba dunais marcxena sanapiroze da zRvis SenakadTan gadaSlil teri-toriaze III s. Sua xanebamde unda Sesuliyo. niSandoblivia, rom qristianoba dobrujas sanapiroze mdebare berZnul qalaqebSi, mcire aziis dasavleTis mxaris metropolias-Tan, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mniSvnelovan centrebTan, kontinentur saberZneTTan da qvemo dunaispireTSi dis-locirebul mravalricxovan jariskacebTan erTad, aRmo-savleTidan Cans gavrcelebuli I s. mogvianebiT, ar aris gamoricxuli am teritoriaze ganmartoebuli qristiane-bis arsebobis faqtic. diokletianes dros, rodesac qris-tianoba romis armiisaTvis ganixileboda, rogorc yvelaze didi saSiSroeba, mcire skviTeTSi dislocirebul legio-nerTa Soris, romelTa umetesoba adgilobrivi jariska-cebi iyvnen, didi raodenobiT Cndebian axali religiis mimdevrebi. mcire skviTeTis cnobil qalaqebSi qristian martvilologebs dafiqsirebuli aqvT qristianTa wamebis bevri SemTxveva, romelTa Sorisac figurirebs laTinuri, berZnuli da aRmosavluri saxelebis matarebeli adgilob-rivi mosaxleoba. qristes mimdevarTa devna dafiqsire-bulia tomisSi — provinciis dedaqalaqi, dunais cnobil adgilebSi: durostorumSi, aqsiopolisSi, dinogetiaSi, noviodunumSi da haimirisSi.

rogorc vxedavT, qristianoba `eklesiis simSvidemde“, anu konstantine I didis mier 313 w. gamocemul milanis cnobil ediqtamde da 325 w. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio

1 ruminulad — Dobrogea, bulgarulad — Добруджа. istoriuli

mxare balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove rumineTisa da bulgareTis teritoriaze.

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krebamde, metnaklebi sixSiriT mTel romis imperiaSi Cans gavrcelebuli. axali religia yvelaze adre da metad ro-mis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi ikidebs fexs, saidanac igi romSi da dasavleTis provinciebSi aRwevs. magram IV s. dasawyisamde Crdilo italiaSi, espaneTSi, bri-taneTSi, germaniaSi, dunais olqebSi qristianoba mniSvne-lovan rols ar TamaSobda.

saerTo suraTi IV saukunis dasawyisidan nawilobriv icvleba. elviris saeklesio krebam, romelic 306-309 ww. mimdinareobda da romelSic 19 episkoposi da 29 presvi-teri iRebda monawileobas, naTlad dagvanaxa, rom espa-neTSi, betikaSi da tarakoniis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawil-Si, e.i. dRevandel andaluziaSi sakmao raodenobis qris-tiani cxovrobda.

qristianTa procentuli Semadgenloba

qristianuli religia warmatebiT sargeblobda, ro-gorc romis imperiis dedaqalaqSi, ise misi aRmosavleT provinciebis qalaqebis mosaxleobas Soris. ZiriTadad berZnul mosaxleobaSi. ase magaliTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, III saukunis Sua xanebSi qristianuli Temi romSi berZnuli iyo, qristiani avtorebi berZnulad werdnen. romis pirveli episkoposebic berZnebi iyvnen.

qristes mimdevrebi didi raodenobiT iyvnen zRvis pi-ras ganlagebul did qalaqebSi, sadac vaWroba da xe-losnoba iyo gavrcelebuli. dasavleTis provinciebSi ga-batonebuli iyo adgilobrivi RvTaebebis kultebi. mdgo-mareoba Seicvala mebrZoli mesianizmis ngrevis Semdgom, ramac movlenebi daaCqara da qristianobam romis TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi moikida fexi, ise rom III s. axali moZRv-reba imperiaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul religias warmoadgenda. popularobiT mas mxolod iudaizmi da miT-ras kulti Tu Seedreboda.

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romis imperiaSi qristianTa procentuli Semadgenloba konstantines iperatorobis dasawyisisaTvis, Zneli dasad-genia, vinaidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianoba am uzarmazar teritoriaze erTnairi warmatebiT ar vrcel-deboda. swored amitom qveynis masStabiT saerTo procen-tis gamoyvana Secdoma iqneboda. samecniero literatu-raSi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosaz-reba arsebobs. rogorc qristianuli religiis didi mkvle-vari a. harnaki aRniSnavda, qristianebis namdvili procen-tuli Semadgenlobis dadgena TviTneburi saqmea. dasaSve-bia visaubroT mxolod maT raodenobaze imperiis sxva-dasxva nawilSi. am mxriv, mkvlevari roms oTx ZiriTad re-gionad yofs: 1) provinciebi da olqebi, sadac IV saukuni-saTvis qristianebi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevars Seadgendnen. aseT teritoriebs miakuTvnebs dRevandel mcire azias. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod meCxerad dasaxlebuli da yuradRebis gareSe darCenili olqebi, romlebic kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, yovelTvis nak-lebad mniSnelovanni iyvnen. aqve Sedis afrikis nawili, somxeTi, SesaZloa kviprosi da edesa; 2) provinciebi, sadac qristianebi Seadgendnen mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan na-wils, gavleniT sargeblobdnen mmarTvel wreebSi da qris-tianobas SeeZlo metoqeoba gaewia sxva religiebisaTvis — antioqia, kelesiria, aleqsandria egviptiT da TebeTi, ro-mi, Sua da qvemo italiis nawili (konkretulad sanapiroe-bi), saprokonsulo afrika da numidia, samxreT espaneTi, aqaiis, Tesaliis sanapiro zoli, galiis sanapiro zoli xeobiT; 3) provinciebi, sadac qristianoba naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli — palestina, finikia, arabeTi, mesopotamiis nawili, aqaiis, makedoniis, Tesaliis, epiras, dardanelis, dalmaciis, meziis da panoniis Sida olqebi, italiis Crdi-lo da Sida olqebi da aRmosavleT zemo italia, samxreT safarngeTi, belgia, germania, mavritania, tripolitania, espaneTis zogierTi cnobili olqebi; 4) provinciebi da olqebi sadac qristianoba sakmaod mcired iyo gavrcele-

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buli — filistimelebis Zveli qalaqebi, Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTi, dasavleT zemo ita-lia, Sua da Crdilo galia.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT odnav gansxvavebuli Tval-sazrisi gaaCnia a. doninis, romelic aseve xazgasmiT aRniS-navs romis imperiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis araTanab-robas.1 igi gamoyofs qristianizaciis xarisxis sam ZiriTad zonas: 1) regionebs, sadac yvelaze metad SeaRwia qristi-anobam. eseni arian mcire azia, gansakuTrebiT frigia, biT-vinia da ponto kavkasionis sazRvramde, armenia — evfra-tidan dasavleTis raionebis CaTvliT, egeosis zRvis kun-Zulebi da edesas garkveuli teritoriebi; 2) sadac qris-tianobam mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili moicva, magram warmmarTveli mdgomareoba ar ekava: sabrZneTi, makedonia, siria, palestinis zogierTi berZnuli qalaqi. romi da misi axlo garemocva, samxreT italiisa da siciliis sanapiro zoli, espaneTi da galia centralur masivamde; dabolos 3) naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebi, sadac evangelizaciis procesi mxolod iwyeboda — palestina, arabeTis nawili da mesopotamia, epiri, dalmacia, centraluri da Crdilo italia, gansakuTrebiT sakonsulo gzebis gaswvriv, dunais provinciebi. mezia da panonia, kirenaika, libani da mavri-tania, aqve aRniSnavs, rom arsebobdnen izolirebuli qris-tianuli Temebi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, odesasa da yirimSi. Crdilo galiaSi, belgiaSi rainis gaswvriv, recia-sa da norikSi, vindobonis garSemo, dRevandel venaSi da britaneTis kunZulebze hiberniis CaTvliT, rogorc laTi-nelebi eZaxdnen irlandias.

qristianobisaTvis pirveli saukuneebi warmoadgenda gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan da saintereso periods. am

1 Cven samecniero literaturaSi TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria mkvle-

vari, romelsac es faqti ar aReniSnos. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Zi-riTadad procentulad qristianobis gavrcelebis mikuTvnebu-lobaSia.

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azris gansamtkiceblad pirveli saukunec kmara, vinaidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi man ga-iara ganviTarebis rTuli periodi. Caisaxa ra iudaizmis wiaRSi, gaxda damoukidebeli, mTlianad Camoyalibebuli religia, romelsac bevri mimdevari hyavda. is faqti, rom qristes moZRvreba warmatebas aRwevs Tavisi arsebobis pirvel periodSi bevris mTqmelia. vinaidan axal religias, rogorc aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva niadagi daxvda uzarmazari imperiis teritoriaze, romelic sam kontinentze iyo ga-daWimuli da aq sxvadasxva ganviTarebis, donisa da kultu-ris matarebeli xalxi cxovrobda.

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Tavi 2

qristianoba 30-250 ww.

qristianTa devnis raodenoba

rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, qristianoba iudaizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda. iudevelebi ki qristianebs `Secdenil Svilebad“ Tvlidnen, miaCndaT ra qristianoba iudaizmis erT-erT seqtad. swored amis gamo, axali religiis pirvel mowinaaRmdegeebad iudevelebi iTvlebodnen da, Sesaba-misad, qristianTa pirveli devnac ebrael mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba. `maT male qvebiT Caqoles stefane, qristia-nebi ki gaibnen iudeasa da samariaSi“ (mociqulTa saqmeebi, 8).

Cven aseve aRvniSneT, imperiis loialuri damokidebu-lebis Sesaxebac pirveli qristianebis mimarT, magram, Zalian male, romi mixvda ra, rom SeuZlebeli iyo axali moZRvrebis saxelmwifo dogmebSi Casma, myisve Secvala maT mimarT politika.

tradiciis Tanaxmad, qristianTa devnis raodenoba ro-mis imperiaSi aTiT ganisazRvreba da aT imperators mie-wereba: 1) nerons (54-68 ww.), romelmac 64 w. axali moZRv-rebis mimdevarTa devnas Cauyara safuZveli, 2) domicianes (81-96 ww.), 3) traianes (98-117 ww.), 4) markus avreliuss (161-180 ww.), 5) septimius severuss (193-211 ww.) 202 w. ediqti. 6) maqsimine Trakiels (235-238 ww.), 7) deciuss (249-251 ww.). 250 w. ediqti, 8) valerianes (253-260 ww.) 257 da 258 ww. ediq-tebi, 9) avrelianes (270-275 ww.) 275 w. da 10) diokletianes (284-305 ww.) 303-304 ww. gamocemuli oTxi ediqti.

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aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic rom, pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli, qristianobis saxelmwifo oficialur reli-giad gamocxadebamde (325 w.), romis imperiaSi qristes mim-devarTa bevr darbevas hqonda adgili. TviT saeklesio mwer-lebic ki ar eTanxmebodnen yovelTvis qristianTa devnis am raodenobas, romelTa Sorisac, SeiZleba iTqvas, arsebobda ori mimdinareoba: erTni siamovnebiT zrdidnen devnis ricxvs da deciusamde eqvs an Svids asaxelebdnen da meo-reni, romelnic mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebdnen mas. ma-galiTad, melitoni uars ambobs moaTavsos qristianebis mdevnel imperatorebs Soris traiane (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, IV, 26), tertuliane ki traianes markus avrelius-sac umatebs (Apologeticum, 5). orive maTgans esmoda ra, rom devna iseTi imperatorebis mxridan, rogorebic zemoT da-saxelebuli pirovnebebi iyvnen, cud niSans warmoadgenda qristianuli swavlebisaTvis. qristiani avtorebi piriqiT imiT amayobdnen, rom maTi doqtrinis mtrebi mxolod ne-roni da domiciane, e.i. mTeli kacobriobis mtrebi iyvnen.

mkvlevarTa nawili qristianTa devnis ricxvis aseT sxvaobas imiT xsnis, rom pirvel etapze, uzarmazar impe-riaSi devna saerTo xasiaTs ar atarebda da samarTlianad miiCneven netari avgustines sityvebs, rodesac igi aRniS-navda, rom vinaidan devna yvelgan iyo gavrcelebuli, SeiZ-leba ise momxdariyo, rom erT nawilSi qristianebs dev-nidnen, xolo meoreSi maT mSvidad tovebdnen (De civitate Dei., XVIII, 52). imisTvis, rom ramdenime wlis simSvidis Semdeg provinciebSi kvlav ganaxlebuliyo qristianTa devna, saWi-ro ar iyo roms mieca biZgi. ucabed movlenebs, kerZo an ad-gilobriv interesebs SeeZloT swrafad aenToT goneba.

romisaTvis yvelaferi ucxo iyo qristianebisa, cxov-rebis wesidan dawyebuli, religiiT damTavrebuli. es gau-gebroba gamoixateboda imaSic, rom isini qristianebs mia-werdnen yovelgvar uxamsobas — Cvili bavSvebis mkvle-lobidan da sisxliT ziarebidan dawyebuli, garyvnilebiT damTavrebuli. romelime ubedurebis Semdgom, `gantevebis

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vacis“ Ziebisas, romi Sors ar midioda, yovelive qristia-nebs braldeboda. I-II ss. qristianobis amkrZalavi specia-luri kanoni imperiaSi ar arsebobda. ubralod, provinciis mmarTvelebs ufleba hqondaT micemuli sakuTari Sexedu-lebebis mixedviT emoqmedaT da isinic ar ayovnebdnen. raime gaugebrobis dros yuradReba isev axali moZRvrebis mimdevrebze gadahqondaT da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sikvdiliT dasjasac ki ar eridebodnen. qristianebs uqsevdnen ga-reul cxovelebs, wvavdnen, qvebiT qolavdnen.

zogi mkvlevari qristianebis winaaRmdeg dawyebul re-presiebs jer kidev im periods miawers, rodesac axali re-ligia iudaizmis erT-erT ganStoebad aRiqmeboda da impe-ratorebi qristianebTan damokidebulebas ganixilavdnen iudevelebTan damokidebulebis aspeqtSi. magaliTad klav-diusis mier 41 wels romidan ebraelebis gandevnas sveto-niusis naSromze (Nero, 16,2) dayrdnobiT, qristianebs ukav-Sireben. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom svetoniuss sxva wyaroebisgan gansxvavebiT (dion kasiusi, luka) moxseniebu-li aqvs agreTve, klavdiusis mier dekretis gamocemis mi-zezi, romelic religiur moments ukavSirdeba. `klavdius-ma romidan ebraelebi gandevna, romlebic mudmivad aRel-vebulni iyvenen Christum“-iT. (Claudius Iudaeos impulsore Christo (sic!) adsidue tumuelteuantes Roma exspulit. citata amoRebulia oro-ziusis naSromidan Historiae adversus paganus, 7.6.15.), rac safuZ-vels aZlevs mkvlevarT Christum ieso macxovarTan gaaigivon. identifikaciis momxreebi, rogorc wesi imowmeben im faqts,

rom Χριστοvς da Χρηστοvς, Χριστιανοιv da Χρηστιανοιv, Chrestus da Christus, Chrestiani da Christiani adreul etapze monacvleobd-nen TviT qristianebTanac ki. niSandoblivia, rom sinais

kodeqsSi, romlisTvisac η da ί ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, mxo-lod orTografiuli varianti gvxvdeba Χριστιανο vς (Act. 11:26; 26:28; 1 Pet, 4:16). tertuliane Tavis `apologiaSi“ (3,5) xsnis, rom warmarTebma araswori etimologiis Sedegad i Secvales e. amasve mowmobs meore wyaro laqtanciusi, rome-

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lic aRniSnavs, rom saxeli qristiani, iseve rogorc misi mimdevrebis saxeli xSirad maxinjdeboda.

arc erTi seriozuli argumenti ar arsebobs imis sawi-naaRmdegod, rom ukve klavdiusebis principatis pirvel wels qristianebi gamoCeniliyvnen romSi. savsebiT SesaZ-lebelia qrestusis qristusTan, qrestianis qristianTan gaigiveba da rom svetoniusis pasaJSi asaxulia mRelvareba romis iudeur mosaxleobaSi, rac pirveli qristianebis ga-moCeniT iyo gamowveuli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven axali mo-noTeisturi moZRvrebis mimdevrebis farTomasStabiani mi-sioneruli moZraoba pirveli saukunis 40-iani wlebis bo-losken, ierusalimis cnobili krebis (mociqulTa saqmeebi, 15) Semdgom unda vivaraudoT. svetoniusis cnobebi ki Seg-viZlia ganvixiloT rogorc romSi qristianebis pirveli xseneba. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom qristianuli Teme-bis arseboba damasko

Adreuli Qristianobis Istoria - Dakeklesio istoria, IV,15). misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia...

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Transcript of Adreuli Qristianobis Istoria - Dakeklesio istoria, IV,15). misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia...