47393397 Indrumar Limba Enleza

7/31/2019 47393397 Indrumar Limba Enleza

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NDRUMAR PENTRU NVAREALIMBII ENGLEZE

PREFA

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Prezentul ndrumar trateaz punctele eseniale ale gramaticii limbiiengleze, fiind un ghid, un manual indispensabil celor care-i propun sstudieze limba englez.

n acelai timp, este important de precizat c nu este dect un ajutor npregtirea dumneavoastr pentru nvarea limbii engleze.

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A B R E VI E R I

Vb. = verb;S = subiect;

Aux. = auxiliar;P.T. = Past Tense;Wh. = where (unde); who ( cine);P.P. = forma a treia a verbului de conjugat;ll = will; shall;

e.g. = exemplu;

obj. = obiect;N. = Nominativ;D. = Dativ;Ac. = Acuzativ;G. = Genitiv;

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c) Cazuri particulare (verbe care folosite la timpul Prezent Continuu au altneles) ;

d) Exerciii;

RECAPITULARE27-34;

6. IMPERATIVUL..35-36;

a) Persoana a II a singular- ntrebuinare;b) Persoana I plural- ntrebuinare;

7.TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU37-40;

a) Definiie;b) Form;

c) ntrebuinare;d) Traducerea Timpului Trecut Simplu;

8. TIMPUL TRECUT CONTINUU .41-44;

a)Formare;b)ntrebuinare;c) Exerciii;

9. TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT45-47;a) Definiie;b) ntrebuiare ;c) Vocabular ;

10.TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU48-52 ;

a) Form;b) ntrebuinare;c) Exerciii;d) Vocabular;

11. TIMP - MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL53-54;

a) Definiie ;b) Alctuire ;c) ntrebuinare ;d) Vocabular ;

12.TIMP MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL CONTINUU55-59 ;

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a) Definiie ;b) ntrebuinare ;c) For/Since/Ago ;d) Exerciii;e) Vocabular ;

13.VERBELE MODALE60-69;

a) Formare;b) Verbele modale( must- to have to,can- to be able to, may, need, will, would,

shall, ought to);c) Vocabular;d) Exerciii;

14. VIITORUL SIMPLU 70-72;

a) Definiie;b) Form;c) ntrebuinare;

15. VIITORUL CONTINUU73-76;

a) ntrebuinare;b) Vocabular;

16. DIATEZA PASIV I ACTIV77-81;

a) Alctuire;b) Reguli;c) Exerciii;d) Vocabular;

17.ARTICOLUL82-92;a) Definiie;b) Form;c) Poziie;d) Exerciii;e) Vocabular,d) Exerciii;

18.PERSOANA I NUMRUL 93;d) Definiie;

19.ADJECTIVUL94-109;

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a) Definiie;b) Adjectivul nehotrt;

- Definiie;- Form;- ntrebuinare;

c) Exerciii;d) Vocabular;e) Comparativul;f) Vocabular;g) Superlativul ;

20. NUMERALUL.110-118;

a) Definiie;

b) Numeralul cardinal:- Forma numeralului cardinal;- ntrebuinare;

c) Numeralul ordinal :- Definiie;- Form;- ntrebuinare;

d)Numeralul multiplicativ;e)Numeralul adverbial;

f) Exerciii;

21. PRONUMELE119-123;

a) Definiie;b) Pronumele personal;c) Pronumele reflexiv;d) Pronume posesiv;e) Pronume interogativ;

22. PROPOZIIA CONDIIONAL IF124-125;

23.CORECTAREA EXERCIIILOR126-135;

24. LEXIC..136-147;

25. ANEXE140-159

26. VERBELE NEREGULATE TABEL..159-164

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G R A M A T I C

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VERBUL THE VERB

a) Definiie:

Verbul este partea de vorbire care :

exprim aciuni, procese sau stri; are categorii gramaticale de persoan i numr comune cu alte pri de

vorbire i categoriile specifice de timp, mod, aspect i diatez; ndeplinete funcia sintactic de predicat;

b) Clasificare

Verbele pot fi clasificate din punct de vedere al structurii morfologicesau din punct de vedere al sensului lexical al funciei.

Din punct de vedere al structurii morfologice, verbele pot fi clasificaten:

1. verbe simple : stay; rest;2. verbe compuse: spotlight;3. verbe cu particul adverbial: put on, put off, put away;4. verbe cu prepoziie obligatorie: wait for, listen to;5. locuiuni verbale: take care off;

c) Sensul lexical al verbelor

Verbele n limba englez se mpart n:

a) verbe cu sens lexical plin, numite de obicei verbe noionale;b) verbe cu sens lexical redus, care sunt folosite mai mult cu funcii

gramaticale. n clasa verbelor cu sens lexical redus intr verbele copulative,verbele auxiliare i verbele modale.

d)

Funcia sintactic a verbelor:- verbele cu sens lexical plin suntpredicative, adic pot forma singure

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predicatul unei propoziii;- verbele cu sens lexical redus sunt nepredicative,au nevoie de o

complinire (verb noional, nume predictiv) pentru a deveni predicate;

Verbele cu sens lexical redus se mpart n:

a. verbe copulative be i appear, seem, look, turn, become, get,grow, remain,to stay etc.

eg.: He seems tired.Pare obosit.

- to be = a fi;- to seem = a prea; a da impresia;

- to look = a privi;- to turn = a ntoarce, a nvrti;- to become = a deveni;- to get = a obine;a dobndi;- to grow = a crete;- to remain = a rmne;a sta, a continua;- to stay = a sta;

b. verbe auxilaire - be/ have/shall-should, will-would, may-might,

can-could,do);c.verbe modale sau semiauxiliare can/could, must, have to, may/

might, shall/should /will /would, ought to, etc verbe care arat atitudineavorbitorului fa de enun:

necesitate: You must return before nightfall. Trebuie s te ntorcinainte de cderea nopii.

posibilitate: It might rain tomorrow.S-ar putea s plou mine.

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SUBSTANTIVUL -THE NOUN

a) Defini ie

Substantivul denumete obiecte ( fiine, lucruri, noiuni abstracte). Elare un neles deplin sau de sine stttor). Din punct de vederemorfologic, mpreun cu un determinant, el este o parte de vorbire principal(alturi de verb).

Substantivul are numr:

a child copil; children copii;

gen: man brbat; woman-femeie;

caz: the boybiatul; the boys al biatului;

b) Numrul substantivelor Number of Nouns

1. SUBSTANTIVELE INDIVIDUALE INDIVIDUAL NOUNS

o Substantivele individuale au att numr de singular ct i numrplural.

Cu foarte puine excepii, forma de plural a substantivelor individualedifer de cea a singularului:

- cele mai multe substantive individuale fac pluralul n s :

eg.: book ( carte) books (cri); cap (apc) caps (epci);lock(zvor) locks(zvoare);

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mouth(gur) mouths(guri);rose(trandafir) roses (trandafiri);badge(semn, nsemn) badges(semne);

- substantivele n ch-sh-(s)s,- x sau zz fac pluralul n es:

eg.: peach (piersic) peaches(piersici);bush(tuf) bushes (tufe);glass(pahar) glasses(pahare);box(cutie) boxes(cutii);

- substantivele ny precedat de o consoan formeaz pluralulprin transformarea lui-y n i i adugarea terminaiei es.

eg.: fly( musc) flies (mute);city(ora) cities(orae);

- substantivele nfife primesc terminaia(e)s cu transformarea luifnv:

eg.: leaf(frunz) leaves (frunze);

wolf(lup) wolves(lupi);life(via) lives(viei);

Excepii

- roof (acoperi) roofs (acoperiuri);- handkerchief(batist) handkerchiefs(batiste);- wharf(chei) wharf (chei);/wharves;

- substantivele terminate noprecedat de o consoan primesc es,-oes:

eg.: tomato(roie) - tomatoes( roii);potato(cartof) - potatoes(cartofi);

Excepie fac cteva substantive de origine italian:

eg.: piano(pian)- pianos(piane).

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Pluralele neregulate (pstrate din engleza veche):

child (copil) - children; man (om,brbat) - men; woman (femeie) - women; goose (gsc) - geese; mouse (oarece) - mice; tooth (dinte) - teeth; ox (bou) - oxen; die (zar) - dice; foot (picior) - feet;

Substantivele compuse exprimate n scris printr-un singur cuvnt formeazpluralul n conformitate cu regulile generale:

eg.: schoolboy(colar) - schoolboys;cameraman(fotograf) - cameramen;

!!!!Atunci cnd un substantiv compus este exprimat n scris prin dou sau

mai multe cuvinte (legate sau nu prin liniu de unire) cuvntul (substantivul)de baz , cel care are sensul cel mai general, primete semnul pluralului:eg.: brother-in-law (cumnat) - brother s-in law;

passer-by(trector) - passer s-by;

Dac prima parte a unui substantiv compus este exprimat prin cuvintele

man sau woman, ambele substantive componente primesc semnul pluralului:

eg.: man-servant - men- servants;

Dac nici unul din elementele componente ale unui substantiv compusnu este substantiv, pluralul se formeaz prin adugarea unui- s la ultimulcuvnt:

eg.: forget-me -not (nu m uita) - forget-me-nots;

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O varietate a substantivelor individuale o constituie aa- numitelesubstantive individuale-defective DEFECTIVE INDIVIDUAL NOUNS.

Ele nu au dect o form de plural, dar se pot numra prin asociere cu unnumerativ:

eg. : a pair of - o pereche;a suit of - un costum de ;

n aceast categorie sunt cuprinse:

a) unele denumiri de instrumente i unelte:

- compasses - compas (a pair(s)of compasses-un compas,

dou compasuri;- binoculars - binoclu (three pair(s) of binoculars;- glasses - ochelari;- scissors - foarfece;

b)unele denumiri de articole vestimentare:

- trousers - pantaloni;

- riding breeches - pantaloni de cltorie;- clothes -haine (a suit of clothes- un costum dehaine);

Substantivele individual-defective se acord cu verbul la plural;

2. SUBSTANTIVE UNICE - UNIQUE NOUNS

Substantivele unice nu sunt privite ca fcnd parte dintr-o clas deobiecte i, n consecin , nu pot fi pluralizate, nici generalizate:

- the sun - soarele;- the earth - pmntul;

- the moon - luna;- the north - nordul;- the south - sudul;

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- the east - estul;- the west - vestul;- nature - natura;- paradise - paradisul;- hell - iadul;

Sunt unice substantivele nume de materie, care nu au dect form desingular i nu se pot numra:

- sugar - zahr;- steel - oel;- maize - porumb;- chicken - pui, carne de pui;

- water - ap;

Unele substantive se pot folosi la i la plural, fie pentru a indicavarieti:

- steel - oeluri, varieti de oel;- salts - sruri;

fie pentru a se sublinia cantitatea, extinderea,etc.:- snows - zpezi;

- waters - ape;

3)SUBSTANTIVE COLECTIVE - COLECTIVE NOUNS

Substantivele colective propriu-zise, dei au form de singular, exprimideea de plural, vorbitorul accentund nu noiunea respectiv n ntregul ei ,ci elementele omogene alctuitoare (fiine, exclusiv oameni). Formal, aceasta

reiese din folosirea verbului la plural :

- crew - echipaj;- family - familie;- government -guvern;- team - echip;- mankind - omenire;- public -public;

- audience - audien, public, spectatori;- people -popor;

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eg.: the crew were on the deck echipajul era pe punte; ->.. numaiforma de plural al verbului l transform ntr-un substantiv colectiv;

Substantivele pluralitii (Nouns of Multitude)

Substantivele pluralitii sunt tot substantive colective, ns sedeosebesc de cele propriu-zise prin aceea c se folosesc cu verbul ideterminanii exclusiv la plural:

- people - oameni, lume;- folk - oameni, lume;

- horse - cavalerie;- cattle - vite;

eg.: there were many people there era mult lume acolo;

Substantivele individuale ale pluralitii( Individual Nouns ofMultitude) pot fi folosite fie ca substantive individuale, fie ca substantive

ale pluralitii:

- fish -pete, peti;- truot -pstrv, pstrvi;- deer - cprioar, cprioare(cerb- cerbi);- sheep - oaie,oi;- head - cap, capete (de vite);- pair -pereche, perechi;

4) DIFERENE DE SENS DETERMINATE DE SCHIMBAREANUMRULUI

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(Differences in Meaning Determined by Change of Number)

! Exist substantive din limba englez care i schimb sensul n funciede numrul gramatical.

singular pluraladvice - sfat, pova; advices tiri, informaii;apartment(amer.) apartament (ntr-un bloc); apartments (Anglia)- locuin( cu chirie

lunar);

ash scrum; ashes cenu;cloth-stof, material; clothes- stofe, materiale /haine;colour- culoare, nuan; colours culoare, nuane ; drapel, steag;

compass busol; compasses compas, busole;custom obicei, datin; customs-obiceiuri, datini/vam, taxe vamale;facility uurin, facilitate; facilities- nlesniri , condiii favorabile,

echipament, aparatur, nlesniri, confort;

glass sticl, oglind, pahar, telescop,barometru;

glasses- varieti de sticl, oglinzi, pahare,telescoape, barometre, ochelari, binoclu;

moral- moral(a unei povestiri); morals morale, moravuri, moralitate/moral;number-numr; number numere,versuri;

c) GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR - Gender of Nouns

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Ca i n limba romn, n englez exist trei genuri ( masculin, feminini neutru), ns ele nu se refer la aceleai categorii de obiecte.

Sunt de genul masculin (Masculine Gender) i, n consecin, se

nlocuiesc prin pronumele personal he, substantive care denumesc fiine desex masculin: persoane, animale mari sau importante:

- man-(brbat), he-wolf (lup),elephant(elefant);

Sunt de genul feminin (Feminine Gender) i, n consecin, senlocuiesc prin pronumele personal she, substantive care denumesc fiine desex feminin: persoane, animale mari sau importante:

- woman -femeie;- girl -fat;- girl-friend -prieten; she-wolf (lupoaic);

Tot de genul feminin sunt i substantivele: ship (vas, corabie),car(main).Train (tren) i plane (avion) sunt adesea tratate ca feminine.

Formal, substantivele de genul feminin se deosebesc de celemasculine :

a) prin folosirea unor cuvinte diferite :sister sor; brother-frate;aunt mtu; uncle unchi;

b) prin folosirea n compunere a cuvintelor :woman -femeie (man = brbat);female -femeie (male = brbat);

c) prin folosirea sufixului ess:tigress tigroaic; tiger tigru;actress actri; actoractor;princess-prines; prince prin;

Sunt de genul neutru (Neuter Gender) i n consecin, se nlocuiescprin pronumele personal it, substantivele care denumesc obiecte nensufleite:

- chair scaun, idea- idee, stick b.TIMPUL - TENSE

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Categoria gramatical a timpului , categorie specific verbelor, se referla ordinea evenimentelor n timp, aa cum este perceput aceasta de vorbitorn momentul vorbirii.

Momentul n care are loc aciunea este momentul prezent(now). Fa deacest moment care constituie axa de referin a prezentului, unele evenimentesunt:

a) anterioare , cnd ele au loc nainte de momentul vorbirii;b) posterioare fa de momentul vorbirii( evenimentele fiind anticipate de

vorbitor depoarece vor avea loc dup dup momentul vorbirii);c) simultane cu momentul vorbirii ( avnd loc n acelai timp);

n analiza timpului, trebuie luate n consideraie trei elemente:

a) momentul vorbirii;b) momentul (svririi ) aciunii;c) axa sau momentul de referin.

Momentul vorbirii = momentul n care enunul este pronunat devorbitor;

Momentul aciunii = momentul n care a avut loc aciunea sau starea:now, then, tomorrow;

Momentul de referin reprezint axa pe care se plaseaz vorbitorul nperceperea evenimentului: axa prezentului, axa trecutului, axaviitorului;n funcie de cele trei elemente momentul vorbirii, momentul aciunii

i momentul de referin limba englez cunoate urmtorul sistem detimpuri:

- pe axa prezentului: Present, Present Perfect, Future;- pe axa trecutului:Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future in the Past;- pe axa viitorului:Future, Future Perfect;

PREZENT TENSE SIMPLE

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TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU

1)Defini ie

Prezentul Simplu desemneaz un eveniment (o aciunesau stare) care se ntmpl simultan cu momentul vorbirii (prezentulinstantaneu) sau care include momentul vorbirii ( prezentul generic ihabitual).

2)Form

Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu esteidentic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular i plural, cu excepiapersoanei a III a singular, care adaug (-e)s :

FORMA AFIRMATIV : S + V (+ Obj.)

eg: I play tennis. Joc tenis.

* Nu uitai s adugai < - s > la persoana a treia singular;* Atenie la modificarea ortografic n pentru verbele care setermin n:

- o;-y;-s;-x;-z;-sh;-ch; - tch; -ss;

eg : He goes = (El) merge;He carries = (El) car (duce);He crosses = (El) traverseaz;He relaxes = (El) se relaxeaz;He buzzes = (El) bzie ;She washes = (Ea) (se) spal ;He watches = (El) privete ;

* Verbele terminate n y precedate de consoan, schimb -y n i iadauges :

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eg. : I try he tries;Eu ncerc el ncearc;

FORMA NEGATIV :

S + DO /DOES NOT (dont ; doesn t) + V

eg. : I don t play tennis.Nu joc tenis.

FORMA INTEROGATIV

( Wh-) + Aux + S + V + Obj. ?

eg. : Do you play tennis ?Joci tenis ?Where do you play tennis ?Unde joci tenis ?

3). NTREBUINAREA PREZENTULUI SIMPLU

Prezentul simplu are mai multe ntrebuinri :

- obinuina sau frecvena unei aciuni :eg. : I play tennis every day. Joc tenis n fiecare zi.

He goes to Scotland once a month. El se duce n Scoia o dat pe lun .

- un adevr general i permanent;

eg .: The sun rises in the East. Soarele rsare n est.

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- prezentul instantaneu (se ntlnete n comentarii, demonstraii,exclamaii):

eg: Zidane receives the ball, runs forward and scores.

Zidane prinde mingea, alearg i marcheaz.( comentariu).

Prezentul Simplu cu valoare de viitor este ntrebuinat i npropoziii subordonate :

a) de timp, introduse de : when, as soon as, once, after, before :eg. :

We will leave as soon as he arrives.Vom pleca de ndat ce va sosi el.I will tell him when I feel like him.i voi spune cnd am s simt la fel ca el.

b) condiionale, introduse de: if, unless, provided, in case :

eg.:

If Monday I have a free day Ill go to the market.Dac luni sunt liber m voi duce la pia.

c) expresia viitorului pentru subiectele inanimate ( fr via ), cureferire la o propoziie temporal precizat:

eg. :

The train leaves at 5 p.m.Trenul pleac la ora 5 dup-amiaz.

- pentru exprimarea datei :

eg.: Tomorrow is Saturday.Mine este smbt.

d)pentru redarea unor aciuni planificate, unor aranjamente pentruviitor, conform unui program stabilit: (mai ales cu verbe de micare):

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eg.: We leave from Bucharest at seven.Plecm din Bucureti la ora apte.

- prezentul simplu cu valoare de trecut :

a) n naraiuni, pentru nviorarea povestirii:

eg.: One day, the girl goes to the woods.There she finds a buriedtreasure.

ntr-o zi, fata s-a dus n pdure .Acolo ea a gsit o comoar ngropat.

New words :

- to go = a merge;- to carry = a cra;- to cross = a traversa;- to watch = a privi;- to try = a ncerca;- to wash = a spla;- as soon as = de ndat ce;- to arrive = a sosi;- to fell = a simi;- to like = a plcea;- train = tren;- to leave = a pleca;- to tell = a spune;- treasure = comoar;- liber() = liber;

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUSPREZENTUL CONTINUU

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1) F ormare

- prezentul continuu se formeaz din verbul bela prezent i participiulprezent ( forma ning) a verbului de conjugat;

FORMA AFIRMATIV:

S + BE (la prezentul simplu ) + V- ing ;

eg. : He is playing tennis .El joac tenis.

FORMA NEGATIV:

S + BE + NOT + V-ing ;

eg.:

He is not playing tennis .El nu joac tenis.

FORMA INTEROGATIV

What is he playing ? Ce joac ?

Prezentul continuu este utilizat pentru a exprima:

- aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii:

eg.:Peter is smoking before T.V.Peter fumeaz n faa T.V.

- ca opoziie a prezentului simplu, pentru a arta c o situaieeste temporal, excepional i care se afl n derulare;eg. :

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Bob is playing tennis this year.(El nu a jucat pn-n prezent ).Bob joac tenis n acest an.I usually drink tea but today Im drinking coffee.

De obicei beau ceai dar astzi beau o cafea (n acest moment).

- pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare planificat din prezent:

eg.: We are living tomorrow.Plecm mine.

John is leaving in an hour. John pleac ntr-o or.

- unele verbe nu pot avea forma BE +V-ing, fiind n generalverbe de percepie (senzorial), de judecat, de stare;

eg.:I want to come with you.

Vreau s vin cu tine.I like her because she is very bright.

mi place de ea (O plac) pentru c este foarte inteligent.

New Words

- to play = a (se ) juca;- tennis = tennis;- what = ce ?;- while = n timp ce;- to smoke = a fuma;- before = nainte, n faa;- to wash up = a spla;- to do = a face;- hour = or;- very = foarte;- bright = inteligent() , strlucitor ( oare);- to drink = a bea;

- year = an;- usually = de obicei;- coffee = cafea;

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- to leave = a pleca, a prsi;- to come = a veni;- to want = a dori;- because = pentru c

PREZENTUL RECAPITULARE

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PREZENTUL SIMPLU

FORMARE :

Verbele terminate n: - o, - s, -x, -z,-sh, -tch,-ss,-ch primescES la persoana a III- a singular;

eg.:He/She/ it goes, crosses, relaxes, washes ......He misses her/ He washes his hands.

Verbele care se termin ntr-o consoan urmatde Yltransform pe y n i i adaug es.

eg. : worry-worries

He worries too much.Se ngrijoreaz prea mult.cry- cries

Formaafirmativ

S +V(s) I workas a policeman .Lucrez ca poliist.She wants to be a soldier.

Ea vrea s fie soldat.They play football every Sunday.

Ei joac fotbal n fiecare duminic.Formanegativ

S+DO/DOES+Not

+V

You dontspeakGerman.Nu vorbeti limba german.

He doesnt understand English.El nu nelege limba englez.Formainterogativ

(WH-)+DO/DOES +S +V ?

Do you need something?Ai nevoie de ceva ?How does it work?Cum funcioneaz ?

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The baby cries every night.Copilul plnge n fiecare noapte.

NTREBUINARE :

- obinuin /frecven:

eg. :We usually go out at the week-end.

De obicei ieim n week-end (la sfrit de sptmn ).

- adevr general caracteristic permanent :

eg.: The sun rises in the East.Soarele rsare la est.I speak four languages.

Vorbesc patru limbi strine.

Fr implicarea interlocutorului :

n exemplele precedente, prezentul simplu nu a descris aciuni care

se deruleaz n momentul prezent, sub ochii interlocutorilor:

- Aciuni prezente : reportaje, comentariu sportiv, succesiunearapid a aciunilor;

- Prezent n naraie : rar n limba englez;- Orar, progrmri (fr viitor) - stil formal ;

eg.:

The train leaves at five .Trenul pleac la ora 5.

New words :

- to work = a lucra, a munci;- policeman = poliist;- soldier = soldat;- football = fotbal;

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- Sunday = duminic;- to speak = a vorbi;- German = german;- to understand = a nelege;- English = engleza;- to need = a avea nevoie;- something = ceva;- to rise = a rsri;

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Prezentul continuu

FORMARE :

Forma afirmativS+

BE(present) +V-ING

We are working now.Lucrm acum.

Forma negativ

S +BE + NOT

V-ING

You are not behaving correctly.

Nu te compori corect.The boss isnt going home.eful nu pleac acas.

Forma interogativ (WH-) BE+ S+V-ING

What is she looking at ?La ce se uit?

NTREBUINARE :

- aciune n derulare ( present < progresiv>) .

eg.:o Lucy is having breakfast.o Lucy i ia micul dejun.

- implicarea interlocutorului :

o You are wasting your time!o i pierzi timpul!

- intenie, proiect (fr viitor):

o I m leaving tomorrow.o Plec mine.

- n general, prezentul continuu, exprim o aciune ce se desfoar nmomentul vorbirii:

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o Listen! She is singing in the bathroom!o Ascult! Ea cnt n baie!

- aceast ntrebuinare este marcat de obicei de adverbe de timp ca:

now (acum), right moment (n acest moment), at this moment ( n momentulde fa);

- cu verbe de activitate non-durativ, o aciune repetat nmomentul vorbirii:

o She is knocking on the door.o Ea bate la u.

Ca zuri particulare : care folosite la Present Continous au alt neles :- ing;

- verbe de percepie involuntare :

eg.: to hear - a auzi; to see - a vedea;

Im seeing a doctor today. I see you.M duc la doctor astzi. Te vd.

- verbele cu sens apropiat : to look - a vedea; to listen - a asculta;

eg.:Can you see that bird in the tree ?Poi vedea pasrea aceea din copac ?

Verbele cu sens apropiat, primesc ing:

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to look = a privi; to listen = a asculta;

eg. :Yes, Im looking at it .Da, m uit la ea.

Verbele precum:

to feel = a simi; to taste = a gusta; to smell = a mirosi;

pot primi terminaia ing;

eg.:Im tasting the cake. (Present Continous)The cake tastes delicious.(Present Simple)

ATENIE!!! Att prezentul continuu ct i cel simplu exprim o aciuneviitoare conform unui plan sau aranjament cnd sunt folosite cu verbe demicare ca go, leave, arrive, come,etc.

Deosebirea este urmtoarea:

We are leaving tonight.Plecm disear.(Acesta este planul nostru

personal). We live tonight.Plecm disear. (Acesta este programul oficial,stabilit al excursiei).

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E X E R C I S E S

1. Choose the right form of the present tense :

( Alegei forma corect a timpului prezent)

a) Every Sunday he (go) to London to visit his parents.b) They (have) dinner with their neighbours.c) I (drive) to town every morning.d) He (walk) to school this morning .e) The Millers (live) in Bristol.f) The child (run) across the street.

g) Bob (read) a book by the fireplace.h) She often (come) to see me on Tuesdays.

2. Choose the right form of the present tense:(Alegei forma corect a timpului prezent) :

Look, the guests ( arrive). Lucy (wear) a new dress.She (spend) a lot onclothes.She (go) to a wedding next month.It (be) a pity the wind (blow) a

lot of Birmingham.Who (come) now ? It (be) old Fred. He (talk) to Lucy.You (know) that Fred (leave) for China tomorrow.His plane (leave) at 6p.m.I like Fred because he always ( say) funny things!I (be) sorry that he(leave) and I will be glad when he (come back).

3. Translate into English :(Traducei n limba englez):

a. Fred se odihnete pentru c este obosit.b. De obicei ei i petrec vacanele la Roma.c. Vaca pate pe ima n aceast diminea.d. El repet deseori aceleai lucruri.e. Toi copiii fac zgomot.f. Ce este zgomotul acesta ?Fata vecinului, cnt la pian .g. Ce faci duminica, n general ?h. Rmnei n salon ! Copiii i beau ceaiul n buctrie!

i. Ascult! Lucy iar rde de Fred.j. Vrei s-l vedei pe tatl meu ? Citete n grdin.k. Se uit la T.V. n fiecare zi de la 7 la 8 .

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l. Cinele vecinului latr. Ce se ntmpl ?m.Englezii nu mannc multe legume.n. James nu este acolo. Joac tenis cu Lucy.o. Pisica toarce pe covor.

New words :

- to purr = a toarce;- to visit = a vizita;- London = Londra;- parents = prini ;- to drive = a conduce un autovehicul;- morning = diminea;- to run = a alerga;- to see = a vedea;- to wear = a purta;- wedding = nunt;- pity = pcat, necaz;- wind = vnt;- to blow = a bate;- guest = musafir;- to arrive = a sosi;- to come = a sosi, a veni;

- plane = avion;- glad = mulumit();- funny = caraghioas();- to come back = a se ntoarce;- to rest = a se odihni;- usually = de obicei;

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IMPERATIVUL

1.Persoana a II-a singular

a) Fr subiect, fr marc de timp

eg.:Be quiet !Potolete-te !Sit down !

Stai jos !Make yourself at home !Simte-te ca acas !( F-te lejer ! ) .

b) Negai e : Formare DO NOT + V

eg.: Dont be stupid ! Nu fi prost !

Dont cry!Nu plnge!

c) Impera tivul de politee, - emfatic -, pentru (o) invitaie de a faceceva;

eg.:Do be careful !Fii atent!

i mai mult dect att, fii foarte atent!Do come in !Intr!Dar intr, te rog.

2) PRIMA PERSOAN LA PLURAL

Let us ! Lets !

eg.:Lets go ! S mergem !

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Now, let us pray !Acum, s ne rugm !New words :

- to make = a face ;- home = cas ;

- stupid = prost (proast);- to cry = a plnge;- careful = atent();- to come in = a intra;- to go = a merge;- to pray = a (se ) ruga;

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PAST TENSE TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU

! Past Tense englezesc este o form verbal simpl, asemntoare cuperfectul simplu din limba romn.

eg.: She went to school at nine oclock in the morning.Ea a plecatla coal la ora 9 dimineaa.

D efiniie : Past Tense, aspectul simplu, desemneaz un evenimentdefinit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului (evenimentul este amintit nmomentul prezent).

Form:

- verbele regulate formeaz Past Tense prin adugarea terminaiei (e)dla forma de infinitiv;

- marca timpului Past Tense este, la verbele neregulate forma a doua averbului de conjugat;

ntrebuinare

- se refer la un lucru trecut, de mult definit, terminat ;- timpul naraiunii, succesiunea aciunilor n trecut ;- la forma negativ i la forma interogativ, verbul auxiliar este

cel care poart marca timpului i a negaiei;

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Afirmativ V-ED

(verbe regulate+ed)I looked for a guy in grey.He carried a gun.They stopped him at the frontier.

Form

neregulat- forma neregulat-a II-a

They caught a mass murderer.They dealt with the enemy forces.

Negaie

S did not + V(+obj)

You did not stop him.He didnt carry a gun.They didnt catch him.

Interogativ

(Wh-) did S + V(+obj) ? Where did you find him ?Did they catch him ?

BE

S+ was not(+adj)

(WH - ) was S( + obj)

He wasnt happy./They werent here.Who was in the kitchen ?

Past Tense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:

o aciune svrit i ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut:

- momentul n care a avut loc aciunea este de obicei menionat prinadverbe de timp ca :

an hour ago( cu o or n urm)

, yesterday( ieri),

three days ago(cu trei zile n urm) last week (sptmna trecut), last month (luna trecut), lastyear ( anul trecut), last night( noaptea trecut), last evening (seara trecut), in 1990(n 1990);

Despre acest moment se pot cere informaii prin ntrebrincepnd cu:

When ?What time?

How long ago?

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eg.: When did you call on her? Cnd ai trecut pe la ea?La ce or ai trecut pe la ea?

I called on her yesterday. Am trecut pe la ea ieri.

aciunea este svrit i ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut, chiardac acesta nu este menionat,el putnd fi dedus din context;

eg.: I met her on the market.M-am ntlnit cu ea la pia.

aciunea este svrit i ncheiat ntr-un anume momenttrecut care este precizat ca rezultat al unui rspuns la Present Perfect.

eg.: Have you read this book?Ai citit aceast carte?Yes, I read it.Da, am citit-o.

aciune repetat n trecut, care se traduce de obicei prin imperfectn limba romn:

eg.: I often sat in the front of my house, looking at the passers-by.Obinuiam adesea, s stau n faa casei mele, privind trectorii.

cu valoare de prezent, pentru a exprima o rugminte politicoasprin verbe ca wish, wonder, like, intend:

eg.: I wonder if you could lend me your dictionary.M ntrebam dac ai putea s-mi mprumutai dicionarul

dumneavoastr.

Traducerea lui Past Tense

n limba romn, Past Tense:- n propoziiile principale sau independente:

1. perfect compus (de obicei la persoana I i a II-a):

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eg.: I lost my umbrella a few days ago.Mi-am pierdut umbrela acum cteva zile.

i perfect simplu (aproape exclusiv la persoana a III- plural), cnd Past

Tense exprim o aciune :

eg.: He said goodbye and left.Spuse la revedere i plec.

2. imperfect, cnd Past Tense exprim o aciune repetat ntrecut, de obicei nsoit de adverbe de frecven:

eg.: She often left her English textbook at home.Deseori i uita manualul de englez acas.

n propoziii subordonate, prin :

a) prezent, n vorbirea indirect (dup un verb trecut);

eg.: He told me he was ill.

Mi-a spus c este bolnav.

b) viitor, n propoziiile temporale,cnd verbul din principal este la untimp trecut;

He said he would bring me the book when he came to my place.Mi-a spus c-mi va aduce cartea cnd m va vizita.

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PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS -TRECUTUL CONTINUU

a) Formare

Aff.:S + WAS/WERE/V-INGN: S + WAS/WERE NOT+V-ingI : WAS/WERE+S+Ving?

eg.: I was reading.( Citeam).

Was your brother watching T.V.? (Se uita fratele tu la T.V.?) No, he wasnt.( Nu, nu se uita).

b) ntrebuinare

o aciune n curs de derulare (desfurare) la un moment dat dintrecut;

progresiv aciune n curs, simplu fapt nou care are loc i carevine uneori s ntrerup aciunea aflat deja n desfurare ( oaciune durativ, ntrerupt de o aciune non-durativ,momentan) ;

eg.: She was walking in a desert street.Se plimba pe o strad pustie.

Suddenly she heard a footstep.

Deodat a auzit pai.When I arrived, he was repairing hiscar.Cnd am sosit, el i repara maina.

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

- aciunea s-a terminat n totalitate;

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PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

- aciunea este n desfurare la un moment dat din trecut;

eg.: It was getting dark.

Se ntuneca.

Viitor n trecut ( poate exprima i o aciune viitoare, planificat ntr-un moment trecut, fiind subneleas nendeplinirea ei ).

eg.:He told met that he was taking an exam in June .

Mi-a spus c avea un examen n iunie.

New words :

- to read = a citi;- brother = frate;- to walk = a (se) plimba;- suddenly = deodat;- to arrive = a sosi;

- car = main;- street = strad;- dark = ntuneric;- to tell = a spune;- to take = a lua;- exam = examen;- June = iunie;

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EXERCIII

1. Punei verbele din parantez la timpul potrivit:

a.When I (meet) her, she (go) to the shops.b.When I (call) him he (tell) me he (paint) the door.c.As I (come) to her a policeman (stop) me.d.While I (dig) in the garden it (begin) to rain.e.When they (leave) we (work) in the kitchen.f. I (sleep) very well when the dog (wake) me up.g.What (you/do) when I (ring) the doorbell?h.The sun (shine) when we (get up).

i. He (try) to open the door when he suddenly (remember) he had no key.

2. Traducei n limba englez:

Casa era foarte mare. Cnd am sunat la u, proprietara plantaflori. Era o femeie frumoas.I-am vorbit. Ea ne-a spus c nu maisuporta pasrile care cntau n grdin.

A mai adugat c, atunci cnd soul ei va iei la pensie, vor

cltori mult. Am fost impresionai de aceast femeie plcut care vorbeacu accent strin. tia multe lucruri iar noi am ascultat-o cu atenie. Ctresfritul conversaiei noastre, am neles c se afla pe punctul de a plecala Londra, a doua zi diminea, dar noi tiam c ea se va ntoarce imediatce copiii ei aveau nevoie de ea cci era o mam afectuoas.

3. Completai propoziiile folosind Past Tense Simple sau Past TenseContinuous

Yesterday I (go) to London where I (buy) a few things that I (need). Thesun (shine) and the birds (sing) when we (arrive) at Hyde Park Corner.Lots of people (sit) on benches and (look) at what (go on) on thestreets.We (see) many foreigners. A young man who (say) he (be) fromSydney (give) a speech.

He (make) people laugh with his Australian jokes. Finally he (decide) to

leave and (say) he would come back as soon as he (find) a $ 5 note tobuy his lunch. The jokes (amuse) and old man who (give) him a handfull

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of coins. The young Australian (be) pleased with the money and he(thank ) the old man heartly.New words

- to amuse = a amuza;

- old = btrn;- to meet = a ntlni;- shop = magazin;- to call = a chema;- to paint = a vopsi;- door = u;- while = n timp ce;- garden = grdini;- to begin = a ncepe;- rain = ploaie;- kitchen = buctrie;- very well = foarte bine;- dog = cine;- to wake up = a trezi;- to ring = a suna;- doorbell = sonerie;- sun = soare;- lunch = prnz;- to laugh = a rde;

- joke = glum;- to decide = a decide;- to find = a gsi;- to shine = a strluci;- to open = a deschide;- to remember = a aminti(a-i aduce aminte );- key = cheie;- yesterday = ieri;- thing = lucru;

- bird = pasre;- to sing = a cnta;- young = tnr();- man = brbat;- speech = cuvntare;

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PRESENT PERFECTPERFECTUL PREZENT

HAVE + forma a treia a verbului de conjugat

a)Definiie

Present Perfect desemneaz un eveniment vzut din perspectivaaxei prezentului, anterior momentului vorbirii, dar a cruianterioritate nu este fixat, avnd un caracter nedefinit.

- accentul este pus pe rezultatul actual al unei aciuni desfurate

n trecut;- momentul exact unde aceast aciune s-a desfurat conteaz

mai puin;

Present Perfect -ntrebuinare

folosirea timpului P.P. este asociat cu adverbe care exprim operioad de timp deschis, neterminat:(this year, thiscentury..);

eg.:I have been to the market this week.Am fost la pia n aceast sptmn.

uneori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense, pentru a exprima o

aciune svrit n trecut i terminat recent sau chiar nainteamomentului vorbirii;

eg.: She has eaten. A mncat.

este folosit atunci cnd evenimentele au avut loc n trecut, darautorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exist i n prezent;

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este folosit pentru a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut i carecontinu i n momentul vorbirii:

- lungimea perioadei de timp : FOR ( for a long time,for threedays);

- nceputul perioadei de timp : SINCE( since yesterday, since

1976).

eg .: I went to Canada in 1992.Am fost n Canada n 1992. (accentul este pus pe moment).I ve been to Canada.Am fost n Canada.Am fost deja plecat.(Nu se precizez momentul).

Formare ntrebuinare

HAVE + PP(forma a III- a averbului )rezultat, bilan)

real,adevrat

Aciunea trecut trebuie s facbilanul n momentul n care vorbim.Ive done my exercice.(Bilan : le-afcut!).

Mi-am fcut exerciiile!He s gone this morning.( Bilan: nu mai

este acolo).A plecat n dimineaa asta.

mental Aciunea trecut trebuie s trag oconcluzie .I ve seen that film.

Am vzut filmul acela.Ive heard she s been to Australia.

Am auzit c (ea) a fost n Australia.

S + HAVE NOT+ forma a IIIa avb. de conj.(-ed vb.regulate)

She hasnt come back yet.Nu s-a ntors nc.

(Wh-) have/has+S+ forma a lll-a avb.

Where has he gone ?Unde a plecat ?

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Hes goneto the hairdressers.Este plecat la coafor.Hes beento the hairdressers .A fost la coafor.

New words :

- to do = a face ;

- exercise = exerciiu;- yet = nc;- film = film;- this = acesta; aceasta;- morning = dimineaa;- to come back = a (se ntoarce);

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS -PERFECTUL PREZENT CONTINUU

HAVE BEEN + V-ING

a)Form

Present Perfect Continous este alctuit din forma de PresentPerfect a verbului be urmat de paricipiul prezent (-ing) al verbului deconjugat.

Aceast form verbal exprim :

1. o aciune nceput ntr-un moment trecut care continu i nprezent i poate i n viitor:

eg.:They have been playing tennis for half an hour.

Ei joac tenis de o jumtate de or.

2. o aciune repetat frecvent, ntr-o perioad de timp care sentinde din trecut pn n prezent:

eg.:I have been working of this composition for three hours.Lucrez la aceast compunere de trei ore.

3. o aciune trecut, ncheiat recent, care este cauza unui efectsimit n prezent.

eg.: Why are your hands so dirty? I have been repairing my car. De ce ai minile att de murdare? Mi-am reparat maina.

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FORMARE NTREBUINARE

HAVE +BEEN +V-ING

Aciunea ncepe n trecut icontinu i n prezent.Implicarea puternic ainterlocutorului - are valoareapeiorativ.Ive been waiting for ages !

Atept de ani de zile !Ive been working on this file sincethe morning!

Lucrez la acest fiier de diminea.S+ have not + been +v-ing

They haventbeen working on it forlong.

N-am mai lucrat la el de mult timp.(Wh-) have+ S +been +Vb- ING

How long has he been working onit?

De ct timp lucreaz la el?

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EXERCIII

1.Punei verbele din parantez la Present Perfect Simple :

a.He (not pay) the telephone bill.b.I (buy) a few oranges.c.She (not finish) her homework yet.d.John (cut) the grass ?e.Someone (steal) Marys car!f.They (repair) the road.g.(You/see ) my keys anywhere ?h.We (not hear) from him lately.

2.Punei verbele din parantez la timpul corect :

a) I dont know where Amy is.(you/see ) her ?b) When I (get) home last night, I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed.c) Your car looks very clean.(you/wash ) it ?d) George (not be) very well last week.e) Mrs. Clark (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.f) Molly lives in Dublin. She (live) there all her life.g) (You/go) to the cinema last night ? Yes,but it (be) a mistake. The film

(be) awful.h) My grandfather (die) 30 years ago. I (never meet) him.i) I dont know Carols husband. I (never meet) him.

j) -Is your father at home ? - No, Im afraid he (go ) out.k) When exactly (go out) ? About ten minutes ago.

l) -Where do you live ? In Boston .m) How long (you/live) there ? Five years.n) Where (you/live) before that ? In Chicago.o) And how long (you/live) in Chicago ? -Two years .

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3.Punei verbele la timpul potrivit :

a. It (not rain) this week.b.The weather (be) cold recently.c. It (be) cold last week.

d. I (not read) a newspaper yesterday.e. Ann (earn) a lot of money this year.f. She (not earn) so much last year.g.(You/have) a holiday recently ?

4. Punei verbele din parantez la timpul corect :

a. My neighbours (just buy) a new VCR.

b. We (never be) in Switzerland.c. Peter and I (go) to the cinema last night.d. Patricia (start) practicing tennis last month.e. We (leave) home at 9.00 and (get) there by 11.30.f. She (not finish) her homework yet.g. The Simpons (live) here since January.h. I (wait) for a few minutes.i. Last year Jim (break) his leg.

j. They (arrive) at 10.00 this morning.

5.Alege rspunsul corect :

1) We (a /have met /b/met/ c/have been meeting) John s parents lastweek.

2) I (a/ started b/ have started /c/starting ) playing football two years ago.

3) He (a/hasnt been having b/hasnt had /c /didnt have ) a cookedbreakfast for ages.4) (a/Did you lock /b/Where you locking /c/ Have you locked) the door

before leaving the house ?5) They (a/have stopped b/ stopped /c /having stopped ) working at 5 p.m.6) Peter (a/has just come b/just came c/was just coming ) back from Italy.

He looks great.7) What (a/have you done b/have you been doing /c/did you do ) last

night?8) They (a /never were b/ have never been c/were never being ) abroadbecause they can afford it.

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9) Mr. Jenkins (a/was arriving /b/has arrived /c/ arrived) at 9 oclock.10)Yesterday morning we (a/ have got up/b/ got up/ having got up ) veryearly.

New words :

- to pay = a plti ;- bill = factur ;- telephone = telefon;- homework = tem;- to cut = a tia;- grass = iarb;- to steal = a fura;- to repair = a repara;

- road = strad;- lately = n ultimul timp;- to know = a ti;- last night = noaptea trecut;- clean = curat();- to clean = a cura;- bank = banc;- life = via;- mistake = greeal;

- awful = groaznic();- to die = a muri;- husband = so;- to be afraid = a-i fi fric;- in = n;- how long? = de ct timp ?- to cook = a gti;- great = grozav;- early = devreme;

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PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE -MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL

1) Defi niie :

- este un timp folosit cnd vorbitorul se plaseaz psihologic pe oax a trecutului, pentru a desemna un eveniment trecut, careeste amintit n momentul vorbirii :

2) Alc tuire :

*Past Perfect Simple : HAD + FORMA a III- a a vb.de conjugat ;- se formeaz din forma de Past Tense a verbului have +participiul

trecut al verbului de conjugat:

eg.:

*Past Perfect Continuous ( n ing) : HAD BEEN +V ING;

3) ntrebuinare :

Past Perfect descrie o stare /o aciune :

a) o aciune trecut, ncheiat naintea altei aciuni trecute :

eg. :

They had eaten all the food when I arrived.

Mncaser toat mncarea cnd am sosit.

b) o aciune trecut, vrit ntr-o perioad de timp anterioar uneialte aciuni trecute, dar ajungnd pn la aceasta :

(!) cu complinirile adverbiale

SINCE + DAT ; FOR + DURAT;

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eg.:The child had been born for two days when he arrived.Copilul se nscuse de dou zile cnd sosise el.

c) o aciune trecut, ncheiat naintea altei aciuni trecute :

eg. :They had just received his letter when I arrived.Tocmai primiser scrisoarea lui cnd am sosit.

New words :

- all = tot (toat);- food =mncare;- month = lun;- letter = scrisoare;- three = trei;- to receive =a primi;- to arrive = a sosi;

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS -MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL CONTINUU

a)Definiie

- Past Perfect Continuous se formeaz din verbul BE la mai- mult-caperfect i din participiul n ing al verbului de conjugat.

El are aceleai valori ca i Present Perfect Continuu, momentul de

referin fiind ns axa trecutului.

Aceast form verbal exprim:

aciune trecut, nceput naintea altei aciuni trecute i continupn la ea:

eg.:

I had been waiting for my friend since two oclock when hefinally arrived.l ateptam pe prietenul meu de la ora 2 cnd n sfrit, a sosit.

o aciune trecut nceput naintea unui moment sau a unei aciunitrecute, continund pn n acel moment sau pn la acea aciunei poate i dup aceea:

eg.: They had been playing piano all morning.Ei cntaser la pian toat dimineaa.

o aciune repetat frecvent ntr-o perioad de timp trecut,anterioar unui moment sau unei aciuni de asemenea trecute:

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FOR /SINCE /AGO

FOR /SINCE

- folosim n general FOR i SINCE n sensul de< de c nd > cu Present Perfect;

Folosim For pentru durat :

For 2 hours

/-----------------------2 hours ago now(cu dou ore n urm)

eg.: Sally s been working herefor 6 months.Sally lucreaz aici de 6 luni .

I havent seen Tom for three days.Nu l-am vzut pe Tom de 3 zile.

Folosim SINCE cu un punct deplecare precis:

SINCE 8 OCLOCK

/--------------------------8 oclock now

eg.: Sallys been working here since April.Sally lucreaz aici din luna aprilie.I havent seen Tom since Monday.

Nu l-am vzut pe Tom de luni.

FOR

two hours a weektwenty minutes fifty yearsfive days a long timesix months

SINCE

8 oclock 1977Monday Christmas12 May lunchtimeApril they were at school

Cnd FOReste la Past Tense, are sensul detimp de;

eg .:He lived in London for 2 years.A locuit n Londra timp de 2 ani.

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AGO

Ago + marcator de timp = exista, era, se afla;

I went to Canada two years ago.

Am fost n Canada acum doi ani (cu doi ani n urm).She found a job four hours ago.i-a gsit o slujb acum 4 ore( cu patru ore n urm).

New words

- Monday = luni ;- clock = ceas;- long time = mult timp;- day = zi;- Chirstmas = Crciun;- six = ase;- April = aprilie;- May = mai;- school = coal;- minute = minut;- twenty = 20 ;- to find = a gsi;- four = 4;- job = slujb;- Canada = Canada;

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EXERCIII

1.Transformai frazele urmtoare urmnd exemplul urmtor :

eg.: She last called me at 2 oclock = She hasnt called me since 2 oclock.(Ultima dat m-a sunat la ora 2 = Nu m-a sunat de la ora 2.)

a.He last read a newspaper last week.b.We last received a letter from them on June 6 th.c.John last came here at the beginning of the month.d.Bob last caught a fish when we arrived.

e.They last visited London in 1982.f. I last rode a bike when I was a boy.g.She last had lunch at a restaurant in March.h.We last drank beer at the beginning of the week.

2.Transformai frazele urmtoare urmnd exemplul urmtor :

eg. : We started walking 2 hours ago ; weare still walking = We have beenwalking for 2 hours.(Am nceput s ne plimbm acum dou ore = nc ne plimbm. Ne plimbmde dou ore.)

a.John started sleeping at 10 ; hes still sleeping ;b.I started waiting three hours ago; Im still waiting.

c. He started working for us in 1980; hes still working for us.d.We started living in Bristol 5 years ago ; were still living there.e.She started fishing one hours ago ; shes still fishing.f.The girls started playing chess at 4 ; theyre still playing.g.The sun started shining a fortnight ago ; its still shining.h. Bill started reading that book at the beginning of the afternoon ; he s stillreading it.

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New words :

- newspaper = ziar ;- week = sptmn;

- last = ultimul (a), trecut ();- to receive = a primi;- fish = pete;- to wait = a atepta;- to ride = a clri, a merge;- bike = biciclet;- restaurant = restaurant;- March = martie;

- beer = bere;- beginning = nceput;- chess = ah;- book = carte;- afternoon = dup-amiaz;- girl = fat;- fortnight = dou sptmni;14 zile;- there = acolo;

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VERBELE MODALE

a) Formare :

- niciodat sla persoana a treia singular;- se conjug fr DO ;- sunt urmate de infinitiv fr to ;

MUST :

Verbul modalmustare doar o singur form. Este nlocuit , la formele lips ,

prin verbul to have to- care ns, spre deosebire de el, implic o necesitateizvort din mprejurimi.Absena necesitii se red prin neednt.

1) obligaie :

You must go now.Trebuie s pleci acum.You mustnt talk to your sister like that.

Nu trebuie s-i vorbeti surorii tale pe un asemenea ton.

2) indic o probabilitate cu caracter aproape de certitudine:probabil,de bun seam, trebuie(n construcii afirmative):

She must be very clever.Trebuie s fie foarte inteligent.He must feel very lonely now.

Trebuie s se simt foarte singur acum.

MUST NOT : interdicie - (MUSTNT ) = nu trebuie ;

ECHIVALENT cu TO HAVE TO

- Must : obligaia impus de ctre vorbitor;

- To have to :exprimobligaia impus din exterior;

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CAN :

1.capacitatea subiectului (fizic i intelectual ):

I can swim (Pot s not).

I can speak English . (Pot s vorbesc lb. enlez).

2.posibilitatea ( 90%) ;

Accidents can happen. (Accidentele se pot produce ).

3.pentru a cere permisiunea, cerere , rugminte politicoas :

(Ca o alternativ a lui MAY n exprimarea familiar).

- Can I go to the city ?- Pot pleca la ora?- Of course you can.- Desigur ( c poi).

4.verbe de percepie

I can see you. (te vd).

!CAN urmat de un verb de percepie senzorial (ex.: see )corespunde aspectului continuu al verbului respectiv.

CANNOT /CANT

- imposibilitate ( contrariul lui must );

It cant be true.Nu poate fi adevrat.

- interdicie :

You cant behave like that !Nu te poi comporta astfel!

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ECHIVALENT : TO BE ABLE TO

( a fi n stare de, a fi capabil s /de .)

(la timpul trecut I was able to swim.

Eram n stare s not.We were able to swim.I m able to swim ( sunt n stare s not).

COULD

1. nuan de ndoial (30%):That could be true.Astapoate fi adevrat.

2. capacitatea trecutului:

- folosim COULDpentru o capacitate permanent (a putea s-l fac,

ceea ce include faptul c aciunea nu se realizeaz forat ) i WAS ABLETO pentru o aciune precis.

3.condiie:

He could help us if he werent so busy.Putea s ne ajute dac nu era att de ocupat.

4.a cere un serviciu politicos : Could you please open the window ?

Poi s deschizi fereastra ?

MAY

1) permisiunea( i cerere):You may leave (i dau voie s pleci ) = Poi pleca.

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to be allowed to = a i se da voie, a i se permite;

2) ipotez:

She may change her mind.(Ea poate s-i schimbe prerea).

MIGHT:

- incertitudine (20%) ;

It might rain.

S-ar putea s plou.

PERMISSION :

CAN COULD MAY

Politicos -----l---------l---------l--------- Politicos +

VALOARE IPOTETIC

cant might may can must will

- Probabil -----|-------|---------|-------|------|----|-- +Probabil

NEED

- att verb obinuit ct i verb modal;- verbul modal se gsete n principal la formele negative i

interogative;

- Negativ : absena necesitii;You neednt worry.

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Nu trebuie s te ngrijorezi.

- Interogativ:sens apropiat de MUST( ateptarea unui rspunsnegativ) ;

- Need I go to school ? Yes, you must./No, you neednt.- Trebuie s merg la coal ? Da, trebuie/Nu, nu este nevoie.

WILL

1.cere un serviciu n mod politicos :

Will you help me carry my suitcase ?

Vrei s m ajui s car valiza?

2. intenie ferm :

You will do!Vei face!

3.auxiliarul viitorului :

You will succeed!Vei reui!

WOULD

1) would folosit n mod repetat caracteristic trecutului;

When he was four,Tom would wake up at night.Cnd avea 4 ani, Tom se trezea noaptea.

2)auxiliarul condiionalului;

If he was not that stupid, he would be such a nice guy. Dac nu era att de idiot, ar fi putut fi un baiat att de drgu.

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3) a cere un serviciu, n mod politicos;

Would you please open the window?Vrei s deschizi fereastra?

SHALL

1) constrngere, regulament:

eg.: You shall not kill.( Nu trebuia s ucizi).

2) angajament :

eg. : We shall overcome (Vom nvinge).

3) ntrebare politicoas, sugestie :

eg.: Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? Mergem disear la cinema?

4) auxiliarul viitorului

SHOULD

1) infinitivul prezent : sfat

eg : You should be more careful.

Ar trebui s fii mult mai atent.

2) infinitivul trecut : repro

You should have been more careful.Ar fi trebuit sa fii mult mai atent.

OUGHT TO = AR TREBUI

- are o singur form;- este urmat ntotdeauna de un infinitiv to;

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- indic o obligaie, o datorie moral, de obicei sub form de sfat datde ctre vorbitor :

eg.:You ought to write a thank you letter.

Ar trebui s scrii o scrisoare de mulumire.

New words :

- now = acum ;- clever = inteligent ();- to swim = a nota;- accident = accident;

- to happen = a se ntmpla;- city = ora;

MODALE Valoaresemantic

Negaie-Nu

Valoareepistemic

NEGAIE -NU Echi-valent

MUST -Obligaie -Interdicie;-o probabili-tate foarte

mare(95)%)

-fr ndoial;HAVE TO

CAN

-capacitate- verbe de percepie-cererea unei permisiifoarte politicos;-rspuns pozitiv;

incapacitate- negaia

percepiei;- rspunsnegativ;

-posibilitatefoarte mare ;

-imposibil- respingere;

BEABLE TO

MAY

-cererea unei permisiifoarte politicos;-rspuns pozitiv ;

-rspunsnegativ;

-posibilitate(50/50)

-negaie 50%;

XXXX

COULDCAN-ED

- capacitate trecut;

- cererea unui serviciun mod politicos;

-incapa-citate

trecut;

-posibilitate(30%)

- imposibi-litatetrecut;

XXXX

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- of course = desigur;- true = adevrat;- to behave = a se comporta;- to help = a ajuta;- to change = a schimba;- to rain = a ploua;- school = coal;- suitcase = valiz;- night = noapte;- window = fereastr;- cinema = cinema;- careful = atent();

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EXERCIII

1.nlocuii cuvintele scrise ngroat cu un verb modal :

1.You can try phoning but its possible that the car has been sold now.2.He asked if he to would be allowed write in ballpoint pen during the exam.3.If youve been out of the country, you obviously havent heard about therobbery.4. Where would there be a chance of finding a flat to rent.5. If you want to apply for a council improvement grant, it is compulsory tofill in form RC4.6.Its important for me to come to a decision soon. Otherwise I might lose

the chance.7.Shes unlikely to have left without warning anyone.8.I miss having a view. In my last house it waspossibleto see for miles on aclear day.9. Ive forgotten to return the key of the safe.Im sure people have beenlooking everywhere for it.10. Its possible that you wontt even have to show a pass to get it.11.Do you thinkit would be advisable for me to book a seat in advance?

12.It was thoughtless of you not to give me a hand with the washing-up.After all, it was your friends we had for dinner, not mine !13.Dont bother to make out a receipt. I only throw them away.14.Dont start worrying. Its possible that he took a later plane.

New words :

- to try = a ncerca ;- but = dar;- its possible = este posibil;- ballpoint = pix cu past;- during = n timp ce;- country = ar;- about = despre;- robbery = jaf;

- chance = ans;- to find = a gsi;

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- flat = apartament;- to rent = a nchiria;- to apply = a aplica;- compulsory = compulsive;- to fill = a umple;a ntregi;

- its important = este important;- decision = decizie;- chance = ans;- unlikely = neplcut();- to worn = a avertiza;- clear day = zi senin;- to return = a napoia;- do you think = crezi c;

- to book a seat in advance = a reine un loc;- thoughless = nepsare;- dont bother = nu te deranja;- receipt = chitan;- plane = avion;

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SHALL/WILL/FUTURE

a)Definiie

Viitorul Simplu desemneaz un eveniment posterior fa de momentulvorbirii.

b)Form

nstructura viitorului simplu intr verbul auxiliarshallla persoana lsingular i plural, will la persoana a II-a i a III-a singular i plural, iinfinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat:

eg.: I shall go to the mountains next month.Voi merge la munte luna viitoare.We shall go to the mountains next month.Vom merge la munte luna viitoare.

He will buy a car next week.Va cumpra o main sptmna viitoare.They will buy a car next week.Ei vor cumpra o main sptmna viitoare.

Forma contras a verbuluieste ll + infinitiv la toate persoanele:

eg.: Ill go, hell go, well go, youll go, theyll go.

c) ntrebuinare

Viitorul simplu este un viitor pur, indicnd doar c aciunea are loc ntr-un moment viitor, mai apropiat sau adeseori mai ndeprtat, de momentulvorbirii:

eg.: Ill finish the school tomorrow.He will finish the school next year.

VIITORUL SIMPLU

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Viitorul simplu poate fi folosit n propoziii care exprim:

WILL/LL

WONT

Dorin, prezicere (prevestire)I will play football tomorrow afternoon.Voi juca footbal mine diminea.

Refuz (dorin negativ)Will you play tennis ? No, I wont.Vei juca tenis ? Nu, ( nu voi juca).

SHALLViitor inevitabil I shall be 30 next month.(Voi mplini 30 de ani luna viitoare ).

BE GOING TO

- a avea de gnd, ainteniona, o inteniespontan, neprevzut

Viitor previzibil, intenieIts going to rain.Va ploua (st s plou)Im going to buy a new computer.

Am de gnd s cumpr un nou computer.

BE + V-ingViitor apropiat, intenieIm watching TV tonight.

M uit la T.V. disear.

BE ABOUT TO( a fi pe punctul s)

Viitor iminent (imediat)Hes in front of the door. Hes about to open it.

Este n faa uii . Este pe punctual de a o deschide.

BE TO + infinitiv-un aranjament/un ordin :The meeting is to take place in room 30.ntlnirea va avea loc n camera 30.You are to return before nightfall.V ntoarcei nainte de cderea nopii.

!!! Verbele go i come nu pot fi precedate degoing to.Pentru a reda ideea de viitor apropiat , ele sunt ntrebuinate la prezentulcontinuu: Where are we going? Unde mergem?

CA REGUL GENERAL, FOLOSIM.

WILL cnd avem un viitor:

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eg.: Ill go to Spain in August.

Voi pleca n Spania n luna august.

BE + V ingcnd avem un timp prezent cu sens de viitor :

eg.:They are leaving tomorrow.(Ei) vor pleca mine.

BE GOING TO : - cnd avem verbul < a merge> dar ntr-un sensal timpului viitor :

eg.:We are going to eat at the restaurant.(Avem de gnd) s mergem s mncm la restaurant.

WHEN(cnd)You will have to speak English when you are abroad.

(Va trebui s vorbeti limba englez cnd vei fi n strintate).

Decizie imediat :Ill go (viitor - Voi pleca).

Promisiune : O.k., Ill think about it .(viitor).O.K., m voi gndi la asta !

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FUTURE CONTINUOUS -VIITORUL CONTINUU

a) ntrebuinare

Viitorul continuu exprim o aciune n desfurare ntr-un momentviitor, posterior momentului vorbirii:

eg.: I shall be going to school at ten oclock in the morning,tomorrow.M voi duce la coal la ora 10 dimineaa, mine.

O aciune n desfurare n viitor ntrerupt de o aciune momentan:

eg.: When he comes, I will be eating.Cnd va veni, eu voi mnca.

O aciune n desfurare n viitor, n paralel cu o alt aciune ndesfurare, de asemenea n viitor:

eg.: She will be drawing while I am playing the piano.Ea va desena n timp ce eu voi cnta la pian.

New words

- tomorrow = mine;- to buy = a cumpra;

- computer = calculator;- tonight = disear;- in front of = n faa;- meeting = ntlnire;- to take place = a avea loc;- Spain = Spania;- August = august;- to speak = a vorbi;

- abroad = strintate;- to think = a gndi;a crede;

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- about = despre;EXERCIII

1.Completai frazele urmtoare cu WILL sau BE GOING TO :

a.Oh! We should have brought the umbrella.Itrain!b.I. speak to you if you apologise.Otherwise, dont even bother !c.I am just going shopping .Could I ring you back in 15 minutes, otherwisethe shopsbe closed.d.I . ring James and see if he is any better.Do you want to talk to him ?

e.She try and get him to come along to the party, but I dont know if he. want to. Anyway, its not for 3 week.f.I .. go to the cinema next Monday if I have enough money.g.He . see that film at the cinema tonight.h.They ..contact you later in the year if they need your help.

2.Completai frazele urmtoare cu will saushall. Indicai soluiile duble :

a) Go on !Ask him ! But I know he .just say no. He not evenconsider it !

b) Only rubber-soled footwear . be born in the gymnasium.c) I never be able to get this machine to work properly.d) He speak to you when he gets back from Edinburgh.That s on

Thursday night.e) I tell you when I get to the hotel. Dont worry!

f) You listen to what I have to say whether you want or not !g) . I open my presents now or do you want me to wait until afterdinner ?

h) We.. be in front of the post office at 8 oclock.Try not to be late!

3.Completai frazele urmtoare cu be going to sau prezentul cuing .

a. What . you this weekend ? Anything special ?(do).b. Its not really worth going to Bringhton for the day.Look ! It (rain).

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c. Im so thirsty.I ..a cup of tea. Do you fancy one as well ? (make) ?d. Paul s just phoned. Heround to give me the film back. (come).e. I and get into University to read English.Or, at least, I would like to

(try).f. They for Madrid tomorrow, so well have to settle everything today,

(leave).g. I the neighbours to ask them to keep the noise down. Ill be back in a

couple of minutes .(see).h. Youre not . That letter, are you ? Its not addressed to you. (open).i. .. John tonight ?If you are, could give him this CD back ? I borrowed it

from him last week .(see).

4. Completai frazele urmtoare punnd verbele din parantez cu oform care exprim viitor.

a. I. at 5 oclock if I manage to get everything done in time.(leave).b. He you any loger.Thats the last time !(not disobey) .c. You . what I have to say, whether you like it or not ! (listen to ).d. I. lunch with Joanna today. She phoned me last week and we

arranged to meet.(have).e. I a couple of weeks holiday in June. I dont know exactly when.

(take).f. .. you me after 7 oclock ? I you all about it.(phone, tell).g. I the film on to a casette for you tonight, if you want me to cry.

(record)h. .. youit?After all, its the manufacturer s fault and not yours !(take

back).

i. . you . this, if I buy it for you ? (wear).j. The train .in a couple of minutes. Hurry up! (leave).

New words

- to bring = a aduce;- umbrella = umbrela;- to apologise = a cere scuze;

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- otherwise = de altfel, atlfel;- dont bother = nu te deranja;- party = petrecere;- anyway = de altfel;- enough = destul ();

- money = bani;- to help = a ajuta;- to contact =a contacta, a lua legtura;- to consider = a considera;- only = doar, numai;- dont worry = nu te ngrijora;- presents = cadouri;- until = pn;

- after = dup;- dinner = cina;- not to be late = nu ntrzia;- to worth = a merita;- Im thirsty = Mi-e sete!- at least = cel puin;- neighbour = vecin();- noise = zgomot;

- in a couple of minutes = n cteva minute;

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PASIVE VOICE DIATEZA PASIV

1.Alctuire

S + V + - obj.Jim repairs the car.

Jim repar maina.

S + Be + PP + by + obj.

The car is repaired by Jim. Maina este reparat de Jim.

eg.:Dean washes my shirt every day.Dean mi spal cmaa n fiecare zi.

(diateza activ ).My shirt is washedby Dean every day.

Cmaa mea este splat n fiecare zi de Dean.

2.Reguli

* complementul direct al propoziiei de la diateza activ devinesubiectul frazei la diateza pasiv ;

* subiectul propoziiei de diatez activ devine subiectul frazei ladiateza pasiv ;

El este introdus de n limba englez, nu este obligatoriu .

DIATEZA ACTIV ACTIVE VOICE

- Verbul este la diateza activ cnd subiectul gramatical svreteaciunea, care, la verbele tranzitive, se rsfrnge asupra obiectului.

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DIATEZA PASIV

- Verbul este la diateza pasiv cnd subiectul gramatical suferaciunea svrit de subiect;

Pentru a conjuga un verb la diateza pasiv, folosim auxiliarul < a fi > laacelai timp i cu acelai aspect, ca cel de la diateza activ.

El trebuie s fie urmat de participiul trecut al verbului .!Atenie deci totdeauna s se identifice bine timpurile verbelor ladiateza activ,deoarece operai o transformare. Dac exist (se afl) un

auxiliar de mod, l vom pstra.

eg :

- They have punished him.- L-au pedepsit.- He has been punished (by them).- A fost pedepsit (de ei).

Remarc :pstrm Present Perfect ;

- Sophies mother is serving tea.Mama Sofiei servete ceaiul.- Tea is being served by Sophies mother.

Ceaiul este servit de ctre mama Sofiei.

Remarc :pstrm aspectul progresiv adugnd < fiind> (being) ;

- Anyone can do it.Oricine poate face.- It can be done by anyone.Poate fi fcut de oricine.

Remarc : Pstrm auxiliarul modal< can>.

2.Cazuri particulare

- verbele cu prepozi ie :

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eg:Everyone laughed at her (diateza activ ).She was laughed at by everybody. (diateza pasiv).

- regul : prepoziia se aaz imediat dup verbul la diateza pasiv;

3.Exemple :

Prezent simplu

Bobsteals the jewels.Bob fur bijuteriile.The jewels are stolen. (By Bob);

Bijuteriile sunt furate (de Bob).

Prezentul cu V-ing (Prezentul continuu )

Bob is stealing the jewels. Bob fur bijuteriile.

The jewels are being stolen (by Bob). Bijuteriile sunt furate (de Bob).

HAVE + PP (partea a III- a a vb.neregulate/ed vb.).

Bob has stolen the jewels.Bob a furat bijuteriile.The jewels have been stolen.(by Bob).

Bijuteriile au fost furate (de Bob).

Trecutul ( PAST TENSE)

Bob stole the jewels.Bob a furat bijuteriile.The jewels were stolen (by Bob).

Bijuteriile au fost furate (de Bob) .

PAST TENSE n ing (P.T.Continous)

Bob was stealing the jewels. Bob a furat bijuteriile.

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The jewels were being stolen (by Bob). Bijuteriile au fost furate de Bob.

HAD V3 forma a treia a verbuluiBob had stolen the jewels.

Bob furase bijuteriile.The jewels had been stolen. (by Bob).Bijuteriile fuseser furate.( de Bob).

VIITOR

Bob will steal the jewels. Bob va fura bijuteriile.

The jewels will be stolen.(by Bob). Bijuteriile vor fi fcute ( de Bob).

Cu auxiliarele modale :

Bob may steal the jewels.Bob ar putea fura bijuteriiile.The jewels may be stolen (by Bob).Bijuteriile ar putea fi furate (de Bob).

Bob may have stolen the jewels.Bob poate a furat bijuteriile.The jewels may have been stolen by (Bob).Bijuteriile poate au fost furate de (Bob).

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1.Punei propoziiile urmtoare la diateza pasiv.

a.Paul has just painted the garage door.b.They will serve tea in the sitting-room at five.c.Someone told met to wait for a few minutes.d.They are pulling down the house round the corner.e.They should not allow dogs on the beach.

f.Is someone collecting the tickets ?g.Peter himself built that big house.h.Ann has seen you walking in the park.i. Mary was translating the letter into French.j. You must read the instructions carefully.

New words :

-skirt = fust;- to repair = a repara;- to punish = a pedepsi;- tea = ceai ;- anyone = oricine;- garage = garaj;- beach = plaj;

- ticket = tichet, bilet;- French = francez;

EXERCIII

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THE ARTICLE ARTICOLUL

a) Definiie

Articolul este, unul dintre cele mai dificile capitole, att datoritnumeroaselor sale funcii ct i implicaiilor stilistice determinate de contexti, ntr-un sens mai larg, de stilurile funcionale (tiintific, poetic, deconversaie,).Importana cunoaterii modului de folosire a articolului englez

nu poate s scape nimnui.Aproape fiecare substantiv din limba englez estensoit de un articol, ntruct articolul este cel mai de seam determinant alsubstantivului.

b) Formele articolului :

( Articolul nehotrt) :- The Indefinite Article

- articolul nehotrt se aaz naintea cuvntului pe care ldetermin i, datorit valorii sale semantice (un,o);A (un , o ) naintea sunetelor consonantice sau semiconsonantice;An ( un , o) naintea sunetelor vocalice ;

(Articolul hot rt) : - The Definite Article

- funcia principal, caracteristic , a articolului hotrt, este de a arta

c substantivul naintea cruia st a fost menionat n cursul discuiei,expunerii, descrierii, c ntr-un fel sau altul, este cunoscut n respectivasituaie de ctre cel cruia i se adreseaz:

- articolul hotrt ;

eg .:

He is definitely the man for the job.Este cu siguran omul potrivit pentru slujb.

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Underthe circumstances he could not act otherwise/n asemeneamprejurri, nu putea proceda altfel:( Articolul Zero) : The Zero Article

Articolul zero, paradoxal prin denumire, nseamn, de fapt, absena unui

articol exprimat (the, sau a(n) ns articolul zero ndeplinete funcii precisei nlocuirea lui poate atrage dup sine fie schimbri de neles, fie, pur isimplu, greeli de exprimare:

- folosim articolul zero cu :

* Un plural numrat :

- sens general :

I love roses.mi plac (iubesc) trandafirii.

- un anume numr :

I ve bought roses.

Am cumprat trandafiri.

- nenumrabil :

sens general - I hate tea. Ursc ceaiul.

o anumit cantitate - Id like tea and bread.mi place ceaiul i pinea;

c) Poziia articolulu i

- articolul nehotrt se aaz naintea cuvntului pe care l- determin i, datorit valorii sale semantice (un,o);

- articolul precede substantivul i toate adjectivele (cu sau fr adverb)

aezat naintea unui substantiv;

A smart hat.

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O plrie elegant.n acelai timp i preced articolul hotrt ( se aaz dupacestea):

They had allthe fun .

Ei sunt cei care s-au distrat cel mai bine.All the boys were there.Toi bieii erau acolo.

Both the men (= both men ) were guilty.Amndoi (oamenii ) erau vinovai.Both the novels are on the shelf.Amndou romanele sunt pe raft.

i adverbele i preced n mod normal articolul :

- quite = complet, foarte exact;- rather = mai degrab, destul de (mult) aproape, o pies bun ;

eg.: It was quite /rather a good play.Era foarte /destul de (mult) aproape o pies bun.

It was quite the best play I have seen. Era cu adevrat cea mai bun pies pe care am vzut-o vreodat.

n acelai timp i , se aeaz uneori dup articolulnehotrt precum n :

eg.: That was a rather unfortunate remark to make .Era o remarc mai degrab regretabil.

eg.: That would be a quite useless task. Era mai degrab o sarcin inutil, fr valoare.

Adverbele = de asemenea, = deci, aadar, = precum, preced adjectivul i articolul nehotrt.

Deci avem construcia :

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TOO/SO/AS + Adjectiv + Subiecteg.:

If that is not too great a favour to ask = dac nu este prea mult (o preamare favoare) s v ntreb

Never have I seen a film so boring.N-am vzut niciodat un film att de plictisitor.

I have never seen as fine an actoras Oliver.N-am vzut niciodat un actor att de bun ca Olivier.

De asemenea, putem gsi< such as> (un altfel, asemenea ) i = (ce ! )

She is such a fool !Este aa o proast !What a joke !Ce glum !

Remarcai faptul c < SUCH> (asemeni) cu < so >, el este precedat :

eg.:I have never seen such a beautiful painting .

N-am mai vzut niciodat o pictur att de frumoas.

I have never seen such a beautiful painting!/a painting so beautiful.N-am vzut niciodat o pictur att de frumoas.

< Half > (jumtate) de asemenea, precede n mod obinuit articolul :

eg.: Half the world knows about this .Jumtate din lume tie despre asta.I will be back in half an hour. (voina autorului).M voi ntoarce ntr-o jumtate de ora.

Pentru a suprima noiunea voinei cu construiete de asemeneafraza :

I will be back in half an hour.M voi ntoarec n jumtate de or.

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Dac i substantivul formeaz un substantiv compus, articolul seplaseaz primul :

eg.: Why dont you buy just a half bottle of rum ?

De ce nu cumperi doar o jumtate de sticl de rom ?Comparai cu :He drank half a bottle of rum.El a but jumtate din sticla de rom .

Cteva exemple de reinut

1/-Tv-Video :

To listen to the radio DAR To watch T.V.

2/ Autoriti :

To talk about the President of the USA, the Queen of England.DarPresident Clinton and Queen Elisabeth.

3/Mesele i zilele sptmnii :

- fr articol ;

To have lunch , dinner ./On Monday

4)Jocuri i sporturi :

- fr articol;

eg.:To play football, tennis, chess DAR articolul naintea instrumentelor

muzicale :

to play the guitar .

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to play the piano 5) Limbi strine i nume de ri la singular :

- fr articol :

I love French, English /I love French./mi place limba francez, limba englez.mi place limba francez.

DAR locuitorii, primesc articolul hotrt :eg.:

I love the French; the Irish people.

Iubesc francezii, irlandezii

DAR numele de ri la plural sau care formeaz un element comun primescart.hotrt

The United States, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union,.

6/Profesii :

- articolul nehotrt :

eg.: He is a doctor.El este (un) doctor.

7/Dup prepoziiile : AS/WITHOUT :

- articolul nehotrt :

eg.:To be without a car.A fi fr main.

8/Dup prepoziiile : AT/BY :

- fr articol:

At midnight, dawn, dusk/By car, boat, radio, La miezul nopii / Cu maina

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9/ Dup exclamaiile introduse de WHAT/SUCH:- articolul nehotrt :

What a beautiful horse !

Ce cal frumos !

10/ Expresii de timp :- articolul nehotrt :

Once a day ! O dat pe zi !

11/Expresii care primesc articolul hotrt :

To have a cold .A avea rceal.To have a fever.A avea febr.To have a temperature.A avea temperatur.

To have a headache.A avea o durere de cap.

12/Boli :

- fr articole sau uneori the flu - (gripa).

13/Cursuri de ap i lanurile muntoase :

- cu articolul hotrt :

The Thames, the Hudson, the Himalayas, the Alps.

14)Vrfuri :

- fr articol :

Ben Nevis, Kilimandjaro, Mount Everest .

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15) Lacuri / insule :- nu primete articolul hotrt ( urmat de of) sau cnd sunt la plural :Lake Michigan, Easter Island, The Great Lakes, The Isle of Wight.

16)Nume de mri :

- primesc articolul definit :

The Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Artic Ocean...

Articolul hot rt apare n expresii :

- for the time being = deocamdat, pentru moment;- in the long run = pn la urm;- on the whole = n general;- at the bginning = la nceput;- in the end = la sfrit;- in the morning = dimineaa, n cursul dimineii;

- by the way = apropo;- at the latest = cel mai trziu;- the day after tomorrow = poimine;- to have been through the mill= a fi trecut prin ciur i sit;- many happy returns of the day= la muli ani!

Articolul nehotrt apare n expresii:- to have a mind to = a-i fi poft s, a avea chef de;

- to have a care = a avea grij;- to take a fancy to = a ndrgi;- for a time = un timp, o vreme;- in a nice fix(fam.) = la anaghie, la strmtoare;- once in a blue moon = din an n Pate;- not to care a rap/straw = a nu-i psa nici ct negru sub unghie;- to keep an eye on = a nu slbi din ochi/a fi cu ochii pe;- at a time = deodat,n acelai timp;

- all of a sudden = brusc.

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Articolul zero n expresii :

- at random = la ntmplare;- in time = la timp;

- for good = pentru totdeauna;- hand in hand = mn n mn;- at/by night = noaptea;- at down = n zori;- at last = n cele din urm;- on end = n ir;- bag and baggage = cu cel i cu purcel;- by ear = dup ureche;

- by word of mouth = din gur n gur;- in keeping with = n conformitate cu;- side by side = unul lng altul;- by mistake = din greeal;

New words :

- hat = plria;

- men = brbai;- guilty = vinovat();- quite = complet, foarte exact;- rather = mai degrab,o pies bun;- unfortunate = regretabil(), neplcut();- useless = inutil(); fr valoare;- boring = plictisitor(oare);- never = niciodat;

- painting = pictur;- joke = glum;- beautiful = frumos(oas);- half = jumtate;- world = lume;- about = despre;- why = de ce?- to buy = a cumpra;

- bottle = sticl;- rum = rom;- fever = febr;

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1. Punei A/AN sau THE :

a. This morning I bought ___newspaper and ____ magazine.____newspaper is in my bag but I dont know where I put ___magazine.

b. I saw ____accident this morning . ___car crashed into ___ tree.____driver of ___car wasnt hurt but _____ was badly damaged.

c. There are two cars parked outside : ____blue one and ____grey one .d. My friends live in ___ old house in ___small village.There is

___beautiful garden behind _____house . I would like to have_____garden like that.

2/Punei articolul unde este necesar:

a.Would you like apple ?b.How often do you go to dentist ?c.Could you close door, please ?d.Im sorry,I didnt mean to do that.It was mistake.e.Excuse me, where is bus station, please ?f. I ve got problem . Can you help me ?g.Im just going to post office.I wont be long.h.There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor.i.Have you finished book I lent you ?j.My sister has just got job in bookshop in Manchester .k.We live in small flat near city centre.l.Theres small supermarket at end of street I live in.

3/Punei articolul corect :

a. Where did you have ___lunch ? We went to ___restaurant.b. Did you have ____nice holiday ? Yes, it was ____ best holiday Ive

ever had.c. Wheres ___nearest shop? There s one at ____end of this steet .

EXERCIII

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d. Do you often listen top _____radio ? No. In fact I havent got ___radio.e. Would you like to travel in ____space ? Yes, Id love to go to

____moon.f. Do you go to ______cinema often? No, but I watch a lot of films on

_____TV.

g. It was _____nice day yesterday, wasnt it ? Yes, it was.We went for awalk by ____sea.

h. What did you have for _______breakfast ?Nothing.I never eat_____breakfast.

i. Can you tell me where ___room 23 is, please ? Its on ______secondfloor .

j. We spent all our money because we stayed at _____ most expensivehotel in town.

k. Why dont you stay at ____cheaper hotel ?

4/Punei articolul corect :

1. I havent been to ____cinema for ages.2. I lay down on ____ground and looked up at __ sky.

3. Margaret spends most of her free time watching ___TV.4. ____ television was on but nobody was watching it.5. Have you had _____dinner yet ?6. Emma and I arrived at _____same time.7. Youll find _____information you neeed at __top of____page 7.8. Peru is ____country in South America ____capital is Lima.

New words :- bag = geant;- driver = ofer;-garden =grdin;- apple = mr;- mistake = greeal;- floor = podea;

- cheaper = mai ieftin;- free time = timp liber;

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PERSON AND NUMBER

PERSOANA I NUMRUL

Spre deosebire de verbul romnesc, verbul englezesc arepuini indici formali care s marcheze persoana i numrul.

Singura desinen specific estes pentru persoana a III-asingular, indicativul present, adaugat la forma de infinitiv a verbelornoionale. (Verbele modale nu primesc- s).

Persoana i numrul n limba englez sunt identificate de

obicei cu ajutorul subiectului, mai ales cnd acesta este exprimat printr-un pronume personal.

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THE ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVUL

a. Defini ie

Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care exprim caracteristic unuiobiect, fie ca nsuire a acestuia, fie ca precizare a lui n spaiu, timp,cantitate. El este un modificator sau un determinant al substantivului:

- a good man - un om bun (modificator);- that man - omul acela (determinant);Adjectivele care exprim nsuiri ale obiectelor ( adjectivele calitative au

numeroase forme specifice:

a) Sufixe pozitive :- peaceful- panic; beautiful- frumos;- stony pietros; dirty - murdar;- friendly prietenos; manly brbtesc;- childish copilresc, copilros;- capable capabil;- jealous-gelos;- famous-faimos;

b)Sufixul negativ less;- useless nefolositor, inutil;- careless - neatent, nengrijit;

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INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVUL NEHOTRT

a. D efiniie :

Adjectivele nehotrte determin ntr-un sens mai mult sau mai puingeneral sau vag obiectele exprimate de substantive n sensul siturii acestoran spaiu , alaiturii n timp, al cantitii, al numrului, al varietii.

Se deosebesc mai multe categorii: Adjective nehotrte exprimnd situarea n spaiu:

near- apropiat; next- urmtorul; last- ultimul; far deprtat;neighbouring-

vecin,nvecinat. Adjective nehotrte exprimnd situarea n timp:

preceding- precedent; foregoing-anterior; former- primul, de odinioar;present- present; past trecut; future viitor; next- urmtorul, last- ultim;

Adjective nehotrte exprimnd cantitatea: much- mult(), little-puin(), a little - ceva, nite, puin (), ctva,ctva;

Adjective nehotrte exprimnd numrul: many- muli, multe; few =puini, puine ( nu muli, nu multe); a few (puini, puine,civa,cteva;several- mai muli,

47393397 Indrumar Limba Enleza

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