физика 10 класс
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Transcript of физика 10 класс
1. CZU 53(075.3) M 26 Elaborat conform curriculumului disciplinar n vigoare i aprobat prin Ordinul ministrului educaiei (nr. 265 din 27 aprilie 2012). Editat din sursele financiare ale Fondului Special pentru Manuale. Contribuia autorilor la elaborarea manualului: Mihai Marinciuc capitolele I, II (punctele 2.12.3, 2.8), III, IV (punctele 4.1, 4.2, 4.44.9) Spiridon Rusu capitolele II (punctele 2.42.7), IV (punctul 4.3), V, lucrri de laborator Comisia de experi: Ion Stratan, doctor n fizic, confereniar, Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei Galina Tihovschi, prof., grad did. I, Liceul Teoretic Evrica, Rezina Andrei Petruca, prof., grad did. superior, Liceul Teoretic Natalia Dadiani, Chiinu Recenzeni: Oleg Bursuc, doctor n tiine ale educaiei, coordonator, Consiliul pentru Cercetri i Schimburi Internaio- nale (IREX), Chiinu Alexei Colbneac, Maestru n Arte, profesor universitar, Academia de Muzic, Teatru i Arte Plastice, Chiinu Mihai leahtichi, doctor n psihologie i pedagogie, confereniar, Universitatea Liber Internaional din Mol- dova, Chiinu Anatolie Cerbu, doctor n tiine fizico-matematice, confereniar, Academia de Transporturi, Informatic i Comunicaii, Chiinu Tatiana Cartaleanu, doctor n filologie, confereniar, Universitatea Pedagogic de Stat Ion Creang, Chiinu Traducere din limba romn: Claudia erban, Anatolie Homenco Redactor: Valentina Rbalchina Lector: Claudia erban Corector: Tatiana Bolgar Redactor tehnic: Nina Duduciuc Machetare computerizat: Anatol Andrichi opert: Vitalie Ichim ntreprinderea Editorial-Poligrafic tiina, str. Academiei, nr. 3; MD-2028, Chiinu, Republica Moldova; tel.: (+373 22) 73-96-16, fax: (+373 22) 73-96-27; e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9975-67-845-2 Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu. 2007, 2012 Traducere: Claudia erban, Anatolie Homenco. 2007, 2012 ntreprinderea Editorial-Poligrafic tiina. 2007, 2012 Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naionale a Crii , : . 10 . / , ; trad. din lb. rom.: Claudia erban, Anatolie Homenco; Min. Educaiei al Rep. Moldova. Ch.: .E.P. tiina, 2007 (Tipografia SEREBIA SRL). 188 p. ISBN 978-9975-67-845-2 53(075.3) Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediii aparin ntreprinderii Editorial-Poligrafice tiina. 2. .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 I. ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1. , ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. . ....................................................................................... 10 a. . ............................................................................. 10 . ................................................................................................................... 11 . ...................................................................... 12 1.3. . ...................................................................... 13 a. .................................................................................... 13 . ................................................................................................................................................... 14 . .................................................................................................... 15 o . ..................................................................................... 15 1.4. ........................................................................................................................ 17 a. .................................................................................................................................. 17 . ................................................................................................................................ 18 . ................................................................................................. 19 1.5. . ............................................................. 21 1.6 . ........................................................................................ 24 1.7. . ............................................... 28 a. . . ............................................................................................................................. 28 . . ................................................... 30 . ..................................................................................... 31 . .................................................... 32 . ....................................................................................................................................... 33 o . , ....................................................................................................... 33 . .............................................................................................................. 34 3. 1.8. . ......... 39 a. . ........................... 39 . ..................................................................................................... 41 . ....................................................................................................................................... 43 1.9 . .................................................................... 44 II. . ................................................................................ 48 2.1. . ................................................................... 48 2.2. . ..................................................................................... 51 a. ................................................................................................. 51 . ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 . .................................................................................................................................................................. 53 . .................................................................................................................... 54 . ................................................................................................................ 57 2.3. ................................................................................................ 58 2.4 . ............................................................................................................................... 60 a. ............................................................................................................... 60 . .............................................................................................................................. 62 . ........................................................................................................................ 64 2.5. . .................................. 66 2.6. . ..................................................... 71 2.7 . ........................................................................ 76 2.8 . ................................................................................................. 81 III. ....................................................................................................................... 85 3.1. .............................................. 85 3.2 . . ................ 89 3.3 . . ............................................... 92 a. . ................................................................................................................... 92 . ..................................................................................... 94 IV. . .................... 97 4.1. . ............................................................. 97 4. 4.2. . ...................................... 100 a. . ..................................................... 101 . .................................... 101 . . .................. 102 . .......................................................................................................................... 104 4.3 . . .................................................................................................................................... 107 4.4. . .................................................................................................. 109 a. ..................................................................................... 109 . ................................................................................................................................................... 111 4.5. . ................ 114 4.6. . .............................. 118 a. ........................................................................................... 118 . .................................................................................. 119 . ................................................................................................... 120 4.7. . ............................................................................................................................. 122 4.8. ................................................................................................................................ 125 4.9. ............................................ 127 a. , ......................... 127 . ...................................................................................................................................... 128 . ..................................................................... 131 V. ............................................................................ 134 5.1. ................................................................................................................... 134 5.2. ...................................................................................... 137 a. ............................................................................................................................. 137 . ................................................................................................................... 138 . ................................................................ 140 . ................................................... 142 . .......... 144 . ........................................................................................................ 144 . ............................................................... 145 5. : , , . () . 5.3 . ............................................................................. 148 5.4 . . ........................................................... 150 5.5. . ............................................................................................................................. 152 5.6. . ............. 155 5.7 . .................................................................................................................. 158 5.8. ................................................................................................................................... 160 5.9. ..................................................................................................... 161 a. ................................................................................................ 161 . ....................... 162 . .............................................................................................. 162 5.10. ..................................................................................................................................... 163 5.11. ........................................................................................................................... 164 a. ...................................................................... 164 . ................................................................ 166 5.12 . ..................................................................................................................................... 168 a. ...................................................................................................... 168 . ....................................................................................................................................... 168 5.13 . ........................................................................................................................... 170 ............................................................................................................................ 174 .................................................................... 174 a. ............................................................................................................... 174 . ................................................................................................. 175 . ........................................................................................... 176 . .......................................................................................... 178 . ................................................................................................. 179 1 ..................................................... 180 2 ...................................................................................................... 182 3 ................................................................................. 183 4 .................................................................................................................... 184 ............................................................................................................................................... 186 6. , . ,- : , , , , .. (- ; , ) . - . :,- ,,- .. , . (- ) , , - . , . - . (- ) , . , - : ?, . , () . ,- . : , ;, ; ; - ; , , , , .. . , , . - . . , , : - ; ; .. 7 7. 8 I 1.1 , , . . (. 1.1), , , . , , , - , , -, . , , - . : - ? , . , , . , , - (. 1.2), , , .- ( ),- , , - . - - , - ( ), . 1.2 . 1.1 8. 9 . , - . , , . , , - . , . , - . , - - . (. 1.3), ,- : - . , - , . , . , - , . , , .. , , . , , . , - . , , . , () , - . , . , . ( ), - , . , - . , - . , , , - , . , , - , , . . 1.3 9. 10 I 1. ? . 2. ? 3. - . , ? 4. : ; ; ( , ), . ? . 1.2 . a. . , . , - ,,,,- , , , (. 1.4) .. , . , - . : , , , . ,, , . - . - ; , . , - . - , . , , , - , . (. 1.5) : , ; , - ; - , .- . 1.5 . 1.4 10. 11 , . , - , , - . , - , . , ( ), - () ( ) (.1.6). . - - ., (- - ). .- , (), , ,.- - . - - . : () (). 1791 1/40 000 000 , . (90%) (10%), 10 1799 . , . 1 - (. 1.7). - , . , - , , . . , . , , , - : 24 ( ), 1 60 , 1 60 . 1 . , : 1 = 1 24 60 60 = . . 1.7 1 2 2 . 1.6 11. 12 I , , . , , - , - , . - , , , , . , - - , 0,001 . - , .. , - 0,004 . - . , - , . 1972 . C 9 192 631 770 , 133. 1960 . 1983 , - . , - , 1/299 792 458 . , , - . . . - () , . . , , ,, , , , . : ( ) , - ; - - . , . 1. ? , - . 2. ? 3. ? 12. 13 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? ? 7. . - ? 8. , ? 1.3 . a. (), . . .,- , . - , , , (. 1.8). ,, ,- , . , : x = x (t). (1.1) . , . - , (. 1.9). - , - . , : x = OM2 = MM1 y = OM1 = MM2 ; M: x= OM2 = MM1 y= OM1 = MM2 . , : x = x (t), y = y (t). (1.2) . 1.8 . 1.9 13. 14 I ,- - . - (. 1.10). , , z, , . - - , . , : x = M1M2, y = OM2, z = MM1, M: x = M1 M2, y = OM2, z= MM1. , , , : x = x (t), y = y (t), z = z (t). (1.3) - . . .- , , , - . , - . ( - ), () . - r = OM , (.1.11).- . -r, , - . - (.1.12). -. - - . x = r cos, y = r sin - : . , . - , ( ); - r . r=r(t). (1.4) . . . , , - , . . 1.11 . 1.12 . 1.10 14. 15 , - ,., - , , ; - , , - .. - : ( ) ( ). . (. 1.13) , : - t M - t= t +t. - t = t t - s = MM, - M M. , ( ) . , - t, l - M M. - , . ,: |s| l. . , - , , - (. 1.14). , : , (. 1.15); - l . 1.13 . 1.14 . 1.15 . 1.16 15. 16 I , - , - (. 1.16), , (. 1.17) .. - 1.14. , , AB. AB , - . , ABBA . , , , : . , , - , - . , - , . 01. ? 02. -. 03. ? 04. ? ? 05. ? ? 06. ? ? - ? . 07. .- , ? . 08. : ? 09. : = 8 , = 6 . , -. - - - , 1.12 . 14. 10. h = 3 ; - H = 7 , . - , . 11. l1 = 1,6 , l2 = = 1,2 . , . 12. R = 0,5 . . 13. L = 200 . - , l = 100 . - ? . 1.17 16. 17 1.4 a. , , . : - . VIII - . . - . , (. 1.18). . , . - . , s= AB . , s1 = AC s2 = CB , . , : s = s1 + s2 . (1.5) . - : a b(. 1.19, ) c= a+b. 1.19, - a, b , - a. c, - , a, b. , - , b, a (. 1.19, ). . ,:- a b , , , . c - (. 1.19, ). . .- . - , S2 S1 S a) ) ) ) . 1.19. 1.18 17. 18 I (.1.20). , , . , a b (. 1.21, ), ; (. 1.21, ), , , , .ab(.1.21,), :c= . - , . . a b. d = a b - . , a=b+ d, a b d. - a b, . , d , - b a (. 1.22, ). d= ab= a+ (b). , d - a (b), b (b) , (. 1.22, ). 1.22 , . - s - r r, . 1.23 , s= rr= r, r =rr()-. )) . 1.22 . 1.23 )) a) ) ) . 1.20 . 1.21 18. 19 - . . , - , - . - , ,- () - . - . , - xy, - , (.1.24). , , , . , - . , - , , , . , cx - c, x, cy , - y. , ccx + cy = c. , , , , , x, y. - . , . - , , . - , , - ,,- ,,. a x ax, b y - by .. 1.24, : ax = |ax|, ay = |ay|, bx = |bx|, by = |by|, cx = |cx|, cy = |cy|. , , . - a 1.25. - . . , ax =x2x1 ay =y2 y1.,ax >0ay 0, , , , . - v. , . , [s] = , - [t] = . : [v]= . , - . - , x, (.1.27). M0 ( t0 = 0) M ( t). t = t 0 = t - 21. 22 I = s, v= . , t = t, - : s= v t, (1.9) . x : sx = xt. (1.10) 1.27 , - sx = x x0, , x x0 = xt. - ,,- , : x = x0+ x t (1.11) - . (1.11) , x > 0, - v x, x , x < 0 .(1.11)- - , . - - . - , , - (. 1.28). 2 - 2x, , 1x, - 3 x ( 3x < 0). . - , 1.29, - (1.10) s1x = 1x . t1 - , . - 2x < 0, - . , (), (2 ). ( ), , /, . , , - . 1.27 . 1.30 . 1.29 2 3 1 . 1.28 22. 23 . 1.31 - , (2 ). (1.11) (t0 = 0) x0, ,x >0(1.1.30).2 , - . 3, 1, - v3x = v1x. 4 , - x0, v4x < 0, - x. , - . , l = |sx| = |vx|t. - , , , . ( - ) t (. 1.31), : x = . (1.12) , - , , , , , .,,- , 1.31 , (/). - , , - . 1.32 . : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) t = 4 c . ) - , t.= 6 x.= 8 . 1 - x01=5 - t01= 0, , . 1.32 23. 24 I l1= x.x01=3 t1 = t. t01 = 6 . 2 t02 = = 2 , x02=0. l2 = x. x02 = 8 - t2=t.t02=4. ) Ox, : v1 = = 0,5 / v2 = = 2 /. ) x = x0 + vxt , , : x1 = x01+v1t = 5 + 0,5t. 2 , x02 = 0; - : x2 = v2(tt02)=2(t 2). t >_ 2 . ) d = |x1 x2| = |5 + 0,5 t 2 (t 2)| = |9 1,5 t|. t = 4 t1 = t. + t = 10 . d 6 . 1. ( ) ? 2. ? 3. - ? 4. , - , ? 5. : ? 6. , v1 = 54 /, t1 = 10 , t2 = 12 . , ? 7. l = 160 L = 290 . , v = 18 /? 8. . t1 = 2 x1 = 5 , t2 = 4 x2 = 2 . - . 9. Ox x1 = 3 + 2t x2 = 17 3t, - t , x . ; , - . 1.6 (. 1.2, ) , , . - , , . . . , (. 1.33, ). ,()
