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Step 1
MMR is maternal mortility rate due to pregnancy of birth or partulition
until 42 days post partum devided by 100.000 live births a
Formula is number of maternal death :
he number of maternal death!number of live births " 100.000
he mortality e"cluding by accident
M#$s or Millenium development goals is agreement from the head of %&&
countrys sign 'hen ( Millenium )e' *or+ 2002 and the target is to
riches prosperity of citi,en in a 201-
here are point about goal to )/ program 201- not only in )/ but in
another various nation. M#$s there are point.
his assessment decrease mortality child and mother and us 'e +no' )/
big population decrease a poverty.
#emogra is information concerning the structure and dynamic of local
population 3migrasi mortalitynatality distribution and migration is +ey to
identity anticipating problem and community needs establishing short
and long range program goals developing action plans identifying scal
and human resources and evaluating the impact of the given e5ort.
/bout population e"pecially human.
Sdgs is sustainable goals this is agreement of united nation that continue
Mdgs from 201- until 2060. Sdgs have 17 goals.
Step 2
1. 8hy this three components can e5ect the demographic of the
population 92. 8hat are the denition of mortality9
6. 8hat are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality 94. 8hat are components about mortality9-. 8hat are the e5ort to decreased mortality9. 8hat is the points from Mdgs 97. 8hat is the 17 points from Sdgs 9. 8hat are the benets of demographic 9;. 8hat is most common cause of maternal mortality910. 8hy in lo' and middle income country can increase mortality
rate 911. 8hat various si,e of mortality9
12. 8hat is the di5erent of mortality pattern in develop anddeveloping country9
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16. 8hat are the cause of death that di5erent in every country
spesically the di5erents of the demographic factor914. #R8e count from 1000!years.= MMR
= >MRf baby 0=- monthf child 1=- years
= he number of life= /ge spesic death rate 3/S#R for e"ample 1-=1; there are
spesic age death- program %rimary health care 'e can give suplementation
2. 8hy this three components can e5ect the demographic of the
population 9= 6 components 3Mortalitynatality or fertility and migration
)atality can increase the population
Mortality can decrease the population devided in to psi+ologis
3decrease a ideal condition and e+ologis 3natural conditionMigration the demographic 3movement people to another area
can decrease and increase the area.6 components to balance increase fertility can give program
(& migration 'e can data citi,enMigration over can e5ects S#M decrease 3criminal
6. 8hat are components about mortality9Mortality is devided 2= nternal or direct factor
/ge gender accident violens suicide= ndirect or e"ternal factor
%ressure both psi+ological and physic 'or+ position social
economy health fasilities and ability and political and natural
distress.Mortality is the sign of life dissapear permanentlyncreased mortality diseases accidental decrease healthy
and nutrition polution natural disaster 'ar#ecreased mortality health care developing technology
+no'ledge about the religion condition of safety from the city
4. 8hat are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality 9Mortality is the sign of life dissapear permanently
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ncreased mortality diseases accidental decrease healthy
and nutrition polution natural disaster 'ar#ecreased mortality health care developing technology
+no'ledge about the religion condition of safety from the city
-. 8hat are the e5ort to decreased mortality9/ccording mortality rate= %rovide good sanitation= #ecrease mortality rate sanitation is tifoid fever= muni,ation program= %rimary health care li+e &%?S good service care provide
Mother mortality
= #ecrease mother maternality (& 'e hope no one pregnancy to
including category to many children to young to old to oftenpregnan= /ntenatal care= Safety delivery= @bstetry care
. #RMR/S#R
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STEP 7
1. What are the definition of mortality?
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Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or
due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that
population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically epressed in units of deaths per
!,""" indi#iduals per year$ thus, a mortality rate of %.& (out of !,""") in a population
of !,""" 'ould mean %.& deaths per year in that entire population, or ".%& out ofthe total. t is distinct from *morbidity*, a term used to refer to either
the pre#alence or incidence of a disease, and also from the incidence rate (the
number of ne'ly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time)
Porta, M, ed. (2014). "Cumulative death rate". A Dictionary of !idemioloy (#th
ed.). $%ford& $%ford 'niverity Pre. !. 4. *+- /0100#2 .
2. Why this three components can effect the demographic of the population ?
+emography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these
populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in responseto birth, migration, ageing, and death. ased on the demographic research of the
earth, earth-s population up to the year "&" and !"" can be estimated by
demographers. +emographics are /uantifiable characteristics of a gi#en population.
• The crude birth rate, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" people.
• The general fertility rate, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" 'omen of
childbearing age (often ta0en to be from !& to 1% years old, but sometimes from !& to11).
• The age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" 'omen in
particular age groups (usually age !&2!%, "21 etc.)
• The crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per !,""" people.
• The infant mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than ! year
old per !,""" li#e births.
• The expectation of life (or life epectancy), the number of years 'hich an indi#idual
at a gi#en age could epect to li#e at present mortality le#els.
• The total fertility rate, the number of li#e births per 'oman completing her
reproducti#e life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age2specific fertilityrates.
• The replacement level fertility, the a#erage number of children 'omen must ha#e
in order to replace the population for the net generation. 3or eample, the replacementle#el fertility in the 4S is .!!.
• The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters 'ho 'ould be born to a
'oman completing her reproducti#e life at current age2specific fertility rates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_ratehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(human)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_reproduction_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_ratehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(human)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_reproduction_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement
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• The net reproduction ratio is the epected number of daughters, per ne'born
prospecti#e mother, 'ho may or may not sur#i#e to and through the ages ofchildbearing.
• 5 stable population, one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such
a long period of time that the percentage of people in e#ery age class remains constant,or e/ui#alently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure.
• 5 stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the
difference bet'een crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero)
"3he +cience of Po!ulation" . demora!hic!artition.or. etrieved 4 Auut 201#
3. What are components about mortality?
• 6rude death rate the total number of deaths per year per !,""" people. 5s of
"!1 the crude death rate for the 'hole 'orld is 7.8% per !,""" (do'n from 8.97 per!,""" in ""%) according to the current 65 :orld 3actboo0. ;ote that the crude deathrate can be misleading. The crude death rate depends on the age (and gender) specificmortality rates and the age (and gender) distribution of the population. The number ofdeaths per !,""" people can be higher in de#eloped nations than in less2de#elopedcountries, despite a higher life epectancy in de#eloped countries due to betterstandards of health. This happens because de#eloped countries typically ha#e a muchhigher proportion of older people, due to both lo'er birth rates and lo'er mortality rates. 5 more complete picture of mortality is gi#en by a life table, 'hich sho's the mortalityrate separately for each age. 5 life table is necessary to gi#e a good estimate of lifeepectancy.
• Perinatal mortality rate the sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths (stillbirths) per
!,""" births.
• Maternal mortality ratio the number of maternal deaths per !"",""" li#e births in
same time period.
• Maternal mortality rate the number of maternal deaths per !,""" 'omen of
reproducti#e age in the population (generally defined as !&11 years of age).
• nfant mortality rate the number of deaths of children less than ! year old per !,"""
li#e births.
• 6hild mortality rate< the number of deaths of children less than & years old per !,"""
li#e births.
• Standardized mortality ratio (SM=) a proportional comparison to the numbers of
deaths that 'ould ha#e been epected if the population had been of a standardcomposition in terms of age, gender, etc.
• 5ge2specific mortality rate (5SM=) the total number of deaths per year per !,"""
people of a gi#en age (e.g. age > last birthday).
• 6ause2specific mortality rate the mortality rate for a specified cause of death.
http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-specific_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_deathhttp://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-specific_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_death
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• 6umulati#e death rate< a measure of the (gro'ing) proportion of a group that die o#er
a specified period (often as estimated by techni/ues that account for missingdata bystatistical censoring).
• 6ase fatality rate (63=) the proportion of cases of a particular medical
condition that lead to death 'ithin a specified period of time.?ther measures of mortality used to pro#ide indications of therelati#e success or failure of medical treatment or procedures (for life2threatening illnesses,etc.) include<
• Early mortality rate the total number of deaths in the early stages of an ongoing
treatment, or in the period immediately follo'ing an acute treatment.
• @ate mortality rate the total number of deaths in the late stages of an ongoing
treatment, or a significant length of time after an acute treatment
Porta, M, ed. (2014). "Cumulative death rate". A Dictionary of !idemioloy (#thed.). $%ford& $%ford 'niverity Pre. !. 4. *+- /0100#2 .
4. What are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality ?
3actors that affect mortality= 3actor causes= 3actor ris0
oth 'ill memnyebab0an sic0. then 'ill die, caused by unhealthy lifestyle, smo0ing,
malnutrition, etc.= 3actor causes= 3actor ris0
oth 'ill lead to accidents, poisoning, crime and disaster. Then it 'ill die, caused the
'or0, unhealthy lifestyle, facilitate safety, etc.
Aariables in +eterminants of nfant Mortality B 6hildren
!. The material factors(5ges the number of children and spacing of pregnancy) Too young maternal age (C!&) ha#e a ris0 of infant mortality as a result of pisi0is
and biological preparedness.
The number of children more often gi#e birth 'ill be the higher the number the ris0 ofinfant mortality due to maternal health Sena0in decreased and attention of the
mother for her child
5 mother 'ith the birth of a relati#ely short distance (C!8 months) ha#e a ris0 of
infant mortality is higher in comparison 'ith mothers 'ith a spacing of 2& years
. ;utritional factorsMothers 'ho are less mengomsumsi calories, protein, #itamins and minerals
sufficient to be at ris0 for infant mortality yang tinggi9. 3actors en#ironments
Pollution and contact 'ith materials 'hich destroy or carry disease, they causehealth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acutehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acutehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2
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1. 3actors accident?ther'ise the causes of death, not a ris0 factor, but for the accident because of
errors indu#idu
&. 3actors disease control6o#ering a healthy life beha#ior that is influenced by the mother-s 0no'ledge
356T?= 2 654SE ?3 +E5TD 356T?=S 3?= +SE5SE
Medically can be grouped!. The death of infants C! year, upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea,
pneumonia, digesti#e disorders, seizures, infection, congenital defects. +ifti, internal
factors in the 'omb as 'ell as other eternal factors.. The death of children !21 years old, upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea,
pneumonia, malaria, and diftri eFang symptoms, lac0 of nutrition and heart disease.
356T?= 2 654SE ?3 +E5TD 356T?=S 3?= +SE5SE
enerally the disease as a factor in the cause of death can be groupedMatemal death< complications of pregnancy, birth and postpartum (9 and 1 too late)n general as a common factor disease as a factor in the cause of death can be
grouped into infectious and non infectious diseases
!. The direct cause of deatha. leeding 8
b. Poisoning pregnancy 1c. nfections !!d. Puerperal complications 8e. ?bstructed labor, or a maimum &f. Miscarriage &
. The indirect causesa. @ate recognize danger signs and ma0e decisionsb. +elay in reaching a health facilityc. +elay in reaching aid in health facilities
9. =is0 factors
a. Too easy deli#ery (C" years), ".9b. Too often gi#e birth (C9 children) 97c. Too tight spacing of birth (C years) %.1d. Too old to gi#e birth (G 9& years) !9.%
. What are the effort to decreased mortality?!. "o# information on mortality are collected?
+irect methods
+irect data comes from vital statistics registries that trac0 all births and deaths as 'ell as
certain changes in legal status such as marriage$ divorce$ and migration (registration of
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place of residence). n de#eloped countries 'ith good registration systems (such as the
4nited States and much of Europe), registry statistics are the best method for estimating the
number of births and deaths.
% census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. % census isusually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person
in a country. Do'e#er, in contrast to #ital statistics data, 'hich are typically collected
continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 1&
years or so, and thus are not usually the best source of data on births and deaths.
%nalyses are conducted after a census to estimate ho# much over or undercounting
too' place. These compare the se ratios from the census data to those estimated from
natural #alues and mortality data.
6ensuses do more than Fust count people. (hey typically collect information aboutfamilies or households in addition to individual characteristics such as age$ sex$
marital status$ literacy)education$ employment status$ and occupation$ and
geographical location. They may also collect data on migration *or place of birth or of
previous residence+$ language$ religion$ nationality *or ethnicity or race+$ and
citi,enship. n countries in 'hich the #ital registration system may be incomplete, the
censuses are also used as a direct source of information about fertility and mortality
for example the censuses of the People-s =epublic of 6hina gather information on births
and deaths that occurred in the !8 months immediately preceding the census
ndirect methods
ndirect methods of collecting data are re/uired in countries and periods #here full data arenot available$ such as is the case in much of the developing #orld$ and mostof historical demography. ?ne of these techni/ues in contemporary demography isthe sister method, #here survey researchers as' #omen ho# many of their sistershave died or had children and at #hat age. :ith these sur#eys, researchers can thenindirectly estimate birth or death rates for the entire population. 0ther indirect methods incontemporary demography include as'ing people about siblings$ parents$ and
children. 0ther indirect methods are necessary in historical demography.There are a #ariety of demographic methods for modeling population processes. Theyinclude models of mortality(including the life table, ompertz models, hazards models, 6oproportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, rass relationallogits), fertility (Dernes model, 6oale2Trussell models, parity progression ratios), marriage(Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (Sulli#an-s method, multistate lifetables), population proFections(@ee 6arter , the @eslie Matri), and populationmomentum (Heyfitz).
The 4nited Hingdom has a series of four national birth cohort studies, the first three spacedapart by ! years< the !%1> ;ational Sur#ey of Dealth and +e#elopment, the !%&8 ;ational6hild +e#elopment Study, the !%7" ritish 6ohort Study, and the Millennium 6ohort Study,
begun much more recently in """. These ha#e follo'ed the li#es of samples of people(typically beginning 'ith around !7,""" in each study) for many years, and are still
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz_curvehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decrement_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hernes_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_progression_ratioshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan's_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_projectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee-Carter_methods_for_estimating_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz_curvehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decrement_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hernes_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_progression_ratioshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan's_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_projectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee-Carter_methods_for_estimating_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study
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continuing. 5s the samples ha#e been dra'n in a nationally representati#e 'ay, inferencescan be dra'n from these studies about the differences bet'een four distinct generations ofritish people in terms of their health, education, attitudes, childbearing and employmentpatterns.
Po'er 6 and Elliott I ("">). *6ohort profile< !%&8 ritish 6ohort Study*. *nternational
5ournal of !idemioloy 3 (!)< 911!. doi!&&"&
. What is the points from Mdgs ?
The Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) are eight international de#elopment goals that
'ere officially established follo'ing the Millennium Summit of the 4nited ;ations in """.
. What is the 1 points from dgs ?
The ?fficial 5genda for Sustainable +e#elopment adopted on & September "!& has %
paragraphs, 'ith the main paragraph (&!) outlining the !7 Sustainable +e#elopment oals
and its associated !>% targets. This included the follo'ing goals<
!. overty 2 End po#erty in all its forms e#ery'here
. 5ood 2 End hunger , achie#e food security and impro#ed nutrition andpromote sustainable agriculture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155052https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_poverty_in_all_its_forms_everywherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155052https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_poverty_in_all_its_forms_everywherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture
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9. "ealth 2 Ensure healthy li#es and promote 'ell2being for all at all ages
1. 6ducation 2 Ensure inclusi#e and e/uitable /uality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
&. Women 2 5chie#e gender e/uality and empo'er all 'omen and girls
>. Water 2 Ensure a#ailability and sustainable management of 'ater and sanitation for
all
7. 6nergy 2 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and clean energy for all
8. 6conomy 2 Promote sustained, inclusi#e and sustainable economic gro'th, full and
producti#e employment and decent 'or0 for all
%. nfrastructure 2 uild resilient infrastructure, promote inclusi#e and sustainable
industrialization and foster inno#ation
!".ne/uality 2 =educe ine/uality 'ithin and among countries
!!."abitation 2 Ma0e cities and human settlements inclusi#e, safe, resilient and
sustainable
!.7onsumption 2 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
!9.7limate 2 Ta0e urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
!1.Marine-ecosystems 2 6onser#e and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable de#elopment
!&.6cosystems 2 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt
and re#erse land degradation and halt biodi#ersity loss
!>.nstitutions 2 Promote peaceful and inclusi#e societies for sustainable de#elopment,
pro#ide access to Fustice for all and build effecti#e, accountable and inclusi#e
institutions at all le#els
!7.ustainability 2 Strengthen the means of implementation and re#italize the global
partnership for sustainable de#elopment
5s of 5ugust "!&, there 'ere !>% proposed targets for these goals and 9"1 proposed
indicators to sho' compliance.
J97K
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(education)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(education)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#cite_note-37
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3actors that increase maternal death can be direct or indirect. enerally, there is a
distinction bet'een a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of
thepregnancy, deli#ery, or management of the t'o, and an indirect maternal death. J1K that is a
pregnancy2related death in a patient 'ith a preeisting or ne'ly de#eloped health problem
unrelated to pregnancy. 3atalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are
termed accidental , incidental , or nonobstetrical maternal deaths.
The most common causes are postpartum bleeding (!&), complications from
unsafe abortion (!&), hypertensi#e disorders of pregnancy (!"), postpartum
infections (8), and obstructed labour (>).J&K ?ther causes include blood clots (9) and
pre2eisting conditions (8).J>K ndirect causes are malaria, anaemia,J7K DAB5+S,
and cardio#ascular disease, all of 'hich may complicate pregnancy or be aggra#ated by it.
Sociodemographic factors such as age, access to resources and income le#el are significantindicators of maternal outcomes. Loung mothers face higher ris0s of complications and
death during pregnancy than older mothers, J8K especially adolescents aged !& years or
younger .J%K 5dolescents ha#e higher ris0s for postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal
endometritis, operati#e #aginal deli#ery, episiotomy, lo' birth 'eight, preterm deli#ery, and
small2for2gestational2age infants, all of 'hich can lead to maternal death.J%K Structural support
and family support influences maternal outcomes. 3urthermore, social disad#antage and
social isolation ad#ersely affects maternal health 'hich can lead to increases in maternal
death.J!"K 5dditionally, lac0 of access to s0illed medical care during childbirth, the tra#el
distance to the nearest clinic to recei#e proper care, number of prior births, barriers to
accessing prenatal medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.
4nsafe abortion is another maFor cause of maternal death. 5ccording to the :orld Dealth
?rganization, e#ery eight minutes a 'oman dies from complications arising from unsafe
abortions. 6omplications include hemorrhage, infection, sepsis and genital
trauma J!!K lobally, pre#entable deaths from improperly performed procedures constitute
!9 of maternal mortality, and & or more in some countries 'here maternal mortality
from other causes is relati#ely lo', ma0ing unsafe abortion the leading single cause of
maternal mortality 'orld'ide
11. Why in lo# and middle income country can increase mortality rate ?12. What is the different of mortality pattern in develop and developing country?
+EAE@?P; 6?4;T=L
2 @imitations of Public 3acilitiesThe ability of de#eloping country go#ernments in the field of state finances in general
is limited. This has led to limited public facilities are able to be pro#ided by the
go#ernment.2 @e#el of @egal 5'areness, ender E/uality, and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_disorders_of_pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet_2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_attendanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_disorders_of_pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet_2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_attendanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-11
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=espect for Duman =ights =elati#ely @o' le#el of community participation in la'
enforcement is still relati#ely lo'. People (including officials) is still much to do fraud
la' 'ithout shame. The forms of legal #iolations, such as the imposition of the 'ill,
bribery, corruption, collusion, nepotism, destruction of public facilities, and so forth.
ender e/uality is not yet entrenched, acti#e 'omen 'or0 still regarded as less
appropriate under some circles. Enforcement and protection of human rights can notbe implemented optimally.2 Education @e#el Still @o'The education le#el of the occupation in de#eloping countries are generally still lo'.
That is because the educational facilities both formal and nonformal still limited and
not sufficient so it can not be reached by the entire population of the country. 5s a
result, there-s also illiterate population.2 ncome @e#el Still @o'The maFority of people in de#eloping countries 'or0 in the agricultural sector are
generally still done traditionally. The le#el of education and mastery of science and
technology by the population on a#erage is still lo' caused the population is not able
to compete for 'or0 or create Fobs in other sectors. Such conditions lead to people in
de#eloping countries ha#e an income or opinions a#erage relati#ely lo', so that the
income per capita is also lo'.2 SoundnessThe li#ing standards of de#eloping countries are still lo' also affecting the
population-s health. n general, people in de#eloping countries do not ha#e
a'areness of the importance of health. The lac0 of health infrastructure led to the
soundness of the a#erage population in de#eloping countries is still lo' is also
characterized by high mortality and high birth rates, 'hile life epectancy is lo'.
+EAE@?PE+ 6?4;T=ES
2 6an ?#ercome Problems of PopulationThis is because the gro'th rate is small, the number of people in general are not too
many, small dependency ratio, the /uality and producti#ity of high population, high
per capita income, and employment and business opportunities 'ide open.
2 @e#el and uality of @ife Digh SocietyThe high /uality of the population to encourage increasing the producti#ity of society
that leads to increasing per capita income and national income.
2 nsufficient pro#ision of Public 3acilities+e#eloped countries ha#e the capacity of facilities and funds to pro#ide ser#ices
ade/uate public facilities for its residents. This is also supported by the high le#el of
a'areness of their peoples to maintain and utilize the a#ailability of public facilities.
2 =elati#ely Digh @e#el of EducationThe le#el of education is one important indicator that sho's the /uality of a country-s
population. n the de#eloped countries in general population already ha#e a high
a'areness of the importance of education and mastery of science and technology. t
is seen from enrollment study population de#eloped countries is #ery high. The high
le#el of education of the population in de#eloped countries is also supported by a
good education system and higher education budget from the go#ernment.
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2 Population =elati#ely Digh ncome @e#elProgress le#el of education and mastery of science and technology by the maFority of
the de#eloped countries ha#e the potential to ma0e high2/uality human resources.
These conditions ma0e the population of de#eloped countries is no longer dependent
agricultural sector as the main income, but in the industrial sector, ser#ices and trade.
Aariations Fobs in #arious sectors of the d'ellers of these countries ha#e a higha#erage income. Digh2income population 'ill ha#e an impact on per capita income is
also high.
2 Soundness t oodThe a#erage population of de#eloped countries already ha#e a high standard of
li#ing, so that public a'areness of the importance of health has also been good. n
addition, the go#ernment also gi#es #ery good attention to the le#el of public health
through the de#elopment of #arious health facilities are inade/uate in many areas
that are accessible by all le#els of society. The health le#el of the population is
already good, can be seen from the lo' population mortality rate and life epectancy
of the population in de#eloped countries. Put simply, the difference indicator
de#eloped countries and de#eloping countries today can be seen in the follo'ing
table.
13. What are the cause of death that different in every country$ spesifically the
differents of the demographic factor?
14. "o# to solve the problem of mortality$ #ith the proper police$ universal
coverage #ith 'ey effective and afford table intervention ?
Pre#ention
The death rate for 'omen gi#ing birth plummeted in the t'entieth century. The historicalle#el of maternal deaths is probably around ! in !"" births.J1K Mortality rates reached #ery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24
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high le#els in maternity institutions in the !8""s, sometimes climbing to 1" percent of
birthgi#ing 'omen (see Distorical mortality rates of puerperal fe#er ). 5t the beginning of the
!%""s, maternal death rates 'ere around ! in !"" for li#e births. 6urrently, there are an
estimated 7&,""" maternal deaths each year .J&K Public health, technological and policy
approaches are steps that can be ta0en to drastically reduce the global maternal death
burden.
3our elements are essential to maternal death pre#ention, according to 4;3P5 5irst$
prenatal care. t is recommended that epectant mothers recei#e at least four antenatal
#isits to chec0 and monitor the health of mother and fetus. econd$ s'illed birth
attendance 'ith emergency bac0up such as doctors, nurces and mid'i#es 'ho ha#e the
s0ills to manage normal deli#eries and recognize the onset of complications. (hird$
emergency obstetric care to address the maFor causes of maternal death 'hich are
hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensi#e disorders and obstructed labour. 9astly$
postnatal care #hich is the six #ee's follo#ing delivery. +uring this time bleeding,
sepsis and hypertensi#e disorders can occur and ne'borns are etremely #ulnerable in the
immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follo'2up #isits by a health 'or0er to assess the
health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended.
Medical technologies
The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to impro#ed asepsis, fluid management
and blood transfusion, and better prenatal care.
Technologies ha#e been designed for resource poor settings that ha#e been effecti#e in
reducing maternal deaths as 'ell. The non2pneumatic anti2shoc0 garment is a lo'2
technology pressure de#ice that decreases blood loss, restores #ital signs and helps buy
time in delay of 'omen recei#ing ade/uate emergency care during obstetric hemorrhage.J>K t has pro#en to be a #aluable resource. 6ondoms used as uterine tamponades ha#e also
been effecti#e in stopping post2partum hemorrhage.J7K
Public healthJeditK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_mortality_rates_of_puerperal_feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birthshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_hemorrhagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal_death&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_mortality_rates_of_puerperal_feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birthshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_hemorrhagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal_death&action=edit§ion=7
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?n the 7 5pril "!" Sierra @eone launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding
'omen
Most maternal deaths are a#oidable, as the health2care solutions to pre#ent or manage
complications are 'ell 0no'n. mpro#ing access to antenatal care in pregnancy, s0illed care
during childbirth, and care and support in the 'ee0s after childbirth 'ill reduce maternal
deaths significantly. t is particularly important that all births be attended by s0illed health
professionals, as timely management and treatment can ma0e the difference bet'een life
and death. To impro#e maternal health, barriers that limit access to /uality maternal healthser#ices must be identified and addressed at all le#els of the health system.J8K =ecommendations for reducing maternal mortality include access to health care, access
to family planning ser#ices, and emergency obstetric care, funding and intrapartum care.J%K =eduction in unnecessary obstetric surgery has also been suggested.
3amily planning approaches include a#oiding pregnancy at too young of an age or too old of
an age and spacing births. 5ccess to primary care for 'omen e#en before they become
pregnant is essential along 'ith access to contracepti#es.
Policy
The biggest global policy initiati#e for maternal health came from the 4nited ;ations-
Millennium +eclaration 'hich created theMillennium +e#elopment oals. The fifth goal of
the 4nited ;ations- Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) initiati#e is to reduce the
maternal mortality rate by three /uarters bet'een !%%" and "!& and to achie#e uni#ersal
access to reproducti#e health by "!&.J9!K
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptiveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptiveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-31
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The Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) are eight international de#elopment goals that
'ere officially established follo'ing the Millennium Summit of the 4nited ;ations in """.
Trends through "!" can be #ie'ed in a report 'ritten Fointly by the :D?, 4;6E3, 4;3P5,
and the :orld an0.J9K
6ountries and local go#ernments ha#e ta0en political steps in reducing maternal deaths.
=esearchers at the ?#erseas +e#elopment nstitute studied maternal health systems in four
apparently similar countries< ='anda, Mala'i, ;iger , and 4ganda.J99K n comparison to the
other three countries, ='anda has an ecellent recent record of impro#ing maternal death
rates. ased on their in#estigation of these #arying country case studies, the researchers
conclude that impro#ing maternal health depends on three 0ey factors< !. re#ie'ing all
maternal health2related policies fre/uently to ensure that they are internally coherent$ .
enforcing standards on pro#iders of maternal health ser#ices$ 9. any local solutions to
problems disco#ered should be promoted, not discouraged.
n terms of aid policy, proportionally, aid gi#en to impro#e maternal mortality rates has
shrun0en as other public health issues, such as DAB5+S, ha#e become maFor international
concerns.J91K Maternal health aid contributions tend to be lumped together 'ith ne'born and
child health, so it is difficult to assess ho' much aid is gi#en directly to maternal health to
help lo'er the rates of maternal mortality. =egardless, there has been progress in reducing
maternal mortality rates internationally
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34
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+ "!9 Mortality and 6auses of +eath, 6ollaborators (!7 +ecember
"!1). *lobal, regional, and national age2se specific all2cause and cause2specific
mortality for 1" causes of death, !%%"2"!9< a systematic analysis for the lobal
urden of +isease Study "!9.*. 6ancet 3< !!77!. doiBS"!1"2
>79>(!1)>!>82. PM6 191">"1.PM+ &&9"11
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