LBM 3 NURUL

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    Step 1

    MMR is maternal mortility rate due to pregnancy of birth or partulition

    until 42 days post partum devided by 100.000 live births a

    Formula is number of maternal death :

     he number of maternal death!number of live births " 100.000

     he mortality e"cluding by accident

    M#$s or Millenium development goals is agreement from the head of %&&

    countrys sign 'hen ( Millenium )e' *or+ 2002 and the target is to

    riches prosperity of citi,en in a 201-

     here are point about goal to )/ program 201- not only in )/ but in

    another various nation. M#$s there are point.

     his assessment decrease mortality child and mother and us 'e +no' )/

    big population decrease a poverty.

    #emogra is information concerning the structure and dynamic of local

    population 3migrasi mortalitynatality distribution and migration is +ey to

    identity anticipating problem and community needs establishing short

    and long range program goals developing action plans identifying scal

    and human resources and evaluating the impact of the given e5ort.

    /bout population e"pecially human.

    Sdgs is sustainable goals this is agreement of united nation that continue

    Mdgs from 201- until 2060. Sdgs have 17 goals.

    Step 2

    1. 8hy this three components can e5ect the demographic of the

    population 92. 8hat are the denition of mortality9

    6. 8hat are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality 94. 8hat are components about mortality9-. 8hat are the e5ort to decreased mortality9. 8hat is the points from Mdgs 97. 8hat is the 17 points from Sdgs 9. 8hat are the benets of demographic 9;. 8hat is most common cause of maternal mortality910. 8hy in lo' and middle income country can increase mortality

    rate 911. 8hat various si,e of mortality9

    12. 8hat is the di5erent of mortality pattern in develop anddeveloping country9

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    16. 8hat are the cause of death that di5erent in every country

    spesically the di5erents of the demographic factor914. #R8e count from 1000!years.= MMR

    = >MRf baby 0=- monthf child 1=- years

    = he number of life= /ge spesic death rate 3/S#R for e"ample 1-=1; there are

    spesic age death- program %rimary health care 'e can give suplementation

    2. 8hy this three components can e5ect the demographic of the

    population 9= 6 components 3Mortalitynatality or fertility and migration

    )atality can increase the population

    Mortality can decrease the population devided in to psi+ologis

    3decrease a ideal condition and e+ologis 3natural conditionMigration the demographic 3movement people to another area

    can decrease and increase the area.6 components to balance increase fertility can give program

    (& migration 'e can data citi,enMigration over can e5ects S#M decrease 3criminal

    6. 8hat are components about mortality9Mortality is devided 2= nternal or direct factor

    /ge gender accident violens suicide= ndirect or e"ternal factor

    %ressure both psi+ological and physic 'or+ position social

    economy health fasilities and ability and political and natural

    distress.Mortality is the sign of life dissapear permanentlyncreased mortality diseases accidental decrease healthy

    and nutrition polution natural disaster 'ar#ecreased mortality health care developing technology

    +no'ledge about the religion condition of safety from the city

    4. 8hat are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality 9Mortality is the sign of life dissapear permanently

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    ncreased mortality diseases accidental decrease healthy

    and nutrition polution natural disaster 'ar#ecreased mortality health care developing technology

    +no'ledge about the religion condition of safety from the city

    -. 8hat are the e5ort to decreased mortality9/ccording mortality rate= %rovide good sanitation= #ecrease mortality rate sanitation is tifoid fever= muni,ation program= %rimary health care li+e &%?S good service care provide

    Mother mortality

    = #ecrease mother maternality (& 'e hope no one pregnancy to

    including category to many children to young to old to oftenpregnan= /ntenatal care= Safety delivery= @bstetry care

    . #RMR/S#R

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    STEP 7

    1. What are the definition of mortality?

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    Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or

    due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that

    population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically epressed in units of deaths per

    !,""" indi#iduals per year$ thus, a mortality rate of %.& (out of !,""") in a population

    of !,""" 'ould mean %.& deaths per year in that entire population, or ".%& out ofthe total. t is distinct from *morbidity*, a term used to refer to either

    the pre#alence or incidence of a disease, and also from the incidence rate (the

    number of ne'ly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time)

     Porta, M, ed. (2014). "Cumulative death rate".  A Dictionary of !idemioloy  (#th

    ed.). $%ford& $%ford 'niverity Pre. !. 4. *+-  /0100#2 .

    2. Why this three components can effect the demographic of the population ?

    +emography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these

    populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in responseto birth, migration, ageing, and death. ased on the demographic research of the

    earth, earth-s population up to the year "&" and !"" can be estimated by

    demographers. +emographics are /uantifiable characteristics of a gi#en population.

    • The crude birth rate, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" people.

    • The general fertility rate, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" 'omen of

    childbearing age (often ta0en to be from !& to 1% years old, but sometimes from !& to11).

    • The age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of li#e births per !,""" 'omen in

    particular age groups (usually age !&2!%, "21 etc.)

    • The crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per !,""" people.

    • The infant mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than ! year

    old per !,""" li#e births.

    • The expectation of life (or life epectancy), the number of years 'hich an indi#idual

    at a gi#en age could epect to li#e at present mortality le#els.

    • The total fertility rate, the number of li#e births per 'oman completing her

    reproducti#e life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age2specific fertilityrates.

    • The replacement level fertility, the a#erage number of children 'omen must ha#e

    in order to replace the population for the net generation. 3or eample, the replacementle#el fertility in the 4S is .!!.

    • The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters 'ho 'ould be born to a

    'oman completing her reproducti#e life at current age2specific fertility rates.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_ratehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(human)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_reproduction_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_ratehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(human)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_reproduction_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement

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    • The net reproduction ratio is the epected number of daughters, per ne'born

    prospecti#e mother, 'ho may or may not sur#i#e to and through the ages ofchildbearing.

    •  5 stable population, one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such

    a long period of time that the percentage of people in e#ery age class remains constant,or e/ui#alently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure.

    •  5 stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the

    difference bet'een crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero)

     "3he +cience of Po!ulation" . demora!hic!artition.or. etrieved 4 Auut 201#

    3. What are components about mortality?

    • 6rude death rate  the total number of deaths per year per !,""" people. 5s of

    "!1 the crude death rate for the 'hole 'orld is 7.8% per !,""" (do'n from 8.97 per!,""" in ""%) according to the current 65 :orld 3actboo0. ;ote that the crude deathrate can be misleading. The crude death rate depends on the age (and gender) specificmortality rates and the age (and gender) distribution of the population. The number ofdeaths per !,""" people can be higher in de#eloped nations than in less2de#elopedcountries, despite a higher life epectancy in de#eloped countries due to betterstandards of health. This happens because de#eloped countries typically ha#e a muchhigher proportion of older people, due to both lo'er birth rates and lo'er mortality rates. 5 more complete picture of mortality is gi#en by a life table, 'hich sho's the mortalityrate separately for each age. 5 life table is necessary to gi#e a good estimate of lifeepectancy.

    • Perinatal mortality rate the sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths (stillbirths) per

    !,""" births.

    • Maternal mortality ratio the number of maternal deaths per !"",""" li#e births in

    same time period.

    • Maternal mortality rate the number of maternal deaths per !,""" 'omen of

    reproducti#e age in the population (generally defined as !&11 years of age).

    • nfant mortality rate the number of deaths of children less than ! year old per !,"""

    li#e births.

    • 6hild mortality rate< the number of deaths of children less than & years old per !,"""

    li#e births.

    • Standardized mortality ratio (SM=) a proportional comparison to the numbers of

    deaths that 'ould ha#e been epected if the population had been of a standardcomposition in terms of age, gender, etc.

    •  5ge2specific mortality rate (5SM=) the total number of deaths per year per !,"""

    people of a gi#en age (e.g. age > last birthday).

    • 6ause2specific mortality rate the mortality rate for a specified cause of death.

    http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-specific_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_deathhttp://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-specific_mortality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_death

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    • 6umulati#e death rate< a measure of the (gro'ing) proportion of a group that die o#er 

    a specified period (often as estimated by techni/ues that account for missingdata bystatistical censoring).

    • 6ase fatality rate (63=) the proportion of cases of a particular  medical

    condition that lead to death 'ithin a specified period of time.?ther measures of mortality used to pro#ide indications of therelati#e success or failure of  medical treatment or procedures (for life2threatening illnesses,etc.) include<

    • Early mortality rate the total number of deaths in the early stages of an ongoing

    treatment, or in the period immediately follo'ing an acute treatment.

    • @ate mortality rate the total number of deaths in the late stages of an ongoing

    treatment, or a significant length of time after an acute treatment

     Porta, M, ed. (2014). "Cumulative death rate".  A Dictionary of !idemioloy  (#thed.). $%ford& $%ford 'niverity Pre. !. 4. *+-  /0100#2 .

    4. What are the factor can increased and decreased of mortality ?

    3actors that affect mortality= 3actor causes= 3actor ris0

    oth 'ill memnyebab0an sic0. then 'ill die, caused by unhealthy lifestyle, smo0ing,

    malnutrition, etc.= 3actor causes= 3actor ris0

    oth 'ill lead to accidents, poisoning, crime and disaster. Then it 'ill die, caused the

    'or0, unhealthy lifestyle, facilitate safety, etc. 

    Aariables in +eterminants of nfant Mortality B 6hildren

    !. The material factors(5ges the number of children and spacing of pregnancy)  Too young maternal age (C!&) ha#e a ris0 of infant mortality as a result of pisi0is

    and biological preparedness.

    The number of children more often gi#e birth 'ill be the higher the number the ris0 ofinfant mortality due to maternal health Sena0in decreased and attention of the

    mother for her child

     5 mother 'ith the birth of a relati#ely short distance (C!8 months) ha#e a ris0 of

    infant mortality is higher in comparison 'ith mothers 'ith a spacing of 2& years

    . ;utritional factorsMothers 'ho are less mengomsumsi calories, protein, #itamins and minerals

    sufficient to be at ris0 for infant mortality yang tinggi9. 3actors en#ironments

    Pollution and contact 'ith materials 'hich destroy or carry disease, they causehealth

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acutehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/successhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acutehttps://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939005-2

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    1. 3actors accident?ther'ise the causes of death, not a ris0 factor, but for the accident because of

    errors indu#idu

    &. 3actors disease control6o#ering a healthy life beha#ior that is influenced by the mother-s 0no'ledge

    356T?= 2 654SE ?3 +E5TD 356T?=S 3?= +SE5SE

    Medically can be grouped!. The death of infants C! year, upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea,

    pneumonia, digesti#e disorders, seizures, infection, congenital defects. +ifti, internal

    factors in the 'omb as 'ell as other eternal factors.. The death of children !21 years old, upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea,

    pneumonia, malaria, and diftri eFang symptoms, lac0 of nutrition and heart disease.

    356T?= 2 654SE ?3 +E5TD 356T?=S 3?= +SE5SE

    enerally the disease as a factor in the cause of death can be groupedMatemal death< complications of pregnancy, birth and postpartum (9 and 1 too late)n general as a common factor disease as a factor in the cause of death can be

    grouped into infectious and non infectious diseases

    !. The direct cause of deatha. leeding 8

    b. Poisoning pregnancy 1c. nfections !!d. Puerperal complications 8e. ?bstructed labor, or a maimum &f. Miscarriage &

    . The indirect causesa. @ate recognize danger signs and ma0e decisionsb. +elay in reaching a health facilityc. +elay in reaching aid in health facilities

    9. =is0 factors

    a. Too easy deli#ery (C" years), ".9b. Too often gi#e birth (C9 children) 97c. Too tight spacing of birth (C years) %.1d. Too old to gi#e birth (G 9& years) !9.%

    . What are the effort to decreased mortality?!. "o# information on mortality are collected?

    +irect methods

    +irect data comes from vital statistics registries that trac0 all births and deaths as 'ell as

    certain changes in legal status such as marriage$ divorce$ and migration (registration of

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    place of residence). n de#eloped countries 'ith good registration systems (such as the

    4nited States and much of Europe), registry statistics are the best method for estimating the

    number of births and deaths.

    % census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. % census isusually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person

    in a country. Do'e#er, in contrast to #ital statistics data, 'hich are typically collected

    continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 1&

    years or so, and thus are not usually the best source of data on births and deaths.

    %nalyses are conducted after a census to estimate ho# much over or undercounting

    too' place. These compare the se ratios from the census data to those estimated from

    natural #alues and mortality data.

    6ensuses do more than Fust count people. (hey typically collect information aboutfamilies or households in addition to individual characteristics such as age$ sex$

    marital status$ literacy)education$ employment status$ and occupation$ and

    geographical location. They may also collect data on migration *or place of birth or of

    previous residence+$ language$ religion$ nationality *or ethnicity or race+$ and

    citi,enship. n countries in 'hich the #ital registration system may be incomplete, the

    censuses are also used as a direct source of information about fertility and mortality

    for example the censuses of the People-s =epublic of 6hina gather information on births

    and deaths that occurred in the !8 months immediately preceding the census

    ndirect methods

    ndirect methods of collecting data are re/uired in countries and periods #here full data arenot available$ such as is the case in much of the developing #orld$ and mostof  historical demography. ?ne of these techni/ues in contemporary demography isthe sister method, #here survey researchers as' #omen ho# many of their sistershave died or had children and at #hat age. :ith these sur#eys, researchers can thenindirectly estimate birth or death rates for the entire population. 0ther indirect methods incontemporary demography include as'ing people about siblings$ parents$ and

    children. 0ther indirect methods are necessary in historical demography.There are a #ariety of demographic methods for modeling population processes. Theyinclude models of mortality(including the life table, ompertz models, hazards models, 6oproportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, rass relationallogits), fertility (Dernes model, 6oale2Trussell models, parity progression ratios), marriage(Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (Sulli#an-s method, multistate lifetables), population proFections(@ee 6arter , the @eslie Matri), and populationmomentum (Heyfitz).

    The 4nited Hingdom has a series of four national birth cohort studies, the first three spacedapart by ! years< the !%1> ;ational Sur#ey of Dealth and +e#elopment, the !%&8 ;ational6hild +e#elopment Study, the !%7" ritish 6ohort Study, and the Millennium 6ohort Study,

    begun much more recently in """. These ha#e follo'ed the li#es of samples of people(typically beginning 'ith around !7,""" in each study) for many years, and are still

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz_curvehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decrement_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hernes_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_progression_ratioshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan's_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_projectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee-Carter_methods_for_estimating_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz_curvehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_hazards_modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decrement_tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass_relational_logits&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hernes_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansley_J._Coalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_progression_ratioshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_model&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan's_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistate_life_tables&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_projectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee-Carter_methods_for_estimating_mortality&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Development_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study

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    continuing. 5s the samples ha#e been dra'n in a nationally representati#e 'ay, inferencescan be dra'n from these studies about the differences bet'een four distinct generations ofritish people in terms of their health, education, attitudes, childbearing and employmentpatterns.

    Po'er 6 and Elliott I ("">). *6ohort profile< !%&8 ritish 6ohort Study*. *nternational

    5ournal of !idemioloy  3 (!)< 911!. doi!&&"& 

    . What is the points from Mdgs ?

    The Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) are eight international de#elopment goals that

    'ere officially established follo'ing the Millennium Summit of the 4nited ;ations in """.

    . What is the 1 points from dgs ?

    The ?fficial 5genda for Sustainable +e#elopment adopted on & September "!& has %

    paragraphs, 'ith the main paragraph (&!) outlining the !7 Sustainable +e#elopment oals

    and its associated !>% targets. This included the follo'ing goals<

    !. overty 2 End po#erty in all its forms e#ery'here

    . 5ood 2 End hunger , achie#e food security and impro#ed nutrition andpromote sustainable agriculture

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155052https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_poverty_in_all_its_forms_everywherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155052https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_poverty_in_all_its_forms_everywherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger#Global_initiatives_to_end_hungerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture

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    9. "ealth 2 Ensure healthy li#es and promote 'ell2being for all at all ages

    1. 6ducation 2 Ensure inclusi#e and e/uitable /uality education and promote lifelong

    learning opportunities for all

    &. Women 2 5chie#e gender e/uality and empo'er  all 'omen and girls

    >. Water  2 Ensure a#ailability and sustainable management of 'ater and sanitation for

    all

    7. 6nergy 2 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and clean energy for all

    8. 6conomy 2 Promote sustained, inclusi#e and sustainable economic gro'th, full and

    producti#e employment and decent 'or0 for all

    %. nfrastructure 2 uild resilient infrastructure, promote inclusi#e and sustainable

    industrialization and foster inno#ation

    !".ne/uality 2 =educe ine/uality 'ithin and among countries

    !!."abitation 2 Ma0e cities and human settlements inclusi#e, safe, resilient and

    sustainable

    !.7onsumption 2 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

    !9.7limate 2 Ta0e urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

    !1.Marine-ecosystems 2 6onser#e and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine

    resources for sustainable de#elopment

    !&.6cosystems 2 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

    terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt

    and re#erse land degradation and halt biodi#ersity loss

    !>.nstitutions 2 Promote peaceful and inclusi#e societies for sustainable de#elopment,

    pro#ide access to Fustice for all and build effecti#e, accountable and inclusi#e

    institutions at all le#els

    !7.ustainability 2 Strengthen the means of implementation and re#italize the global

    partnership for  sustainable de#elopment

     5s of 5ugust "!&, there 'ere !>% proposed targets for these goals and 9"1 proposed

    indicators to sho' compliance.

    J97K

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(education)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-beinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(education)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_conservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_fair_trialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#cite_note-37

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    3actors that increase maternal death can be direct or indirect. enerally, there is a

    distinction bet'een a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of

    thepregnancy, deli#ery, or management of the t'o, and an indirect maternal death. J1K that is a

    pregnancy2related death in a patient 'ith a preeisting or ne'ly de#eloped health problem

    unrelated to pregnancy. 3atalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are

    termed accidental , incidental , or nonobstetrical maternal deaths.

    The most common causes are postpartum bleeding (!&), complications from

    unsafe abortion (!&), hypertensi#e disorders of pregnancy (!"), postpartum

    infections (8), and obstructed labour  (>).J&K ?ther causes include blood clots (9) and

    pre2eisting conditions (8).J>K ndirect causes are malaria, anaemia,J7K DAB5+S,

    and cardio#ascular disease, all of 'hich may complicate pregnancy or be aggra#ated by it.

    Sociodemographic factors such as age, access to resources and income le#el are significantindicators of maternal outcomes. Loung mothers face higher ris0s of complications and

    death during pregnancy than older mothers, J8K especially adolescents aged !& years or

    younger .J%K  5dolescents ha#e higher ris0s for postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal

    endometritis, operati#e #aginal deli#ery, episiotomy, lo' birth 'eight, preterm deli#ery, and

    small2for2gestational2age infants, all of 'hich can lead to maternal death.J%K Structural support

    and family support influences maternal outcomes. 3urthermore, social disad#antage and

    social isolation ad#ersely affects maternal health 'hich can lead to increases in maternal

    death.J!"K  5dditionally, lac0 of access to s0illed medical care during childbirth, the tra#el

    distance to the nearest clinic to recei#e proper care, number of prior births, barriers to

    accessing prenatal medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.

    4nsafe abortion is another maFor cause of maternal death. 5ccording to the :orld Dealth

    ?rganization, e#ery eight minutes a 'oman dies from complications arising from unsafe

    abortions. 6omplications include hemorrhage, infection, sepsis and genital

    trauma J!!K lobally, pre#entable deaths from improperly performed procedures constitute

    !9 of maternal mortality, and & or more in some countries 'here maternal mortality

    from other causes is relati#ely lo', ma0ing unsafe abortion the leading single cause of

    maternal mortality 'orld'ide

    11.  Why in lo# and middle income country can increase mortality rate ?12. What is the different of mortality pattern in develop and developing country?

    +EAE@?P; 6?4;T=L

    2 @imitations of Public 3acilitiesThe ability of de#eloping country go#ernments in the field of state finances in general

    is limited. This has led to limited public facilities are able to be pro#ided by the

    go#ernment.2 @e#el of @egal 5'areness, ender E/uality, and

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_disorders_of_pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet_2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_attendanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_disorders_of_pregnancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infectionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-GDB2013-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-WHO_Fact_Sheet_2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_deliveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-Conde-Agudelo_A_2004-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_attendanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-11

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    =espect for Duman =ights =elati#ely @o' le#el of community participation in la'

    enforcement is still relati#ely lo'. People (including officials) is still much to do fraud

    la' 'ithout shame. The forms of legal #iolations, such as the imposition of the 'ill,

    bribery, corruption, collusion, nepotism, destruction of public facilities, and so forth.

    ender e/uality is not yet entrenched, acti#e 'omen 'or0 still regarded as less

    appropriate under some circles. Enforcement and protection of human rights can notbe implemented optimally.2 Education @e#el Still @o'The education le#el of the occupation in de#eloping countries are generally still lo'.

    That is because the educational facilities both formal and nonformal still limited and

    not sufficient so it can not be reached by the entire population of the country. 5s a

    result, there-s also illiterate population.2 ncome @e#el Still @o'The maFority of people in de#eloping countries 'or0 in the agricultural sector are

    generally still done traditionally. The le#el of education and mastery of science and

    technology by the population on a#erage is still lo' caused the population is not able

    to compete for 'or0 or create Fobs in other sectors. Such conditions lead to people in

    de#eloping countries ha#e an income or opinions a#erage relati#ely lo', so that the

    income per capita is also lo'.2 SoundnessThe li#ing standards of de#eloping countries are still lo' also affecting the

    population-s health. n general, people in de#eloping countries do not ha#e

    a'areness of the importance of health. The lac0 of health infrastructure led to the

    soundness of the a#erage population in de#eloping countries is still lo' is also

    characterized by high mortality and high birth rates, 'hile life epectancy is lo'.

    +EAE@?PE+ 6?4;T=ES

    2 6an ?#ercome Problems of PopulationThis is because the gro'th rate is small, the number of people in general are not too

    many, small dependency ratio, the /uality and producti#ity of high population, high

    per capita income, and employment and business opportunities 'ide open.

    2 @e#el and uality of @ife Digh SocietyThe high /uality of the population to encourage increasing the producti#ity of society

    that leads to increasing per capita income and national income.

    2 nsufficient pro#ision of Public 3acilities+e#eloped countries ha#e the capacity of facilities and funds to pro#ide ser#ices

    ade/uate public facilities for its residents. This is also supported by the high le#el of

    a'areness of their peoples to maintain and utilize the a#ailability of public facilities.

    2 =elati#ely Digh @e#el of EducationThe le#el of education is one important indicator that sho's the /uality of a country-s

    population. n the de#eloped countries in general population already ha#e a high

    a'areness of the importance of education and mastery of science and technology. t

    is seen from enrollment study population de#eloped countries is #ery high. The high

    le#el of education of the population in de#eloped countries is also supported by a

    good education system and higher education budget from the go#ernment.

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    2 Population =elati#ely Digh ncome @e#elProgress le#el of education and mastery of science and technology by the maFority of 

    the de#eloped countries ha#e the potential to ma0e high2/uality human resources.

    These conditions ma0e the population of de#eloped countries is no longer dependent

    agricultural sector as the main income, but in the industrial sector, ser#ices and trade.

    Aariations Fobs in #arious sectors of the d'ellers of these countries ha#e a higha#erage income. Digh2income population 'ill ha#e an impact on per capita income is

    also high.

    2 Soundness t oodThe a#erage population of de#eloped countries already ha#e a high standard of

    li#ing, so that public a'areness of the importance of health has also been good. n

    addition, the go#ernment also gi#es #ery good attention to the le#el of public health

    through the de#elopment of #arious health facilities are inade/uate in many areas

    that are accessible by all le#els of society. The health le#el of the population is

    already good, can be seen from the lo' population mortality rate and life epectancy

    of the population in de#eloped countries. Put simply, the difference indicator

    de#eloped countries and de#eloping countries today can be seen in the follo'ing

    table.

    13. What are the cause of death that different in every country$ spesifically the

    differents of the demographic factor?

    14. "o# to solve the problem of mortality$ #ith the proper police$ universal

    coverage #ith 'ey effective and afford table intervention ?

    Pre#ention

    The death rate for 'omen gi#ing birth plummeted in the t'entieth century. The historicalle#el of maternal deaths is probably around ! in !"" births.J1K Mortality rates reached #ery

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-24

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    high le#els in maternity institutions in the !8""s, sometimes climbing to 1" percent of

    birthgi#ing 'omen (see Distorical mortality rates of puerperal fe#er ). 5t the beginning of the

    !%""s, maternal death rates 'ere around ! in !"" for li#e births. 6urrently, there are an

    estimated 7&,""" maternal deaths each year .J&K Public health, technological and policy

    approaches are steps that can be ta0en to drastically reduce the global maternal death

    burden.

    3our elements are essential to maternal death pre#ention, according to 4;3P5 5irst$

    prenatal care. t is recommended that epectant mothers recei#e at least four antenatal

    #isits to chec0 and monitor the health of mother and fetus. econd$ s'illed birth

    attendance 'ith emergency bac0up such as doctors, nurces and mid'i#es 'ho ha#e the

    s0ills to manage normal deli#eries and recognize the onset of complications. (hird$

    emergency obstetric care to address the maFor causes of maternal death 'hich are

    hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensi#e disorders and obstructed labour. 9astly$

    postnatal care #hich is the six #ee's follo#ing delivery. +uring this time bleeding,

    sepsis and hypertensi#e disorders can occur and ne'borns are etremely #ulnerable in the

    immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follo'2up #isits by a health 'or0er to assess the

    health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended.

    Medical technologies

    The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to impro#ed asepsis, fluid management

    and blood transfusion, and better prenatal care.

    Technologies ha#e been designed for resource poor settings that ha#e been effecti#e in

    reducing maternal deaths as 'ell. The non2pneumatic anti2shoc0 garment is a lo'2

    technology pressure de#ice that decreases blood loss, restores #ital signs and helps buy

    time in delay of 'omen recei#ing ade/uate emergency care during obstetric hemorrhage.J>K t has pro#en to be a #aluable resource. 6ondoms used as uterine tamponades ha#e also

    been effecti#e in stopping post2partum hemorrhage.J7K

    Public healthJeditK

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_mortality_rates_of_puerperal_feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birthshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_hemorrhagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal_death&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_mortality_rates_of_puerperal_feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birthshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-ReferenceA-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pneumatic_anti-shock_garmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_hemorrhagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal_death&action=edit&section=7

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    ?n the 7 5pril "!" Sierra @eone launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding

    'omen

    Most maternal deaths are a#oidable, as the health2care solutions to pre#ent or manage

    complications are 'ell 0no'n. mpro#ing access to antenatal care in pregnancy, s0illed care

    during childbirth, and care and support in the 'ee0s after childbirth 'ill reduce maternal

    deaths significantly. t is particularly important that all births be attended by s0illed health

    professionals, as timely management and treatment can ma0e the difference bet'een life

    and death. To impro#e maternal health, barriers that limit access to /uality maternal healthser#ices must be identified and addressed at all le#els of the health system.J8K =ecommendations for reducing maternal mortality include access to health care, access

    to family planning ser#ices, and emergency obstetric care, funding and intrapartum care.J%K =eduction in unnecessary obstetric surgery has also been suggested.

    3amily planning approaches include a#oiding pregnancy at too young of an age or too old of

    an age and spacing births. 5ccess to primary care for 'omen e#en before they become

    pregnant is essential along 'ith access to contracepti#es.

    Policy

    The biggest global policy initiati#e for maternal health came from the 4nited ;ations-

    Millennium +eclaration 'hich created theMillennium +e#elopment oals. The fifth goal of

    the 4nited ;ations- Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) initiati#e is to reduce the

    maternal mortality rate by three /uarters bet'een !%%" and "!& and to achie#e uni#ersal

    access to reproducti#e health by "!&.J9!K

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptiveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptiveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-31

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    The Millennium +e#elopment oals (M+s) are eight international de#elopment goals that

    'ere officially established follo'ing the Millennium Summit of the 4nited ;ations in """.

    Trends through "!" can be #ie'ed in a report 'ritten Fointly by the :D?, 4;6E3, 4;3P5,

    and the :orld an0.J9K

    6ountries and local go#ernments ha#e ta0en political steps in reducing maternal deaths.

    =esearchers at the ?#erseas +e#elopment nstitute studied maternal health systems in four

    apparently similar countries< ='anda, Mala'i, ;iger , and 4ganda.J99K n comparison to the

    other three countries, ='anda has an ecellent recent record of impro#ing maternal death

    rates. ased on their in#estigation of these #arying country case studies, the researchers

    conclude that impro#ing maternal health depends on three 0ey factors< !. re#ie'ing all

    maternal health2related policies fre/uently to ensure that they are internally coherent$ .

    enforcing standards on pro#iders of maternal health ser#ices$ 9. any local solutions to

    problems disco#ered should be promoted, not discouraged.

    n terms of aid policy, proportionally, aid gi#en to impro#e maternal mortality rates has

    shrun0en as other public health issues, such as DAB5+S, ha#e become maFor international

    concerns.J91K Maternal health aid contributions tend to be lumped together 'ith ne'born and

    child health, so it is difficult to assess ho' much aid is gi#en directly to maternal health to

    help lo'er the rates of maternal mortality. =egardless, there has been progress in reducing

    maternal mortality rates internationally

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death#cite_note-34

  • 8/17/2019 LBM 3 NURUL

    19/19

    + "!9 Mortality and 6auses of +eath, 6ollaborators (!7 +ecember

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    urden of +isease Study "!9.*. 6ancet  3< !!77!. doiBS"!1"2

    >79>(!1)>!>82. PM6 191">"1.PM+ &&9"11

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442