UDTR – Împreună de 25 de ani

7/21/2019 UDTR mpreun de 25 de ani

1/27

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf

lprbujab ;2 ab fjh


2/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.1 pfg.2

688? ;?62RAQ[

;2 AB FJH AB FMQHTHQFQB JBJQ[B[R_Q

_bjtru f-h fthjgb ekhbmthvu` prhjmhpf`, RAQ[ f hjhhft h ergf-jhzft pregrflb pbjtru abzve`tfrbf habjththh mu`turf`b f melujhthhturmb prhj pfrthmu`frhzfrbf bsthvfùrhèr mfrb fu mptft e fabvrfttrfahhb. Ab fsblbjbf f abzve`tft rb`fhh`b mu`turf`b mu hjsthtuhh jfhe-jf`b h hjtbrjfhejf`b prelevja, teteaft, ahvbrshtftbf btjemu`turf`.

]-fu mut ablbrsurh pbjtru abzve`tfrbf pregrflbèr mu`turf`b hbaumfhejf`b pbjtru mephh h thjbrbt ergfjhzjau-sb fjuf` tfkbrb, e`hl-phfab h tet bù` ab melpbthhh, pujjau-sb fmmbjt pb mu`thvfrbf vfèrh-

èr mu`turf`b h sphrhtuf`b preprhh.E frgulbjtfrb abesbkht ab sbrhefs f jtrbghh fmthvhth f RAQ[

bstb surprhjs j pfghjh`b fmbstbh mrh. Jb-fl kumurf s absmepbrhh hs mujeftbh lfh khjb smepu` h bbmtb`b fmbstbh ergfjhzfhh. Erhmt frprbf ab shlpù fsulfrbf rbspejsfkh`hthh ujbh fsblbjbf melujhth,trbkuhb s rbmujeftbl, bstb uj umru mb frb jbvehb ab efrtb lu`t rk-afrb. Bstb grbu s gjabth hbmfrb abtf`hu mb trbkuhb jbfprft s aum`f uj rbzu`tft rblfrmfkh`.

]pbrl m prhj fmthvhtftbf jefstr, f Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb

ahj [eljhf, v-fl faus uj strep ab brhmhrb h spbrfj j su`btb.Afm afthjh`b strkujb fu putut prhjab vhf ju-lh rljb abmt surbz tuturer mhthterhèr fmbstbh mrh e vhf ùlhjefs h p`hj ab l-p`hjhrh f`turh ab mbh arfgh h fprephfh.

E]LFJ DBAKH

_rbbahjtb R.A.Q.[.

j ujmhb ab shtufhf h jbveh`b me-lujhthh turmb ahj [eljhf,RAQ[ f rbf`hzft h abru`ft pregrflbpbjtru> erlfrbf, baumfrbf eluùh hprelevfrbf mf`hthèr ulfjb9 mej-sbrvfrbf, pbrpbtufrbf h vfèrhhmfrbftrfahhhèr h ekhmbhurhèr. ]-f rbuht, abfsblbjbf, smeftbrbf j bvhabj f ru-lusbhh mu`turf`b btjhmb, bvhabjhhja

pbrlfjbjt vfèfrbf trfahhhèr mu`turf`bh pb mb`b e`mèrhmb.

Fsuljau-jb trbmutu`, jb-fl rbgsht habjthtftbf, jb-fl mejturfth jb-fl jtrht rb`fhh`b mu mb`b`f`tb btjhh h mu`turh fshgurja fstb` uj

vhhter kfzft pb rbspbmt h kuj mejvhbuhrb.

RAQ[ frb j vbabrb frlejhzfrbf hjtbrbsbèr lhjerhthh turmb,prbgthrbf ab mfarb melpbtbjtb h prelevfrbf ujbh lbjtf`hth leabr-jb j melujhtftb, aerhja s trfjslht gbjbrfhhèr vhhtefrb vfèfrbfpstrrhh tbzfuruùh mu`turf` pbjtru prbzbjt h vhhter. ]pbrl m stuah-h`b, prbzbjtrh`b, mejbrhjb`b ahj mfaru ` shlpezhefjbèr, mejbrhjbèrh mejgrbsbèr RAQ[ fu fvut uj hlpfmt abesbkht fsuprf tuturer pfrth-mhpfjhèr.

Dr jaehf`, mt prhvbtb pfrthmhpfrbf `f fmbstb bvbjhlbjtb mej-shabrl m prbzbjf thjbrhèr h hlp`hmfrbf j fsulfrbf habjththh ab-lejstrbfz m`fr fptu` m s-fu mut pfh hlpertfjh pbjtru trbzhrbf hj-tbrbsuùh sprb mejturfrbf ahrbmhhèr abzve`trhh btjhmb h e hlpertfjthjtbrrb`fhejfrb.


3/27


MEJ]QHQRH[BF RAQ[

Aup [bveùhf ahj 6838, [eljhf trbmb prhjtr-e smchlkfrb rfahmf`, fstb`, j6886 bstb faeptft e jeu Mejsthtuhb, mfrb s-f rhahmft f stfjafrab`b burepbjb.j mbbf mb prhvbtb pe`hthmf lhjerhtfr, putbl spujb m [eljhf frb e `bghs`fthbmfrb hjmùab mb`b lfh lu`tb arbpturh prhvhja lhjerhth`b j spfhu` bst-burepbfj.

Mb`b 63 lhjerhth jfhejf`b fu fvut peshkh`htftbf s sb ergfjhzbzb j ujhujh, fsemhf-hh ab shjb stttefrb, mu sprhnhj lftbrhf` h eghsthm ahj pfrtbf Guvbrjuùh [eljhbh.

@f ;8 abmblkrhb 6838, `f hjhhfthvf ujer `habrh fh melujhthh turmb h ttfrbf est ejaft `f Mejstfjf Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm Lusu`lfj ahj [eljhf,mfrb sb aerbf f st eergfjhzfhb jej-prestt, btje-mejdbshejf` f pepu`fhbh tur-mb h ttfrb ahj [eljhf. Fmbfst erl ab ergfjhzfrb f aurft abstu` ab puhj,fstb` jmt afterht ujer jbjb`bgbrh ahj mfaru` melujhthh turmb h ttfrb, `f 6bkrufrhb 688?, s-f uft cetrrbf ab sbpfrfrb f mbèr aeu btjhh, erljau-sb fstb`>

Rjhujbf Lhjerhtfr Btjhm Qurm ahj [eljhf, mfrb, aup trbh fjh (;6 abmblkrhb688=) f mptft stftut nurhahm, mu abjulhrbf Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [el-jhf h Rjhujbf Ablemrft f Qtfrhèr Qurme-Lusu`lfjh ahj [eljhf.

Hsterhmu` Lbclbt F`h Birbl j ùmrfrbf sf mu thtù`> Ahj hsterhf turmhèr ae-kregbjh abjbtb lbjhrbf ergfjhzfhbh, fstb`>Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj[eljhf, frb restu` ab f fprf h prelevf hjtbrbsb`b spbmhstmb melujhthhjefstrb btjhmb, f arbptuùh bh `f habjthtftb jfhejf`. jb`bgbl s urlrhlfmbstb ekhbmthvb lh`htja pbrlfjbjt jtru fprfrbf hjabpbjabjbh, suvbrf-jhthh h hjtbgrhthh tbrhterhf`b f [eljhbh, pbjtru jtrhrbf mebzhujhh ahjtrbteh èmuhterhh rhh.

Muprhjs

RAQ[ .........

MEJ]QHQRH[BF RAQ[ ...................................................................

DH@HF@B@B QB[HQE[HF@B F@B RAQ[ .........................................

MELHQBQR@ AH[BMQE[ ............................................................. .

M J ......................................................... .

MELH]HH AB ]_BMHF@HQFQB ........................................................

M ..........................................................

M ....................................................

M .......................................................... .

M ............................................................

M ...............................................................

M , ....................

FJ]FLK@R[H DE@M@E[HMB ........................................................

FMQHTHQFQBF _RK@HMH]QHM .....................................................

[FAHE Q ........................................................................................

M[H BAHQFQB AB RAQ[ .......................................................... .

KHK@HEG[FDHB .............................................................................


4/27


@f 6 bkrufrhb 688? frb èm e Faujfrb f melujhthh turmb, mu fprexhlfthv=?? pbrsefjb, pbjtru mejsthtuhrbf Rjhujhh Lhjerhtfrb Btjhmb Qurmb ahj [eljhf RLBQ[. _rhj vet absmchs f est f`bfs urltefrbf mejaumbrb> prbbahjtb hjg.brh ^hfahj, vhmbprbbahjh Fmmehul F`h h hjg. Blur`f Eslfj h sbmrbtfr a`. Kf`gh[ucfj. j prembsu`-vbrkf` ab mejsthtuhrb s-f mejsbljft h fptu` m prhjtrb lbl-krhh ejafterh fh fmbstbh Rjhujh fu est aeljhh Qf`hp [bvfj, Kfyrfl fkfj, B`hfz[bmbp, Mbrmcbz Cfyrh, F`h Kbythj, Hslfh` Lfrbj, Flbt Cegbf h f`hh.

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf bstb e ergfjhzfhb fpe`hthm, shjgurfrbmujesmut ab Guvbrju` [eljhbh mb fpfrhjb btjhmhèr turmh, mbtbjh reljh.Frb mf ekhbmthv ab kfz bxprhlfrbf, pretbnfrbf h prelevfrbf habjththh btje-mu`-turf`b, `hjgvhsthmb h rb`hghefsb f lblkrhèr sh>

j 6881 f est ejaftDbabrfhf Qurmhèr h Qtfrhèr ahj [eljhf, e er-gfjhzfhb frthmhf` mfrb ju s-f hlp`hmft j jhmh e fmhujb ab fjvbrgur. FmthvhtftbfMelhtbtuùh mejsu`tfthv f` babrfhbh f est strumturft pb melhshh, mfrb ju mbfuf`tmbvf abmt s auk`bzb melhshh`b mbèr aeu ujhujh abnf bxhstbjtb.

pretbmhf habjththh btjhmb, j prhjmhpf`,`hlkf, `htbrfturf, luzhmf, rb`hghf,trfahhh`b h vfèrh`b lftbrhf`b preprhh9

emrethrbf fbzlhjtbèr h `mfurhèr abmu`tur preprhh h mfrb e rbprbzhjt9

jtrbhjbrbf vbsthghhèr h lejulbjtbèrhsterhmb h frchtbmtejhmb mfrb h eg`hjabsmtrbmutu` h pbrlfjbjf9

bxprhlfrbf `hkbr f mrbahjbhrb`hghefsb hs`flhmb9

mu`thvfrbf h abzve`tfrbfrb`fhhèr trfahhejf`b abprhbtbjhb relje-turm9

prelevfrbf hlfghjhhturmhèr ab mbtbjhb reljpbstb cetfrb.


5/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.6? pfg.66

Mejerl stftutuùh RAQ[ mejaumbrbf bstb f`bfs pbjtru e pbrhefa ab pftrufjh ab mtrb Mejbrhjf Jfhejf`, erlft ahj rbprbzbjtfjh fh tuturer `hf`bèr tbrh-terhf`b RAQ[ h bstb erlft ahj> prbbahjtb, prhl-vhmbprbbahjtb, sbmrbtfr gbjbrf`.

Mejerl stftutu-ùh, prbbahjtb`b bstb(me)eraejfter ab mrbah-tb, faumb `f jabp`hjhrbcetrrh`b MelhtbtuùhAhrbmter, mejaumb b-ahjb`b Mejsh`huùh Jf-hejf` h f`b Melhtb-tuùh Ahrbmter, peftbprepujb mf `f bahjb`bMejsh`huùh Jfhejf` hf`b Melhtbtuùh Ahrbm-ter, j smepu` kujbh abs-urrh f ùmrrhèr, s

pfrthmhpb h f`tb pbrsef-jb, mejvefm melhshh`b ab spbmhf`htftb pbjtru f stfkh`h leaf`hth`b ab jabp`hjhrb f fm-thvhthèr ùjfrb, fshgur rbprbzbjtfrbf j rfpefrtb`b mu Guvbrju` [eljhbh, Abpfr-tflbjtu` pbjtru [b`fhh Hjtbrbtjhmb h mu f`tb ergfjhzfhh h hjsthtuhh, jabp`hjbtb f`tbftrhkuhh mbrutb ab absurfrbf j kujb mejahhh f fmthvhthèr Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter hf melhshhèr, se`hmht rfpefrtb ab fmthvhtftb ab `f teh prbbahjhh ab `hf`b sfu prbbahjhhab melhshh pb mfrb `b supujb abzkftbrhh Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter h Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf`.

_rhl-vhmbprbbahjtb`b> jabp`hjbtb pb rja ftrhkuhujh`b prbbahjtbùh jfksbjf sfu petrhvht ab`bgrhh aftb ab mtrb fmbstf.

]bmrbtfru` Gbjbrf`>hjb bvhabjf prbzbjbh lblkrhèr Mejsh`huùh Jfhe-jf` h Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter `f bahjb`b fmbsterf, fshgur rbafmtfrbf tuturer fmtbèrMejsh`huùh Jfhejf` h Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter, julr veturh`b bxprhlftb j bahj-b`b Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` h Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter, urlrbtb jtemlhrbf prembsbèr

vbrkf`b sfu jrbghstrfrbf bahjbèr Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` h Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter,aup mfz, urlrbtb kujf ujmhejfrb f aetrh èr, prbmul h fmthvhtftbf pbrsejfù-ùh, jabp`hjbtb erhmb f`tb fmhujh jbmbsfrb kujuùh lbrs f` fmthvhthh, mf urlfrb fahspezhhhèr fprekftb ab Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter sfu ab prbbahjtb.

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf frb uj rbprbzbjtfjt j _fr`flbjtu`[eljhbh h julbreh mejsh`hbrh j mfaru` prhlrhhèr ahj nuabu` Mejstfjf, prb-bmturf Mejstfjf h f`tb hjsthtuhh guvbrjflbjtf`b.

Rju` ahj ekhbmthvb-`b RAQ[ bstb mu`thvfrbfh abzve`tfrbf rb`fhhèrtrfahhejf`b. j fmb`fhthlp uj f`t ekhbmthv `mejsthtuhb pretbmhf habj-ththh btjhmb, j prhjmhpf`,

`hlkf, `htbrfturf, luzhmf,trfahhh`b. Rrlfrb f fmbs-tuh ùmru mejaumbrbf ujh-ujhh f mejsthtuht melhshhab ùmru pbjtru rbf`hzf-rbf pregrflbèr ab fmth-

vhtftb, spbrja f kbjb-mb melujhthh turmb.

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf frb mf shg` uj gèk pb mfrb sb fshlkeù` btjhbh turmb (sblhùjf h stbfuf), hja jmfarft j pfr tbf ab nes ab aeu rf-lurh ab ls`hj, shlke`hzja pfmbf9 shg` faeptft jmbpja mu aftf ab 63.?=.6882.@f kfzf gèkuùh sb f abjulhrbf Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf, jmf-arft ab trhmeèru` reljbsm, rbprbzbjtja sprhnhju` pb mfrb stftu` relj ` fmerabtjhbh turmb pbjtru pstrfrbf habjththh sphrhtuf`-mu`turf`-rb`hghefsb.


6/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.6; pfg.6=

DH@HF@B@B QB[HQE[HF@B F@BRJHRJHH ABLEM[FQB QR[MB AHJ

[ELJHF

Ab-f ùjgu` thlpuùh, Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhfh-f erlft =1 ab `hf`b pb jtrbg tbrhterhu` [eljhbh, mu thlpuùjb`b, ahj `hps ab fmthvhtftb fu est absjftb ff m j lelbjtu` abf ujhujbf frb =; ab `hf`b.

Mejerl stftutuùh, melhtbtb`b ab mejaumbrb f`b `hf`bèr tbrh-terhf`b h ergfjhzfhhèr nuabbjb sb melpuj ahj 8 lblkrhh ahj mfrb>uj prbbahjtb, uj vhmbprbbahjtb, uj sbmrbtfr, uj rbspejsfkh` jfj-mhfr h 2 lblkrh. Melhtbtb`b ab mejaumbrb f`b ergfjhzfhh èr nuabbjbh f`b `hf`bèr tbrhterhf`b sb jtrujbsm ùjfr sfu erh ab mtb erh bstbjbvehb.

Lblkrhh melhtbtuùh ab mejaumbrb rspuja ab aelbjhh ab fm-thvhtftb prbmul jvljt, mu`tur, turhsl, spert, thjbrbt, fshstbjsemhf` .f. mejerl cetrrhh faeptftb ab melhtbt.

jmbpja mu fju` ;??1 fu est erlftb aeu ergfjhzfh h nuabb-jb> Mejstfjf h Qu`mbf. Fmbstb aeu ergfjhzfhh fu reù` ab f suprf-

vbgcbf h meeraejf fmthvhtftbf `hf`bèr ahj nuabu` rbspbmthv, b`b hjamejausb ab mtrb uj prbbahjtb.

Ergfjhzfhf Nuabbfj Mejstfjf frb mf prbbahjtb pb aelju`Mfahr Cusbhj, hfr Ergfjhzfhf Nuabbfj Qu`mbf frb mf prbbahjtb pbfmtufù` abputft f` RAQ[ aelju` Hkrfl Husbhj.

Melhtbtu` ab Mejaumbrb f` ujbh ergfjhzfhh nuabbjb bstb er-lft ahj prbbahjtb`b ergfjhzfhbh nuabbjb h prbbahjhh `hf`bèr ahj

nuabu` rbspbmthv sfu uj ab`bgft ahj pfrtbf `hf `bh, f`bs ab Melhtbtuàb Mejaumbrb f` `hf`bh rbspbmthvb.

j urlf faujrhèr ab mejsthtuhrb f `hf `bèr fu est f`bsb melh-tbtb emf`b j pbrhefaf 688?-;?6;. Fstb`, ab-f ujgu` thlpuùh, prbb-ahjhh `hf`bèr fu est>

Lbaghahf

Helbr Dbuzh ............................ 688?-6886

Lbjbvb`h fhp ......................... 6886-;???

Hslfh` Mfahr ........ .. ;??6-;??= (abmbaft)

Lblbt [hzf ............................;??1-;??2

Cusbhj ]b`fthj ....................... ;??2-;?62

Lblbt umrh ................... hjtbrhlfr ;?62

T`bjh

]f`h Eslfj ............................. 688?-6886

Lblbt Fhl ........................... 6886-;??6

Fzhs Fzhs .............................;??6-prbzbjt

Kfkfafg

[bgbp Hffr ............................. 688?-688;

Leègfjh Fmmfj ............... 688;-prbzbjt

Hsfmmbf

Dbtf Gblf` .............................688?-6881

Cf`h` Jfhl .......................... ... 6881-6884

Elbr Lbljujb ............... 6884-prbzbjt

Aekrelhr

F`h ]f`h ....................................688?-;??2

Husbhj Thsb` .............................;??4-;?6;

Hffr ]f`h .............................;?6;-prbzbjt

Lfjgf`hf

Lblbt Eslfj .... .. 688?-6881 (abmbaft)

Hs`fl Lblbt ......... 6881-;??6 (abmbaft)

Frhd Lugb`hp ......................;??6-prbzbjt

Erevf

F`h Jfgh ..................... ............. 688?-688=

Dftlf _ftrfm` ........................ 688=-6884

Crevf

Lustfdf Hsmcbjabr ................. 688?-6881

]fam Gbvft ...........6881-6887 (abmbaft)Lhulhl Chmlbt ....................6887-;??6

Lblbt [baufj ................. ;??=-prbzbjt

Jveafrh

Mfar [bmbp ........................... 688?-6884

Helbr Kbarh ............................6884-;??6

Kersbht Dbhzu`f ......;??7-;??8 (abmbaft)

Helbr Kbarh ............... .........;?6?-prbzbjt

Kumurbth

Lustfdf F`h Lblbt ............... 688?-688;

Lblbt Gchu`bjafj ...............688;-;???

Lhmtft Gr`fj ........................;???-;??2

Dbrcft Jurtbj ........................;??2-;??4

blsh Qurcfj ....................;??4-prbzbjt

Quz`f

Lblbt Lustfdf ................ ..... 688?-6881

]f`hl Gchu`jfz ...................... 6881-6887]f`hl Gbfvht ........................... ;??1-;?6?

]f`hl @bvbjt ....................;?6? - prbzbjt

Mulpjf

Hujus Dbruahj ........................688?-;??1

Kfrh Lusb`hl ....................;??1-prbzbjt


7/27


M`rfh

Hkrfl Khzfa ...........................688?-6881

F`h Mbrmcbz .. ..................... 6881-prbzbjt

Djtjf Lfrb

Lblbt [havfj .................... ... 688?-688=

Lblbt ]bkfthj .......................688=-;??;Husbhj Lustfdf .......................;??;-;??4

Lblbt ]bkfthj ..................;??4-prbzbjt

Mbrjfvea

Mrnf`h brhd ............................ 688?-688;

Lblbt hf .............................. 688;-6881

]b`hl Hslfh` ...........................6881-;??1

Lusf Mfhafr .....................;??1-prbzbjt

Mekfahj

Lblbt Btbl ...........................688?-;??=

Fsfj Lustfdf .........................;??=-;??3

[fhl Jfhl .......................;??3- prbzbjt

Gf`fh

Fkau`f Gchu`tbj ............... 6881-prbzbjt

Durbh

Eslfj hf ........................... ....6886-6882Eslfj ]u`hlfj ....................6882-;???

Haf` Husbhj ..............................;???-;??1

fmchr Mbthj ...........................;??1-;?6;

Eslfj ]u`hlfj ................;?6;-prbzbjt

Mhumurevf

Frhd Hslfh` ...............................6886-688=

F`h Lursb` ............. 688=-6888 (abmbaft)

Mejstfjf

]u`hlfj umrh ........6886-6881 (abmbaft)

Cusbhj Mfahr .........................6881-;??1Hffr Bjvbr ........................;??1-prbzbjt

Flzfmbf

Dblh ]uft .... ........................;?6;-prbzbjt

Mfstbù

Mchfzhl ]f`hl .......................688?-;??=

Lblbt ]bkfhahj ....................;??=-;??2

Lustfdf ]f`h ..........................;??4- ;?6=Lblbt umrh ............................;?6=-;?62

F`h ]f`h - ...........................;?62 (hjtbrhlfr)

Tfù ùh Qrfhfj

Bjvbr Lblbt ..........................6882-;???

Lblbt Hffr ...........................;???-;??;

Murth fhp ...............................;??;-;??1

Dumhgh Lb`bmch .................. ..... ;??3-;?6?

Dumhgh Qf`hp ........ ................;?6?-prbzbjt

Qbmchrgche`

Hkrfhl Dfrbahj ................................688?

H`hfs [bgbp .............688?-6881 (abmbaft)

Gfvfzegù [hzf ......................6881-;??4

Cfsfj Jfzlh ....................;??4-prbzbjt

@fzu

Flbt Flbt .. ......... 6881-;??6 (abmbaft)

Lustfdf Braf` ....................;?6;-prbzbjt

Bderhb

F`h bdmcbt ......................... 6881-prbzbjt

Faflm`hsh

Jfzlhb Cf`h` ..........................6881-;???

....................................;??3 - prbzbjt

@bspbzh

Dhzh Dbrft ..................................688;-;?6;

Lfclut ]bzgchj ...............;?6;-prbzbjt

Kjbfsf

Harhs Gbvft .............................. 688?-688;

Eslfj ^hf .....688;-;??6, ;??1-prbzbjt

Flbt bdmcbt .......................... ;??6-;??1

Mrphjh

Flbt Thsb` .............................. 688?-;?6;

Mfrvj-Muhughum

Eslfj Jurh ..........688?-;??? (abmbaft)

Mcblf` Lblh .................;???-prbzbjt

Qu`mbf

fmchr ]urbhf ..................... ..... 688;-6881

Husbhj Hkrfl ..................... 6881-prbzbjt

Lmhj

Mchfzhl Kfyfr .......................688;-;??1

Qf`hp @blfj ......................;??1-prbzbjt

Krh`f

Fkau`f Kbmchr ........................6881-;??2

Hslfh` Aurfj .........................;??2-;??7

êah` ^frhdb ......................... ;??7- ;?6;

[ustbl ]bvhl ....................;?61-prbzbjt


8/27


7 _rbbahjh>

brhd ^hfahj - ............................. 688?-6886

Qf`hp [bvfj - .............................. 6886-6881

Eslfj Dbakh . 6881-6887, ;??1-prbzbjtKf`gh [ucfj ............................6887-;??6

Fsfj Lurft ..................;??6 - hjtbrhlfr

Hkrfl Husbhj ..................;??6 hjtbrhlfr

Hkrfl Jurbahj ...................... ;??6-;??1

2 _rhl-vhmbprbbahjh>

Fmmehul F`h ........................... 688?-688;

Blur`f Eslfj .................. .... 688?-688;

Lblbt Btbl ........................... 688;-6881

Fsfj Lurft ............................6881-;??4

Husbhj Gblf` .....................;??4-prbzbjt

1 ]bmrbtfrh gbjbrf`h>

Kf`gh [ucfj ................ ........... 688?-688;

Kfhrfl fkfj - .........................688;-;??1

]urbhf fmchr - ...........................;??1-;??4

Brvhj Hkrfhl - ......................;??4-prbzbjt

2 Abputfh>

Cegbf Flbt - ............................ 688?-688;

[uha Dbvzhb - ............................ 688;-6884

Eslfj Dbakh - ..........................6884-;???

Lbthj Mbrmcbz - ........................;???-;??1

Hkrfl Husbhj - ......................;??1-prbzbjt

;= Thmbprbbahjh>

Cusbhj Mfahr - .....................;??1-prbzbjt

Fkau`f Gchu`tbj - ....................6884-;??4

Husbhj Hkrfl - ......................;???-prbzbjtLbjbvb`h fhp - .........................6881-;???

Gfvfzegù [hzf - ................. 6884-prbzbjt

Lblbt Btbl - ...........................6884-;??=

fmchr ]urbhf - ........................... 6881-;??6

]u`hlfj ]bzfh - ......................... 688;-6881

Memeh Lfght - ............................6884-;??6

Gblf` Husbhj - ...... .................... 6884-6888

Elbr Jfzhd - ....6888-;??6, ;??1-prbzbjt

F`h Jurcfj - .............................. ;??1-;?66

Eslfj ^hf - .........................;??1-prbzbjt

Frhd Lugb`hp - ...................... ..... ;??;-;?66

Lustfdf Fsfj - .........................;??=-;??3

Leègfjh Fmmfj - ................;??1-prbzbjt

Lblbt [hzf - .............................;??1-;??2

Hffr Bjvbr - .........................;??1-prbzbjt

Mrnf`h Bre` - ......................... ..... ;??6-;??1

Eslfj Dbakh - ..........................;??;-;??1Kbmch Kurcfj - ........................;??=-;??1

Brvhj Hkrfhl .......................... ;??6-;??1

blsh Qurfj - ......................;??3- prbzbjt

[fhl Jfhl .......................;??3- prbzbjt

Kerlflkbt Thàfj- ...........;??1 - prbzbjt

Lblbt [baufj .................... ;?66 - prbzbjt

Lusf Mfhaf r .........................;?66 - prbzbjt

MELHQBQR@ AH[BMQE[

Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter fshgur mejaumbrbf murbjt f fmthvhthh Rjhujhh (fmthvhtftbffalhjhstrfthv-bxbmuthv) h sb melpujb, mejerl stftutuùh, ahj> prbbahjtb

prhl-vhmbprbbahjtb

sbmrbtfr gbjbrf` abputfh h sbjfterh, rbprbzbjtfjh fh ujhujhh f`bh j _fr`flbjtu` [eljhbh

prbbahjhh ergfjhzfhhèr nuabbjb Mejstfjf h Qu`mbf9

8 (jeu) vhmbprbbahjh absbljfh ahj `hf`b`b tbrhterhf`b mu e pfrthmhpfrb lfh `frg jfmthvhtftbf Rjhujhh9

bh melhshhèr pb aelbjhh ab fmthvhtftb pfrthmhp `f bahjb`b Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmterfvja arbpt ab vet mejsu`tfthv.

Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter sb jtrujbtb ùjfr h erh ab mtb erh bstb jbvehb.

bahjb`b Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter sujt stftutfrb afm sb jtrujbsm mb` puhj ;/=

ahj julru` lblkrhèr sh h hf cetrrh mu e nultftb + 6 ahj julru` mbèr prb-zbjh.

Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter frb urltefrb`b ftrhkuhh prhjmhpf`b>

faumb `f jabp`hjhrb cetrrh`bMejdbrhjbh h f Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` abmejaumbrb f` Rjhujhh9

abzkftb h fprek prehbmtu` ab rfpert f`Mejsh`huùh, kh`fju` mejtfkh` h bxbmuhfkugbtuùh ab vbjhturh h mcb`tuhb`h pbfju` bxphrft, urlja f `b supujb sprb

fprekfrb9 abzkftb h faept kugbtu` ab vbjhturhh mcb`tuhb`h pb fju` urlter, aupmfrb `b supujb abzkftbrhh h fprekrhhMejsh`huùh Jfhejf`9

dfmb prepujbrh prhvhja melpejbjfmejsh`huùh pb abpfrtflbjtb abfmthvhtftb h faept pregrflb`b èr abùmru aup mfrb `b supujb fprekrhhMejsh`huùh9

jtemlbtb prepujbrh prhvhja jerlb`bab rbprbzbjtfrb `f Mejdbrhjb,preperhejf` mu julru` lblkrhèr`hf`bèr lujhmhpf`b, erbjbth,melujf`b, stbth9

prbgtbtb ùmrrh`b jbmbsfrbmuprhjzja prepujbrh`b ab leahmfrb

f ]tftutuùh h `b prbzhjt sprb faeptfrbMejsh`huùh9

fshgur b`fkerfrbf prehbmtbèr abjerlb, rbgu`flbjtb h hjstrumhujh,`b faept h `b supujb fprekrhhMejsh`huùh Jfhejf` ab Mejaumbrb f`Rjhujhh9

ergfjhzbfz, meeraejbfz, jarul hmejtre`bfz fmthvhtftbf melhshhèr pbaelbjhh9

Ab-f ùjgu` mbèr ;? ab fjh ab fmthvhtftb ujhujbf f fvut


9/27


fshgur mejtfmtb`b mu futerhth`bpuk`hmb h ergfjhzfhh`bjbguvbrjflbjtf`b pb p`fj jfhejf` hhjtbrjfhejf`9

fshgur absdurfrbf fmthvhthèrbahterhf`b h ab prbs f`b Rjhujhh9

fprek ergfjhzfrbf, tftu` ab dujmhujhh b`b pesturhèr pbjtru pbrsejfù`jmfarft j lujm, julhrbf hrbvemfrbf ahj dujmhh, prbmul hsf`frhzfrbf èr9

jabp`hjbtb erhmb f`tb ftrhkuhujh hsfrmhjh mfrb h rbvhj ahj prbvbabrh`b]tftutuùh h cetrrh`b Mejdbrhjbh hf`b Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` ab mejaumbrbf` Rjhujhh9

julbtb rbprbzbjtfjhh j Mejsh`hu`pbjtru Lhjerhth Jfhejf`b9

Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter h MejdbrhjfJfhejf` peftb fmeraf mf`htftbfab _rbbahjtb ab Ejefrb dethèr_rbbahjh fh Rjhujhh, pbrsefjb mulbrhtb abesbkhtb mfrb prhj prbsthghu`

h fmhujh`b èr fu mejtrhkuht `fprelevfrbf j fr h pbstb cetfrbf hlfghjhh h hjtbrbsbèr btjhbh turmbahj [eljhf. _rbbahjhh ab Ejefrbrbprbzhjt Rjhujbf, pb kfz ablfjaft, j ahvbrsb lfjhdbstrh hjtbrjbh bxtbrjb, fmhejbfz j mejderlhtftbmu ]tftutu`, pregrflb`b h strftbghfRjhujhh, hjderlbfz MelhtbtuÀhrbmter h Mejdbrhjf Jfhejf` fsuprffmthvhthh abpusb.

Fmtufù` Melhtbt Ahrbmter f` Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb bstb melpus ahj> _rbbahjtb> .......................................... ............................................. .........E]LFJ DBAKH

_rhl-vhmbprbbahjtb> ......................................... .................................... HR]BHJ GBLF@

]bmrbtfr Gbjbrf`> ....................................................................................HK[FHL B[THJ

Abputft> ...................................................................................................HK[FL HR]BHJ

Thmbprbbahjh>

CR]BHJ MFAH[ ................................. _rbbahjtb Ergfjhzfhf Nuabbfj Mejstfjf

HFF[ BJTB[ ....................................... ........................ _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mejstfjf

ELB[ JF^HD ..................................................................... ]bmrbtfr Dh`hf`f MejstfjfKE[LFLKBQ TH@AFJ ....................................... Thmbprbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Lbaghahf

[FHL JFHL .......................................... ........................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mekfahj

GFTFÊG@R [H^F ........................................................ ]bmrbtfr Dh`hf `f Qbmchrgche`

E]LFJ ^HF ...................................................................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Kjbfsf

LE@EGFJH FMMFJ ...................................................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Kfkfafg

LBLBQ [BARFJ ....................................... ..................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Crevf

LR]F MFHAF[ ............................................ ................ _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mbrjfvea

BL]H QR[CFJ ......................................... ................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Kumurbth

MEJ]H@HR@ JFHEJF@

Mejsh`hu` Jfhejf` f` Rjhujhh ergfjhzbfz, jarul h mejtre`bfz jtrbfgffmthvhtftb f fmbstbhf j hjtbrvfù` ahjtrb aeu mejgrbsb h sb melpujb ahj>

prbbahjhh `hf`bèr sfu, j mfzurh`b

mja fmbthf `hpsbsm, lputbrjhmhhh

melhtbtbèr ab mejaumbrb f`b fmbsterf9 Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter

bh melhshhèr ab spbmhf`htftb fh RAQ[

Mejsh`hu` Jfhejf` julbtb e melhshbab ahsmhp`hj h hjtbgrhtftb lerf` mbfrb arbpt sfrmhjh fjf`hzfrbf mejauhtbh hhjtbgrhthh lerf`b f lblkrhèr ujhujhhh prepujb mejsh`huùh jfhejf` lsurh`bahsmhp`hjfrb mb sb hlpuj.

@f melpujbrbf Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf`, j ujmhb ab julru` lblkrhèr abarbpt mfrb ver hjmùh j strumturf sf, sb vf stfkh`h julru` vhmbprbbahjhèr h f`lblkrhèr fstb` jmt, j strumturf sf jf`, s b erlft ahjtr-uj julr hlpfrab lblkrh.

Mejsh`hu` Jfhejf` f` Rjhujhh sb jtrujbtb j bahjb erahjfrb, trhlbstrhf`,u`thlf sf bahj ahj mfaru` ujuh fj fvja èm j mursu` ùjhh abmblkrhb h j b-ahjb bxtrferahjfrb erh ab mtb erh bstb jbmbsfr.

Mejvemfrbf Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` sb fmb ab mtrb melhtbtu` ahrbmter mu mb`puhj 62 zh`b jfhjtb, j mfzu` bahjbèr bxtrferahjfrb.

bahjb`b Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` sujt stftutfrb afm sb jtrujbsm mb` puhj ;/=ahj julru` lblkrhèr sh . Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` hf cetrrh mu lfnerhtftbf shlp`f veturhèr mbèr prbzbjh.

Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` f` Rjhujhh frb urltefrb`b ftrhkuhh prhjmhpf`b>

urlrbtb h rspujab ab faumbrbf `fjabp`hjhrb f cetrrhèr Mejdbrhjbh

F`bgb lblkrhh Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmterh fprek melpejbjf Melhshhèrpb aelbjhh ab fmthvhtftb, prbmul hpregrflb`b ab ùmru f`b fmbster melhshh.

abzkftb h fprek kh`fju` mejtfkh`h bxbmuhf kugbtuùh ab vbjhturh hmcb`tuhb`h pb fju` bxphrft9

abzkftb h fprek kugbtu` ab vbjhturh hmcb`tuhb`h pb fju` urlter9

abzkftb h fprek prehbmtu` ab ]tftuth prepujbrh`b ab leahmfrb f`b

fmbstuhf, urlja f `b supujb fprekrhhMejdbrhjbh9

abzkftb h fprek jerlb, rbgu`flbjtbh hjstrumhujh9

fprek jerlb`b ab rbprbzbjtfrb fMejdbrhjf Rjhujhh9

abzkftb h hf cetrrh j `bgtur muerhmb f`tb prek`blb fftb pb erahjbf abzh f bahjbèr sf`b.


10/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.;? pfg.;6

F`bgbrbf lblkrhèr Mejsh`huùh Jfhejf` sb dfmb e aft `f pftru fjh.

MEJ]H@HR@ JFHEJF@ bstb derlft ahj lblkrhh Melhtbtuùh Ahrbmter

lprbuj mu urlterhh prbbahjh ab st`hf`b>

[R]QBL ]BTHL ................................................................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Krh`f

MB[MCB^ F@H ................................................................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f M`rfh

QF@HK @BLFJ ....................................... .............................. _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Lmhj

ELB[ LBLJRJB .............................................. .............. _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Hsfmmbf

F@H BDMCBQ ......................................... ............................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Bderhb

]F@HL @BTBJQ ............................................ ......................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Quz`f

KF[H LR]B@HL ........................................... .................. _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mulpjf

F^H^ F^H^ ............................................. ............................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f T`bjh

E]LFJ ]R@HLFJ ............................................. ................ _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Durbh

LBLH MCBLF@ ........................................ ...................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mfrvj

LBLBQ ]BKFQHJ ....................................... ........... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Djtjf Lfrb

LBLBQ RM[H ............................................ ................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Lbaghahf

FKAR@F GCHR@QBJ ......................................... ................. _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Gf`fh

CF]FJ JF^LH ........................................... ............... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Qbmchrgche`

DRMHGH QF@H_ ....................................... .................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Tfù` Qrfhfj

HFF[ ]F@H ............................................ ......................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Aekrelhr

LR]QFDF ]F@H ............................................ ...................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Mfstbù

HELB[ KBA[H ...................................... ......... _rbbahjtb hjtbrhlfr Dh`hf`f Jveafrh

F[HD LRGB@H_ ........................................... ................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Lfjgf`hf

DBLH ]RFQ ........................................... ........................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Flzfmbf

CF@H@ JF^LHB .......................................... .................. _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Faflm`hsh

LR]QFDF B[AF@ ............................................. .................... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f @fzu

LR]QFDF KBHCFJ ........................................... ................ _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f Estrev

LFCLRQ ]B^GCHJ ........................................ ............... _rbbahjtb Dh`hf`f @bspbzh

MELH]HH AB ]_BMHF@HQFQB

Fmthvhtftbf Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf bstb ergfjhzft pb melhshh abspbmhf`htftb>

Mu`tur>prbbahjtb Qrieù ]brhj,

vhmbprbbahjtb Eslfj Lb`bi, sbmrbtfrF`h Grsb`

jvljt>prbbahjtb Kerlflkbt Thàfj,vhmbprbbahjtb Helbr ]ukhcfj, sbmrbtfrFrhd Fhsb`

[b`hghb>prbbahjtb Hs`fl [blzh, vhmbprbbahjtbLus`bahj Dhrabs, sbmrbtfr Hslfh` Gbh`fj

Dblbh>prbbahjtb Flbt Lb`bm, vhmbprbbahjtb

Fmmehul Aurhb, sbmrbtfr Dhzu`f Mfarhb

Qhjbrbt>prbbahjtb Lus`bahj Brmfj,

vhmbprbbahjtb Frhd Bjabr, sbmrbtfrFlbt Abryf

Dhjfjmhfr>Arfgelhr Jhmuer

Mbjzerh>Fkau`f [havfj, Fmmehul Aurhb, FlbtKbìz

Nurhahm>Mejstfjthj _ù

Falhjhstrfthv>Fmmehul F`h

MELH]HF AB MR@QR[Melhshf ab mu`tur f Rjhujhh AblemrftbQurmb ahj [eljhf frb uj re` cetrter jmfaru` mejtbxtuùh mu`turf`.

_bjtru mejthjufrbf trfahhhèr mu`tu-rf`b, pbjtru trhrbf habjththh btjhmb turmb,pbjtru prelevfrbf ujer trfahhh sphrhtuf`bmelhshf ab mu`tur ahj mfaru` RAQ[ f ergf-jhzft h absurft e sbrhb ab fmhujh, bmfrbahj b`b fvja uj hlpfmt lfh lfrb sfu lfhlhm fsuprf melujhthh jefstrb.

Kfzjau-sb pb fmhujh`b rbf`hzftb h absurftb j fmbfst pbrhefa sb peftbspujb m s-f mut uj pfs hlpertfjt j mbbf mb prhvbtb flp`htuahjbf fmthvhthhmu`turf`b. _rhj fmbstb fm hujh s-fu faus lkujthrh bsbjhf`b hlfghjhh ujhujhh. ]-frbuht ab mb`b lfh lu`tb erh s sb faum `fe`f`t tet lfh lu`h mbtbjh, btjhmh turmhh julbreh f`h hjvhtfh fpfrhjja mbèr`f`tb btjhh h mbh fpfrhjja lfnerhthh re-ljb.


11/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.;; pfg.;=

Fmhujh`b ahj fmbth fjh fu fvut uj hlpfmt abesbkht, j spbmhf` fsuprf me-lujhthh turmb ahj [eljhf. Mb`b lfh flp`b h mu rbzejfj ftt j fr mt h jstrhjtftb fu abvbjht trfahhejf`b. _rhjtrb fmbstbf putbl flhjth>

Dbsthvfù` hjtbrjfhejf`_rhlvfr Melujhtfr,mfrb frb `f kfz srktefrbfJbvruz, srktefrb ab prhl-

vfr mu merbspejabjb h `f f`tbmelujhth. Fstb`, fj ab fj,rbprbzbjtfjh fh tuturer melu-jhthèr btjhmb ahj [eljhf sbrbgsbsm j mfaru` ujuh shlpe-zhej mu pfrthmhpfrb hjtbrjfhe-jf` (Qurmhf, Ku`gfrhf, Leàe-

vf) h j mfaru` ujuh spbmtfmeàb gf` hjtbrbtjhm.

]eshrbf prhlvbrhh bstbsrkterht ab teftb pepefrb`bjsmtefrb ab afthjh h ekhmb-hurh. F`turh ab reljh fmbfs-t kumurhb bstb lprtht abteh melpftrhehh èr turmh t-tfrh ku`gfrh, gbrlfjh, frljh.Fl jvft s jb kumurl hs pbtrbmbl lprbuj fmbstbsrkterh h fstb` fl abvbjhtlfh kegfh subtbtb.

Mu rbgrbt vel vbabf

fstzh m ujb`b srkterh s-fuphbraut j jbgurf thlpuùh abfmbbf aerhl mf prhj fmbfstfmthvhtftb s trfjslhtbl gbjb-rfhhèr vhhtefrb fmbstb vfèrh.Trbl mf fmbstb srkterh str-

vbmch s ju ahspfr, pbjtru mb`b jb faum kumurhb h purhtftbj mfsb`b jefstrb. Qrfahhh`b fureù` ab f baumf, ab f semhf`hzf, re` mu`turf`, h ju j u`thlu` rja rb`hghes.

_rhj fmbfst lfjhbstf-rb sb fmb rbmurs `f trfahhb h sbjtrbsm rb`fhh`b jtrb melujh-th`b btjhmb ab `f lfù` lrhh.Fmbfst habb f est shjtbthzft abprbbahjtb`b Melhshbh ab Mu`turf RAQ[, ]brhj Qrieù>Abh

lu`tb afthjh h ekhmbhurh s-fuphbraut j jbgurf thlpurhèr,prhj fmthvhth`b jefstrb jmbr-ml s rbjvhbl fmbstb trfahhhh s `b trfjslhtbl thjbrhèr.Qeteaft, fl jvft s jbkumurl lprbuj, f`turhab reljh, ab fmbstb srk-terh, stb m sujtbl turmh, ttfrh,gbrlfjh, ku`gfrh, freljh,pbjtru m fstdb` abvbjhl lfh

kegfh subtbtb.^h`b`b ]fr ]f`tui Abab>

F abvbjht trfahhb mf j b-mfrb fj j ùjf sbptblkrhb Rjh-ujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [e-ljhf s ergfjhzbzb pb`brhjfn `fKfkfafg h hlp`hmht `f Gbflhf]fr ]f`tui Kfkf.

Bvbjhlbjtu` abkutbfz mue sùnk rb`hghefs hjut `f gb-

flhb ab cegb. Aup sùnk mrb-ahjmhehh sb jarbfpt sprb ler-ljtu` uh Gfzh F`h _ff ujab sbhjb uj lelbjt ab rbmu`bgbrb.Qet j mfaru` prelevrhh zbstrbhmu`turf`b h trfahhejf`b f btjhmh-èr turmh gespeahjb`b ahj mfaru``hf`bèr sb jtrbm j prbpfrfrbfpreausbèr ab pfthsbrhb spbmhmbkumtrhbh turmbth.


12/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.;1 pfg.;2

@f bvbjhlbjt pfrthmhp fjuf` j nur ab 2?? ab btjhmh turmh ahj Mejstfjf, Qu`-mbf, Lbaghahf, Quz`f, @fzu, Qbmchrgche`, Crevf, Kfkfafg, Lmhj, Hsfmmbf, Mul-pjf, Mekfahj, Mbrjfvea, Djtjf Lfrb, Kumurbth, Kjbfsf, Flzfmbf, Lfjgf`hf.

Ff mul prbmhzbfz a-ju` Eslfj Dbakh prbbahjtb`b RAQ[ Bstb abesbkhtab hlpertfjt mf turmhh ahj Aekregbf s-h mujefsm lu`t lfh khjb hsterhf hs stb ljarhh ab vfèrh`b sphrhtuf`b letbjhtb ahj strkujh.

jm ahj bpemf lbahbvf`, aup mumbrhrbf Aekregbh ab mtrb Hlpbrhu` Ete-lfj, (jmbputu` sbm. ST-`bf) èmf`htftbf abvhjb ahj mb j mb lfh hlpertfjt jzej hfr pbjtru e pbrhef-a Kfkfafg abvhjb mbjtrufalhjhstrfthv f` Aekre-gbh, hja mb` lfh abzve`tfterf Aekregbfj. Ahjuhjajm ahj bpemf lbahbvf-` lfuse`bu` ]fr ]f`tuiAbab, lerljtu` ùh GfzhF`h _ff, mhlbfuf If`f-hgh sujt aevbzh f`b hsterhbhjefstrb èmf`b. @bgbjafspujb m uj sjt lusù-lfj pb julb`b ]fr ]f`tuiKfkf f est mb` mfrb f pre-pevauht rb`hghf lusu`-lfj j Kf`mfjh. j fju`6131, ]u`tfju` Kfhfzha fperujmht s b mejstruht`f Kfkfafg uj lfuse`bu,j ejefrbf ùh ]fr ]f`tui.jtrb fjhh 6447-6473 rbb-ahjf _fbh s-f lutft ab `f]h`hstrf `f Kfkfafg.

Aup mul rb`ftfBv`hyf b`bkh, ]fr ]f`tui,uj rbjulht gjahter turm,f rspjaht j Kf`mfjhh hlp`hmht j Aekregbf,aup fjhh 6;4= rb`hghf hs-`flhm.

R`tbrher teftb lhnèfmb b ab trfjspert sb jarbfpt mtrb lerljtu` ujbrfr fùh Ieyuj Kfkf. Fmbst lerljt bstb jmejnurft ab paurh sbmu`frb, `bgbjaf rb`ftjaabsprb Ieyuj Kfkf mf hja mb` mfrb f absmepbrht lerljtu` ùh ]fr ]f`tui Kfkf.

^huf Lhjerhthèr Jfhejf`bahj [eljhf bstb uj bvbjhlbjt j mfaru`mruhf sb pujb j vfèfrb fmthvhtftbf pbrsejf`hthèr lfrmfjtb f`b mu`turh h turmb ae-kregbjb. @f aftf ab 63 abmblkrhb 688;, Faujfrbf Gbjbrf` f Ergfjhzfhbh Jfhujh-èr Rjhtb f faeptftAbm`frfhf mu prhvhrb f arbpturh`b pbrsefjbèr fpfrhjjalhjerhthèr jfhejf`b, btjhmb, `hjgvhsthmb h rb`hghefsb, prhlu` aemulbjt hj-tbrjfhejf` mfrb ebr e gfrfjhb f arbpturhèr lhjerhthèr. [eljhf, f`turh abf`tb stftb mfrb fu rbmujesmut hlpertfjf fmbstbh Abm`frfhh, fu abmhs mf zhuf ab 63abmblkrhb s b mb`bkrft mf ^h f Lhjerhthèr Jfhejf`b.

j mejtbxtu` burepbfj fmtuf`, lu`thmu`turf`htftbf bstb ujf ahj prhjmhpf`b`brbsursb j abzve`tfrbf aurfkh` f ujbh semhbth.

jmbpja mu fju` ;??3, Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf, lprbujmu ahvbrh pfrtbjbrh ergfjhzbfz `f Mejstfjf, j abmblkrhb, fmthvhtftbf ^huf Lh-jerhthèr.

Melhshf ab Mu`tur elfghfz pbrsejf`hth`b f`b melujhthh turmb h ju ju-lfh mfrb h-fu pus flprbjtf j prelevfrbf mu`turhh, ebrhja ahpèlb h p`fmcbtbpbjtru fmthvhtftbf absurft j smepu` pstrrhh h prelevrhh trfahhhèr h pbjtrumejtrhkuhf `f pstrfrbf habjththh jefstrb.

_rhj fmbfst fmhujb Rjhujbf Able-mrft Qurm ahj [eljhf sb strauhb s ab-lejstrbzb jm eaft m lu`thmu`turf`htftbfbstb e rbf`htftb trht j [eljhf, mb prbsupu-jb rbmujeftbrbf pùrf`hsluùh h f vfrhbthhhabjththh mu`turf`b f erhmrbh lhjerhth.

_b `jg fmhujh`b mu`turf`b melhshf abmu`tur f habjthmft h f prepus sprb bahtfrbjulbrefsb lfjusmrhsb. Fstb` s-fu puk`hmftmrh mu tblfthm vfrhft mb pet eèshtb mfsursb ab hjerlfrb h aemulbjtfrb, hfr f`tb`bsujt mrh ab pebzhh pbjtru subt. Qeteaftmelhshf ab mu`tur f pfrthmhpft h f rbprbzbj-tft mu summbs Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj[eljhf `f julbrefsb hjvhtfhh ahj fr hstrhjtftb.


13/27


14/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.;3 pfg.;8

Fp`hmfrbf rber-lbh jvljtuùhf fmh`htft fpfrhhf jfju` ;???, j mfaru`Rjhvbrshthh EvhahusMejstfjf, f Me`bghu-ùh Rjhvbrshtfr ab Hjsth-

tuterh L.I. Ftftrimfrb h-f jmcbhft fmth-

vhtftbf j ;??7. Me`b-ghu` f prbgtht mhrmf 3?ab hjsthtuterh, mu bxf-lbj ab `hmbj, pbjtrurbbfuf ab me`h ujab sbprba `hlkf lftbrj `fm`fsb`b H-HT.

]b rbf`hzbfzsmchlkurh ab bxpbrh-

bj, fshstbjb `f erb,abzkftbrh mu mfrfmtbrlbteahm, mejstuhrh,grupurh ab prebserhlbrg `f mursurh ab `hl-kf turm ergfjhzftb `fHstfjku` sfu Fjifrf jpbrhefab`b vfmfjbèrab vfr.

j mfaru` Lh-

jhstbruùh Baumfhbh hMbrmbtrhh thhjhmbfvbl uj hjspbmter abspbmhf`htftb j pbrsefjfaefljbh KerlflkbtThàfj, mfrb sb emupj spbmhf` ab prek`b-lb`b jvljtuùhj `hlkf turm h rb`hghbhs`flhm.

jsuhrbf `hl-khh lftbrjb ab ujjulr ahj mb j mblfh lfrb ab b`bvhf mut peshkhèrgfjhzfrbf e`hl-phfabèr ab `hlk

h `htbrftur turmh rb`hghb hs`flhm.@emu` absur-rhh e`hlphfabèrsujt s`h`b `hmbuùhIblf` Ftftriahj Lbaghahf. Er-gfjhzfterhh sujt Ahrbmhf jvljt ahj mfaru` Abpfrtflbjtuùh pbjtru Lhjerh-th Jfhejf`b, Lhjhstbru` jvljtuùh prhj Hjspbmterftu` me`fr Nuabbfj Mej-stfjf, RAQ[ h RAQQL[.

_rhjmhpf`b`b fmthvhth f`bMelhshbh ab jvljt ahjmfaru` RAQ[>

ergfjhzfrbf fjuf` fE`hlphfabh ab @hlkfLftbrj Qurm (prhlf bahhbj fprh`hb 6887)9

prbgthrbf h thprhrbfprhlbèr pregrflb ab `hlkturm h rb`hghb hs`flhm,m`fsb`b H-SHH (prhlb`b fu dest

fprekftb ab LBJ, 6883)9 lbjhjbrbf ujuh ahfèg

pbrlfjbjt ftt mu AhrbmhfLhjerhth ahj mfaru`LBJ h Hjspbmterftu`Nuabbfj Mejstfjf mth mu mejaumbrh`b me`hèrujab sb prbafu erb ab `hlklftbrj turm h rb`hghbhs`flhm9

Q a a Q a a


15/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.=? pfg.=6

sprhnhjhrbf fmthvhthèr ab thpu` smchlk ab bxpbrhbj ergfjhzftb ab Melhshf abjvljt f MLJ9

ergfjhzfrbf fjuf` f tfkbrbèr ab `hlk lftbrj, mu`tur h mhvh`hzfhbh turmb (prhlfbahhb Kfkfafg 6884, urlft ab Celerea, Auru, Jveafrh, Hzveru` [bmb, ]hkhb`,_rbabf`, ]jtf Lrhf Er`bf, Hzveru` Lujtbùh btm). @f fmbfst tfkr pfrthmhpfjuf` pbstb 4? ab b`bvh ahj ahdbrhtb `hf`b, b`bvh e`hlphmh sfu mu rbzu`tftb abesbkhtb `fjvtur.

Mejmursurh`b ab bsburh `htbrfrb rbprbzhjt e hjvhtfhb absmchs tuturer b`bvhèr mfrb

stuahfz `hlkf turm sfu rb`hghf hs`flhm. Fmbstb mejmursurh sujt ergfjhzftb mu fjulhtbemfzhh> Jbvruz, ^huf Qurmhbh, [bgfhp Ifjah`h btm

Mejsdtuhrh f`b mfarbèr ahafmthmb mb prbafu `hlkf turm h rb`hghb, j mfaru` mrerf sbahsmut strftbghh h pregrflb ab prbafrb f `hlkhh turmb h f rb`hghbh hs`flhmb, prh`bn mu mfrbsb prbzhjt fmthvhtftbf jvljtuùh ahj fju` me`fr prbmbabjt h prehbmtb`b ahj fju`me`fr urlter9 prek`blb`b bxhstbjtb `f bmfrb mef` ujab sb prba `hlkf turm turm hrb`hghb hs`flhm, prek`blb `bgftb ab lfjuf`b, ab julru` b`bvhèr h erfru` mfarbèr.

62 hujhb j [eljhf h ;1 jehblkrhb j Qurmhf ^huf jvteruùh ;1 jehblkrhbbstb zhuf j mfrb h s-f ftrhkuht lfrbùh el ab stft Lustfdf Iblf` Ftftri mf`htftbf abpredbser suprbl. Fmthvhtftbf sb absdefr jtr-uj mfaru dbsthv ujab pfrthmhp predbserhhab `hlkf turm h rb`hghb hs`flhm.

;= fprh`hb j Qurmhf h 6 hujhb ^huf Hjtbrjfhejf` f Mephùùh. Ahj sbrhf fmhujhèrmu trfahhb ahj mfaru` RAQ[ sb julr h srkterhrbf fmbster aeu zh`b f`b mephhèr._rhlf, mbf ab ;= fprh`hb, bstb e zh hlpertfjt smrhs mu `htbrb ab fur j hsterhf Qurmhbhmja, pbjtru prhlf efr j ùlb, lfrb`b el ab stft L. I. Ftfturi f abahmft e zhmephhèr, j fju` 68;3. Fj ab fj srktefrbf frb j mfaru` pregrflbèr ergfjhzftbab RAQ[ e jet ab melpbthhb, bjtuzhfsl h kuj ahspezhhb, pfrthmhpfjhh shlhjakumurhf meph`rhbh. Fstdb`, fj aup fj, pbstb 62? ab mephh ahj me`h`b nuabuùh Mejstfjfh ab `f `hf`b`b tbrhterhf`b sb jtrbm j ahvbrsb mejmursurh. _regrflu` ab 6 hujhb, mf erhmbzh spbmhf`, bstb ergfjhzft j mbjtru` ab fgrblbjt ahj prbfnlf Melp`bxuùh Luzbf` abthhjb f`b Jfturhh Mejstfjf.

MELH]HF AB QHJB[BQ

@f ;= fugust 688?, j mfaru` Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf f estejaft Ergfjhzfhf ab Qhjbrbt Qurm Ftftri ahj [eljhf mfrb f aekjahtpbrsejf`htftb nurhahm `f 67 emtelkrhb 688?.

jmbpja mu;??6 ergfjhzfhf h-f

shstft fmthvhtftbf, hfrthjbrhh mfrb mbfupfrtb ahj bf fu j-mbput s fmthvbzb sukerlf ujbh melhshhab spbmhf`htftb j mf-aru` RAQ[.

jmbpja mufju` ;??1, melh-shf ab thjbrbt ujm-hejbfz j mfaru`

Rjhujhh AblemrftbQurmb ahj [eljhfergfjhzja, meer-aejja h abru`jafmthvhth`b `bgftb abthjbrbt, mephh h fj-sflkùrh e`mèrhmb,f`turh ab melhshf abmu`tur, hlp`hmj-au-sb fmthv j ergf-jhzfrbf fmthvhthèrabru`ftb ab RAQ[.

_utbl spujb mmbf lfh lfrb fmthvh-tftb ergfjhzft h ab-ru`ft ab melhshf abthjbrbt bstb Dbsthvf-ù` mu`turf` sperthvf` thjbrbtuùh, fnujsfju` fmbstf `f f HS-f

RAQ[ a ;2 a h RAQ[ a ;2 a h


16/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.=; pfg.==

baumfhb. ]blhjfru` f est hjhhft ab melhshfab thjbrbt ahj mfaru` RAQ[, mu smepu` ab ffaumb j ftbjhf mbèr lfh thjbrh lblkrh fhmelujhthh Abm`frfhf Rjhvbrsf` f Arbptu-rhèr Eluùh. j mfaru` sblhjfruùh hfu mu-

vjtu` lblkrhh fmthvh fh melhshbh ab thjbrbt.Fmbthf hj e `bmhb absmchs absprb bgf`htftb,

baumfhb h pretbmhf mephùùh, pb kfzf ujerb ab ùmru ftbjt prbgthtb. Ab fsblbjbf, sbpujmtbfz `hkbrtftbf ab bxprhlfrb f lhjerh-thèr btjhmb ahj [eljhf, suk`hjhja fptu`m j frf jefstr ju sujt prek`blb j lbj-hjbrbf h pbrpbtufrbf trfahhhèr h ekhmbhurhèr, f `hlkhh h f rb`hghbh, hùstrja fmbstùmru mu bxblp`b rb`bvftefrb ahj f`tb rh mul fr Drfjf, Grbmhf h Ku`gfrhf.

Hstfjku`, mb f est mfphtf`f f trbh lfrh hlpbrhh bstb pbjtru trbh zh`b gfzaf ujbhab`bgfhh f melhshbh ab thjbrbt RAQ[ j mfaru` ujbh lfjhbstrh ergfjhzftb mu sme-pu` mujeftbrhh hsterhbh h mu`turhh turmb ]blhjfru` mu`turf` baumfthv pbjtruthjbrbt. _regrflu` sblhjfruùh muprhjab vhzhtb `f prhjmhpf`b`b ekhbmthvb hsterhmb hmu`turf`b ju julfh ahj Hstfjku`, mh h ahj lprbnurhlh.

]blhjfru` abru`ft fjuf` pb pfrmursu` f pftru zh`b bstb hjsumhbjt pbjtru lu`-thtuahjbf ab hjerlfhh hsterhmb, mu`turf`b h turhsthmb ebrht ab lfrbf lbtrepe`.Aup bmfrb sblhjfr pfrthmhpfjhh p`bfm ahj Qurmhf mu gjau` ab f rbvbjh, mu hjtfsprb f`tb ekhbmthvb, afr luùlhh m fmbstb zh`b ju fu trbmut pur h shlpù mf e p`hl-kfrb, mh mf uj prh`bn ab lkeghrb hjtb`bmtuf` h sphrhtuf`.

Ab fsblbjbf, melhshf ab thjbrbt bstb f`turh ab melhshf ab rb`hghb, hlp`hmj-au-sb fmthv `f abru`frbf fmhujhh Ifahr Gbmbsh, e hlpertfjt fmthvhtftb rb`hghefs.

_rhj lfjhbstrh`b er-

gfjhzftb h abru`ftb, melhshfab thjbrbt jmbfrm s faumprhjtrb bh mt lfh lu`h th-jbrh9 jmbfrm s pbrpbtubzbtrfahhh`b h ekhmbhurh`b `sftbab strleh. Fstb`, prhj sb-lhjfrhh, shlpezhefjb, lbsbretujab hlp`hm fmthv thjb-rbtu` lhjerhtfr turm j vhffmelujhthh.

bahhb. Fvja mf pujmt abp`bmfrb ^huf Qhjbrbtuùhh ]pertuùh j Qurmhf 68 lfh, fmbfst lfjhbs-tfrb f mptft flpèfrb,fnujgja `f jhvb` hjtbrjf-hejf`. Fj ab fj fl abz-

ve`tft frhf ab absurfrbf fmthvhthh, ftrgja jfmbfst lfjhbstfrb lfhlu`h pfrtbjbrh. Dbsthvfù`sb absefr pb pfrmursu`f lfh lu`tb zh`b h pb lfhlu`tb melpejbjtb, ftt pbpfrtb sperthv, mt h mu`-turf` h baumfthv. Fstb`,fjuf` sb ergfjhzbfz ujlhjh-mflphejft ab etkf`

h ab tbjhs ab lfs, ahvbrsbmejmursurh, uj shlpezhejtblfthm, e sbrft luzhmf`,mu`lhjja j u`thlf zh mubxpezhhb h spbmtfme`.

j bmfrb fj, jprhlf sptlj f ù-jhh abmblkrhb, j ùlbfjtrbfg, bstb srkterht^huf Hjtbrjfhejf`f Arbpturhèr Elu

-ùh, bvbjhlbjt lfrmftab Rjhujbf AblemrftQurm ahj [eljhf prhj-tr-uj sblhjfr tblfthm, jmfaru` mruhf sb prbzhjtj prhjmhpf` arbpturh`b `f`hkbrf bxprhlfrb, `f `hkbrfephjhb, arbptu` ab f f`b-gb e rb`hghb h arbptu` `f

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh=1 =2


17/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.=1 pfg.=2

MELH]HF AB [B@HGHB

Ekhbmthvu` bvbjhlbjtbèr ergfjhzftb ab melhshf ab rb`hghb f RAQ[ bstb muje-tbrbf lfh jabfprefpb f trfahhh èr h f rb`hghbh lusu`lfjb. Mchfr afm j u`th-lhh fjh trfahhf `bgft ab sùnkb`b rb`hghefsb s-f leabrjhzft, `f fmhujh`b ujhujhhsb jmbfrm rbfaumbrbf `f ùlhj f ekhmbhurhèr letbjhtb ahj strleh.

Rjf ahj prhe-

rhth`b ujaflbj-tf`b f`b Melhshbh ab[b`hghb f est fmbbfmf prhj ablbrsurh`f ]bmrbtfrhftu` ab]tft pbjtru Mu`tb,RAQ[ s b rb-prbzbjtft j urf-hHs`fl, ergfju` abmejaumbrb h mejsh-`hbrb f` Ludhftuùh

Mu`tuùh Lusu`lfjahj [eljhf. Fu -mut pfrtb ahj pfrtbfRAQ[ j fmbst jf`ter aeljhh Kf`gh [ucfj, Eslfj Dbakh, Hkrfl Jurbahj, Husbhj Hkrfl, Hs`fl [blzh,Fsfj Lurft, Hkrfhl Brvhj, Dbrft [flh, Lbthj Mbrmcbz.

Ablbrsurh`bmelhshbh ab rb`hghbf RAQ[ s-fu mej-mrbthzft h prhj rbje-

vfrbf gbflhhèr ahjKfkfafg, Mbrjf-

vea h Crevf. Ef`t rbuht bstb rb-jevfrbf Lejulbj-tuùh ]fr ]f`tuiujab `f absmchab-rbf emhf` fl fvutejefrbf ab f-` fvbff`turh pb _rblhb-

ru` [bpuk`hmhh Qurmhf aelju`Qfyyhp Braegfj. Ab fsblb-jbf s-f fmhejft pbjtru rbze`-

vfrbf shtuf hbh ab `f mhlht hrb`bahj Gf`fh h M`rfh. _b `j-g fmbstbf j fmbfst pbrhefas-f bahtft kreurf ab lbv`ha

h mfrtbf mu aufurh, surburh,h`fchurh h ahbrhtb hjerlfhhabsprb rb`hghf hs`flhm. Fmbstbmrh h kreurh fu est lpr-htb `f teftb gbflhh`b h `f teftb`hf`b`b R.A.Q[.

Mu sprhnhju` RAQ[ fup`bmft f pb`brhjfn j Lbmmf ujlfrb julr ab btjhmh turmh.

Melhshf ab rb`hghb me`f-

kerbfz mu kujb rbzu`tftb muLudhftu` Mu`tuùh Lusu`lfjahj [eljhf, Mejsu`ftu` Gb-jbrf` f` [bpuk`hmhh Qurmhf `fMejstfjf, ]bmrbtfrhftu` ab]tft pbjtru Mu`tb, Abpfrtf-lbjtu` ab [b`fhh Hjtbrbtjhmb,afr h mu ahvbrsb ujafhh sfufsemhfhh.

Fjuf` fmbfst melhshbergfjhzbfz mu prh`bnu` sr-kterhèr rb`hghefsb Lbv`htIfjah`h, Iurkfj Kfyrflu`,Kbrft Ifjah`h, Lhrfm Ifjah`h,[bghp Ifjah`h, Jefptbf abIfahr, ahvbrsb lfjhbstrh mutblfthm rb`hghefsb, hjmùshvlbsb ab hdfr h sprhnhj èghs-thm h ergfjhzfterhm E`hlphfafab rb`hghb.

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg =4 pfg =7


18/27

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg.=4 pfg.=7

Lblkrhh melujhthhturmb ahj Mejstfjf h fh -`hf`bèr tbrhterhf`b f`b RAQ[srkterbsm mu kumurhb hblehb Jftbrbf _rebtuùhLucfllba (Lbv`ha Ifj-ah`h). j fmbfst zh p`hj ab

jb`bpmhujb h hbrtfrb, kbùgh lhèstbjhb teh mbh prbzbjh`f gbflhh sb refg ùh F``fc.Mejvhjh ab putbrbf fmbstbhsrkterh lfh kuj abmte lhb ab ùjh, mja perh-`b mbruùh sb absmcha h ahjmfrb sb rbvfrs pbstb tetsbjhjtftb h jmrbabrb, habsmcha subtb`b h mu lhjh`babsmchsb sb refg jtr-e `hjh-

tb abp`hj.Hlflhh gbflhhèr rbmht

vbrsbtb ahj Merfj h j prbah-mf hjut ju uht s `b spujtuturer s b kujh prhjh,

vbmhjh, prhbtbjh9 s-h rbspbmtbsblbjhh, s lujmbfsm lfhlu`t, s sb hjerlbzb, s vhjmu habh h seùhh pbjtru rbze`-

vfrbf prek`blbèr melujht-hh.

Fsblbjbf lelbjtbjtrbsm flh`hf h melujhtf-tbf. Ab fmbbf, pbjtru f ju sbuhtf, f sb pstrf h pbrpbtuftrfahhh`b rb`hghefsb melhshfab rb`hghb frb grhn mf j b-mfrb fj fstb` ab bvbjhlbjtbs b mhjsthtb prhj prehbmtb`bujhujhh.

Fj ab fj, j sbfrf ab Ifahr Gbmbsh, thjbrhh ahj rjau` melujhthh jefstrb sbstrjg `f gbflhh h pbtrbm sbfrf lprbuj.

Jefptbf ab Ifar (Ifahr Gbmbsh) bstb mbf lfh hlpertfjt ahj pbrhefaf pes-tuùh ab [flfzfj. H sb lfh spujb h Jefptbf _utbrhh, hja jefptbf sjt mja s-frbvb`ft Merfju` _rebtuùh Lecflba. j Jefptbf ab Ifar, teftb `mfurh`b ab mu`tlusu`lfjb sujt absmchsb, hfr mrbahjmhehh lbrg s sb refgb. ]b spujb m Jefptbf_utbrhh fmb mt 6.??? ab fjh, rugmhujh`b mutb fmul fvja e hlpertfj abesbkht.

_epu`fhf lusu`lfj ahj [eljhf pbtrbmb j pest h rugmhujb ùjf [flf-zfj. Bstb ùjf j mfrb lusu`lfjh fr trbkuh s mhtbfsm h s sb strauhfsm lfh lu`ts jb`bfg Merfju` h s h mbfr hbrtfrb ùh F``fc pbjtru grbb`h`b mutb. j bù`fmbstf lusu`lfjhh ver putbf shlh pfmbf sphrhtuf` h rulusbbf fmbstbh ùjh.

j thlpu` fmbstbh ùjh, lusu`lfjhh ju ljjm teft zhuf, ftt thlp mt sef-rb`b bstb pb mbr. Aup fpusu` sefrbùh pj f rsrht sb peftb ljmf erhmb. Ab ekhmbhsujt aeu lbsb, ujf sbfrf hdfr, h ujf ahlhjbff sfcur. @f lfsf ab sbfr hdfr,sb strjg `fe`f`t ruab, prhbtbjh, vbmhjh h ljjm lprbuj.

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf, rbspbmtja trfahhf, str jgb `fe`f`tlblkrhh melujhthh turmb ab `f `hf`b`b sf`b tbrhterhf`b, ebrhjau-`b lbsb ab h-

tfr. @f fmbstb lbsb gespeahjb`b prbgtbsm h sbrvbsm tuturer urltefrb`b prbpfrftb>mherk ab jujt (prbgtht mu mfrjb temft ab vht), phab (p`mhjt mu krjz), fse`bh rhptur ab puh, ph`f mu melpet, erbz mu `fptb, frabh ulpùh, hlfl kfyà (vh-jbtb ulpùtb mu mfrjb) h kfm`fvf`b. j gbjbrf`, s-f rbspbmtft lbjhu` sbrvht f lbsb`btrfahhejf`b ab lbv`ha, ujab sb sbrvbsm fptb bùrh ab ljmfrb, mu e fjulht erah-jb prbstfkh`ht.

@ujf _estuùhh f Merfjuùh bstbùjf j mfrb fvblemfzhf ab f jb mur-

f ab pmftb. _rebtu`Lucfllba h-f vbs-tht pb lusu`lfjh mufmbst cfahs>mb` mfrbbstb mrbahjmhes hhjb pest ftbptjarsp`ftf aefr ab `fF``fc, h sb ver hbrtfteftb pmftb`b ahjtrbmut".

RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjh RAQ[ lprbuj ab ;2 ab fjhpfg =3 pfg =8


19/27

R p R ppfg.=3 pfg.=8

]rkterhrbf Iurkfj Kfyrfluùh frb e hlpertfj abesbkht ahj pujmt abvbabrb rb`hghes pbjtru teft pepu`fhf turme-lusu`lfj. Fmbfst sjt srktefrbhjb 1 zh`b h b jtlphjft mu lu`t rbspbmt ab turmhh aekregbjh. _bjtru f-h jabp`h-jh ek`hgfhf rb`hghefs, mrbahjmhehh lusu`lfjh sfmrhm kbrkbmh sfu vhtb hfr mfrjbffmbsterf e lpfrt jbvehfhèr, srfmhèr, vauvbèr h erfjhèr.

Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf fj ab fj sfmrhm fjhlf`b ahj mfrbsb fm pfmcbtb mu mfrjb h sb lpfrt `hf`bèr. _rbbahjhh `hf `bèr fu fvut grhn s j-

temlbfsm `hstb pbjtru mf fmbstb pfmcbtb s fnujg jtr-fabvr `f mbh mfrb fu mb` lfhlu`t jbvehb ab b`b h fstb` pb lfsf f mt lfh lu`h lblkrhh fh melujhthh jefstrbsb pet prbpfrf h abgustf ahvbrsb ljmrurh trfahhejf`b, ff mul bstb ekhmbhu` abKfyrfl.

Fmbst ekhmbh `bgft ab srktefrbf sfmrhmhuùh bstb jtlphjft fj ab fj mulu`t rbspbmt ab teft melujhtftbf lusu`lfj ahj [eljhf, hfr mrbahjf fmbsterfsb flp`hm mrbja lbahu` prephmb pbjtru fptb kujb.

MELH]HF AB DBLBH

Mejsthtuht `f 1 jehblkrhb 6888, Fsemhfhf ab blbh Cfjl B``br f est e

fsemhfhb f mbtbjhèr reljh ab jfhejf`htftb turm, fvja mfrfmtbr mu`turf`,ulfjhtfr h hjabpbjabjt, mu pbrsejf`htftb nurhahm. ]bahu` mbjtrf` f` fmbstbh fsemh-fhbh f est j lujhmhphu` Mejstfjf.

_rhjmhpf`b`b fmthvhth absurftb fu est> 3 lfrthb ^huf Dblbhh, mejbrhjbmu tblf Dblbhf j vhzhujbf ùh L.I. Ftfturi, mejmursu` ab mebtrhb h pfthsbrhbtrfahhejf` Kfm`fvfuf ab Fur, Iutù Aeul Cfdfs j me`fkerfrb mu Mej-su`ftu` Gbjbrf` f`[bpuk`hmhh Qurmhf fMejstfjf, ;4 fu-gust ]ptljf

lu`thmu`turf`, ;=sbptblkrhb [eù`blbhh j baumfhfmephhèr, Mejgrb-su` Hjtbrjfhejf`f` Dblbhh Qurmbahj Kf`mfjh prh-lf bahhb j ;??6, fabvbjht e fabvrfttrfahhb.

Fsemhfhf DblbhèrQurmb Cfjl B``br s-frbergfjhzft, j prbzbjtujmhejja mf e melhshbab spbmhf`htftb j mfaru`RAQ[.

j ùjf lfrthb Me-

lhshf ab Dblbh f Rjhu-jhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj[eljhf ergfjhzbfz ujshlpezhej mu tblf [eù`

dblbhh turmb j semhbtftbf

mejtblperfj.

Fmhujbf f fvut smepmejse`hafrbf rb`fhhèr ahj-trb blbh`b ab btjhb turmahj [eljhf, pujja fm-

mbjt teteaft h pb abzve`-tfrbf ujbh melujhmrh mtlfh kujb h mu rbprbzbjtfj-tb f`b f`ter btjhh.

_frthmhpfjtb`b `f shl-pezhej fu pujmtft mb`b lfhhlpertfjtb fspbmtb f`b re-ùùh blbhh j semhbtftb h,ahjmeè ab fpfrtbjbjf `fe fjulb habjthtftb btjhm,turmefhmb`b fu abjht b-

lbhf, j prhlu` rja, prhjprhslf stftutuùh ab lflh sehb.

^huf lflbh sbsrkterbtb j f aeuf au-lhjhm f ùjhh lfh. Bvbjh-lbjtu` bstb ergfjhzft abmelhshf ab blbh fpfrh-jja Rjhujhh Ablemrftb



20/27

p ppfg.1? pfg.16

Qurmb ahj [eljhf h mu-prhjab lfh lu`tb melpejbj-tb> shlpezheju` mu tblf [e-ù` lflbh j mfaru` flh`hbhturmb9 e bxpezhhb ab bsturhh ekhbmtb trfahhejf`b ùmrftblfjuf` h e bztefrb ujab

turmefhmb`b hjtbrprbtbfzmjtbmb vbmch, jvftb ahjstrkujh.

Melhshf ab blbh ergf-jhzbfz fjuf` shlpezheju`mu tblf Qrfahhh h ekhmb-hurh f`b turmhèr aekregbjh,

`bgftb ab jftbrb h ketbz.Bvbjhlbjtu` frb mf smep rb-jvhbrbf trfahhhèr h ekhmb-hurhèr prfmthmftb `f jftbrbf

h `f ketbzu` mephhèr lusu`-lfjh. _rbzbjtb `f bvbjhlbjt,lblkrb`b RAQ[ ab `f `hf`bbxpuj mtbvf ahj ekhmbhurh`bprfmthmftb j èmf`hth`b èr,`f jftbrbf mephhèr.

Rjf ahjtrb mb`b lfhhlpertfjtb fmthvhth f me-lhshbh ab blbh bstb Dbsth-vfù` ab frt mu`hjfr.Absurft fj ab fj `f e f `t

`hf`, bsthvfù` bstb abahmftbxmùshv kumtrhbh trfahhe-jf`b turmb.

_frthmhpfjtb`b sb prb-zhjt mu ahbrhtb prbpfrftbmu`hjfrb, prbpfrftb mu lhbs-trhb h lhgf` jmjtja prhjleau` ab prbzbjtfrb h erhgh-jf`htftb.

[bbtb`b pre-ausbèr bxpusb hjsmrhsb j mejmurssujt pstrftb ahj gb-jbrfhb j gbjbrfhb,ahj lfl j hm,trfjslhjau-sb

lfh abpfrtb mephhèrmchfr h prhj hjtbr-lbahu` fmbstuh bsth-

vf`, fnujg s b mu-jesmutb ab puk`hmu``frg. Ab fsblbjbf,pbjtru f af uj fbrfutbjthm bsthvfùùh,gespeahjb`b sb l-krfm j mestulb trfahhejf`b turmbth, flhjthja ab lflb`b, kujhmb`b jefstrb.

Ahj aeh j aeh fjh Melhshf ab blbh ahj mfaru` RAQ[ ergfjhzbfz shlpezh-

eju` hjtbrjfhejf`Dblbhf turm ahj Kf`mfjh. @f fmbst shlpezhej sujt hjvhtftbab`bgftb ahj Qurmhf, Ku`gfrhf, Mhpru ab Jera, Lfmbaejhf. Ekhbmthvu` pregrfluùhbstb mejse`hafrbf rb`fhhèr ahjtrb blbh`b ab jfhejf`htftb turm ahj [eljhf h b-lbh`b ab jfhejf`htftb turm ahj mfaru` melujhthèr turmb ahj Kf`mfjh, mujeftb-rbf rbmhprem h smchlku` ab bxpbrhbj pb p`fj semhf`, pe`hthm, mu`turf`, bmejelhm,rb`hghes, stfkh`hrbf ab `bgturh hjtbrkf`mfjhmb.

_bstb 6?? ab blbh ab jfhejf`htftb turm a hj [eljhf, Qurmhf, Grbmhf, Rmrfh-jf, Ku`gfrhf, Lfmbaejhf h ahj Ieseve abzkft j mfaru` shlpezhejuùh tblb prb-mul [eù` blbhh j pe`hthm h fsmbjshujbf j vhff semhf`, Fmthvhth`b h putbrbfab abmhzhb f blbhh turmb, Dblbhf h rb`hghf, Dblbhf h flh`hf, stftutu` blbhh hrbspejsfkh`hth`b fmbstbhf. Mu prhvhrb `f fmbfst hjhhfthv, prbbahjtb`b melhshbh abblbh f RAQ[ h meeraejfteru` prehbmtuùh, Flbt Lb`bi, f abm`frft f u`thlf bahhbf shlpezhejuùh>]hlpezheju` Hjtbrjfhejf` Dblbhf Qurm ahj Kf`mfjh bstbuju` ahjtrb prehbmtb`b ab lfrb flpèfrb ergfjhzftb ab melhshf jefstr, mfrbrbujbtb hjvhtfh ahj teftb rh`b kf`mfjhmb h ju julfh. j fmbst fj, fl hjvh-tft h rbprbzbjtfjh fh lhshujhèr ahpèlfthmb `f Kumurbth h mejsu`h gbjbrf`hfmrbahtfh `f Mejstfjf, pbjtru f mbrthstmf ahj jeu dfptu` m btjhmhh turmh ahj[eljhf rbprbzhjt e melujhtftb absmchs, aerjhm s h prelevbzb mu`tu-rf, afr h leabù` hjtbrbtjhm aekregbfj, ju julfh j [eljhf, mh h j fdfrfgrfjhbèr bh.



21/27

p g p g

FJ]FLK@R[H DE@M@E[HMB

j mfaru` melhshbh ab mu`tur h abru`bfz fmthvhtftbf lfh lu`tb grupurh e`mè-rhmb, prhjtrb mfrb flhjthl> Ab`hifj``fr, Dhafj`fr, Lbctfp, Qujf, Ifyjfjf`fr,]urbyf, Ifrab`bj, Gbj Rlut`fr, Gi Iuf, Dh`hz`br, Crsfvf Lfrt`fr, Xàz`fr.

_bjtru f ablejstrf mt ab khjb sujt pstrftb mu`turf, trfahhh`b h ekhmbhurh`b

jefstrb, j bkrufrhb 6888, `f hjhhfth-vf ujuh grup ab thjbrh bjtuzhfth ahjmfaru` Ergfjhzfhbh ab Qhjbrbt QurmFtftri hf hj fjsflkù` ab afjse`mèrhm trfahhejf` Ab`hifj``fr.Mbh aehsprbzbmb thjbrh mfrb fu erlftgrupu` fu gsht leaf`htftbf ab f fnujgb`f subtb`b tuturer h mf aevfa f sbrh-ezhthh èr, aup julfh e ùj, fu hbhtpb smbj `f uj spbmtfme` ab kfyrfl.

Mejthbjh ab fptu` m trfah-

hf a habjthtftbf grupuùh, teh thjbrhhmfrb fu mut pfrtb ahj fmbst grup, pbtet pfrmursu` fmbster ;2 ab fjh, fu est,sujt h rlj uj leab` ab se`hafrhtftb,ab sprhnhj h ab mb ju ab ujhtftb btjhm.Ff mul fmbthf frl, pbjtru bh, gru-pu` e`mèrhm bstb èmu` ujab s-fu abz-

ve`tft, s-fu lfturhzft h s-fu lp`hjhtmf eflbjh, hfr jtrb bh bxhst e `bgtur,e frlejhb, pb mfrb j-fu trht-e j jhmhuj f`t èm.

Ju bstb jhmh e jaehf` m lbrhtu`bxhstbjbh, f pbrerlfjbèr h f èjg-bvhthh grupuùh ` afterl j prhlu`rja tuturer fmbèr thjbrh mb fu est `fuj lelbjt aft lblkrh fjsflkùùh.j afjsurh`b èr sujt eg`hjahtb le-lbjtb spbmhmb ahj vhff melujhthhjefstrb h f` absthjuùh jestru ahjtr-epbrspbmthv hsterhm.

MELH]HH@BDHJFJMHF[, NR[HAHM H MBJÊ[H

Melhshh`b Dhjfjmhfr, Nurhahm h Mbjzerh sujt melhshh mfrb absdefr lfh lu`tfmthvhth spbmhstmb.

MELH]HF DHJFJMHF[ sb emup ab sbglbjtu` jfjmhfr> jfjfrbfpregrflbèr, sf`frhh, p`h`b murbjtb btm. Fmthvhtftbf fmbstbh melhshh sb absefrj strjs me`fkerfrb mu mb`b`f`tb melhshh ab spbmhf`htftb. Fmtuf`lbjtb prbbahjtb`bfmbstbh melhshh bstb bmejelhstu` Arfgelhr Jhmuer.

MELH]HF NR[HAHMsb emup ab teftb prek`blb`b nurhahmb f`b RjhujhhAblemrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf. [bprbzhjt ujhujbf j ahvbrsb prembsb, mejmbpbfmtb nurhahmb, suprfvbgcbfz absurfrbf fmthvhthh j pfrflbtrh `bgf`h. _rbbahj-tb`b melhshbh bstb nurhst _ù Mejstfjthj.

MELH]HF AB MBJÊ[H

Mejtreù` gbsthejfr ab eja fsuprf leauùh mul sb falhjhstrbfz vfèrh`blftbrhf`b h kjbth f`b Rjhujhh h f`b `hf`bèr lujhmhpf`b, erbjbth, melujf`b hstbth sb bbmtubfz ab mtrb melhshh`b mbjzerh.

Melhshh`b ab mbjzerh sb melpuj ahj =-2 lblkrhh, `f jhvbù` Rjhujhh h sujterlftb ahj> uj prbbahjtb9 uj vhmbprbbahjtb9 6-= h rbspbmthv =-2 lblkrhh.

Fmbst melhshb bstb hjabpbjabjt f ab melhtbtb`b ab mejaumbrb f`b `hf-`bèr h rbspbmthv f ab Melhtbtu` Ahrbmter, rspujzja ab fmthvhtftbf èr j ffergfjbèr mfrb f f`bs-e, rbspbmthv Mejsh`hu` Jfhejf`.

Lblkrhh melhshhèr ab mbjzerh sb f`bg ab faujrh`b gbjbrf`b f`b `hf`bèr tbrh-terhf`b h rbspbmthv j mfaru` Mejbrhjbh Jfhejf`b, `f jhvbù` Rjhujhh.



22/27

Fmbst hthjbrfrhu bxtrfer-ahjfr f` thjbrhèr ahj fjsfl-kù` Ab`hifj``fr f est jseht,fprefpb j pfrf`b`, ab uj f` aeh-`bf grup e`mèrhm ab afjs trfah-hejf` turm. Fjsflkù` julhtDhafj`fr bveùbfz hjhhf` mf

grup merf` h mumbrbtb j smurtthlp shlpfthf h arfgestbf tu-turer prhj hjembjf h ghjghfmephhèr mfrb e erlbfz.

Fmbstb aeu fjsflkùrh,ujf ab mephh hfr mbf`f`t ab th-jbrbt, rbprbzhjt mu ljarhbRjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj[eljhf `f teftb lfjhbstrh`b`f mfrb sujt hjvhtfh abvbjhjamfaru ab rbbrhj pbjtru meph-

hh h thjbrhh ahj jtrbfgf melu-jhtftb turm ahj [eljhf. jprbzbjt meeraejfteru` fmbsteraeu grupurh e`mèrhmb bstbLb`bi Eslfj, hfr ab merbgrf-f afjsurhèr sb emup AbryfFlbt.

Rrlja bxblpù` fmbs-terf abvhjb jbmbsfr h rbsm ssb jhjbzb jeh grupurh e`-mèrhmb. jmbpja mu fju` ;???sb erlbfz grupu` ab afjsurhtrfahhejf`b ]urbyf ahj èmf-`htftbf Qbmchrgche`. Grupu` frbj melpejbj mephh, mu vrstfmuprhjs jtrb mhjmh h mhjsprb-zbmb fjh hfr afjsurh`b bxbmutftbab bh sujt p`hjb ab vhf h vehbkuj. j prbzbjt meeraejfteru`grupuùh bstb Lbjsbht ]brhcf.

Aup lfh puhj ab ujfj, j fju` ;??6, `f Mejstfj-f, zbmb blbh rbubsm s sbfaujb pbjtru f erlf grupu`merf` Lbctfp, meeraejft abAurhb Fmmehul. Dr f fvbfstuahh luzhmf`b, fmbstbf rb-

ubsm s puj `f pujmt ujrbpbrterhu mb muprhjab ju-lbrefsb mjtbmb trfahhejf-`b. Ahjtrb fmbstbf, jeusprb-zbmb mjtbmb spbmhmb zejbh[ulb`h h Fjfte`hf, rspj-ahtb j Aekregbf, mjtbmb abarfgestb, hukhrb h rhbtftbjtrb eflbjh mfrb mhrmu` jKf`mfjh h Aekregbf ab sutbab fjh fu est hlprhlftb pb

uj MA mfrb f fnujs j mfsb`blu`ter btjhmh turmh.

Mu uj rbpbrterhuluzhmf` fsbljter meru-ùh Lbctfp, sb erlbfz jfju` ;??1, j erfu` Qu`mbf,grupu` vemf` Ifyjfjf`frerlft ahj thjbrb pbjshe-jfrb, sefmrb ab predbshb,ff mul fabsbf sb f`hjtjtrb b`b. Fmbst grup vemf`,meeraejft ab Lblbt Lu-zfhbj sb f`tur grupuùhab afjs e`mèrhm trfahhejf`Qujfahj Qu`mbf, meeraejftab Lfcluah Jurtbj erlftahj zbmb grfhefsb btb, mfrbprbzbjtfu afjsurh`b tur-mbth, pb smbjb reljbth, abpbstb pftru fjh.



23/27

Bstb mb` lfh vbmch fjsflkù ab thjbrhahj mfaru` Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj[elfjhf, b` hja jhjft j fju` 688= abuj grup ab thjbrh hjhleh, aerjhmh s prb-zhjtb h s pstrbzb ekhmbhurh`b h trfahhh`bturmhèr jera-aekregbjh pb smbjb`b ahj frh strhjtftb.

Rrlja bxblpù` mbèr ahj Mejstfj-f, Qu`mbf h Qbmchrgche` mbh ahj Lbaghahfju sb `fs lfh prbnes. Fstb`, j fju` ;??2sb jhjbfz grupu` ab afjs e`mèrhm trf-ahhejf` Dh`hz`br.

j fju` ;??7, j melujf Mulpjf,sb mejsthtuhb uj jeu grup ab afjs e`mèrhmtrfahhejf` turm. Grupu` julbres, jm ab`f jmbput fvja pbstb aeuzbmh ab mephh,prhlbtb abjulhrbf ab Ifrab`bj h bstbmeeraejft ab Dhrabs Lus`bahj.

Melujf Mekfahj sb lekh`hzbfzh bf. Fstb` j fju` ;??3 mejshabrja mju bstb sumhbjt s fhk aefr uj grup abafjs e`mèrhm trfahhejf` mu mephh GbjRlut`fr, meeraejft ab Fhtbj Kersbht,mtbvf blbh hjhlefsb erlbfz h uj grup

vemf`. j fmbst b` hf hj Giiufmfrbabvhjb j smurt thlp ljarhf melujbh,meeraejft ab Gchu`br Ablhr. Fu urlftfpeh `hf`b`b Crevf h Flzfmbf mu

fjsflkùrh`b ab afjsurh trfahhejf`bCrsfvf Lfrt`frmeeraejft ab Lblbt[baufj h Xàz`fr meeraejft ab Dh`hz]f`h.

Qeftb fmbstb fjsflkùrh h grupurhvemf`b sujt jbmbsfrb h khjbvbjhtb j ftle-sbrf mu`turf` f semhbthh jefstrb rbprb-zbjtja e pfrtb f ulhh jefstrb, mfrb lbrhts b mujesmut.

FMQHTHQFQBF _RK@HMH]QHM

[bvhstfIfrfabjhzf est ergfju` ab prbs f Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb Lusu`-lfjb ahj [eljhf, bahtft mu jmbpbrb ahj fprh`hb 688?. jthu` Me`bghu rbafmh-ejf` brf mejsthtuht ahj rbafmter b Gbjfj Ke`t, Melhtbtu` ahrbmter prevhzerhu Qf-cshj Gblh`, Fghblhj Kfukbm prbbahjtb, Cflah Mbrmcbz, Xffr Jbghp lblkrh.

Aup smhjafrbf Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb Lusu`lfjb ahj [eljhf j aeuergfjhzfhh sbpfrftb, Rjhujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf h Rjhujbf Able-mrftb f Qftfrhèr Qurme-Lusu`lfjh ahj [eljhf, zhfru` Ifrfabjhz rbvhjb RjhujhhAblemrftb f Qtfrhèr Qurme-Lusu`lfjh ahj [eljhf.



24/27

j prhlu` julr f` zhfruùh, j pfghjf f aeuf, gshl uj frthme` j mfrb sb stf-kh`btb `hjhf mb e vf urlf fmbst zhfr, fmbst frthme` bstb sbljft ab `bmter. Ar. FghblhjKfukbi h bstb julht Ifrfabjhz, Ifrfabjhz...

Mja fl cetrt s puk hml zhfru` Ifrfabjhz, fl cetrt s puk`hml ujzhfr, mfrb s trftbzb aefr prek`blb`b semhf`b h mu`turf`b. Ju aerhl s dfmblprepfgfja jhmh ujuh pfrtha, mh aefr s jb jmfarl j prhjmhphh`b ablemrfhbh.Jb prepujbl s fprl teftb arbpturh`b mejfhejf`hèr jetrh, s mutl

seùhh pbjtru teftb prek`blb`b èr sphrhtuf`b h lftbrhf`b.Fprfrbf emuùh turmh er j ùlb h fprfrbf habfùrh`b sfmrb f`b hs`flu uh sbjulr prhjtrb prhjmhpf`b`b jefstrb smepurh._rhjtrb ekhbmthvb`b urlhtb ab mtrb jeh sujt> mejthbjthzfrbf pepu`fhbh m sujte kumhm f ùlhh turmhmb, hjahdbrbjt ab mb prb trbkubh p`tht s jb pretbnlafthjh`b, h s b trfjslhtbl gbjbrfhèr vhhtefrb. ] dfmbl mujesmut melujh-thh jefstrb hlpertjfjf h putbrbf thhjbh. _bjtru f fmmbjtuf sbjthlbjtu`hmejthhjf jfhejf` f melujhthh jefstrb, vel prbzbjtf ùmrrh f`b `htbrfturhhpepu frb.j pfghjh`b zhfruùh, ver st prbzbjtftb, pfghjh ahj hsterhf turmhèr, fstdb` jmtthjbrhh s vfa mb trbmut lrb fl fvut afr s rbf`hzbzb mb vhhter strùmht jb

ftbfpt...Fmthvhtftbf puk`hmhsthm f Rjhujhh Ablemrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf f est h bstb

ujf kegft, fstb` f fvut aeu puk`hmfhh> Cfisbs, Gbj Jbsh`. Mb`b aeu puk`h-mfhh vhj s puj j vfèfrb habjthtftbf sphrhtuf`, mu`turf`, `hjgvhsthm h rb`hghefsf btjhmhèr turmh ahj [eljhf.

j hujhb 6882 fpfrb prhlu` julr f` zhfruùh CFI]B] suk ahrbmhf h rb-afmhf aeljuùh Blhj Fth`f. ^hfru` fvbf uj erlft ekhjuht, 3 pfghjh h mejhjbfrukrhmh`b> semhf`-pe`hthm, bvbjhlbjt, jvljt, mu`tur, frt h trfahhb, rb`hghb,lfgfzhj h pfghjf pbjtru mephh.

Hft mb smrhf ftujmh rbafmteru` bd rbgrbtftu` Blhj Fth`f>Aerhl s rbjjeal e trfahhb puk`hmhsthm aftja ahj 68.6? 6384, prhj

fpfrhhf zhfruùh fri - Erhbjtu` smrhs ahj bjtuzhfslu` ujer mejdrfh. MuCFI]B] spbrl s rbfprhjabl dm`hf mb vf ùlhjf btjhf. _rhj hjtbrlbahu`ùh hjtbjhejl s derll zhfrhth, lfh mu sbfl thjbrh, fabvrftb mfrfmtbrbh tf`bjtb pusb j sùnkf btjhbh, mfpfkh`b s prbhf h s prbabf tfdbtf pbjtru fst aus `f jbsdrht. Frthmeù` sb jmcbhb sugbsthv>

[ugl pb kuju` Auljbzbu s jb fnutb j rbf`hzfrbf fmbstbh mrbfhh abgja arbpt mfrb sb mcbfl ftt ab sugbsthv - CFI]B].

[bvhstf frb mf ahrbmterh prbbahjhh RAQ[> Eslfj Dbakh, Kf`gh [ucfj, FsfjLurft h Hkrfl Jurbahj9 me`bmthvu` rbafmhejf` erlft ahj rbafmterhh b> BlhjFth`f, Gu`tbj Fkau`f h Brvhj Hkrfhl, lprbuj mu rbafmterhh Blhj Blb`, BlhjHjgh, Mfjtfrgh ^bhthj, Hkrfhl Hkrfl, Kbahcf Memeh, Fsfj Jbrlhj, Fsfj Lurft,Dbhzh Fhsb`, Le`f`h Jbrhlfj, Hslfh` Afua, Fsfj Jh`guj, ]ukhcfj Helbr, H`lhf ]u-`bylfj, Hkrfhl Jurgbfj, Tb`h Dhrabs, Elbr Lhjbvbr.

j 688?, j mfaru` RAQ[, f est ejaft Ergfjhzfhf ab Qhjbrbt Qurm Ftftri,

mfrb j 6888 h-f aerht e puk`hmfhb mfrb s fpfrhj thjbrhèr h j jehblkrhb fmbstprehbmt f prhjs mejtur, hja puk`hmft prhlu` julr f` zhfruùh GBJ JB]H@ fvjamf rbafmter b pb ftujmh aeljhefrf Dbhzh Fhsb`, lblkr ejaftefrb f zhfruùh.

Qhjbrh subthth mu aerhjf ab f prbùf bxpbrhbjf jfhjtfhèr fu mejthjuft saum lfh abpfrtb trfahhf mul fr > Jh`guj Fsfj (est rbafmter b), Brvhj Hkrfhl(est rbafmter b), Kbahcf Memeh, Tb`h B`hs, Hslfh` Fajfj, Elbr Hìjur, Kbytu`fDbycfj, ]f`h ]b`hlb, Kf`gh F`bv, Qhlur Hejbsmu, Tb`h Dhrabs, Fkau`f B`v hj, JurgbfjLustff, Ke`ft B`hs, Blgch` Cfsfj, ]bjhf Kfkfhfjh, Lustff [f, Le`f`h Jbrhlfj,B`gchj Hjfj, H`lhf ]u`bylfj, Elbr Lhjbvbr, Hsfm Lhcfh, ]urbhf fmchr.

j fju` ;??4 zhfrb`bCfisbshGbj Jbsh`fu uzhejft h fu erlft jeuf

rbvhstCfisbs. [bvhstf frb ;3 ab pfghjh meèr pùs 1 mepbrh bxtbrjb h hjtbrjb.Bxhst rukrhmh pbrlfjbjtb> fmtuf`htftb, mu`tur, trfahhh, hsterhb, thjbrbt, blbh, mephhmt h rukrhmh ab hjerlfrb f mhthterhèr absprb fmthvhth`b absurftb ab mtrb Rjh-ujbf Ablemrft Qurm ahj [eljhf. [bvhstf fpfrb ùjfr h frb uj thrfn ab 6.??? abkumh, mfrb sujt ahstrhkuhtb ftt f `hf`b mt h j me`h, gbflhh h j mfaru` fmhujhèrabsurft ab RAQ[.

[bvhstf Cfisbs prelevbfz h abzkftb prek`blb `bgftb ab mu`turf h mhvh`hzf-hf turm, ab ekhmbhurh h trfahhh, ab rfperturh`b mu hjsthtuhh`b stftuùh h mu semhb-tftbf mhvh` lfnerhtfr, ab hlp`hmfrbf RAQ[ j pstrfrbf habjththh h prelevfrbfhlfghjhh rbf`b f melujhthh turmb ahj [eljhf, ab pstrfrb f habjththh ab `hlk,

ab mu`tur h ab rb`hghb f melujhthh turmb9 ab frlejhzfrb f hjtbrbsbèr lhjerhthhturmb, ab prelevfrb f ujbh lbjtf`hth leabrjb j melujhtftbf turm, ab fprfrbf b`blbjtbèr ab kfz f`b bxhstbjbh èr. j pfghjh`b bh sb rbgsbsm frthme`b `bgftb abhsterhf, frcbeèghf, frchtbmturf, semheèghf, btjeèghf, btjegrff, lhteèghf, `htbrf-turf h `hjgvhsthmf turm h relj.

Me`bmthvu` rbafmhejf` bstb erlft fstzh ahj> ahrbmter hjg. Dbakh Eslfj, rb-afmteru`-b bstb pre. Hkrfhl Brvhj, rbafmter-b fanujmt Jh`guj _fjfhtbsmu, Fm-mehul Bvrbjs sbmrbtfr ab rbafmhb, rbafmterh> Quriegù ]brhj, Hkrfhl Jurgbfj,Elbr Lhjbvbr, Fsfj ]erhjf, Lus`bahj Dhrabs, Eslfj Lb`bi, Helbr ]ukhcfj.



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[fahe Q

@f srhtu` fjuùh ;??3, aup fjh ab berturh pbjtru ekhjbrbf futerhzfhhèrh f `hmbjbh ab ujmhejfrb, hf hj pestu` ab rfahe [FAHE Q, lethv abljarhb pbjtru melujhtftbf turm, mfrb bstb ujf ahj puhjb`b lhjerhth jfhejf`bahj [eljhf mb fu uj pest ab rfahe preprhu.

Ablbrsurh`b ab jhjfrb f [f-ahe Q fu jmbput j fju` ;??3, prhjberturh`b sushjutb f`b Rjhujhh Able-mrftb Qurmb ahj [eljhf, f`b Ludhftu-ùh Mu`tuùh Lusu`lfj ahj [eljhf,f`b R.A.Q.Q.L.[. h mu sprhnhju` Mejsu-`ftuùh [bpuk`hmhh Qurmhf `f Mejstfjf,

fmbstbf hja jf`hzftb eaft mu ekh-jbrbf abmhzhbh ab futerhzfrb fuahevhzu-f` jr. 6242? ahj ;7 hfjufrhb ;??8, ahjpfrtbf MJF. F est uj fj grbu pbjtruahrbmteru` rfaheuùh, prebseru` Br-

vj Hkrfl afr h pbjtru mejaumbrbfRAQ[, mfrb s-fu emupft ab jtemlhrbfaemulbjtfhbh jbmbsfrb h ab ekhjbrbffuterhzfhhèr ab ujmhejfrb.

_b pfrmursu` fmbster fjh s-f rb-uht mrbfrbf uj sbglbjt ab fsmu`tterh

ab`h fh pregrflbèr [fahe Q. Fmbthfju sujt julfh ab btjhb turm, mh sujt hreljh, hukhterh ab luzhm turmbfsm.Qjrf bmchp rbafmhejf` f urlftstfghh ab pbrbmhejfrb f Q.[.Q., pestu`jfhejf` ab rfahe ahj Qurmhf, flh`hf-rhzjau-sb mu fpfrfturf ab u`thl gb-jbrfhb h mu jeh`b tbjahjb lbahfthmb.

thrh`b [fahe Q, [fahe Q Cf-kbr`brh sb fua zh`jhm pb rbmvbjf ab

6?1,1 Lcz. Temh`b mfrb jb jsebsmahlhjbh`b sujt> ]b`lhj Frh h FlbtAbryf, hfr ab `f puphtru` tbcjhm, DfthcEslfj. Rj me`bmthv tjr, mfrb f rbu-ht jtr-uj thlp rb`fthv smurt s trbfmpbstb blehh`b hjbrbjtb abkutuùh ej tcb fhr.

_e`hthmf bahterhf` bstb bmch` hkrft, fstb` jmt blhshf j hlkf turm mejtrfkf-`fjsbfz mu mbf j `hlkf relj, hfr hukhterhh ab luzhm turmbfsm pet fsmu`tf mb`blfh rbmbjtb phbsb ahj rbpbrterhu` mbèr lfh jarghh hjtbrprbh ahj Qurmhf.

[fahe Q blhtb pb rbmvbjf ab 6?1,1? Lcz j Mejstfjf h bstb shjguru` pestab rfahe ahj pbhsfnu` lbahfthm aekregbfj mfrb ahuzbfz thlp ab 8 erb blhshujh j`hlkh`b relj h turm.

[fahe Q f est jhjft jsmepu` ab f sfthsfmb mbrhjb`bmelujhthh turmb ahj Aekre-gbf ab f fvbf ju julfh e rbvhs-tf kh`hjgv, mh h uj f`t lhnèm abmelujhmfrb ab lfs j `hlkflftbrj ujab s h prelevbzbbvbjhlbjtb`b, trfahhh`b, ekhmbhu-rh`b h mrbahjf rb`hghefs. [faheQ ahuzbfz j `hlkh`b relj hturm blhshujh> hjerlfthvb, mu`-turf`b, ab sjtftb, pb tblb rb`h-ghefsb h luzhmf`b.



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M[H BAHQFQB ABRJHRJBF ABLEM[FQF QR[MF AHJ

[ELFJHF

6. FQQH@F BLHJ, F`h vb Fhb,Irhtbrhej Xfyjbvh, Kirb, 6882.

;. BLB@ BLHJ, Frzu. hhr`br,Irhtbrhej Xfyjbvh, Kirb, 6887.

=. ME[JB@HF M@HJ KEABF, [eljhhh etelfjhh j de`mèru` reljbsm,Bahturf Irhtbrhej, Kumurbth, 6883.

1. JR[BAHJ HK[FL, Melujhtftbflusu`lfj ahj Aekregbf. [bpbrbab vhf sphrhtuf`,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, 6883.

2. ]R^FJ LBCLBQ,

Mfphte` ab te`brfj,Bahturf Murtbf Tbmcb, Kumurbth, 6883.

4. ]R^FJ LBCLBQ, Hbrh Khsbmt,Bahturf Murtbf Tbmcb, Kumurbth, 6888.

7. JR[BAHJ HK[FL, Aekrumf'afihlusùlfj tepùùu. Lfjbvhcfyftjafj sfydf`fr,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, 6888.

3. G@QBJ FKAR@F, Kb`hr`h gj`br hhjhhr`br, Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;???.

8. JFLHI IBLF@ XH@AH^,

Gjàbj if`blb(vbrsurh),B`vfj Kfsjbvh, Gf`fh, ;??6.

6?. JHLBQ KB[IEI, IFLH@ QEXGF[,[flfzfj Xblbi`brh vb LutdfiI`tr, B`vfj Kfsjbvh, Gf`fh, ;??6.

66. GF@FMQHEJ GF@F, _fpumhh ùhLfclut (Lfclut 'uj pfku`fr).Bahhb kh`hjgv jgrhnht ab B[E@ R@GBJ hG@QBJ FKAR@F,Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??;.

6;. DFQLF ]FAM, Eyuj f`tjaf.

hhr`br (j ùlhjf nemuùh).

Bahturf Ify`lfz Lfftkfs, Hzlhr, ;??;.

6=. BLB@ BLJ,]bvgh`h emui`frf (Mephhèr arfgh)pebzhh, Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??=.

61. JR[BAHJ HK[FL,Qrfahhh h ekhmbhurh f`b turmhèr ahj[eljhf. [elfjyf Qri`brhjhjfabt`brh vb gb`bjbi`brh.Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??=.

62. BLB@ BLHJ, Cfjlb``h. hhr`br,

Bahturf Irhtbrhej, Kumurbth, ;??=.64. HJGHJR[ [R]QBL,

Hjubjf Hs`fluùh,Bahturf B`vfj, Mejstfjf, ;??=.

67. M[NF@H B[E@, Ergfjb ab Lfhjh,Bahturf Evhahus Rjhvbrshty _rbss,Mejstfjf, ;??=.

63. JH@GJ F]FJ, Qri lfsf``fr vblfsf` ifcrflfj`fr.Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??1.

68. JR][BQ B[QR[R@, f`fyfj,

Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??1;?. DH@H^ CF@H@, Hsfif af Qri z`brh

(Rrlb f`b turmhèr j Hsfmmbf).Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??1.

;6. G@QBJ FKAR@F, ]fyfcftjflb`brab ]fr ]f`tui Kfkf,Bahturf B`vfj, Mejstfjf, ;??1.

;;. G@QBJ FKAR@F, Ftftri Khzhl`b,Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??1

;=. BLB@ BLHJ,Gz lfjzfrfs (_rhvb`hth abteflj, pebzhh sh pevbsthrh)Bahturf ]b`fl, Mejstfjf, ;??2.

;1. MEJ]QFJQHJ NRFJ-_BQ[EH,Faf-If`bc(Lejegrfb),Bahturf B`vfj, Gf`fh, ;??2

;2. CFXFQ LBLH,

Xàz`fr`f Abrt`blbi(pebzhb)Bahturf ]b`fl, Mejstfjf, ;??2.

;4. J@GJ F]FJ, LJBTB[ ELB[,RAQ[ `f Lelbjt Fjhvbrsfr 62fjh,Bahturf Sprbss _relethej, Mejstfjf, ;??2

;7. J @GJ F]FJ, LJBTB [ ELB[, ]B[JGFDF[, Dblbhf Qurm ahj Kf`mfjh,Bahturf Sprbss _relethej, Mejstfjf, ;??2

;3. BLB@ BLHJ, Gj Aefribj(pebzhb),Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??4.

;8. ME[JB @HF M@HJ KEABF,Lhrfnu` Erhbjtuùh,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??4.

=?. JBA[BQ h BJTB[ LFCLRQ, B[THJ JR[GBFJ HK[FHL, Qri BabkhyftFjteènh, Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjtf, ;??4

=6. CFXFQ LBLH, Khr Afl`f Lutùùi/ Rj strep ab dbrhmhrb(pebzhb),Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??4.

=;. CFXFQ LBLH, A Kfcbl /Grahjf Thsbèr Lb`b(pebzhb)Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??7.

==. JR[BAHJ HK[FL,Lusu`lfjhh ahj [eljhf,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??7.

=1. [elfjyf'af Qri I`tr jjz`brh (Rrlb f`b mu`turhhturmb j [eljhf, ]hlpezhejhjtbrjfhejf`, Mejstfjf, ;??2).Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??7.

=2. BLB@ BLHJ, Ahvfj bshjthsh (Gfzb` vbartì`br), Bahturf Geàbj, ;??7.

=4. J R[BAHJ HK[FL, Hs`flu` _ur h]hlpù, Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??7

=7. MH ABJ-]BJF LBJFKHQ, FJF LF[HJ,TB[EJHMF JBAB@MR,] jvl `hlkf relj /[elbjmb rbjb`hl,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??7.

=3. G@QBJ FKAR@F JF^F[B,

Iurtuù ]fvf vb Ftftri,Bahturf B`vfj, Mejstfjf, ;??7.

=8. G@QBJ FKAR@F JF^F[B,32. ^fdbr Kfyrfl,Bahturf stru, Gf`fh, ;??7.

1?. DFQLF ]FAM,Mefnf pbrgflbjtuùh,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??3.

16. DFQLF ]FAM,Frifafì vb sbvgh kf`fr,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??3.

1;. DFQLF ]FAM,[sdhmf. _evbth h pevbsthrh,Bahturf Bx _ejte Mejstfjf, ;??3.

1=. [H^F XBQL, Hzkjzh`b ujuh meph ,trfaumbrb DFQLF h TH@AFJ ]FAM,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??3

11. ]R^FJ LBCLBQ, Tertbx(relfj),Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??3

12. BLHJ BLB@, Murs prfmthm ab `hlkfturm, Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??3

14. . JTB[ JF][FQQJE@R, ]B[JQ[IE@R, HH. Rùs`frfrfs

[elfjyfaf Qri I`tr j z`brh]blpezyulu,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??3

17. DFQLF ]FAM,Mu khjbb jmbpb erhmb zh,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

13. G@QBJ FKAR@F JF^F[B,Qri Key`frjaf KfcfrKfyrfl`fr (Jbvruz vb Car``bz),Gf`fh, Hstru, ;??8.



27/27

18. G@QBJ FKAR@F, Lbv`fjf,Bahturf Hstru, Gf`fh, ;??8.

2?. MEJ]QFJQHJ LHR, Grbbr f` ]ubtuùh,trfaumbrb DFQLF ]F AM,Lukfhrhj [ucu,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

26. DH[AB] LR]@BAHJ,

Iurfj- Ibrhlabj ]urb vb Auf`fr,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

2;. ]R@BXLFJ B@BK,Lbv`hah brhd, bahhf f-HH-f,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

2=. CFXFQ LBL,Gj` Lfsf` / _evbstb ab subt,Bahturf Geàbj, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

21. TF]H@B GCHMF, trfaumbrb DFQLF]FAM, Fderhslb j ae lhjer/_brafc`fr Ae Lhjr Fderhzlf`fr,Bahturf Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

22. HEJ A[FGELH[, trfaumbrb DFQLF]FAM, Qrfjsdbrurh ab hzvefrb /Abrb`bfr jfi`hbsh, Bahturf Bx _ejte,Mejstfjf, ;??8.

24. JR[ BAHJ HK[FL, [elfjyf QriFs`` Qepùùi`frj I`trb` vbLbabjhybt Qfrhchjabj ]blb`br,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;??8.

27. FGHBLH J KFRKBM* G. ABJH^-IFL B[KFRKBM, Ahmhejfr / ]zì,relj- turm/turm-relj,

Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6?.

23. LBCLBQ H[DFJ KF_HJF[@H,Gbrh Aj Fjjb...,Bahturf Bx _ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6?.

28. FGHBLHJ KFRKBM, Grflfthmf `hlkhhturmb mejtblperfjb (GjlzQri Ah`h Grflbrh), Bx_ejte, ;?6?.

4?. DFQLF ]FAI, @fs-l s smrhu,Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6?.

46. J @GJ _FJFHQB]MR LJBTB[ELB[ LB@BI E]LFJ,R.A.Q.[. ;? fjh ab fmthvhtftb ,Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6?.

4;. JR[GBFJ HK[FHL JH@GJ_FJFHQB]MR, Ahj kumtrhf turmhèraekregbjh, Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6?.

4=. FGHBLHJ KFRKBM,Mursurh _rfmthmb ab @hlkf Qurm(Rygu`flf` Qrib Abrs`br),Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?66.

41. LHMQFQ F. G[@FJ,Lbteaeèghf mbrmbtrhhbtjepshceèghmb, @ulbj, Hfh, ;?66.

42. JR[BAHJ HK[FL,Melujhtftbf lusu`lfj ahjAekregbf, pfghjh ab mu`tur hmhvh`hzfhb, Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?66

44. JBN@F F@H - HEJB]MR, Hjubjb f`bluzhmhh trfahhejf`b erhbjtf`b- turmbth j luzhmf burepbfj,BS_EJQE, Mejstfjf, ;?6;

47. FGHBLHJ KFRKBM, @hlkf Qurm_rfmthm / Qri Ah`h Rygu`flf`,Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6;

43. MF[LBJ KR@^FJ,Faf-If`bc Hjsu`f Flhjthrhèr,Ba. _rhbr, Arekbtf Qurju ]bvbrhj, ;?6=

48. BLHJ BLB@,

@htbrfturf Qurm ab `f jmbputurhpj `f f` HH `bf [zkeh Lejahf` ,Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?6=

7?. DFQLF ]FAM, trfaumbrb Tf`brhuKutu`bsmuEfzb ab jhshp, Bx_ejte, Mejstfjf, ;?61

76. J H@GRJ _FJFHQB]MR, HK[FHLJR[GBFJ, Hz erhbjtf`, Hlpbrhul, ; ?61

7;. BLHJ BLB@, Gfzbùrh, Hlpbrhul, ;?62

KHK@HEG[FDHB

6. Kreurf62 fjh RAQ[, ;??2

;. Kreurf;? fjh RAQ[, ;?6?

=. www.uatr.erg

1. Qrfahhh h ekhmbhurh f`b turmhèr ahj [eljhf, Hkrfl Jurbahj,Ba. Bxpejte, Mejstfjf, ;??=

2. Hej Ahfmeju, Lhjerhth`b-stftut-pbrspbmthvb, Ba. Bjmhmèpbahm,Kumurbth, 6887, p. =?.

4. ]tftutu` R.A.Q.[.

UDTR – Împreună de 25 de ani

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Transcript of UDTR – Împreună de 25 de ani