TIMPURILE VERBELOR IN ENGLEZA

Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane.

De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi.

Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past)

si viitor(future).

Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu. Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor

aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte.

Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui.

Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza Timp simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in

timp.

Timp continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent, trecut

sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune.

Timp simplu perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat

prezent, trecut sau viitor

Timp continuu perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat

prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment

In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc)

Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat. Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat

Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva

VERBUL IN ENGLEZA LA DIATEZA ACTIVA

Actiunea e facuta de subiect De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work - worked

- worked Iar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen

Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in

timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii:

I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc

My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa

Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la

verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell

si fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei

parti ale verbului considerat.

To work = A munci (verb regulat)

Present Tense

I work

You work

He works

She works

We work

You work

They work

Present Continuous

I am working

You are working

He is working

She is working

We are working

You are working

They are working

Present Perfect

I have worked

You have worked

He has worked

She has worked

We have worked

You have worked

They have worked

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been working

You have been working

He has been working

She has been working

We have been working

You have been working

They have been working

Past Tense

I worked

You worked

He worked

She worked

We worked

You worked

They worked

Past Continuous

I was working

You were working

He was working

She was working

We were working

You were working

They were working

Past Perfect

I had worked

You had worked

He had worked

She had worked

We had worked

You had worked

They had worked

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been working

You had been working

He had been working

She had been working

We had been working

You had been working

They had been working

Future Tense

I will work

You will work

He will work

She will work

We will work

You will work

They will work

Future Continuous

I will be working

You will be working

He will be working

She will be working

We will be working

You will be working

They will be working

Future Perfect

I will have worked

You will have worked

He will have worked

She will have worked

We will have worked

You will have worked

They will have worked

Future Perfect Continuous

I will have been working

You will have been working

He will have been working

She will have been working

We will have been working

You will have been working

They will have been working

Conjugarea pentru verbul neregulat to fall - a cadea e la lectia verbe neregulate.

Oricum timpurile verbelor si cand se folosesc este aceeasi si la verbe regulate si la cele

neregulate.

Numai modul in care se conjuga difera.

1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Present

Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp.

1. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza

O actiune prezenta in derulare (mereu, cateodata sau niciodata)

What do you do? I work at a bank. Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca

She never works so late Ea niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu

Un adevar absolut, chiar daca se desfasoara si in clipa asta

The earth spins around the sun. Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui.

Se poate folosi pe post de viitor

The store closes at 9:00pm Magazinul se inchide la 9:00pm.

Viitorul limbii romana se traduce cu Present Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when,

as soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoare

Someday when I am big and strong. Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic

2. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza

Atunci cand verbul descrie o actiune care se desfasoara acum (in clipa dialogului) -

atunci se foloseste Prezentul Continuu.

I am working in the garden Lucrez in gradina

Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.

I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.

Sus

1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu

Verbul exprima o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este

legat de actiuni concrete.

1. Situatii in care timpul prezent din romana este echivalent cu Present Continuous din

engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune ce se petrece in clipa asta (simultana cu momentul in

care se vorbeste)

I am working on my new book. Lucrez la noua mea carte.

Verbul descrie o actiune generala dar simultana cu o alta actiune

By the time the alarm goes off I am already

working.

Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput

lucrul)

2. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din

engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului prezent 1.1. I work

Sus

1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent

1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu

Present Perfect al limbii engleze

Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare sau

daca efectul ei se vede in prezent

I have worked all my adult

life.

Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai

muncesc).

Daca verbul e insotit de un adverb (mereu, cateodata, niciodata etc):

I have never worked so late

before.

Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana

acum).

Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta:

I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea

pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna

ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu).

2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect

din limba engleza

1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working

2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I worked

Sus

1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu

O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor.

1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu

Present Perfect Continuous din limba engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care poate

continua si in viitor

I have been working on the railroad Am muncit la calea ferata

All live long day

I've been working on the railroad

Just to while my time away.

Cat e ziua de lunga

Am muncit la calea ferata

Ca sa mai treaca timpul.

E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si

in viitor.

2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu

Present Perfect Continuous din engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked

Vezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I worked Sus

1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut

Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.

1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past

Tense din engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu

alta actiune, nu se continua in prezent.

I worked till my hands hurt Am muncit pana ma dureau palmele.

Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.

Deasemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri (de exemplu vezi poeziile

de la Literatura)

2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu

Past Tense din engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked

Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been working Exista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am

muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti primul caz de mai sus sau binecunoscutul cantec

pentru copii de mai jos.

All around the cobbler's bench

The monkey chased the weasel

The monkey thought it was all in fun

Pop! goes the weasel

In jurul mesei cizmarului

Maimuta fugarea nevastuica

Maimuta credea ca se joaca

Bum! face nevastuica

Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu Past Tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se

traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste)

iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect.

Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp -

Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.

Sus

1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu

Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece

simultan cu un alt eveniment.

1. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past

Continuous din limba engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de alta actiune (ca si

"munceam" pe romaneste)

I was working when the meteorite fell/the

phone rang/you showed up.

Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat

telefonul/ai aparut tu.

I was walking in the park one day

In the merry, merry month of May

I was taken by surprise

By a pair of pearly eyes

In the merry, merry month of May

Ma plimbam in parc intr-o zi

In vesela, vesela luna Mai

Am fost luat prin surprindere

De niste ochi perlati

In vesela, vesela luna Mai

Atentie: In cantecul de mai sus was walking este Past Continuous dar was taken nu este Past

Continuous. I was taken inseamna am fost luat (este la Diateza Pasiva). Daca vrei sa exprimi

verbul la Past Continuous zici I was taking.

2. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past

Continuous din engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara unei

alte actiuni tot in trecut - atunci se foloseste Past Perfect

I had worked as a goldminer for a long time

when I finally struck it rich.

Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur

cand in sfarsit am dat de bogatii.

Sus

1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni

trecute.

1. Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este

echivalent cu Past Perfect din engleza

Verbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta

la care se raporteaza Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea

Emily said she had worked in her garden that morning.

Atentie: La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie.

Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceea

Emily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceea

Emily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceea

Toate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor in romaneste depinde (oarecum) de context.

Traducerea acestor propozitii: Emily said she worked in the garden that morning

Emily said she was working in the garden that morning

Emily said she had worked in the garden that morning

Emily said she had been working in the garden that morning

se folosesc deasemeni in limbajul curent in engleza depinzand si ele (oarecum) de context, dar

fiind interschimbabile de multe ori.

Sus

1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta

actiune a carui urmari continua si azi.

1. Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past

Perfect Continuous din engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand

s-a produs o alta actiune tot din trecut.

They had been working on the new house

before the fire destroyed it

(Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa

fie distrusa de foc

He had been working slowly before hearing of

the new deadline.

(El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de

noul termen limita.

Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent

cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza

They had been working on the new house for many

months before the fire destroyed it

(Ei) lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua

inainte sa fie distrusa de foc

Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul si/sau imperfectul din limba romana NU este

echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was working

Vezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had worked Sus

1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor

Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp.

1. Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future

Tense din engleza

Daca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta

cu alta actiune folositi Future Tense.

I will work OK? Am sa muncesc, BINE?

Someday when I am big and strong

I will walk that road and sing a song

I will sing of roads so green and wide

That turn and bend from side to side

I will sing of roads that turn and bend

That go from town to rainbow's end

Intr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternic

Voi merge pe acel drum si voi canta un cantec

Voi canta despre drumuri verzi si late

Care se indoaie si serpuiesc dintr-o parte in alta

Voi canta despre drumuri serpuitoare

Care merg din oras pana la capatul curcubeului

Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus

Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future

Tense din engleza

Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se

foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be working

I will be working in Paris next year Voi lucra la Paris la anul

Sus

1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor

She will be coming round the mountain when she

comes

Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul

muntelui

Sus

1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect

Echivalentul lui voi fi lucrat

I will have worked for 20 years next month. Luna viitoare eu o sa fi lucrat de 20 de ani.

Sus

1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect Continuu

Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11

Future Continuous

Se traduce tot prin voi fi lucrat, si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in

derulare

By 2015 he will have been working for 40 years In 2015 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani

Sus

VERBUL IN ENGLEZA LA DIATEZA PASIVA

Actiunea e suportata de subiect. Diateza pasiva exista si in limba romana

De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (verb regulat: wash - washed - washed)

Eu spal rufele saptamanal (Diateza Activa) devine Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal (de

mine) 2.1 I wash the laundry weekly - The laundry is washed weekly (by me).

2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now (by me).

2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me).

2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me).

2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday (by me).

2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed (by me).

2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed (by me).

2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed (by me).

2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed (by me).

2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed (by me).

2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me).

2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me).