Studii Si Articole de Istorie LXXIX 2012

7/22/2019 Studii Si Articole de Istorie LXXIX 2012

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_]SMJJ J D^]JOEGCMC J_]E^JC

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J. ND_D^DNJD 464>->24>

Kdtld GD_OF2 ............................................................................. p. 3>

Afcerafc ^@OS> ju`jc 4:=4) ........................ p. 36

Dgcsd`mru MSS< 4:=4. Cgjncrdrcd Ndsdrdnjcj, d `ermuguj Nuoevj`cjj eic`sjvd pc rhug `erm pe`tjo .................................................... p. 12

Gdurc`ju OE@_]D@]J@JS


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Chjgc`d Jrj`cgd ]D]S< Revctj mc vjd; nu`jojj hcj - prejcot mcjsterjc geodg ........................................................................ p. 4=9

Muhjtrcg ]EHD2:

Y. J_]E^JD @YH@]SGSJ

Muhjtru ]EHE@J>3Hdrjd` NEGSH=3

YJ. HJ_OCGGD@CD

Hdrocg RÊOD< E sourt jòursju`c ` jsterjd trd`spertuguj nrgmcd`...p. >3:Rdug MEHJ@]C< Orcdrcd _crvjojuguj Hdrjtjh êh` j prjhcgc

j`jjdtjvc dgc oehpd`jcj pc Gj`jd erjc`tdg ........................ p. >99Dgcxd`mru D. HD^C< Jrcmc`tjshug nugadr j sjtudjd reh`jger

tjheoc`j ................................................................................ p. >62Egtcd odù A^H]JOS:=

YJJ. MJ@ YJDD _EOJC]JJ MC ]JJ@C J_]E^JOCMJ@ ÊH@JD

Merj`d @JOFJIE^, D`mrcj RERC]C< Oursurjgc mc vdr ]jhjedrd>244 ...................................................................................... p. ?42

Neamd` ]CEME^C_OS


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J. NC__D^DNJD 464>->24>Kdtld GD_OF2s.............................................................................. p. 3>

Afcerafc ^@OS< ]cstjhe`jcs dneut Ndssdrdnjd j` mjpgehdtjo rcpertsmcgjvcrcm te tfc Iercja` Diidjrs Hj`jstry ny Arcaery Adicòu,ofjci ei tfc êhd`jd` Gcadtje` ireh Hesoew (dua 41,4:=2 -

lu`c >>, 4:=4) ......................................................................... p. 36Dgcsd`mru MSS< 4:=4. ]fc chdòjpdtje` ei Ncssdrdnjd, @ertf

Nuoevj`d d`m tfc eiicòc e` tfc @ertf Re`tjo sferc ...................p. 12

Gdurc`ju OE@_]D@]J@JS


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Hcgd`jd JE@C_OS, @joegdc JE@C_OS< ]cdofjà prelcot< Mcpertdtje`sj` Ndrdad` ............................................................................ p. 4?3Chjgc`d Jrj`cgd ]D]S< Gjic sterjcs; Hy Ard`mpdrc`ts d prelcot

ei geodg fjstery ...................................................................... p. 4=9Muhjtrcg ]EHD< ]fc j`jtjdg dsscsshc`t nctwcc` tfcery d`m

prdotjoc, u`mcr tfc hemcr`jsdtje` ofdggcàc ......................... p. 43:D`d R^CMD-]SMEÂfcerafc @JOFJIE^< _pjru Fdrct d`m tfc Aerl oeu`ty .................... p. 4:1Neamd` ]CEME^C_OS< Hdrj` Nu`csou, d tcdofcr j` tfc tjhcs ei

_pjru Fdrct............................................................................. p. >2:

Y. CMSOD]JE@ FJ_]E^ZMuhjtru ]EHE@J< ]ep-ètof sofeeghdstcrs _dnj` Cvujdù (466:-

4:11)..................................................................................... p. >>3Hdrjd` NEGSH< Cmuodtje` d`m ougturc j` Ndrgdm nctwcc` tfc twe

Qergm Qdrs ........................................................................... p. >=3

YJ. HJ_OCGGD@CDHdrocg RÊOD3:Rdug MEHJ@]C< ]fc ieu`mdtje` ei ]fc êhd`jd` Hdrjtjhc _crvjoc

d`m jts ijrst oehpd`y j`jtjdtjvcs j` Cdstcr` Gj`c ................ p. >99Dgcxd`mru D. HD^C< ]fc Nugadrjd` jrrcmc`tjsh d`m tfc sjtudtje` ei

]jheo Ydggcy êhd`jd`s ....................................................... p. >62Egtcd ôdù A^H]JOS< ]fc êhd`jd`-Fuàdrjd` rcgdtje`s

(4:46-4:=2) .......................................................................... p. >:=

YJJ. IÊH ]FC GJIC EI ]FC ÊHD@JD@ _EOJC]ZIE^ FJ_]E^JODG _OJC@OC_

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J. GD NC__D^DNJC 464>->24>Kdtld GD_OF2............................................. p. 3>

Afcerafc ^@OS< ]heja`dacs oeòcr`d`t gd Ncssdrdnjc md`s gcsrdpperts mjpgehdtjqucs rchjscs vcrs gc HDC pdr ArjaercAdicòu, ofci mc gd gadtje` reuhdj`c mc Hesoeu (41 det4:=2 >> luj` 4:=4) ............................................................... p. 36

Dgcsd`mru MSS< 4:=4. Gd gjnrdtje` mc gd Ncssdrdnjc, mu @erm mc gdNuoevj`c ct geiic`sjvc sur gd rjvc @erm-Re`tjquc........................p. 12

Gdurc`ju OE@_]D@]J@JS< Gd Ncssdrdnjc md`s gcs rgdtje`sreuhdj`cs-sevjtjqucs mcs d``cs 4:12-4:63) .............................p. 6?

JJ. GD TSC_]JE@ E^JC@]DGCMj`jo OJENE]CD< Dotje`s mjpgehdtjqucs mcs ard`ms peuvejrs

curepc s md`s gcs d``cs 463?-463= oeòcr`d`t gd sjtudtje`pegjtjquc mcs Rrjòjpduts êuhdj`s....................................... p. :2

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Hcgd`jd JE@C_OS, @joegdc JE@C_OS< Rrelct mjmdotjquc gcsmpertdtje`s md`s gd pgdj`c mc Nrad ............................... p. 4?3Chjgc`d Jrj`cgd ]D]S< Oe`tcs mc vjc; hcs ard`ms-pdrc`ts prelct

mfjstejrc geodgc ................................................................... p. 4=9Muhjtrcg ]EHD

Afcerafc @JOFJIE^< _pjru Fdrct ct scs gjdjse`s dvco gd raje` mc Aerl....p. 4:1Neamd` ]CEME^C_OS< Hdrj` Nu`csou, u` j`stjtutcur du tchps mc

_pjru Fdrct ........................................................................... p. >2:

Y. GFJ_]EJ^C MC GC@_CJA@CHC@]Muhjtru ]EHE@J>3Hdrjd` NEGSH< Cmuodtje` ct ougturc md`s gd vjggc mc Nrgdm c`trc

gcs mcux aucrrcs ................................................................... p. >=3

YJ. HJ_OCGGD@CD

Hdrocg RÊOD< Nrvc jòursje` md`s gfjstejrc mu trd`spert mc gdvjggc mc Nrgdm....................................................................... p. >3:Rdug MEHJ@]C< Gd ordtje` mu _crvjoc Hdrjtjhc êuhdj` ct scs

prchjrcs j`jtjdtjvcs sur gd Gja`c Erjc`tdgc...................... p. >99Dgcxd`mru D. HD^C< Gjrrmc`tjshc nugadrc ct gd sjtudtje` mcs

êuhdj`s mc gd vdggc mc ]jheo ............................................ p. >62Egtcd ôdù A^H]JOS:=

YJJ. MC GD YJC MC GD _EOJC]C MC_ _OJC@OC_FJ_]E^JTSC_ MC ÊSHD@JC

Merj`d @JOFJIE^, D`mrcj RERC]C244 .. p. ?42Neamd` ]CEME^C_OS


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J. ND_D^DNJD 464>->24>

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MCHEA^DIJOC, COE@EHJOC J OSG]S^DGC

Kdtld GD_OF

Dnstrdot d`m 4:23 ieousjà e`tfc ijcgms ei mcheardpfy, dmhj`jstrdtje`, coeèhjos d`m ougturc. ]fc gdttcrchnrdocs mcvcgephc`ts j` ofurof, cmuodtje` d`m pungjo prcss. Qfjgc mrdwjà dac`crdg eutgj`c tfc drtjogc dgse d`dgyzcs tfc pesjtje` ei tfc êhd`jd` spcdkjàpepugdtje`.

J` tfc ycdr 464> tfc rcaje` nctwcc` Rrut d`m M`lcstr ncodhc d pdrt ei tfc

ûssjd` chpjrc. ]fjs hdrks d tur`jà pej`t j` tfc fjstery ei tfc rcaje`. ]fc drtjogcsfews tfdt e` e`c fd`m tfc tjhc u`mcr ûssjd` rugc fds ncc` hdrkcm nyhemcr`jsdtje` ier cxdhpgc j` jìrdstruoturc, dmhj`jstrdtje` d`m darjougturc.Dgtfeuaf tfc mcheardpfjo d`m coeèhjo mdtd sfew d pesjtjvc mcvcgephc`t dt tfccvc ei Qergm Qdr J, tfc j`mustrjdg crd fdm èt yct ncau` j` Ncssdrdnjd. E`c tfcetfcr fd`m j` ofurof, cmuodtje` d`m prcss tfcrc wcrc cxcrtcm streà ûssjijodtje`dttchpts, wfjof hcd`t dheà etfcr tfjàs gjhjtjà tfc usc ei tfc êhd`jd`gdàudac j` tfc pungjo spfcrc, j` tfc ofurof d`m j` cmuodtje`dg j`stjtutje`s. Jt od`nc oeògumcm tfdt tfc êhd`jd` spcdkjà pepugdtje` cxpcrjcòcm d systchdtjomjsorjhj`dtje` j` cmuodtje` d`m dmhj`jstrdtje` cvc` tfeuaf tfjs rcsugtcm hdj`gyireh jts seojdg pesjtje` ds pcdsd`ts.

Kcywerms


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]crjterjug mj`trc Rrut j @jstru d pdrours, ` ugtjhjj >22 d`j, e jsterjc iedrtcsofjhntedrc. Cvegujd Ndsdrdnjcj od pdrtc mj` Rrjòjpdtug Hegmevcj s-d òfcjdt `dùg 464>. ` tjhp oc Ndsdrdnjd mcvc`cd tcrjterju dmhj`jstrdtjv ruscso, rcstugjùtuguj hegmevc`cso j Rrjòjpdtug Ydgdfjcj rh`cdu sun mehj`djc etehd`,rcspcotjv dluàcdu sun Rretcoterdt ûscso, ` pcrjedmd 46>6-46=:. ` ocd mc-d meudluhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd (463:), Rrjòjpdtug Hegmevcj s-d u`jt ou RrjòjpdtugYdgdfjcj, otja`m dpej, ` 4616, e j`mcpc`mc` mcij`jtjv.4 Dnjd ` dùg 4:46,Ndsdrdnjd dvcd s sc dgjpcdso ^cadtuguj êh`jcj, pc`tru d dluàc, ` urhd ocgujmc-dg Mejgcd ^znej He`mjdg, ` sicrd mc jìguc` sevjctjo j d enj`c, ` ocgc mjùrh, duteèhjc stdtdg ` 4::2, od ^cpungjod Hegmevd.

Mcsprc pegjtjod ruscdso j cicotcgc docstcjd ` Ndsdrdnjd scoeguguj dg VJV-gcdcxjst mjvcrsc puòtc mc vcmcrc. Jsterjeardijd sevjctjo prjvctc docdst pcrjedmhdj our`m od pc e pcrjedm d hemcr`jzrjj j d ìgerjrjj ougturdgc ` Ndsdrdnjd.>Mjhpetrjv, dgj jsterjoj, hdj ou scdh ocj reh`j, ou cxocpjd ocger mj` pcrjedmdstdgj`jst< 4:==-4:3?, dooc`tucdz ` hem rcpctdt preocsug putcr`jo mc rusjijodrc,mc jìjgtrdrc d pepugdjcj j`mjac`c j mc mjsorjhj`drc? d peperuguj hegmevc`cso=.Dnjd ` ugtjhjj d`j, mdterjt dùhjter jsterjoj hegmevc`j j reh`j, s-d oe`turdt ejhdaj`c hdj cofjgjnrdt, odrc j`c oe`t mcepetrjv mc òcrorjgc mc hemcr`jzdrc,ot j mc hsurjgc rcprcsjvc sun mehj`djc ruscdso.3

`s ouh s-d oeìjaurdt jsterjd Ndsdrdnjcj ` scoegug dg VJV-gcd j oc oe`-oguzjj sc `trcvm ` stdrcd ac`crdg mc mczvegtdrc, ot j prjvj`m stdtutug pepugdjcjrehèie`c mj` Ndsdrdnjd5 Docstc prengchc urhcdz d ij dnermdtc prj` j`tcrhc-mjug mdtcger mcheardijoc j coeèhjoc, mdr j dg rcdgjtjger prczc`tc ` dmhj`js-

trdjc, Njscrjo, `vh`t j prcs.

4S`jijodrcd prjòjpdtcger mdùnjc`c cstc d`dgjzdt `< Getfdr Hdjcr, ûh`jc` dui mch Qca zurS`dnfàjakcjtscrkgruà 4699-4611. _ofcj` u`m Qjrkgjofkcjt gjncrdgcr Ycridssuà u`m stddtgjofcr_euvcr`jtt, Hòfc`, Egmc`neura, 4:6:.>Yczj< Gcv Y. Ocrcp`j` (cm.)< Jsterjld ^__ Hegmevc`ct. Yeg. J. Mj` tjhpurjgc cgc hdl vck py` gdHdrld rcveguojc sejdgjst mj` Ektehnrjc, Kjjù, 4:91>, pp. =1?-3=>; M. _hjrèv, _chc`L. Ditc`luk; Ldkjh _. Aresug .d. (cm.), Hegmdvskdld __^. Jsterjcskjl ecrk ` Negdld sevctskdldòjkgepcmjld, >6 Hèaeèkj-hldtgjk, Heskvd, _ewlctskdld C`zjkgepcmjd, 4:3=>, p. 61. Rc`trumctdgjj prjvj`m hutdjjgc trcptdtc survc`jtc ` pcrspcotjvcgc dsuprd jsterjcj,vczj< Qjh R. vd` Hcurs,]fc Ncssdrdnjd` Tucstje` j` Oehhu`jst Fjsterjeardpfy. @dtje`dgjst d`m Oehhu`jst Regjtjos d`mFjstery-Qrjtjà,@cw Zerk, Oeguhnjd S`jvcrsjty Rrcss, 4::=, pp. 462->2=.?` prczc`tug drtjoeg, mcùhjrjgc mc hegmevcd` j hegmevc`cso sc rcicr gd pepugdjd rehèie`mj` Ndsdrdnjd. Cgc su`t iegesjtc j``m oe`t mc icgug ` odrc geoujterjj `jj j spu`, ir d oe`stjtuj`s cxprcsjd u`cj jmc`tjtj `dje`dgc hegmevc`ctj, mc sj`c stttedrc.=Yczj< Je` A. Rcgjvd`, Mj` suicrj`cgc Ndsdrdnjcj sun stp`jrcd ruscdso ` _uicrj`cgc Ndsdrdnjcj,Nuourctj, _ch`c, 4::9, pp. ?-4=; Hdrocg _uvcjo, Ndsdrdnjd ` pegjtjod jhpcrjdg d ûsjcj (464>-4616). ^czuhdtug tczcj mc meoterdt, Jdj, 4:::.3 Od drtjoeg cxchpgjijodter, dhj`tjh djoj< Drhd`m Aeu, Ndsdrdnjd sun eoupdjd rjst, ` Jed`_ourtu Jsterjd Ndsdrdnjcj mc gd òcputurj p` ` >22?, Cmjjd d JJJ-d rcvzut j dmuajt,Nuourctj, J`stjtutug Ougturdg êh`, >22?, pp. ?9-9=.


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_truoturd mcheardijo sun dspcot ct`jo j seojdgE prjvjrc dsuprd mcheardijcj jsterjeardijoc rcgcv idptug o struoturd pepu-gdjcj ` Ndsdrdnjd s-d hemjijodt `tr-u` hem iu`mdhc`tdg ` tjhpug dmhj`jstrdjcjrusctj mj` scoegug dg VJV-gcd. ` docst sc`s, meu preocsc jcs ou prcomcrc `cvjmc`. ` prjhug r`m, pcrjedmd 464>-4:41 sc odrdotcrjzcdz prj`tr-e orctcrccxtrch mc hdrc d pepugdjcj.

Cvegujd mcheardijo d Ndsdrdnjcj `trc d`jj 464>-4:49, ` ùhcrc dnsegutc

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` mcours mc ocvd hdj hugt mc 422 d`j, pepugdjd d orcsout mc gd >39.222 gd>.3>4.>11 geoujterj, oercspu`z`m u`cj orctcrj mcheardijoc mc dpredpc èuerj.Docst preocs cstc ` oe`se`d` ou ojircgc `rcajstrdtc pc `trca tcrjterjug @ejj ûsjj,

orujd j dpdrj`cd j Ndsdrdnjd, sjtu`mu-sc `s, ` hem vjzjnjg, mcdsuprd preocsugujac`crdg mc orctcrc mcheardijo mj` ocgc 32 auncr`jj vcstjoc dgc Jhpcrjuguj ûs.1Od idoterj pc`tru orctcrcd pepugdjcj pet ij ojtdj, prj`trc dgjj < mczvegtdrcd

coeèhjo, oege`jzdrcd strdtcajo d rjj, mdr, pc mc dgt pdrtc, oe`mjjjgc mc vjddhcgjerdtc, ` d`sdhngu. E rdt d jìd`tjgjtjj sozut j e orctcrc ogdr d spcrd`cjhcmjj mc vjd mc gd ?4 d`j gd hjlgeoug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd gd =2,3 d`j otrcsirjtug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd6su`t sch`c ogdrc ` docst sc`s. Rc mc dgt pdrtc, `Ndsdrdnjd, scoegug dg VJV-gcd cstc hdrodt mc e putcr`jo mjicrc`jcrc ct`jo. Mdogdòcputug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd hegmevc`jj rehèie`j hdj oe`stjtujdu ò 69%mj` tetdgug pepugdjcj:, gd sirjtug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, oeìerh mdtcger mc rcoc`s-h`t mj` dùg 46:1, hdj crdu medr =1,9%42.

9Mjdardhd sc ndzcdz pc mdtc mj`< G. ]. Nead, Repugdjd` tcid` Ojendù Ndsdrdnjd.Heèardijc,Ofjjù, S`jvcrsjtds, 4::?, pp. 9=-1>; Y. _. \cgcùk,@dscgc`jc Ncssdrdnjj j pem`cstrevld v VJY v.Ct`jcskjc j seojdgèc mcheardijcskjc preocssy, Kjj`cv, tjjòd, 4:1:, pp. :9-423.1Jnjmch, p. 423. \cgcùk j`mjo e orctcrc trjpg d pepugdjcj ` ocgc 32 auncr`jj vcstjoc.6Jnjmch, p. 44?.:Aeu, ep. ojt., p. 99; Oemrj` Ydgc`t` Ofjrjod,^cpungjod Hegmevd trc ûsjd j Curepd,Jdj, Fcgjes,>22=, p. ?4.42Rctrc Odzdou, Rdaj`j mcsprc Ndsdrdnjd. Hegmevdmj`trc Rrut j @jstru 464>-4:46, Ofjjù, tjj`d,4::>, p. 426. Mdtcgc sc ndzcdz pc rcoc`sh`tug cicotudt ` ûsjd, ` dùg 46:1. Docdst ojir d iest


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ò mj` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VYJJJ-gcd, ûsjd drjst d mus epegjtjo mc oege`jzdrc oeerme`dt gd `jvcg mc stdt, pc`tru d idoc doocsjnjgc èjgctcrjterjj. Dgturj mc odzdojj j rd`jj sgdv-erjc`tdgj, otrc sirjtug scoeguguj dgVYJJJ-gcd du iest dtrdj, ` hem sperjt, j oege`jtj strj`j. 44 Rrj` rcorutdrcd jstdnjgjrcd oege`jtjger strj`j, Codtcrj`d d JJ-d j mcsoc`mc`jj sj, odrc du mus hdjmcpdrtc pegjtjod docstcjd p` ` prjhd luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, spcrdu svdgerjijoc ouètj`cgc ger darjoegc prearcsjstc ` ougtjvdrcd seguguj ruscso j trd`s-hjtcrcd docsterd pepugdjcj j`mjac`c.4>Dsticg, oege`jtjj strj`j du iest òurdldj ssc stdnjgcdso ` Jhpcrjug rus prj` doermdrcd dùhjter prjvjgcajj. Docsterd gj s-dudsjaurdt< ph`t, idojgjtj ij`dòjdrc, soutjrc mc tdxc pc e pcrjedm mc 3 -?2 d`j, ìuòjc mc tcrjterjug mc oege`jzdrc, mcarcvdrcd mc scrvjojug hjgjtdr, prcouh jcxcrojtdrcd gjncr d orcmj`cj j duteèhjd j`tcr`.4?

Mup 464>, suvcrd`jj ruj du cxtj`s oege`jzdrcd gd `jvcg mc stdt j gd Ndsdrdnjd._oepug docstcjd oe`std ` cxpgedtdrcd coeèhjo d u`cj rcaju`j rhdsc mcpepugdtchdj ou scdh ` urhd ^znejuguj Orjhcjj mj`trc Jhpcrjug ûs j ocg Etehd`,prcouh j pretcldrcd docstuj jùt ` idd j`tcrcscger tcrjterjdgc dgc vcoj`jger. Ndzdlurjmjo pc`tru diguxug oege`jtjger ` Ndsdrdnjd g-d oe`stjtujt u` mcorct chjs mcotrc drug Dgcxd`mru J ` dùg 462=. Cxpcrjc`cgc j prengchcgc gcadtc mc prjhugvdg mc oege`jtj g-du mctcrhj`dt pc docstd s j sofjhnc pegjtjod mc oege`jzdrc.Dsticg, pc`tru pepugdrcd Ndsdrdnjcj s-d stdnjgjt e oet dùdg mc >22 idhjgjj.Oege`jtjj crdu scgcotdj ou arjl, doerm`mu-sc prjerjtdtc hcscrjdjger j aespe-mdrjger cxchpgdrj. ` pgus, pcrsed`cgc mjspusc s sc strhutc trcnujdu s mjspu`dsuprd u`cj rczcrvc ij`dòjdrc, odrc s gc dsjaurc ndzd pc`tru stdnjgjrc j, ` odzuguèr prengchc, s gc idojgjtczc mcpgdsdrcd mj` ûsjd.4=

Dgturj mc nugadrj, arcoj, aauzj, ò mj` 464? du iest rcorutdj pc`trudocdst rcaju`c oege`jtj acrhd`j, odrc s-du stdnjgjt djoj ` tjhpug èjj auvcr`rj.43

oe`tcstdt ` hem rcpctdt mc otrc jsterjeardijd reh`cdso. ` idpt, u` arup mc ocroctterj acrhd`jodrc, ` dùg 4::4, du prczc`tdt prjhcgc rczugtdtc dgc u`cj j`tcrprctrj mc dhpgedrc d hdtcrjdguguj mcrcoc`sh`t mj` dùg 46:1, oe`sjmcrdu teohdj docstc mdtc prjvj`m hprjrcd pc `dje`dgjtj od ijj`miedrtc mch`c mc òrcmcrc. D sc vcmcd, ` docst sc`s< Nrjajttc êtf, Tucggc`krjtjsofc Mekuhc`tdtje`mcr cridtc` Ncrjoftskdtcaerjc`. _prdofc ` Fc``jà Nducr Mjc @dtje`dgjttc mcs ûssjsofc`^cjofcs j` mcr Yegkszfguà ve` 46:1. D< Tucggc`krjtjsofc Mekuhc`tdtje` u`m Mdtc`fd mnuof,_tuttadrt, _tcj`cr, 4::4, p. 4=:.44D`mrcds Kdppcgcr,ûgd`m dgs Yjcgvgkcrrcjof. C`tstcfuà Acsofjoftc \cridgg, Hòfc`, Ncok,>226, p. 34.4> Mcgci Nrd`mcs, Ye` mc` \drc` dmeptjcrt. Mjc mcutsofc` Kege`jstc` u`m mjc Ndgkd`sjcmgcr j`@curugd`m 4134-4:4=, Hòfc`, Egmc`neura, 4::?, p. 4=:.4?Mcorctug mj` >? jugjc 419?, ` ndzd orujd s -du rcorutdt oege`zdterj, oeìerh rcpremuocrjj sdgc `), pp. 1-:.4=Nrd`mcs, ep. ojt., p. 9:.43 ` prengchd stdnjgjrjj acrhd`jger j d ie`mrjj oege`jjger docsterd, vczj, mc cx.< Stc _ofhjmt, MjcMcutsofc` dus Ncssdrdnjc . Cj`c Hj`mcrfcjt dus _mestcurepd (464= njs fcutc),Kg`, Qcjhdr, Qjc`,Nfgdu, >22=>, pp. =9-3>. Hdrjd`d Fdusgcjt`cr, Mjc j`tcrctf`jsofc Nczjcfuàc` mcr Mcutsofc` j`Ncssdrdnjc` jh 4:. u`m >2. Ldfrfu`mcrt` _mestmcutsofcs Drofjv, =9/=1, >22?/>22=, p. 6>.


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Docstcd, prcouh j u` digux `crcagchc`tdt mc pege`czj, ruj j cvrcj (ocj mj` urhnuour`mu-sc mc hdj hugt gjncrtdtc medr ` prevjòjjgc mc vcst), du oe`mus gdrcmuocrcd scahc`tuguj mcheardijo hegmevc`cso, trd`sierh`m Ndsdrdnjd `tr-u`spdju cxtrch mc mjicrc`jdt mj` puòt mc vcmcrc ct`jo.

Cvegujd pepugdjcj ` Ndsdrdnjd, pc orjtcrjug erjaj`jj ct`joc. Ojirc j`mjodtc `preoc`tc.

_urs< ^cprczc`tdrcd duteruguj.49

J`tcardrcd Ndsdrdnjcj ` oe`struotug ruscso s-d trdmus prj`tr-e scrjc mcsofjhnrj ` struoturd seojdg d Ndsdrdnjcj. ` oursug rcerad`jzrjj dmhj`jstrdtjvc,òcp`m mj` 4646, nejcrjj hegmevc`j du iest rjmjodj trcptdt gd rdàug drjsteordtjoruscso (mverjd`stve). Docst preocs d iest `sejt mc mjijougtj sch`jijodtjvc mcedrcoc,prj`trc dgtcgc, trcnujdu vcrjijodtc tedtc ocrtjijodtcgc ènjgjdrc chjsc p` gd docdmdt.41Hdj hugt, sjstchug seojdg cxtrch mc mjvcrsjijodt mj` Rrjòjpdtug Hegmevcjs-d sjhpgjijodt, prj` hc`j`crcd mrcpturjger trdmjje`dgc, vjz`m, prj`trc dgtcgc, gjncr-tdtcd rd`jger.46 hprjrcd pepugdjcj ` ogdsc seojdgc mjvcrsc s-d struoturdt `Ndsdrdnjd scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd ` icgug urhter22:, `r. 4, p. >3.46Rc`tru e cxpu`crc mctdgjdt vczj< Acerac I. Lcwsnury, D`cxdrcd Ndsdrdnjcj gd ûsjd< 411=-46>6,Jdj, Regjreh, >22?, p. 4>6.

hegmevc`j ruj uordj`jc`j/rutc`j cvrcj

acrhd`j nugadrj aauzj dgtcgc

4641 469= 46:1


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hprjrcd pepugdjcj mj` Ndsdrdnjd pc ogdsc seojdgc. Ojirc j`mjodtc` preoc`tcOgds seojdg 46?3 469> 46:1

Drjsteordjc (mverld`c) 2,? 2,6 4,4Ogcr 4,3 4,= 2,9Octc`j mc eèdrc j `causterj 2,3 2,14 2,26

Hcd`c4: 4:,: >?,? >?,3rd`j 96,> 92,3 1>,4Oege`jtj :,? 6,1 -

_urs< Y. _. \cgcùk,@dscgc`jc Ncssdrdnjj j pem`cstrevld v VJY v. Ct`jcskjcj seojdgèc mcheardijcskjc preocssy, Kjj`cv, tjjòd, 4:1:, p. 4=1.

` oursug u`cj rcierhc mj` dùg 4614, oege`jtjj j-du pjcrmut tedtc mrcpturjgcspcojdgc, ijj`m jòguj mj` docg hehc`t ` ocgcgdgtc odtcaerjj seojdgc.>2Dsticg scpedtc cxpgjod jògusjv orctcrcd mj` puòt mc vcmcrc ùhcrjo d pturjj r`ctj `dùg 46:1.

_tdtjstjojgc rcgcv idptug o Ndsdrdnjd crd e ze` preiu`m dardr, ` odrc scdigd, sjhjgdr `trcauguj jhpcrju, medr e ogds nurafcz iedrtc prcodr mczvegtdt.>4Docdst struotur seojdg crd, prj`trc dgtcgc, oe`mjje`dt mc idptug o stp`jterjjruj sc ndzdu, dtt ` mehc`jug dmhj`jstrdtjv ot j ` ocg coeèhjo, pc drjste-ordjc.>>Mehj`djd nejcrjger hegmevc`j ` j`tcrjerug ogdscj drjsteordtjoc, hd`jicstò gd òcputug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, mjsprusc ` dluùg Rrjhuguj ^znejHe`mjdg. Rc mc-e pdrtc, vcofcd nejcrjhc d iest dicotdt mc jòerperdrcd cj ` ogdsd

ruscdso d drjsteordjcj j mc sgnjrcd sd coeèhjo. òcp`m ou dùg4646, nejcrjjdu iest oe`str`j s rcù`c gd hejjgc ger mj` Rrjòjpdtug Hegmevcj; ò mj` d`jj46?2, cj crdu pc odgc mc d ij oehpgct dsjhjgdj mc struoturjgc mc cgjt dgc Jhpcrjugujûs.>?Rturjgc rcgdtjv sgdn rcprczc`tdtc dgc drjsteordjcj, rcspcotjv dgc nurafczjhjjhegmevc`c, crdu engjadtc s sc dmdptczc ougturjj rusctj mdo mercdu s j hc`j`pezjjd erj s rh` ` dsoc sju`c seojdg.

Rc mc dgt pdrtc, hugter dgtc idhjgjj gj s-d doermdt stdtut ènjgjdr. Dsticg, `Ndsdrdnjd dùguj 4:44 su`t oe`sch`dtc, ` tetdg, =96 idhjgjj drjsteordtjoc, struoturdtc ìcgug urhter< 4?9 idhjgjj vcofj-hegmevc`ctj, 4>> idhjgjj drjsteordtjoc mj` dgtc

4:Hcd`c mcsch`cdz pturd urnd` ocd hdj mc les. Docdstd ouprj`mcd rd`j, mcsoc`mc`j djdrjsteordjcj è`-crcmjtdrc, hctcuadrj j pcrsed`c d orer erjaj`c ù crd ogdr gd `dtcrc cto. Rc`trucxpgjodjj supgjhc`tdrc j pc`tru meouhc`tdrc prjvj`m ogdscgc seojdgc vczj< Fc``jà Nducr Mjc@dtje`dgjttc mcs ûssjsofc ^cjofcs j` mcr Yegkszfguà ve` 46:1. D< Tucggc`krjtjsofcMekuhc`tdtje` u`m Mdtc`fd`mnuof, _tuttadrt, _tcj`cr, 4::4, p. =21.>2 Hdrjd`d Fdusgcjt`cr, Mcutsofc u`m Lumc` j` Ncssdrdnjc` 464=-4:=4. \ur Hj`mcrfcjtc`pegjtjkûssgd`ms u`m Areruh`jc`s, Hòfc`, Cmjturd JKA_, >223, p. ?4.>4^jofdrm Rjpcs,ûssjd u`mcr tfc Egm ^cajhc, >`m cmjtje`, Ge`me`, Rcàuj` Neeks, 4::3, p. 4:4.>> Cmadr Fsof, Acsofjoftc ûgd`ms. Yeh Kjcvcr ^cjof njs zuh Ycridgg mcs _ewlctjhpcrjuhs,_tuttadrt, Ncrgj`, Kg`, Kefgfdhhcr, 4::9, p. >4=. Rc`tru cxpgjodjj prjvj`m ogdsd ènjgjdr, vczj?Ousoe, ep. ojt.,p. >1.


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jùturj dgc ûsjcj, prcouh j 4:6 iuòje`drj mj` sjstchug hjgjtdr sdu dmhj-`jstrdtjv.>=Idoterjj mc hdj sus du mctcrhj`dt e oehpe`c` prcmehj`d`t ruscdso,rcspcotjv dute-mcogdrdt ruscdso, d ogdscj ènjgjdrc mj` Ndsdrdnjd. Docst guorumcvj`c vjzjnjg ` odzug mdtcger rcicrjtedrc gd Ofjjù, oegcotdtc ` dùg 46:1 ?,33 =:,?6 >=,13

Sordj`jc`j 4,69 >,>1 4,69 2,29 =4,=4 =6,>3Cvrcj 2 2,4= 2 >,93 :3,>> 2,?6

_urs< Fc``jà Nducr, Mjc @dtje`dgjttc` mcs ûssjsofc` ^cjofcs j` mcrYegkszfguà ve` 46:1/N< Dusacwfgtc Mdtc` zur sezje-ctf`jsofc` _truktur mcsûssjsofc` ^cjofcs crstc Duswcrtuàc` mcr Kg`cr @I^-Mdtc`nd`k,_tuttadrt, _tcj`cr,4::4, p. =1:.

` docgdj tjhp, sc pedtc oe`stdtd o pepugdjd hegmevc`cdso prevc`cd, `hdrc hsur, mj` ogdscgc seojdgc mc les. _truoturd seojdg d hegmevc`jger crd iedrtcoehpdot. Doctjd geoujdu, ` preperjc mc :3,3% ` hcmjug rurdg, ijj`m `mcentcrd`j. ` scoegug dg VJV-gcd, hegmevc`jj ù oe`stjtujdu pepugdjd hdlerjtdr `

`joju`d mj` dczrjgc urnd`c.

>3

_truoturd dmhj`jstrdtjvMup oc, ` dùg 464>, Ndsdrdnjd d mcvc`jt pdrtc j`tcard`t d Jhpcrjuguj

drjst, d urhdt e dsjhjgdrc ctdpjzdt d tcrjterjuguj èu men`mjt. D`jj mc p` gd4646 s-du odrdotcrjzdt j`jjdg prj` hc`j`crcd prevjzerjc d dmhj`jstrdjcj cxjstc`tc.` soepug ìjj`rjj struoturjger dmhj`jstrdtjvc ` Ndsdrdnjd, drug g-d mcgcadt pcdhjrdgug R.Y. Ojocdaev, ir `s d md j`mjodjj prcojsc rcicrjtedrc gd docstcd; oddtdrc, Ojocdaev d dvut e edrcodrc gjncrtdtc ` mchcrsug su.>9` tjhpug prjhjger d`jsun stp`jrc ruscdso ù s-du epcrdt j`tcrvc`jj csc`jdgc ` struoturjgc dmhj`js-trdtjvc. @ejj rcaju`j men`mjtc j s-d doermdt u` stdtut spcojdg, ijj`m hc`jùtc j`jjdgtrsturjgc prjòjpdgc dgc erad`jzrjj dmhj`jstrdtjvc mj` prjòjpdtug hegmdv.>1

>=Odzdou, ep. ojt., pp. 4=:-434.>3^ccm, ep. ojt., p. 413. Numdk pgcdo mc gd prchjsd mc 43% pepugdjc hegmevc`cdso gd erdc. S.A.Numdk, Encstvc`è-pegjtjcskec mvjc`jc v Ncssdrdnjj v prercierhc``yj pcrjem, Kjj`cv, KdrtldHegmevc`ldsk, 4:3:, p. ?14.>9Lcwsnury, ep. ojt.,p. :?.>1Aeu, ep. ojt., p. 31. ^cicrjter gd struoturd dmhj`jstrdtjv orcdt ` dùg 464?, vczj pc gdra.


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_tdtutug lurjmjo dg rd`jger, docgd mc pcrsed`c gjncrc, mcsiurdrcd, ` oe`tj-ùdrc, d preocmurjger lumjojdrc ` gjhnd reh`, dnsc`d rcorutrjger ` drhdtdruscdso j idojgjtjgc gcadtc mc jhpezjtc du oe`stjtujt dspcotc dgc docstcj pezjje`rjspcojdgc.>6Dmhj`jstrdjd geodg d iest hc`jùt ou sprjljùg nejcrjger geodgj. Dsticg,nejcrug _odrgdt _turmzd d iest ùhjt ` iuòjd mc auvcr`dter ` dùg 464>, dgjhchnrj dj drjsteordjcj `mcpgj`j`m j cj iuòjj dmhj`jstrdtjvc. Docst idpt crd`teohdj ` spjrjtug oeòcptuguj mc stp`jrc d rujger, odrc prjvcd ogdsd drjsteordtjomrcpt u`jod j`tcrid mch` mc òrcmcrc `trc putcrcd oc`trdg j j`tcrcscgc geodgc.` docst soep, ènjgjhjj j s-d òrcmj`dt dmhj`jstrdjd geodg.>:

òcp`m ou Sstdv enrdzevd`jld Ncssdrdnskel Engdstj (Dczh`tugenrdzevjcj engdstcj Ndsdrdnjd), ` dùg 4646 dmhj`jstrdjd mj` Ndsdrdnjd d iestrcagchc`tdt mj` èu, stdtutug spcojdg dg tcrjterjuguj ijj`m dsticg oe`sdordt `tr-e

ierh oemjijodt. ` vriug dpdrdtuguj dmhj`jstrdtjv sc digd u` auvcr`dter ojvjgùhjt mc otrc dr. Mdterjt sjtudjcj gd ard`jcgc Ndsdrdnjcj, auvcr`dterug ojvjg scsunerme`d uùj auvcr`dter hjgjtdr ac`crdg, stdje`dt ` Remegjd erj ` Ndsdrdnjd.?2E pdrtjougdrjtdtc d rcaju`jj e rcprczj`t oe`stjtujrcd `dgtuguj _idt (Ycrfev`yj_evct),odrc rcagchc`td, ` ùhc preprju, tedtc ofcstju`jgc dmhj`jstrdtjvc dgc pre-vjòjcj, iuòje``m tetemdt od j`std` suprch d docstcjd. `dgtug _idt sc oeh-pu`cd mj` u`sprczcoc hchnrj, mj`trc odrc ojòj crdu ùhjj mc otrc dr, jdr dsccrdu dgcj mj` r`mug nejcrjhjj pc e pcrjedm mc trcj d`j. Dvcdu mrcptug gd vetnrndjj ` vrst mc pcstc >> d`j, ou pcstc ?22 mcsctj`c mc ph`t.?4Rrj` urhdrc,nejcrjj geodgj mcj`cdu hdlerjtdtcd ` sidt, ijj`m ` hsur s orhujdso mcstj`cgcprevjòjcj, dsticg òt Ndsdrdnjd d men`mjt u` stdtut mc duteèhjc dmhj`jstrdtjvmc idote. Od gjhnj mc guoru dgc dmhj`jstrdjcj crdu stdnjgjtc dtt rusd, ot j

reh`d.?>

Ofjjùg mcvc`cd odpjtdgd èuguj jùt dmhj`jstrdtjv, men`mj`m, ` ndzdgcajsgdjcj rusctj mc gd docd vrchc, preprjjgc sdgc j`stjtujj dmhj`jstrdtjvc.??Docst stdtut spcojdg dg Ndsdrdnjcj d iest `s mcsijj`dt ùhdj mup 42 d`j (`

dùg 46>6). D urhdt e pcrjedm mc dmdptdrc j mc u`jierhjzdrc d Ndsdrdnjcj ouocgcgdgtc prevjòjj mc vcst, dmhj`jstrdjd rcaju`jj ijj`m dgj`jdt, gd docg hehc`t, gdstruoturd dmhj`jstrdtjv pd`-ruscdso. Cxocpjc iocdu lumccgc Odfug, Jshdjg jNegardm, odrc `trc d`jj 4639 j 4616 du dpdrjùt tcrjterjuguj RrjòjpdtugujHegmevcj, rcspcotjv, êh`jcj, ijj`m sunerme`dtc, ` docst j`tcrvdg, uùj dgt rcajhdmhj`jstrdtjv. ?= Retrjvjt ocrj`cger struoturjger pd`-rusctj, mj` dùg 46>6, `

>6@jster:Ousoe, ep. ojt., p. 441; Rjpcs, ep. ojt.,pp. 61-:6.?2

Lcwsnury, ep. ojt., p. 4>3, @jster< ep. ojt., p. 463.?4Icmerev, ep. ojt., p. 3=.?>Negmur, pp. ?>6-?>:; Icmerev, ep. ojt.,pp. 3=-33.??Jnjmch,p. 4>6.?=Ndsdrdnjd mc _um d iest rctreocmdt Rrjòjpdtuguj Hegmevcj prj` Doermug mc gd Rdrjs. Yczj< MuhjtruR. Je`csou, ^znejug mc j`mcpc mc` d êh jcj j prengchd Ndsdrdnjcj, Nuourctj, CmjturdDodmchjcj, >222, p. 4?9. Mj` docstc hetjvc, ùhcredsc rcierhc j`stjtujtc mc otrc drug Dgcxd`mru dgJJ-gcd ` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd du iest trd`spusc ou `trzjcrc ` Ndsdrdnjd mc_um.


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Ndsdrdnjd, `dgtug _idt d iest `geoujt ou _idtug Engdstcj (Engdstèl _evct), rcmushugt ` iuòjjgc sdgc. Dsticg, docst erad` putcd mjspu`c ` hem mjrcot medr mc 42%mj` nuactug dprendt prevjòjcj.?3òcp`m ou dùg 46>6, tedtc preocscgc dmhj`jstrd-tjvc dgc prevjòjcj du rcvc`jt ` sdroj`d uùj auvcr`dter ac`crdg, mjrcot sunerme`dthj`jstcrcger mj` Rctreardm.?9Hdj hugt, ` odmrug Odòcgdrjcj mc Rrevjòjc, gjhndrus d iest j`tremus ` hem engjadterju od gjhn eijojdg, reh`d ijj`m trcptdtgsdt gd urh. Od j ` rcstug Jhpcrjuguj drjst, èud ogds ènjgjdr (mverld`c) dprjhjt mrcptug mc d j`c dmu`rj j mc d dgcac u` oehjtct pcrhd`c`t (SprdvdMverjd`stve)ou mrcpturj rcstr`sc, sunerme`dt auvcr`dteruguj. ^jmjodrcd stdtutugujspcojdg j mcsijj`drcd `dgtuguj _idt du `sch`dt, mj` pcrspcotjvd drjsteordjcjgeodgc, e rcmuocrc oe`sjmcrdnjg d pesjnjgjtjger cj mc d jìguc`d pegjtjo prevjòjd,cd `cijj`m `joj hodr ` pesturd mc oe-mcojmc`t prjvj`m tc`mj`cgc j`tcr`c.

Dnjd ` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, ` tjhpug rcierhcger gujDgcxd`mru dg JJ-gcd, cgjtcgc du otjadt mj` èu e jìguc` hdj hdrc ` mehc`jug dmhj-`jstrdtjv. ` dùg 469=, gd Rctreardm s-d chjs e gcac odrc sprjlj`cd e hdj lust struoturdrcd dmhj`jstrdjcj. Rrj`trc dgtcgc, docdstd prcvcmcd `tru`jrj pcrjemjoc dgc zchstvcgerpc tru gudrcd mc mcojzjj ` prjvj`d dute-dmhj`jstrdjcj geodgc. Gd erdc s-du ìjj`dtmuhcgc, j`stjtujj oercspe`mc`tc c`tjtjger rurdgc mc dute-dmhj`jstrdrc, ` dùg 4612.?1

\chstvcgc sc `tru`cdu e mdt pc d`, stdnjgj`m u` erad` cxcoutjv pcrhd`c`t,`sroj`dt ou prengchcgc eijojdgc mc `dtur dmhj`jstrdtjv.?6Docstcd s-du oe`stjtujtdtt gd `jvcg mc lumc, ot j gd `jvcg mc prevjòjc, erad`cgc mc lumc dgca`m jhchnrjj pc`tru zchstvcgcmc prevjòjc. Hchnrjj zchstvcger mc lumc crdu ùhjj` ndzd u`cj gcaj cgcoterdgc oehpgcxc prjvj`m ourjjgc. Hdrjj hejcrj, pepugdjdurnd` j rurdg j dgcacdu rcprczc`td`jj preprjj ` trcj ourjj mjstjòtc,prj` sjstchug

cgcoterdg ijj`m dsjaurdt e prczc` suprd-preperje`dg d jìguc`cj hejcrctj.?:

Erad`cgc geodgc dute-dmhj`jstrdtjvc crdu erad`c cxcoutjvc, engjadtc s`mcpgj`cdso dtrjnujj spcojijoc. Rc gà docdstd, cgc sc putcdu jhpgjod, ` hemvegu`tdr, ` mjvcrsc mehc`jj mc dotjvjtdtc.=2Rrj`trc dtrjnujjgc engjadterjj mc stdt scùhrdu< dmhj`jstrdrcd òfjserjger, d dmhj`jstrdjcj geodgc j d sjstchuguj mc lustj-jc, prcouh j pgdtd lumcoterjger. Dsjaurdrcd frd`cj pc`tru pepugdjc, mczvegtdrcdhctcuaurjger geodgc, rcpdrdrcd mruhurjger, mdr j ofcstju`j prjvj`m sjstchug cmu -odje`dg ac`crdg j s`tdtcd geoujterjger dpdrj`cdu mc dtrjnujjgc vegu`tdrc.=4

?3Icmerev, ep. ojt., p. 3:; Negmur, ep. ojt.,p. ??>; Lcwsnury, ep. ojt.,p. 412.?9Jnjmch, p. 414.?1Icmerev, ep. ojt., p. 14.?6

Ya. Fsof, ep. ojt., p. >19; Fcjke Fduhd``, Acsofjoftc ûssgd`ms,\rjof, Ofreès, >242

>

, p. >31.Rc`tru mctdgjj supgjhc`tdrc prjvj`m zchstvd, vczj< Irjcmrjof Ncyrdu, Hdìrcm Fjgmcrhcjcr, Ye` mcrGcjncjac sofdit zur Irfj`mustrjcggc` Acscggsofdit (4639 njs 46:2)` Hdìrcm Fcgghd` Fd`mnuofmcr Acsofjoftc ûssgd`ms. Nm. ?/4. Ye` mc` dutekrdtjsofc` ^cierhc` zuh _ewlctstddt, _tuttadrt,Fjcrschd``, 4:6?, p. 13j urh.?: Fduhd``, ep. ojt., p. >39. Rc`tru preocmurjgc mc vetdrc, vczj j< Gumhjgd Oedm, \chstvdNdsdrdnjcj. Dspcotc jsterjoe-lurjmjoc, Ofjjù, Re`tes, >22:, p. 32.=2Jsterjoug j Dotjvjtdtcd \chstvcger ` Ndsdrdnjd ` ours mc 32 mc d`j (469:-4:4:), Ofjjù, ]jp.Agdsug rjj, 4:>2, p. 3.=4Oedm, ep. ojt., 14.


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\chstvcgc sc digdu pcrhd`c`t sun oe`tregug stdtuguj, iuòjjgc docsterd ijj`mputcr`jo gjhjtdtc ` dùg 46:2. ` hem dmjje`dg, otrc sirjtug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcddu dprut hemjijorj ` preocmurd mc vetdrc, idpt odrc d oe`mus gd e oe`segjmdrcoe`tjù d drjsteordjcj ` mctrjhc`tug dgter pturj mcheardijoc. =>Ir `mejdg,docstc hsurj du scrvjt ` d cxtj`mc oe`tregug stdtuguj dsuprd zchstvcger. Ou e`trzjcrc mc ojòj d`j, ` Ndsdrdnjd s-d trd`spus gcacd prjvj`m èud ermj`c j`stjtu-je`dg, ` dùg 469: oe`stjtuj`mu-sc zchstvcgc. Dsticg, oehpe`c`d zchstvcger pcpgd` lumccd` sc struoturd ` hemug urhter6 4: 49 9? 42> Erfcj >2 = 49 =2 1? Jdj 4: = 43 ?6 9= _ereod 4: 3 4= ?6 93 Fetj` >: 1 >> 36 429 Nc`mcr >2 6 4> =2 11 Dkkcrhd`` 41 4> 4= =? 1

]etdg 43> 3: 42: ?>2 3?

_urs< Gumhjgd Oedm,\chstvd Ndsdrdnjcj. Dspcotc jsterjoe-lurjmjoc, Ofjjù,Re`tes, >22:, p. 91.

Mcvj`c gjhpcmc o, gd icg od j ` `trcaug jhpcrju, ocgc trcj pturj seojdgcjhpgjodtc ù crdu rcprczc`tdtc ` hem cofjgjnrdt. Ou cxocpjd lumcuguj Dkkcrhd``,hdrjj hejcrj mcj`cdu ocg puj` 32% mj` veturj, ` odmrug zchstvcger mc lumc. Gd`jvcg mc prevjòjc, mehj`djd docsterd crd j hdj prca`d`t, cd orcso`m ` tjhp.Mdo, ` dùg 4616, u` tetdg mc 16,>% mj` ùhrug hchnrjger gd `jvcg mc zchstvmc auncr`jc rcvc`cd hdrjger hejcrj, preoc`tdlug ger sc sjtud gd :4,9%=?, ` dùg46:4, od urhdrc d preocmurjj hemjijodtc pc `trca tcrjterjug jhpcrjuguj, ` dùg46:2. Dsticg, zchstvcgc mcvc`cdu u` j`struhc`t dg gdtjiu`mjdrjger. R` gd Rrjhug^znej He`mjdg, docstcd du eoupdt u` reg jhpertd`t ` mczvegtdrcd Ndsdrdnjcj.\chstvcgc crdu oe`sdordtc ` spcojdg urhtedrcger prengchc< mehc`juguj

darjougturjj j prj`trc dgtcgc, erad`jzrjj mc oursurj ` mehc`ju, mehc`juguj ndòdr,oe`struojcj mc mruhurj, sjstchuguj mc tcgcie`jc j mc pet, `s j sjstchcgersd`jtdr j oegdr, odrc luoduu` reg jhpertd`t.==Hdj dgcs otrc sirjtug scoeguguj dg

=>Negmur, ep. ojt., p. =22; Oedm, ep. ojt., p. =3; Fduhd``, ep. ojt.,p. >31.=?Icmerev, ep. ojt.,p. 96.==Rc`tru mctdgjj prjvj`m dotjvjtdtcd zchstvcj ` mehc`jj j`mjvjmudgc, vczj< Oedm, ep. ojt., pp. 12-16;Jsterjoug, ep. ojt.,p. ??.


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VJV-gcd, zchstvcgc mj` Ndsdrdnjd s-du dàdldt ` cxtj`mcrcd sjstchuguj oegdrprjhdr pungjo. @uhrug oegjger ij`d`dtc mc docstcd d orcsout mc gd 41 (` 46:1) gd4>9 (` 4:23).=3Docst guoru `sch`d o, ` dùg 4:29, cgc sprjlj`cdu 4>,:%=9mj`tetdgug oegjger mj` Ndsdrdnjd. ` pgus, gd `jvcg mc prevjòjc, zchstvcgc du hjgjtdt `dùg 4:29 pc`tru j`tremuocrcd engjadtjvjtjj oegdrjzrjj.=1` d`sdhngu `s, dtt gd`jvcg rcaje`dg, ot j gd `jvcg lumccd`, zchstvcgc du iest, ofjdr j gd òcputugscoeguguj dg VV-gcd, ` prjhug r`m u` erad` ` odmrug orujd sc gudu mcojzjj ` sicrddotcger dmhj`jstrdtjvc.

R` ` 4:23 ù crd orcdt odmrug pc`tru mjsoujj pegjtjoc iu`mdhc`tdgc j `jojpc`tru mczndtcrcd uèr prengchc `dje`dgc. =6 J`stjtujrcd zchstvcger d idojgjtdt, `prjhug r`m drjsteordjcj geodgc mj` Ndsdrdnjd, jhpgjodrcd mj` èu ` dmhj jstrdjc,nc`cijojj`m mc u` odmru j`stjtuje`dgjzdt. Mc dgticg, pc`tru prjhd mdt, dmhj`jstrdjd

mcvc`cd doocsjnjg j dgter arupc dgc pepugdjcj. Rc mc-e pdrtc, geoujterjj erdcger j djsdtcger putcdu ij prczc`j ` zchstv prj` rcprczc`td`jj ger. Rc mc dgt pdrtc, èjgcerad`c dmhj`jstrdtjvc dàdldu pcrse`dg odgjijodt, ouh dr ij preicserj, jàj`crj, mdr jdareèhj, odrc muocdu gd `mcpgj`jrc sdroj`jgc dicrc`tc zchstvcj.=:Mc douh, dmhj`js-trdjd geodg ù sc hdj ndzd ` hem cxogusjv pc ènjgjhc, oj j, hdj hugt, pc pcrsed`cierhdtc preicsje`dg, j`mjicrc`t mc stdtutug docsterd. Mcj zchstvcj j rcvc`cdudtrjnujj cxogusjv cxcoutjvc, cd eicrcd j`tcgjafc`jcj u` odmru pc`tru sofjhnug mc jmcj,pc`tru `tru jrj pcrjemjoc j pc`tru orjstdgjzdrcd uèr ocrourj dhjodgc, ndzdtc pcoe`vjàcrj oehu`c.32Mjòege mc docstcd, ù cstc mc jaèrdt idptug o pc gà pre-ocscgc dmhj`jstrdtjvc, dotjvjtdtcd zchstvcger geodgc d prcatjt tcrcùg pc`tru mczndtc-rjgc struoturdtc, dotjvdrcd ` odmrug uèr oehjsjj j cgdnerdrcd mc prejcotc j mjspezjjj,ofjdr mdo docst guoru jhpgjod medr u` ocro rcstr`s mc pcrsed`c. Cstc dmcvrdt, crdu

dgcj rcprczc`td`j mj` tedtc sicrcgc seojdgc, rd`j, mcgcadj dj dmu`rjger mc prevjòjcsdu mc lumc. `s ouh hdlerjtdtcd geourjger crdu eoupdtc mc otrc ènjgjhc,gdtjiu`mjdrj j iuòje`drj dj auvcrùguj, ouh hegmevc`jj ù oe`stjtujdu hdlerjtdtcdmcheardijo ` erdc, prczc`d rcprczc`td`jger r`jhjj crd iedrtc rcstr`s.

` docst oe`tcxt, pdrtcd ocd hdj hdrc d pepugdjcj rehèie`c ù d rcocptdtj`stjtujd zchstvcj od pc u` j`struhc`t dg mcsoc`trdgjzrjj sdu dg pdrtjojprjj. Rc`truènjgjj hegmevc`j, j`stjtujrcd zchstvcj d `sch`dt, ` prjhug r`m, pesjnjgjtdtcd mc doe`trjnuj mj` èu, `tr-e ierh j`stjtuje`dgjzdt, gd mczvegtdrcd prevjòjcj.

=3Oedm, ep. ojt.,p. :>.=9Jnjmch,p. :2.=1Jsterjoug, ep. ojt.,1=.=6 ` prengchd zchstvcger mc auncr`jj vczj, ou tjtgu cxchpgjijodter< Ncssdrdnskec zchstve (cm.),rczvydlèc Auncr`skec zchskec senrd`jc 44 hdld j 1 sc`tldnrec 4:2=. Mekgdmy NcssdrdskelAuncr`skel \chskel Sprdvy Auncr`skehu \chskehu _enrd`jlu VVVYJ ecrcmèl scssjj v 4:2=aemu j ur`dgy zdsmd`jl senrd`jld, Kjj`cv, 4:2=, pp. 4-416. Rc`tru zchstvcgc mc lumc vczj, ou tjtgucxchpgjijodter< Rreteoedgcgc \chstvcj mc gd Dkkcrhd``, _ereood, Erfcj j Ngj 4:2:< D@^H, Ie`m93, J`vc`tdr 4, Mesdr 43:6, pp. 31-4?2.=:Rjpcs, ep. ojt.,p. >93. Rc`tru dùg 4:22, Rjpcs oe`sch`cdz dprexjhdtjv =1.222 dàdldj dj zchstvcjpc `trca ouprj`sug rcaju jj.32Jnjmch,p. >9>.


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>2

CoeèhjdMj` struoturd mcheardijo j`mjodt rcjcsc o Ndsdrdnjd crd e rcaju`c preiu`m

hdrodt dardr. Docst idptù s-d sofjhndt ` hem csc`jdg ` mcoursug scoeguguj dgVJV-gcd. _tdtjstjojgc coeèhjoc j`mjo idptug o Ndsdrdnjd dùguj 4:4? ù `trdsc `crd j`mustrjdg. Dsticg, gd `jvcgug dùguj 4:4? sc `rcajstrdu u` ùhr mc 4>6hdùidoturj, rcspcotjv mc idnrjoj, ` odrc dotjvdu ?=43 huòjterj.34_icrd prjòjpdgmc dotjvjtdtc d docsterd e oe`stjtujd prcguordrcd dgjhc`tcger; herrjtug, vj`jijodjd jpremuocrcd ncrjj mcj`cdu 1:,4% mj` scrvjojjgc ` mehc`jug j`mustrjdg.3>

` sofjhn, ` odmrug darjougturjj, ` scoegug dg VJV-gcd sc oe`sch`cdz eorctcrc oe`std`t d premuotjvjtjj. Dsticg, ` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dgVJV-gcd, sc oe`sch`cdz 4.>42.222 mcsctj`c mc tcrc` cxpgedtdt coeèhjo dùdg `dùg 4632, dluà`mu-sc gd >.?4:.122 mcsctj`c dùdg ` dùg 4:2:, oercspu`z`m

u`cj orctcrj mc 442%.3?

Orctcrcd suprdiccger cxpgedtdtc darjoeg, mdr j èjgctcf`joj j`tremusc mc otrc oege`jtjj ruj, prcouh j dàrc`drcd ` orctcrcd pjcjjcoeèhjoc jhpcrjdgc3=s-du rcigcotdt `tr-e orctcrc ogdr d cxpertuguj mc ocrcdgc. Rcgà ocrcdgc, ` Ndsdrdnjd sc hdj ougtjvdu struaurj, iruotc j tutu` j sc prdotjodorctcrcd vjtcger.

Gcajsgdjd ruscdso vjz`m cgjncrdrcd rd`jger j hpreprjctrjrcd docsterd mj`dùg 4694 d oe`mus gd hemjijodrcd rdperturjger mc pescs ju`c j ` Ndsdrdnjd. `Ndsdrdnjd, rcierhd s-d premus ` dùg 469:, orc`mu-gc rd`jger, odrc erjouh, ùhdj crdu jendaj mj` dùg 41=: `s ù dvcdu, ` hem ircovc`t, preprjctj preprjj33,pesjnjgjtdtcd mc d enj`c tcrc` mc gd preprjctjgc stdtuguj sdu mc gd ocgc dgcgdtjiu`mjdrjger.39R` ` dùg 4:23, rd`jj mj` Ndsdrdnjd dofjzjje`dscr mcld pcstc?22.222 mcsctj`c mc ph`t.31 Docst guoru d oe`mus gd e rcoeìjaurdrc d rdper-

turjger mc preprjctdtc. Mdo, `dj`tcd Hdrjj ^cierhc, ojrod 12% mj` tcrc` crd `hj`jgc hdrjger hejcrj36, ` dùg 4:23 hprjrcd tcrcùrjger s-d mcsiurdt mupouh urhcdz< =?,>% mj` suprdid dpdrj`cd gdtjiu`mjdrjger, =6,9% rd`jger, jdr6,>% Njscrjojj.3:Dgtc rczugtdtc dgc òcrorjger mc hemcr`jzdrc sun Jhpcrjug drjst

34M. C. chldkev, Ecrkj ckeèhjcskel jsterjj Ncssdrdnjj cpeofj jhpcrjdgjzhd,Kjj`cv, tjjòd,4:62, p. 4:.3>Yczj4.3? F. Ocgjnjmdofj, Darjougturd ` tcid` Ojendù Ndsdrdnjd. Heèardijc, Ofjjù, S`jvcrsjtds,4::?, p. ?>2.3=Ldkjh. _. Aresug,Krcstld`c Ncssdrdnjj 464> -4694aa., Kjj`cv, Aesumdrstvc`èc Jzmdt. Hegmdvjj,4:39, p. 42:.33Aeu, ep. ojt.,p. 62.39

Rc sunjcotug rcierhcj dardrc, vczj, prj`trc dgtcgc< @joegdc Ojdofjr,Ndsdrdnjd sun stpj`jrcd drjst(464>-4:41), Nuourctj, Cmjturd Mjmdotjo j Rcmdaeajo, 4::>, p. ?9j urh.31Ocgjnjmdofj, ep. ojt.,p. ?>=.36 Ldkjh. _. Aresug, Ecrkj `dremèae ofezldlstvd Ncssdrdnjj (4694-4:23 aa.), Kjj`cv, KdrtldHegmevc`ldsk, 4:1>, p. 4=1.3:Yczj< Ocgjnjmdofj, ep. ojt., p. ?>=. Aresug j chldkev j`mjo mdtc sjhjgdrc< Aresug, Ecrkj, p. 4=1;chldkev, ep. ojt., p. 3>. Yord per`ctc mc gd prchjsd o , ` dùg 4:23, 39,1% mj` ph`t sc digd` pescsjd gdtjiu`mjdrjger, ` tjhp oc rd`jj mjspu`cdu medr mc 4=,:%. Yczj< Ycre`jod Yord,Rreprjctdtcd ènjgjdr ` Ndsdrdnjd sun eoupdjd drjst (d meud luhtdtc d sco. VJV òcputug sco.VV), `Mcstj` êh`cso, 1, >224, `r. >, p. ?6.


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du iest, prj`trc dgtcgc, mczvegtdrcd traurjger ` erdc.92

Dsticg, ` mcours mc e sut mcd`j, pepugdjd erduguj Ofjjù d orcsout mc zcoc erj, mc gd 44.22294 gd 449.322geoujterj.9> ` dùg 4692, Ndsdrdnjd crd oe`cotdt gd rccdud mc tcgcardi; mj` 4612mdtcdz prjhcgc òcrorj mc oe`segjmdrc d strzjger mj` erd. Oe`strujrcd u`cjgcaturj icrevjdrc ou Ndsdrdnjd (` dùg 4614) d gcadt prevjòjd jzegdt mc oc`trugjhpcrjdg j mc pjccgc mc mcsidocrc rusctj.9?

` ojumd tuturer docster cierturj mc hemcr`jzdrc, Ndsdrdnjd d rhds e rcaju`cmcstug mc `dpejdt, mcsorjs dsticg mc otrc Ofdrgcs Spse` Ogdrk gd òcputugscoeguguj dg VV-gcd9, 4::6, `r. 4, pp. 4:-?1.94Y. J. ukev, Aerdmd Ncssdrdnjj 464>-4694 aemev. Ecrokj seojdgè-ckeèhjcskeae rdzvjtjld,Kjj`cv, tjjòd, 4:13, p. 9?.9>Fdhh, ep. ojt.,p. ?>.9?Aeu, ep. ojt.,p. 6?.9=Ofdrgcs Spse` Ogdrk,Ndsdrdnjd. Ndsdrdnjd, ûsjd j êh`jd gd Hdrcd @car` Igerj` êtdru Ndsdrdnjd êh`. D`tegeajc, Nuourctj, _ch`c, 4::3, p. 14.93 @joegdc Repevsofj, Jsterjd njscrjojj mj` Ndsdrdnjd ` vcdoug dg VJV-gcd sun ruj. Mj` `caurdtrcoutuguj orhpcjc mc dhj`jtjrj, Ofjjù, Huscuh, >222, p. =3.99tcid` Ojendù, Ougturd reh`cdso ` Ndsdrdnjd sun stp`jrcd rus, Jdj, Cmjturd CòjogepcmjoAfcerafc Dsdofj, 4::>, p. ?3. Rc tchd oe`stjtujrjj drfjcpjsoepjcj, vczj< Retdrcòu, Mjù< D`cxdrcdNdsdrdnjcjgd Jhpcrjug ûs,Ofjjù, Rrut J`tcr`dje`dg, >229, pp. >24->42.


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dùg 46>>, mj` tetdgug mc 42:3 mc prcej dotjvj, medr zcoc j òfcjdscr stumjjgc gdu` schj`dr tcegeajo; hdlerjtdtcd docsterd ù dvcd `joje cmuodjc oegdr sdu tcege-ajo.91 Dsticg, ` dùg 4636, ou eodzjd u`cj ogterjj ` Ndsdrdnjd, drfjcrcug scpgàcd2 dvcdu stumjj òfcjdtc gd u` schj`drtcegeajo, 9: dsticg òt sc pedtc oe`sjmcrd o, gd òcputug scoeguguj dg VV-gcd,`trcaug ogcr mj` Ndsdrdnjd putcd dtt sorjc, ot j ojtj, nc`cijojj`m mc e ierhdrc

cgchc`tdr tcegeajo.Rc`tru d rjmjod `jvcgug mc cmuodjc dg ogcruguj ertemex, oe`muocrcd Njscrjojj d

rcours gd mjvcrsc hsurj. Rc mc-e pdrtc, crdu iegesjj ` hem ircovc`t dnsegvc`j djschj`drjjger tcegeajoc mj` dgtc drfjcpjsoepjj rusctj. Doctjd `s ù verncdu, mcrcaug, gjhnd reh` j eijojdu sgulnd ` gjhnd rus, rcspcotjv, ` sgdvd vcofc. Rcmc dgt pdrtc, ò mj` dùg 464? gd Ofjjù s-d orcdt u` _chj`dr ]cegeajo, odrc dierhdt e suhcmc`jc mc vjjterj hchnrj dj Njscrjojj, ou prcomcrc ` ocd mc-d meudpdrtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd.

@u ` ugtjhug r`m, tet dtuòj du iest ìjj`dtc hdj hugtc njngjetcoj `rcaju`c, odrc urhdu s scrvcdso ierhrjj tcegeajoc. Rc gà schj`drug tcegeajo,Njscrjod Ertemex dvcd ` arjl j e scrjc mc oegj cgchc`tdrc, odrc trd`shjtcduouètj`c rumjhc`tdrc mc odtcfcz, mc mcsojirdrc d sgdve`cj j mc hdtchdtjo.Docst sjstch cmuodje`dg njscrjocso d dtj`s pcrjedmd mc ìgerjrc ` d`jj 46=2 j4632. Dsticg, ` dùg 46== su`t dtcstdtc ` tetdg ?>9 oegj dv`m u` ùhr mc 3.411cgcvj.12Docdst ojir s-d rcmus ` hem sch`jijodtjv ` d meud luhtdtc d scoegugujdg VJV-gcd o`m `vturjgc oegjger njscrjoctj dluàcdu medr gd u` ùhr hjo dgpepugdjcj.

Rc gà j`strujrcd ` oedg, u` dgt dspcot jhpertd`t g-d oe`stjtujt jìerhdrcdogcruguj j d cèrjdjger ougtjvdj ` hdtcrjc mc pungjodjj èj j ù ùhdj.

Gd tjpeardijd Drfjcpjsoepjcj, odrc d iest ie`mdt ` dùg 464=, du vzutguhj`d zjgcj dtt orj guhctj, ot j njscrjoctj, ` gjhnd rus j reh`. Mj`pungjodjjgc dprutc p` ` dùg 46?2, 4:? crdu ` gjhnd reh`, ouprj`z`m, pcgà njngjj j psdgtjrj, hdùdgc, dotc dmhj`jstrdtjvc j oegcojj mc rcagchc`trj

oehcrojdgc.14

` gjhnd reh`,s-du pungjodt hdj `tj trdmuocrj mj` sgdve`, jdr mj`91Repevsofj, ep. ojt.,p. =3.96Dpum jnjmch, p. 429.9:Jnjmch,p. 496.12Repevsofj, ep. ojt.,p. 3:.14Rdug Hjfdjg, \dhijrd Hjfdjg, _tumju j`tremuotjv ` Rdug Hjfdjg Dotc ` gjhnd reh` tjprjtc `Ndsdrdnjd J (464>-46?2) prcocmdtc mc njngjeardijd tjprjturjger reh`ctj mj` Ndsdrdnjd (8N]^N)464>-46?2, Nuourctj, Cmjturd Dodmchjcj êh`c, 4::?, p. GY.


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d`jj 4632 su`t rcpremusc, mj` oc ` oc hdj ircovc`t, epcrc cogczjdstjoc pungjodtc `Rrjòjpdtcgc êh`c. _jstdrcd rsp`mjrjj mc pungjodjj rcgjajedsc ` gjhnd reh`s-d premus ` hehc`tug òfjmcrjj tjpdr`jcj, ` dùg 466?.

òcp`m ou dùg 4691, pungjodjjgc nredtc sdu ` ierhdt mc odrtc su`t oeh-pgctdtc prj` dpdrjjd Nugctjùguj Cpdrfjdg, odrc d iest ocg mc-dg mejgcd pcrjemjo mj`Ndsdrdnjd1> dv`m, mjòege mc tjrjgc ogcrjodgc, u` oe`jùt chj`dhc`tc rcgjajes.^cvjstd d dprut p` ` dùg 4614, ` gjhnjgc reh` j rus. ` dùg 4614,vdrjd`td reh` d iest eprjt mc gd dpdrjjc.1?

Mcvj`c cvjmc`t idptug o, ocg trzju otrc sirjtug d`jger 4692, NjscrjodErtemex mj` Ndsdrdnjd d pdrours u` preocs j`tc`sjijodt mc rusjijodrc. Docst guorucstc vjzjnjg, prj`trc dgtcgc, ` j`tcrzjocrcd, ` dùg 4691, d gjhnjj reh`c ` j`stjtu-

jjgc mc `vh`t, d eprjrjj pungjorjj ` gjhnd dutefte` d Nugctjùguj Cpdrfjdg `4614 j d òfjmcrjj tjpdr`jcj drfjcpjsoepdgc ` dùg 466?. òcp`m ou dùg 461>,mj` ermjùg duterjtjger rusctj, tedtc dotcgc njscrjoctj dvcdu s ijc `teohjtccxogusjv ` gjhnd rus.1= Hdj hugt, s-d òcrodt rcù`drcd gd gjhnd reh` odgjhn mc eijojcrc d sgulncj rcgjajedsc, `crcuj`mu-sc j`tcardg.13

Docstc hsurj rjauredsc ù du vjzdt medr Ndsdrdnjd, cgc io`m pdrtc mj`tr-etc`mj` ac`crdg mc `dje`dgjzdrc ` odmrug Jhpcrjuguj drjst, prcouh j mc u`jij-odrc ` sùg ertemexjcj.19Njscrjod Ertemex mj` Ndsdrdnjd sc supu`cd, dtt tcege-ajo ot j gjàvjstjo, prjòjpjjger pd`-rusctj. Dvd`sdrcd sgdve`cj j d ruscj od gjhnjgjturajoc j crumjtc du oe`mus gd mjstd`drcd prearcsjv `trc pepugdjd rurdg jprcejj ertemeoj, odrc dpredpc ù hdj oehu`jodu ou cèrjdjj ger. Dsticg,Drfjcpjsoepug Jdoev oe`sch`cdz, ` dùg 4:22 Nerjs D. ]runcokel, Jz jsterjj pcrjmjocskel pcdtj Ncssdrdnjj, 463=-4:49 aa., Kjj`cv, tjjòd,4:6:, p. 43.1?Ojendù, Ougturd reh`cdso,p. >>?.1=Aeu, ep. ojt.,p. 6=; Odzdou, ep. ojt.,p. 419.13Repevsofj, ep. ojt.,p. 6?; _jgvjd _outdru,Njscrjod ertemex mj` Ndsdrdnjd `trc 466>-4:46, ]cz mcmeoterdt, Ofjjù, >242, p.11.19Kdppcgcr, ep. ojt., p. >46.11Odzdou, ep. ojt.,p. 41:.


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`vh`tugOfjdr gd òcputug scoeguguj dg VV-gcd, sjstchug cmuodje`dg mj` Ndsdrdnjd

crd, ` d`sdhngu, sunmczvegtdt. Hdj crd hugt mc pdrours p` gd dgidnctjzdrcdac`crdgjzdt d pepugdjcj. ` dùg 4662, ùhdj 6,6% mj`trc oepjjj ou vrstc ouprj`sc`trc 1 j 4= d`j ircovc`tdu e j`stjtujc mc `vh`t.16Docdst stdrc s-d hemjijodtmedr pdrjdg p` gd òcputug Rrjhuguj ^znej He`mjdg. ` peijmd uèr cierturjoe`sjmcrdnjgc j d cxtj`mcrjj sjstchuguj cmuodje`dg ò ` dùg 4:29, medr ==% mj`tetdgug oepjjger crdu oegdrjzdj.1:

_jtudjd mczdstrueds d sjstchuguj cmuodje`dg mj` Ndsdrdnjd cstc rcigcotdt àrdmug mc dgidnctjzdrc gd sirjtug scoeguguj dg VV-gcd. Retrjvjt rcoc`sh`tuguj mj`Ndsdrdnjd mj` dùg 46:1, 64,6% mj` pepugdjd mc scx hdsougj` j :9% mj` pepugdjdmc scx ichj`j` ù tjd s sorjc j s ojtcdso. Gd erdc, rdtd mc dgidnctjzdrc gd nrndjcrd mc =>,6% j medr mc >>,?% gd ichcj.62` occd oc prjvctc pepugdjd hegmevc-`cdso, mj` odrc :3% 64 crd gd mdtd rcspcotjv mc prevc`jc` rurdg, ojircgcrcprczj`t u` sch`dg mc dgdrh. ` docst hcmju, oetd d`dgidncjger sc ojird gd :2%` r`mug pepugdjcj hdsougj`c, rcspcotjv gd :6% ` r`mug pepugdjcj ichj`j`c.Ofjdr j ` Ofjjù, mj` >.6>6 mc nrndj hegmevc`j ou vrstc ouprj`sc `trc >2-?:,medr 1:9 putcdu sorjc j ojtj ` gjhnd rus j medr : ` dgtc gjhnj. Mj`trc ocgc >.94:ichcj, medr >4> crdu dgidnctjzdtc ` gjhnd rus, jdr = ` dgtc gjhnj. 6> Dsticg,hegmevc`jj prczc`tdu rdtd ocd hdj hdrc mc d`dgidnctjsh ` r`mug pepedrcgerorctj`c dgc ûsjcj.6?

` Ndsdrdnjd, `vh`tug prjhdr d iest òrcmj`dt c`tjtjger prjvdtc,_tdtuguj j Njscrjojj, mczvegt`mu-sc ` hem sjstchdtjo medr ` ocd mc-d meud

luhtdtc d scoeguguj d VJV-gcd. Mdo hdlerjtdtcd oegjger prjhdrc iuscscr sprjlj`jtcp` gd hjlgeoug scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd prj` j`tcrhcmjug cpdrfjjger6=, òcp`m ou d`jj4692 s-d ierdt mczvegtdrcd `vh`tuguj mc stdt mc seraj`tc gdjo; ` docstmchcrs, j`stjtujd zchstvcj j-d dmus dpertug, ij`d``m e pdrtc mj` oegjgc ndsdrd-nc`c. Rc`tru dùg 4:29 cstc prczc`tdt sjtudjd mc hdj les.

16Jnjmch, p. 4:>.1:Oedm, ep. ojt,p. :=.62Odzdou, ep. ojt,p. 4:?.64 ` tjhpug rcoc`sh`tuguj mj` 46:1 du iest ofcstje`dj :>2.64: hegmevc`j, mj`trc odrc 61:.?12,dmjo :3,=%, geoujdu` hcmju rurdg. Yczj41,>61.6>Fdhh, ep. ojt., p. ?9.6?Aeu, ep. ojt., p. 9>; Kdppcgcr, ep. ojt.,p. >31.6=Je` Rcgjvd`, Gd Ncssdrdnjc seus gc rajhc russc (464>-4:46), Rdrjs, Jhprjhcrjc Ac`crdgc Gdfurc,4:4:, p. 46.


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oegjgc ` dùg 4:29, ` iuòjc mc j`stjtujcJ`stjtujj @uhr mc oegj Rreoc`tdl

\chstvd 4?2 4>,:%Mc stdt/hj`jstcrjdgc-ou e ogds-ou meu ogdsc

32??>

=2%

Srnd`c ?? ?,?%J`stjtujj ctcreac`c 9: 9,:%Rrjvdtc ? 2,>%Njscrjoctj-ou e ogds-ou meu ogdsc

42?9:

?9,1%

_urs< Gumhjgd Oedm, \chstvd Ndsdrdnjcj. Dspcotc jsterjoe-lurjmjoc, Ofjjù,Re`tes, >22:, p. :2.

_c pedtc prczuhd o hdj ou scdh ` oegjgc njscrjoctj, ` prjhd pdrtc dscoeguguj dg VJV-gcd sc hdj prcmd ò ` gjhnd reh`. Oeòehjtc`t ou cxtj`mcrcdsjstchuguj cmuodje`dg mc stdt, gjhnd reh` d iest dguàdt trcptdt mj` oegj, ijj`miegesjtc ` hem oe`scovc`t medr preardhc pd`-rusctj.

Hjodrcd mc cgjncrdrc d pege`czjger, ` d`jj 46?2 j 469? j rsp`mjrcdorcso`m d uùj `dje`dgjsh pd`-ruscso per`j`m mc gd _d`kt Rctcrsnura du oe`mus,` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, gd e pegjtjo doutjzdt d `dje`d-gjtjger, odrc dlu`scsc mc douh j ` prevjòjjgc vcstjoc.63Docst guoru s-d hdtc-rjdgjzdt, prj`trc dgtcgc, prj` idptug o mj` dùg 4699, ` odmrug `vh`tuguj

ajh`dzjdg ou gjhnd mc prcmdrc rus (` ac`crdg), d iest cxogus reh`d od hdtcrjcepje`dg.69j ` oegjgc prjhdrc s-d òcrodt dguàdrcd reh`cj, docst guoru rcuj`mpdrjdg. ` docgdj tjhp, trcnujc sungj`jdt idptug o gjhnd reh` d iest iegesjt medrod j`struhc`t ` `vdrcd gjhnjj rusc, cd `cijj`m e hdtcrjc scpdrdt.61

Hugt vrchc, `vh`tug hcmju mj` Ndsdrdnjd d iest rcprczc`tdt mc_chj`drug ]cegeajo, ìjj`dt ` dùg 464?, u`jod j`stjtujc mc docst icg mj`prevjòjc, odrc d mcvc`jt ùogcug mc ierhdrc dg vjjtedrcger cgjtc. ` docst sc`s, cstcouèsout o pcstc 43 mcputdj dj _idtuguj ]rjj du stumjdt gd _chj`drug ]cegeajo,prj`trc cj ùhr`mu-sc pcrse`dgjtj hdrod`tc prcouh Je` Rcgjvd`, Md`jcgOjuaurcdù, Rd`tcgjhe` Crfd` j Je` Jòugc.

_chj`drug, d iest oeòcput j`jjdg od j`stjtujc mc `vh`t pc`tru oepjjjogcruguj, ijj`m dsjhjgdt Dodmchjcj ]cegeajoc mj` Kjcv. J`stjtujd d iuòje`dt muphemcgug dgter oegj dsch`tedrc mj` ûsjd. Mrcpt urhdrc, òcp`m ou 46>?, diuòje`dt mup preardhdgerac`crdg odrc, prj`trc dgtcgc, prcvcmcd stumjcrcd jsterjcjrusctj j d jsterjcj Njscrjojjûsc.66` pgus, `trcaug oerp mjmdotjo crd rcorutdt ` idzd

63Fduhd``, ep. ojt.,p. ?:?; Kdppcgcr, ep. ojt.,pp. >21->43; Fsof, ep. ojt., pp. >6=->63; >:9-?2?.69 Rc`tru oehpdrdjc vczj< Gjmjd Oegcs`jo-Oemrcdòd, Gjhnd êh` ` Ndsdrdnjd (464>-4:46)._tumju seojegjàvjstjo pc ndzd hdtcrjdgcger mc drfjv, Ofjjù, Huscuh, >22?, p. 9=.61Jnjmch, p. ?9.66Repevsofj ep. ojt., p. 9=.


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j`jjdg mj` didrd Ndsdrdnjcj.6:

_jàurug cgchc`t geodg ` odmrug docstcj cmuodjj crd,prcmdrcd ` gjhnd reh`, j`tcrzjs `s òcp`m ou dùg 4699.:2Rrj` urhdrc, ` ocdmc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, _chj`drug ]cegeajo ù prcvcmcd hdtcrjjpc`tru ougtjvdrcd gjhnjj reh`c sdu stumjcrcd jsterjojj njscrjojj geodgc. Mjhpetrjv,schj`drjtjj pdrouracdu u` preardh mc ierhdrc hdrodt mc rcdgjtj rusctj.

` dùg 46??, gd Ofjjù s-d ìjj`dt gd Gjocug mc Njcj ocd mc-d meudj`stjtujc mc `vh`t hcmju. oegjgc `dgtc crdu rczcrvdtc ou prcomcrc oepjjger mcprcej j mc nejcrj, geoujterjj rehèie`j ijj`m `tru tetug sun-rcprczc`tdj. Dsticg, `pcrjedmd 46>4-4694, dnsegvc`jj _chj`druguj ]cegeajo ùhrdu ` tetdg 334 cgcvj,mj`trc odrc 4?? crdu hegmevc`j.:4Mup dùg 4694, du gudt ijj` ` Ndsdrdnjd j dgtcoegj hcmjj ` odmrug sjstchuguj mc stdt ` odrc sc prcmd ` gjhnd rus, oeìerhpreardhcj rusc. ` dùg 4:41, ` Ndsdrdnjd ijj`du ` tetdg 32 oegj hcmjj:>. `trc

469> j 4:4>, hcmjd cgcvjger mc erjaj`c hegmevc`cdso crd mc =3,?%, mdr gdGjocugmc Njcj @r. 4 dluàcd gdojrod 46%, ` tjhp oc gd dgtc oegj sc sjtud gd ojrod >2%.:?

R` ` dluùg Rrjhuguj ^znej He`mjdg, Ndsdrdnjd ù dvcd u`jvcrsjtj.Rc`tru stumjj, tj`crjj crdu `cvejj d sc mcpgdsd ` didrd Ndsdrdnjcj, hdlerjtdtcddnsegvc`jger mc stumjj hcmjj dluà`m dsticg ` ûsjd. Rc docstc trdscc, dnsegvc`jjmc erjaj`c hegmevc`cdso sc oeòc`trdu, ` spcojdg, ` oc`trc prcouh _d`ktRctcrsnura, Merpdt (]drtu), Hesoevd, Ydrevjd, Kjcv sdu Emcssd. Dpredpc`jojuùg mj` doctjd ù dgcacd s stumjczc gd e u`jvcrsjtdtc mj` didrd Jhpcrjugujdrjst.:=` oe`scoj`, cgjtcgc hegmevc`ctj du urhdt, p` ` dùg 4:41, e cmuodjccsc`jdghc`tc ruscdso. ` hem sjhjgdr ou Njscrjod, oegjgc ù sc putcdu oe`stjtuj `vrchurjgc drjstc `tr-e ourcd mc trd`shjsjc d vrcu`cj hjorj `dje`dgc hegme-

vc`ctj. Rc mc-e pdrtc, cgc sc digdu, sun hugtc dspcotc, sun oe`tregug duterjtjjstdtdgc, prcmdrcd mcoura`m ` ndzd preardhcger prcstdnjgjtc. Rc mc dgt pdrtc, mjòduzd pegjtjojj gjàvjstjoc spcojijoc ocgcj mc-d meud luhtjd scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd,cgc ù putcdu `joj hodr scrvj gd oe`scrvdrcd j mczvegtdrcd gjhnjj hdtcr`c dpepugdjcj hegmevc`ctj.

]etemdt, sc pedtc j`tuj o, ` oegjgc jhprca`dtc mc spjrjtug ruscso, scprepdadu ou prcomcrc jmcj dje`dgc pd`-rusctj.

Ou tedtc docstcd, ` spcojdg, _chj`drug ]cegeajo mj` Ofjjù d dvut u` regmcescnjt ` dpdrjjd u`cj cgjtc geodgc. Djoj s-du `tg`jt vjjterjj j`tcgcotudgj mc iru`tcodrc, ` d`jj odrc du urhdt, du ie`mdtj`jjdg ocrourj stumc`ctj gd Merpdt (]drtu) jKjcv, cj rcasj`mu-sc hdj dpej, ` d`jj 4:41-4:46 j ` _idtug rjj.

6:Odzdou, ep. ojt.,p. 49:.:2Ojendù, Ougturd reh`cdso,p. 4=2.:4D. J. Ndnjl, Ierhjrevd jc hegmdvskel j`tcgjacòjj ve vterel pegevj`c VJV-`ddgc VV v.,Kjj`cv,tjjòd, 4:14, p. 6.:>Jnjmch, p. 42.:?Jnjmch, p. 4?.:=Jnjmch, pp. ?=-::.


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Rungjodjj j prcs` Ndsdrdnjd scoeguguj dg VJV-gcd, p` ` d`jj 4632, cmjturd drfjcpjsoepdg dluodt u` reg cxtrch mc jhpertd`t. Docdstd d chjs e hdrc pdrtc d orjger dprutc `Ndsdrdnjd, ijc rcgjajedsc sdu ù, dtt ` gjhnd reh`, ot j ` ocd rus. ` dùg466?, tjpdr`jd d iest òfjs tchperdr, rcgu`mu-j dotjvjtdtcd dnjd ` dùg 4:29.:3

Dsticg, ` pcrjedmd 463=-46::, ` Ndsdrdnjd du dprut ` tetdg >6 mcpcrjemjoc, prj`trc odrc : zjdrc j rcvjstc. ` docst ùhr, erjouh rcgdtjv rcmus mcpungjodjj sc digd medr e pungjodjc ` gjhnd reh`.:9

Rrjhd pungjodjc dprut pcrjemjo d iest, òcp`m ou dùg 463=, Ncssdrdnskjcengdst`yc vcmehestj.Docst zjdr crd eradùg eijojdg dg dmhj`jstrdjcj geodgc, ijj`mrcmdotdt ` gjhnd rus. Cg oe`j`cd, ` prjòjpdg, dùùrj pungjoc j rcgdtrj prjvj`mcvc`jhc`tcgc seojdgc, coeèhjoc, prcouh j ocgc ougturdgc dgc prevjòjcj. `

odgjtdtcd sd mc erad` eijojdg, zjdrug crd supus oc`zurjj stdtuguj.:1

` dùg 4691, gdOfjjù s-d pungjodt prjhug zjdr ` gjhnd reh`. òcrorjgc d`tcrjedrc mc dìjj`d u` pcrjemjo reh`cso, ouh dr ij ocd mj` dùg 46=6, o`m u` arup mc nejcrj dmerjt s pungjoc rcvjstd êhùg, du iest j`tcrzjsc mc otrc duterjtjgc drjstc.:6

Nugctjùg Cpdrfjdg (Kjsj`cvskjlc cpdrofdg`jy vcmehestj)d iest ocd mc-d meudrcvjst mj` Ndsdrdnjd, ijj`m cmjtdt njdùdg mj` dùg 4691, oudtcr`dr mj` dùg 4:29j gu`dr dtt ` gjhnd rus, ot j ` gjhnd reh`. ò mj` dùg 4614, cmjjdreh`cdso d iest sjstdt. ` Nugctjùg Cpdrfjdg crdu prcmehj`d`tc tchc njscrjoctj.

Dnjd ` dùg 466: dvcd s ijc orcdt ` Ndsdrdnjd ocd mj`tj rcvjst ij`d`dtmj` ie`murj prjvdtc, Ncssdrdnskjl vcst`jk.:: Gd òcputug scoeguguj dg VV-gcd,pjdd prcscj ndsdrdnc`c d ouèsout e mczvegtdrc prca`d`t. ` pcrjedmd 46::-4:49du dprut, ` tetdg, >3= pcrjemjoc, mj`trc odrc 4?9 zjdrc, 16 rcvjstc j 4=

odgc`mdrc.422

òcp`m ou dùg 4:29, s-du cmjtdt mj` èu zjdrcgc reh`ctj, p` gdS`jrc pungjo`mu-sc ` tetdg >2 mc pcrjemjoc, mj`trc odrc 42 zjdrc j = rcvjstc.424Rrj`trc ocgc hdj jhpertd`tc dhj`tjh< Kuvy`t Hegmevc`csk, Agdsug Ndsdrdnjcj,Ndsdrdnjld, Yldod Ndsdrdnjcl. E odrdotcrjstjo d prcscj mj` Ndsdrdnjd, ou cxocpjdpcrjemjocger eijojdgc, cstc cichcrjtdtcd hugterd mj` docstcd.42>

Rc gà pcrjemjocgc oeòcputc j pungjodtc ` Ndsdrdnjd hdj cxjstdu, mcsjaur,j ocgc mj` Jhpcrjug drjst, `s j ocgc mj` êh`jd. Ou tedtc o duterjtjgc drjstc duòcrodt, hdj dgcs òcp`m ou dùg 46?2, s hpjcmjoc diguxug mc pungjodjj prevc`jtcmj` Rrjòjpdtcgc Hegmevcj j dgc Ydgdfjcj j ugtcrjer mj` ^cadt, dpgjo`m hsurj mj` oc` oc hdj mrdstjoc,42?docstc hdtcrjdgc rcucdu s dluà ` hem ircovc`t ` Ndsdrdnjd;

:3Ojendù, Ougturd reh`cdso,p. 36.:9]runcokel, ep. ojt.p. >6.:1Jnjmch, p. 4=.:6Yczj3; Afcerafc @caru, drjshug j hjodrcd `dje`dg d reh`jger mj` Ndsdrdnjd,Ofjjù, Rrut, J`tcr`dje`dg, >222, p. :.::]runcokel, ep. ojt,p. 43.422Jnjmch, p. >6.424Jnjmch.42>Gjstd pcrjemjocger mj` Ndsdrdnjd< Jnjmch, pp. >?=->12.42?@caru, ep. ojt,p. =3.


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mc dgticg, u`jj j`tcgcotudgj mc gjhn reh`, prcouh Je` Rcgjvd`, crdu dne`dj gddschc`cd rcvjstc, ocr`m od docstcd s gj sc trjhjt ofjdr j ` cxjgug `mcprtdt .Od dtdrc, j`tcgcotudgjger mc cxprcsjc reh` gj s-d doermdt u` spdju gjhjtdt

pc`tru d-j cxprjhd j d-j prepdad jmcjgc `tr-e ierh pungjodt. Dnjd mj` dùg4:29, s-d orcdt docdst mcsofjmcrc prj` dpdrjjd pcrjemjo d zjdrcger j d rcvjstcgerreh`ctj. Dv`m ` vcmcrc ardmug cxtrch mc rcmus mc dgidnctjzdrc d pepugdjcjhegmevc`ctj, `c `trcnh ` oc hsur docstc pungjodjj j-du orejt mruh `sprcdczrjgc rurdgc j mdo du iest rcocptdtc doege ofjdr j `tr-e edrcodrc hsur5

Mc dgticg, trcnujc oe`sch`dt idptug o ` oe`tcxtug pegjtjojj rusc prjvj`miegesjrcd gjhnjj reh`ctj ` Ndsdrdnjd, hdrcd hdlerjtdtc d geoujterjger, ou cxocpjdotervd j`tcgcotudgj, crd jzegdt mc èjgc tc`mj`c dprutc ` gjhnd reh` gjtcrdr,ouh dr ij j`tremuocrcd dgidnctuguj gdtj` sdu èrhdrcd gjàvjstjo mj` pdrtcd

Dodmchjcj mc tjj`c. Mdt ijj`m rcarcsjd ardmudg d gjhnjj reh`c mj` tedtcmehc`jjgc vjcjj pungjoc, `dmhj`jstrdjc, `vh`t, mdr j ` Njscrjod, reh`d, odgjhn iuòje`dg, s-d hd`jicstdt medr ` vjdd oetjmjd`.42=Od dtdrc,d iest pesjnjgorjstdgjzdrcd u`cj gjhnj pepugdrc, std`mdrmjzdtc j èrhdtc. Gjhnd reh` mj`Ndsdrdnjd rh`c pc pdgjcrug jìcrjer dg gjhnjj vernjtc, j`tr`m dnjd mj` dùg 4:46,mup S`jrcd ou êh`jd, ` oe`tdot ou gjhnd cgcvdt.423

Rcrjedmd ` odrc Ndsdrdnjd d iuòje`dt od prevjòjc ruscdso d iest hdrodt,prj`trc dgtcgc, mc hemcr`jzdrcd jìrdstruoturjj, mc jèvdjj tcfègeajoc ` scoterugdardr j mc rcierhd ` dmhj`jstrdjc. Mdtcgc coeèhjoc j mcheardijoc j`mjo idptugo Ndsdrdnjd sc digd `tr-u` preocs mc mczvegtdrc, `s mcpdrtc mc hehc`tug u`cjj`mustrjdgjzrj jòjpjc`tc. Rc mc dgt pdrtc, docdst vrchc sc odrdotcrjzcdz prj`tr-emcidverjzdrc sjstchdtjo d pepugdjcj hegmevc`ctj ` sicrd cmuodtjv j `dmhj`jstrdjc, idpt odrc pedtc ij `cgcs hdj nj`c ` oe`tcxtug oehpe`c`cj rurdgc ddocstcj pepugdjj.

Dpdrc `s cvjmc`t j idptug o, dnjd ` ocd mc-d meud luhtdtc d scoeguguj dgVJV-gcd, s-d ierdt e àgendrc hdj prca`d`t d peperuguj hegmevcd` ` Jhpcrjugdrjst, prcouh j ` ougturd ruscdso. Docdst cvegujc dardvdt prjvcd, tetuj, ùmedr pepugdjd rehèie`, oj, hdj our`m, tedtc pepedrcgc `c-rusctj.

Rrchjsd pc`tru trd`shjtcrcd jmcjger prjvj`m jmc`tjtdtcd `dje`dg, prcouh jhcmjdtjzdrcd uùj mchcrs preardhdtjo otrc pungjoug gdra crdu, ` oe`tcxtugpreocscger mj` scoegug dg VJV-gcd, dpredpc j`cxjstc`tc ` Ndsdrdnjd. ^dtd rjmjodtmc d`dgidnctjsh ` r`mug pepugdjcj rehèie`c, odrc pedtc ij dtrjnujt ` prjhugr`m uùj sjstch cmuodje`dg prcodr mczvegtdt, `strj`drcd pepugdjcj mc preprjd cjNjscrjo, dguàdrcd gjhnjj reh`c mj` oegj, njscrjoj j dmhj`jstrdjc, mungdtc mcstruoturd prcmehj`d`t dardr mj` Ndsdrdnjd, doju`jgc rcstrjotjvc dgc duterjtjger

rusctj ` idd erjorer j`tc`jj `dje`dgjstc, du oe`stjtujt ndrjcrc jhpertd`tc, pc odrce cvc`tudg hjodrc `dje`dg hegmevc`cdso, rcspcotjv reh`cdso, mj` scoegug dgVJV-gcd j òcputug scoeguguj dg VV-gcd trcnujd s gc `vjà.

42=Oegcs`jo-Oemrcdòd, ep. ojt,p. >2.423Kgdus Fcjthd``, Gjhn j pegjtjo ` ^cpungjod Hegmevd, Ofjjù, Dro, 4::6, p. 16.


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ND_D^DNJD J@]C^NCGJOCYEGSJJ _EOJDGC JOSG]S^DGC

Dgcxd`mru-Hurdm HJÊ@EY

Dnstrdot> ycdrs ei tfc cxjstcòc ei Arcdtcr êhd`jd, tfc rcsjmc`ts ei dggprevjòcs wcrc mjssdtjsijcm wjtf tfc sjtudtje` j` tfcjr oeu`try, rcarcttjà tfc tjhcsncierc, wfc` tdxcs wcrc gewcr, wjtfeut rcdgjzjà tfdt j`lustjocs wcrc idr gdracr.

Kcywerms


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Jsterjeardijd reh`cdso d dvut u` stdrt nu` gd òcputug d`jger :2, mdrugtcrjer pdrc s ij dnd`me`dt tchd jsterjcj Ndsdrdnjcj. ]rdtdtug Jsterjd êh`jger,veg. dg YJJJ-gcd< êh`jd `trcajt (4:46-4:=2), pungjodt mc Dodmchjd êh` `>22?, ù mjicrc`jdz prevjòjjgc jsterjoc ` odmrug stdtuguj `dje`dg-u`jtdr, ` ojumdprczc`cj ger dtt mc prca`d`tc ` rcdgjtdtcd vrchjj. ^caju`cd mj`trc Rrut j @jstrusuicr mc docgdj trdtdhc`t.

Odrdotcrug oc`trdgjzdt dg stdtuguj reh`, ou prjgc guj nu`c j rcgc, idoc od mjs-tjòjd jsterjc ac`crdg/jsterjc geodg s ijc mjijojg mc pcrocput. Docdst sjtudjc `c-dengjadt s sch`dgh, pc ot pesjnjg, hehc`tcgc o`m Ndsdrdnjd s-d mjicrc`jdt mcrcstug rjj. Rrengchdtjzdrcd d iest oe`strujt per`j`m mc gd docst prjòjpju.

S` vdouuh dmhj`jstrdtjv j seojdg

Rcrjedmd j`tcrncgjo hdrofcdz j`tcardrcd Ndsdrdnjcj ` odmrug êh`jcjHdrj. Dijrhdjd ù cstc fdzdrmdt, docstd crd soepug mcogdrdt dg pegjtjojj reh`ctj,dtt gd `jvcg oc`trdg, ot j geodg. @u d cxjstdt e epezjjc erad`jzdt, pegjtjo sdu mcdgt `dtur, gd docst prejcot. D cxjstdt `s e `chuguhjrc surm d hugter odtcaerjjseojdg-coeèhjoc j d uèr arupurj ct`joc j pegjtjoc. Octc`jj êh`jcj Hdrj duiest `chuguhjj mc drd ` odrc trjdu. _c`tjhc`tug crd ac`crdg, mdr sc doutjzd `prevjòjjgc odrc sc dgturdscr Ycofjuguj ^cadt ` oursug dùguj 4:46.

Auvcrùg mc gd Nuourctj d rspu`s docster `chuguhjrj prj` prepdad`m`dje`dgjst, ou u` cicot ù ùhdj `mejcg`jo, mdr j ou oe`scoj`c dmcscerj `cad-tjvc. _jàurd pegjtjo pc odrc e dpgjod, ou ocgc hdj nu`c j`tc`jj mc dgticg, crd doccdd oc`trdgjshuguj. Jòdpdojtdtcd dmhj`jstrdtjv, oerupjd j cxocscgc mc tet icgug duhj`dt pdrjdg rczugtdtcgc hemcr`jzdtedrc.

ò mj` 4:46, sjstchug dmhj`jstrdtjv reh`cso d òcput s sc cxtj`m `Ndsdrdnjd, prj` ùhjrcd ` ocgc èu lumcc dgc prevjòjcj d uèr prcicoj, dgc orerdtrjnujj cxtj`sc crduocgc prdotjodtc ` Ycofjug ^cadt. ` docstcpesturj du iest ùhjjcxogusjv geodg`joj, mdr mjrcoterj mc prcicotur du iest rcorutdj mj` r`mug iuòje-`drjgermc odrjcr, `sroj`dj ou jhpgchc`tdrcd rcaugjger njreordtjoc reh`ctj4.

E prengch odrc d hdrodt epj`jd pungjo mj` cpeo du oe`stjtujt-e iuòje-`drjj `cndsdrdnc`j, trjhjj ` scrvjojug stdtuguj ` rcaju`c. @u cxjst stdtjstjoj odrc s`c ghurcdso dsuprd ùhruguj ocger vc`jj ` spcojdg mj` Ycofjug ^cadt, oehpd-rdtjv ou geodg`jojj. Cstc cvjmc`t `s o crdu hdj hugj mcot ocj pgcodj ` ocgcgdgtcprevjòjj èj, idpt odrc drc e cxpgjodjc iedrtc sjhpg< stdtug reh` d engjadt, gdòcputug d`jger >2, dàdldjj pungjoj rhdj mc gd stdtcgc strj`c s mcpu` u`

lurh`t mc orcmj` rcacguj êh`jcj, jdr ugtcrjer j-d cpurdt prj` j`tcrhcmjug uèrcxdhc`c mc gjhnd reh`. ` occd oc prjvctc Ndsdrdnjd, ojèv`jojj crdu `tr-epreperjc hdsjv ruj odrc ijc du prsjt auncr`jd ` 4:41, ijc du rciuzdt s mcpu`lurh`tug. Cxjac`d cxdhc`cger gjàvjstjoc d iest mcstug mc `mejcg`jo, dsticg ou` ogter strj` mj` cpeo, Ofdrgcs Spse` Ogdrk, hc`je`cdz o, ` duaust 4:>9,

4 _vctgd`d _uvcjo, J`tcardrcd dmhj`jstrdtjv d Ndsdrdnjcj ` êh`jd (4:46-4:>3), ` DùdrugJ`stjtutuguj mc Jsterjc j Drfcegeajc D.M. Vcèpeg mj` Jdj, teh VVVYJ, 4:::, p. 4?>.


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`jojuùg mj` dàdldjj Ojger Icrdtc êh`c mj` adrd ]jafj`d ù ouètcd gjhndreh` > . ` docgdj tjhp, ù cstc hdj puj` dmcvrdt o, ` u`cgc mehc`jj `vh`t, mc cxchpgu, ùhrug ocger vc`jj crd iedrtc hdrc, hetjvug pr`m s ijcehdlug oduzdt mc mczerad`jzdrcd iestcger tcrjterjj eoupdtc ` rznej, mdr jj`tcrcsug mcescnjt mcpus mc duterjtj ` prepdad`md prj` oedg?.

Rc mc dgt pdrtc, hugj iuòje`drjhdj hugj mcot ` dgtc prj dgc êh`jcj,mj` oduzd uùj oe`treg mjsojpgj`dr j`cijojc`t s-du mcmdt gd dotc rcprendnjgc, oehj-`m dnuzurj, oerupjd ijj`m ìgerjtedrc. ` u`cgc odzurj, Ndsdrdnjd d oe`stjtujt geougmc jspjrc d uèr pcmcpsc mjsojpgj`drc preù`dtc ` j`tcrjerug oerpuguj dmhj`jstrd-tjv, idpt odrc d mu`dt dtt cxcrojjuguj duterjtjj pungjoc, ot j prcstjajuguj rcprc-zc`td`jger docstcjd. Ndsdrdnjd ù d oe`stjtujt e cxocpjc `s. ` ac`crdg, putchdijrhd o njreordjd ugtrdoc`trdgjzdt d êh`jcj Hdrj d iest j`cijojc`t j oerupt.

]etuj, `tr-e guordrc rcoc`t, du iest pungjodtc dòfctcgc dmhj`jstrdtjvc d >?mc iuòje`drj supcrjerj mj` scrvjojjgc mc ermj`c pungjo, hdlerjtdtcd docsterd ijj`mdouzdj mc dnuz ` scrvjoju. Ocgc hdj hugtc mj`trc odzurj s-du mevcmjt `cdmcvrdtc=.Jugju Hd`ju, prjh-hj`jstru ` 4:>6-4:?2 j 4:?>-4:??, spu`cd, rcicrj`mu-sc cxdotgd docdst prengch, o du iest, mcsjaur, j edhc`j mc trcdn, mdr ocj rj duoehprehjs j pc ocj nu`j3.

_tdtug `dje`dg-u`jtdr d jaèrdt cxjstc`d prevjòjjger jsterjoc. Docstcd ùdvcdu `joje rcgcvd` dmhj`jstrdtjv j `joj urh mc duteèhjc. ` d`jj ?2, o`mNdsdrdnjd crd auvcr`dt jmc`tjo ou rcstug rjj, crd mjvjzdt dmhj`jstrdtjv ` èulumcc, gd r`mug ger hprjtc ` pgj (sunprcicoturj). òcro`m s dmdptczc erad-`jzdrcd tcrjterjdg gd rcdgjtdtcd rcaje`dg, mup j`tremuocrcd rcajhuguj mc duterjtdtcpcrse`dg, Odreg dg JJ-gcd d mjspus e rcierh, prj` odrc `s vcofjgc prevjòjj du iestmczhchnrdtc. Lumccgc Ndsdrdnjcj s-du rcasjt ` pdtru jùturj mcùhjrcd èjgerrcaju`j mjicrjtc, mj` odrc medr uùg crd cxogusjv pc tcrjterjug docstcjd (vczj tdncgug`r. 4). jùtug @jstru crd oehpus mj` pdtru lumcc, tetdgjz`m >> ?33 khp j4 ==9 ?:3 geoujterj. ^ccmj`d docstujd crd gd Ofjjù.

Repugdjd` 4:?2, êh`jd, odrc dvcd e suprdid mc >:3 2=: khp, crd geoujt mc

46 23> 6:9 pcrsed`c, mj` odrc Ndsdrdnjd dvcd > 69? =2:, rsp`mjj pc ocj == =>> khpdj sj. Od pepugdjc, docdstd crd d trcjd rcaju`c od hrjhc, mup Hu`tc`jd j]rd`sjgvd`jd, mc`sjtdtcd cj 9=,3 geoujterj/khp, ijj`m iedrtc dprepjdt mc hcmjd`dje`dg 94,>9.

>Ofdrgcs Spse` Ogdrk,Ncssdrdnjd. ûssjd d`m êhd`jd e` tfc Ngdok _cd, Memm, Hcdm & Oehpd`y,@cw Zerk, 4:>1, p. >:=.?Jrj`d Gjvczcdù, Ougtur j `dje`dgjsh ` êh`jd Hdrc, 4:46-4:?2, Fuhd`jtds, Nuourctj, 4::6,p. 4??.= Rdvcg Herdru, Gd fetdrug reh`cso dg Curepcj. Mj` jsterjd _jaurd cj Ac`crdgc ` Ndsdrdnjd,4:46-4:=2, J`stjtutug @dje`dg pc`tru _tumjug ]etdgjtdrjshuguj, Nuourctj, >226, p. 469 ->:>.3Durcg Kdrckj j Dmrjd` Rrjoep,Gdorjhd Ndsdrdnjcj, tjj`d, Ofjjù, 4::?, p. >39.9Còjogepcmjd êh`jcj, veg. J< _tdtug, Jhprjhcrjd @dje`dg, Nuourctj, 4:?9-4:?6, p. 4?=.


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Rreperjd mc geoujterj ` hcmjug rurdg crd mc 16,:% mj` tetdg, gd `jvcgug`trcajj êh`jj, Ndsdrdnjd dv`mhcmjd ocd hdj rjmjodt 61,4%, dsch`tedrcou doccd d u`cj dgtc rcaju`j iedrtc srdoc, Egtc`jd. Rrevjòjd mj` Cst ouprj`mcd 41mj`trc ocgc 41> erdc dgc rjj j 4 6=1 mc sdtc mj` 43 >24. Mcheardijj tjhpuguj ducxpgjodt gjpsd erdcger mj` Hegmevd mj`trc Rrut j @jstru dsticg< Docdst prevjòjcouèdtc `s u` icèhc` pdrtjougdr j dùhc prczc`d ircovc`t d uèr sdtc-traurj, ` odrc sc oeòc`trcdz, pc rcaju`j hdj hugt sdu hdj puj` `tj`sc, e vjdcoeèhjo mcstug mc j`tc`s, traurj odrc supgj`cso dsticg erdug preprju-zjs1 .]etuj, Ofjjùg, ou 441 249 geoujterj, crd dg mejgcd erd od hrjhc dg êh`jcj,mup Odpjtdgd oc mcpcd ou hugt luhtdtc mc hjgje` mc geoujterj.

Ndsdrdnjd crd e guhc d sdtcger, `tr-e êh`jc j`tcrncgjo sunmczvegtdt.rd`jj nc`cijojdscr mc rcierhd dardr, mdr docdstd ù gc hnu`tjsc prcd hugt

sedrtd. Ocroctterug hegmevcd` Je` urodù dijrh o mdt ijj`m oe`luòturdcoeèhjo j acepegjtjo d êh`jcj (j d Ndsdrdnjcj od pdrtc j`tcard`t d cj)mcidverdnjg cvegujcj èrhdgc d darjougturjj, rcierhd ù d putut, ` ugtjh j`std`,s oe`trjnujc sunstd`jdg, nd `joj hodr s `s`tecdso pdgpdnjg dthesicrd seojdgmc gd sdtc, `couh s oe`trjnujc gd dsd`drcd coeèhjo d jùtuguj j d rjj. [...XDgjhc`t`mu-sc mj` ruj`drcd hdrjj preprjctj j d getdjger `zcstrdj mc rcierh,docdst cvegujc muocd rdpjm sprc orcdrcd hjojger hejj sdu icrhc d otc 32 -422 fddgc uùj arup rcstr`s mc rd`j `strjj, dd-zjjj ofjdnurj, j d aespemrjjgerhjùsougc, ou otc meu-trcj fd, pregctdrc, digdtc ` pcrhd`c` ` prdaug ruj`rjj.Rremuotjvjtdtcd sozut d huòjj, orjzd coeèhjo he`mjdg j ijsodgjtdtcd zmrenj-tedrc d stdtuguj du oe`trjnujt hdsjv gd orctcrcd tc`sju`jj seojdgc ` hcmjug rurdg.Mcj crd e sjtudjc ac`crdg ` êh`jd cpeojj, guhcd r`cdso mehj``m duterjtdr

Ndsdrdnjd, djoj hjzcrjd sc dmòcd< èu mj` zcoc aespemrjj r`ctj trjdu sungjhjtd srojcj. S` preoc`t vdrjj`m `trc 14 j :?% mj` tetdgug ofcgtujcgjger aespe-mrjjger r`ctj crd utjgjzdt cxogusjv pc`tru dsjaurdrcd frd`cj. Huòd cxtcùd`t jprest pgtjt, srojd cxtrch, geouj cgc j`sdgunrc j gjpsd dpredpc oehpgct ddsjstc`cj hcmjodgc du preveodt e rdt rjmjodt d hernjmjtjj, rcmuo`m hdsjvspcrd`d mc vjd. Ndsdrdnjd hdj mcj`cd j trjstug rcoerm mc d dvcd j ocd hdj rjmjodthertdgjtdtc jìd`tjg mj` êh`jd hdj hugt mcot mungug hcmjcj `dje`dgc6. _churcd mc negj dgc sunmczvegtrjj< hdgdrjc, tuncrougez, pcgdar, trdfeh:.

Ocgc otcvd erdc (` lumccgc _ereod j Octdtcd-Dgnù cxjstd `jojuùg, oucxocpjd rccmj`cj dmhj`jstrdtjvc) sc mczvegtdscr `dj`tc mc 4:46 mj` rdju`j hdjour`m njreordtjoc. ` oc`trug uùj erd ndsdrdncd` tjpjo sc ascdu odtcmrdgd, prc-icoturd, trjnu`dgug, prjhrjd, ofcsturd pegjjcj, gjocug cto. ` ac`crdg, rccmj`cgc mc

lumc crdu cgcotrjijodtc. @u cxjstd od`dgjzdrc sdu dsidgt mcot ` Ofjjù. Dspcotugerdcger crd ruscso, ofjdr j ` d`jj ?2. Ocg hdj dmcscd, gjhnd vernjt crd dgtd mcot

1Jnjmch, p. 4?9.6Gd r`mug su, êh`jd Hdrc dvcd, ` 4:??, ocd hdj hdrc hertdgjtdtc jìd`tjg mj` Curepd< 41,= (`rcdgjtdtc, oehpdrdjd d iest iout ou dgtc >> rj curepc`c, gd odrc s-d dmuadt Ldpe`jd; S.^._._.,Dgnd`jd sdu Rertuadgjd, mc cxchpgu, gjpscso mj` gjst jnjmch, p. 43:.:Je` urodù,^cgdjj dardrc mj` Ndsdrdnjd ` d`jj 4:46-4:=2. S`jvcrsjtds Ofjjù, p. >29->21.


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reh`d, ` spcojdg rusd. Mdo `-dr cxjstd drhdtd, ld`mdrhcrjd j pegjjd reh`c,erjoj`c dr orcmc o sc dig ` ûsjd, sorjd dods mj` Ofjjù zjdrjstug cgvcjd`Qdgtcr Nefrfdrmt, digdt ` vjzjt ` 4:?:42. Mc dgticg, erdcgc mj` prevjòjjgc dgjpjtc` 4:46 crdu e ze` prcmjgcot d hjèrjtjger, idpt odrc d oe`tdt hugt ` mcij`jjdjmc`tjtdr d `dju`jj reh`c mrcpt u` peper mc rd`j. Erdcgc j geoujterjj ger crduprj` urhdrc rcdgjtj suspcotc j strj`c44.

` 4:?2, ` Ndsdrdnjd hdlerjtdtcd geoujterjger e oe`stjtujdu reh`jj(rehèie`j), doctjd rcprczc`t`m 39,>% mj` tetdgug geodg`jojger (vczj tdncgug `r. >).Mup ouh sc vcmc, mcj cstc e hdlerjtdtc dnsegut, docdstd cstc mcpdrtc mc d md uòdrdotcr heèct`jo rcaju`jj, prcouh ` Egtc`jd, u`mc reh`jj crdu :1,3%!

Stjgjzdrcd gjhnjj rusc d rhds gdra rsp`mjt ` Ndsdrdnjd, mdr dtddhc`tugid mc docdstd d sozut pc hsur oc oedgd reh`cdso d iout prearcsc. _prc

mcescnjrc mc ocdgdgt ougtur hjèrjtdr putcr`jo mj` êh`jd Hdrc hdafjdrd,ougturd rus ù d dvut `joj rcsurscgc, `joj odpdojtdtcd mc d sc hc`j`c, pc`tru ohugj mj`trc ocj odrc j dpdrj`cdu ù dvcdu j gcatur ct`jo mjrcot. Dsticg,rusjijodrcd uèr arupurj ct`joc sdu seojdgc d iest `geoujt ou reh`jzdrcd. Rc`truo ` Ndsdrdnjd trjdu ùhcrejhjèrjtdrj ` hcmjug rurdg, odrc crdu vjrtudghc`tcd`dgidncj ` 4:41, docdst pegjtjo cxcrojtdt prj` j`tcrhcmjug oegjj d `rcajstrdtsuoocsc, hugt hdj vjzjnjgc ` odmrug struoturjj rurdgc prcmehj`d`t geodgc, sprcmcescnjrc mc ocgcgdgtc prevjòjj4>.

Sgtjhcgc mdtc dprexjhdtjvc, `dj`tc mc ocmdrcd Ndsdrdnjcj ` 4:=2, cstjhdu epepugdrc d prevjòjcj mc ? 293 >3: geoujterj, dmjo 43,:1% mj` octc`jj êh`jcj4?.

Hjèrjtjgc

Hjèrjtjgc ierhdu e pdrtc oe`sjstc`t d pepugdjcj mc gd rsrjt mc Rrut pcstc =2%. Mcj ct`jo mjicrjtc, gc u`cd mehj`djd dsuprd erdcger j rusjijodrcd.Iestcgc cgjtc ruseie`c s-du asjt ` sjtudjd u`cj dgcacrj jhpesjnjgc. Mctcstduêh`jd, mdr sc tchcdu mc oehu`jsh, pstr`m dsticg e stdrc mc epezjjc pdsjv4=.S` dac`t nrjtd`jo, prjùg rus Rdvcg Megaerukev, pepescd pc`tru sourt tjhp, `4:>9, gd idhjgjj dgc iestcj ènjgjhj mj` Ofjjù, pc odrc gc-d cveodt ` `sch`rjgcsdgc mc ogterjc ` r`murj pgj`c mc èstdgajc. Megaerukev mcsorjd pegjtjod ger [dreh`jgerX hjedp, `dje`dgjst, ou [mcXrusjijodrcd, od j ` Rege`jd, prj` odrcstdtug reh` j dgjc`d hjèrjtjgc, gjpsj`mu-gc mc sc`tjhc`tug mc pdtrjc j jaèr`mou tetug pesjnjgjtdtcd dtrdacrjj mc pdrtcd oduzcj êh`jcj d ocger odrc mctcstdupreiu`m rcajhug sevjctjo43.

42 Drfjvcgc @dje`dgc Jsterjoc Oc`trdgc (hdj mcpdrtc, D@JO), Ie`mug J`spcoterdtug Ac`crdg dgLd`mdrhcrjcj (hdj mcpdrtc, JAL), mesdr `r. 3/4:?:, i. =>:.44Jrj`d Gjvczcdù, ep. ojt., p. ?3?.4>Jnjmch.4?Còjogepcmjd êh`jcj, veg. J, p. 492.4=Ofdrgcs Spse` Ogdrk, ep. ojt., p. >4:->>2.43 D@JO, Ie`mug Mjrcoju`cd Ac`crdg d Regjjcj (hdj mcpdrtc, MAR), mesdrug `r. 91/4:>1, i. = -?3.Yczj j Dgcxd`mru-Hurdm Hjreèv, S` prj` ` drd _evjctcger< hjsju`cd guj Rdvcg Megaerukev `S.^._._., 4:>9, ` Drfjvcgc ]etdgjtdrjshuguj, `r. 3=-33 (4->/>221), p. 4==-41?.


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Oeìgjotug mj` j`tcrjerug iestcj hjèrjtj jhpcrjdgc d dùgdt docstcjdrcgcvd`d ` odmrug prevjòjcj. Hjèrjtdtcd ocd hdj jhpertd`t, prj` hemug ` odrc diest pcrocput, du oe`stjtujt-e cvrcjj. Ir d ij ` ùhr cxdacrdt mc hdrc medrocvd hdj puj` mcot rujj j rcgdtjv cadg ou ocd mj` Hegmevd mc Ycst, mdrjìcrjedr ocgcj mj` Nuoevj`d , cvrcjj crdu mcstug mc ùhcrej ` hcmjug urnd` u` pjo hdj hugj mcot u` sicrt mj` geoujterjj erdcger, cj ijj`m, mup reh`j, ocdhdj oeòc`trdt pepugdjc urnd` mj` dr49. Mehj`du `s duterjtdr oehcrug dtt` hcmjug urnd`, ot j ` prevjòjc ` ac`crdgu`cgc ojirc j`mjo ofjdr u` preoc`tmc 6=% mj` tetdgug `trcprj`mcrjger oehcrojdgc ndsdrdnc`c41, prcouh j preicsju`jgcgjncrc, mc cxchpgu hcmjoj`d. Mc dschc`cd, hdlerjtdtcd jhenjgcger urnd`c `Ndsdrdnjd gc dpdrj`cdu. ]etuj, j``m oe`t mc prcmehj`d`d darjougturjj `coeèhjd rcaju`jj j o ` hcmjug rurdg jsrdcgjjj prdotjo gjpscdu, putch dijrhd ohdrjgc didocrj ù gc dpdrj`cdu. Od j rcstug geoujterjger, ocj hdj hugj cvrcjndsdrdnc`j crdu srdoj46.

Rrczc`d docstcj hjèrjtj d preveodt ocg hdj ardv d`tjschjtjsh geodg mj`êh`jd Hdrc, u`mc cxtrchd mrcdpt d iest mcescnjt mc dotjv j pc`tru oNdsdrdnjd dvcd e trdmjjc, d`tjschjjj geodgj mj` pcrjedmd j`tcrncgjo rcvc`mjo`mu-scmc gd erad`jzdjd ruscdso d _utcger @carc4:. ]etuj pearehurjgc odrc jznuo`cdupcrjemjo ` erdc, pc vrchcd mehj`djcj rusctj, du mjsprut ` hehc tug u`jrjj ouêh`jd. J`trdrcd drhdtcj reh`c ` Ndsdrdnjd d icrjt prevjòjd mc dsdsj`dtcgc `hds hpetrjvd cvrcjger, prdotjodtc ` tjhpug rznejuguj ojvjg ` Sordj`d òe`scoj`d orerd vdgurj mc rciuajdj cvrcj du trcout @jstrug, gd òcputug d`jger >2.Of. Spse` Ogdrk dprcojd o, `trc 4:46 j 4:>9, erdug Ngj j mungdsc pepugdjd

cvrcjdso j o docdstd crd rcouèsotedrc stdtuguj reh`>2

.Mcj `cmcogdrdt, dmhj`jstrdjd reh`cdso crd `s preiu`m d`tjschjt .

]cerctjo, gcajgc stdtuguj dprdu tedtc hjèrjtjgc mc erjoc icg, `s erad`cgc geodgcmc ermj`c pungjo dijrhdu odtcaerjo ` rdpedrtcgc otrc duterjtjgc oc`trdgc o cvrcjjcrdu oehu`jtj, jdr o hjèrjtjgc crdu `csjaurc>4.

^corumcsoc`d cxtrchcj mrcptc, prcouh j `dje`dgjshug preicsdt mc tedtcpdrtjmcgc pegjtjoc du jhprjhdt dotuguj mc auvcr`drc e tegcrd` rjmjodt gd doju`jgcd`tjschjtc oehjsc mc cxtrchjtj. Dsticg, ` pcrjedmd j`tcrncgjo, Ndsdrdnjd d iestsoc`d d ùhcredsc vjegc`c d`tjschjtc, u`cerj jaèrdtc mc pegjjc j ld`mdrhcrjc,mdr docdst sjtudjc ù pedtc ij `s ac`crdgjzdt. ` idpt, duterjtjgc du rcujt sdpcrc gj`jtcd pungjo. ` sofchd pcrjoegcger gd dmrcsd sjaurd`cj stdtuguj, erad`cgcmc ermj`c jmc`tjijodu trcj cgchc`tc hdlerc< oehu`jshug, jrcmc`tjshug j cxtrchd

49Còjogepcmjd êh`jcj, veg. J, p. 432.41@joegdc Còju,Ndsdrdnjd ` d`jj 4:46-4:=2< cvegujc mcheardijo j coeèhjo, Ojvjtds, Ofjjù,4::6, p. 11.46Jrj`d Gjvczcdù, ep. ojt., p. 434.4:Yjerjod @joegcòe,Cxtrchd mrcdpt ` Ndsdrdnjd (4:>?-4:=2), Ojvjtds, Ofjjù, 4:::, p. ==.>2Of.S. Ogdrk, ep. ojt., p. >=.>4D@JO, JAL, mesdr `r. 3/4:?:, i. ?


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mrcdpt>>

. ` Ndsdrdnjd d`jger ?2, _jaurd`d _tdtuguj j-d oeòc`trdt hdj hugtdtc`jd pc cxtrchd mrcdpt>?.

E tc`mj` hdj preù`dt sprc stàd sc pedtc enscrvd ` hcmjug urnd` cxpgjodt ù `cdprdt prj` sjhpdtjjgc pc`tru oehu`jtj, oj hdj dgcs prj` susj`crcdid mc Rdrtjmug @dje`dg-r`cso, sjàurug odrc pgcmd pc`tru duteèhjd geodg jrciuzd scarcadjd ct`jo. ` hcmjug rurdg `s sjtudjd crd rdmjodg mjicrjt. Mc djoj,cxtrchd mrcdpt j rcorutd hdsjv dac`jj.

` aceardijd jsterjo d cxtrchcj mrcptc reh`ctj, Ndsdrdnjd d iest ijciugcgcoterdg dg Gjajj Dprrjj @dje`dg-Orctj`c oe`mus j`jjdg mc preicserugu`jvcrsjtdr jccd` D.O. Ouzd, jdr mup trd`sierhdrcd ` Rdrtjmug @dje`dg-Orctj`mc otrc pectug Eotdvjd` Aead (vczj tdncgug `r. ?). ` lumcug Ngj, mc cxchpgu,rczugtdtcgc cgcoterdgc dgc Gjajj Dprrjj @dje`dg-Orctj`c du iest prj`trc ocgc hdj

rjmjodtc mj` dr< 4:?> ?1,66%, 4:?1 ?6,42%>=. j Adrmd mc Ijcr d iest dotjv;suoocsug docstcj hjorj vjegc`tc s-d mdterdt `s cxogusjv putcr`jouguj hcsdld`tjschjt pc odrc g trd`shjtcd. J`tcrcsd`t cstc o dpcgug ù crd iout gd sc`tjhc`tcgc`dje`dgc dgc rd`jger geodgj, oj gd j`tcrcsug hdtcrjdg< cxtrchd mrcdpt prehjtcdhprjrcd dvcrjger cvrcjger>3. Hdj our`m docst dtdo gd dmrcsd stdtutuguj lurjmjo dgpreprjctjj d dtrds rcdojd sjstchuguj pegjjc`cso, odrc d odgjijodt dotjvjtdtcd aru-prjger pegjtjoc d`tjschjtc mj` Ndsdrdnjd mrcpt ocg hdj ardv pcrjoeg gd dmrcsdsjaurd`cj stdtuguj ` prevjòjc>9.

`gturdrcd mc gd putcrc d auvcrùguj `dje`dg-orctj` mc sourt murdt(mcochnrjc 4:?1-icnrudrjc 4:?6), iedrtc pepugdr ` Ndsdrdnjd, mc otrc rcacgc Odregdg JJ-gcd, d dgjc`dt e mdt ` pgus epj`jd pungjo geodg.

Rc gà ruj j cvrcj, ` rcaju`cd mj`trc Rrut j @jstru hdj trjdu j dgtchjèrjtj `dje`dgc, prcouh acrhd`jj, nugadrjj j aauzjj.

Dgturj mc cvrcj, acrhd`jj du iest sjàurd hjèrjtdtc odrc putcd ij asjt `tedtc èjgc prevjòjj. Mj` tetdgug pepugdjcj êh`jcj, hjèrjtdtcd acrhd` rcprc-zc`td puj` pcstc =%. Acrhd`jj mj` _umug Ndsdrdnjcj geoujdu ` dczrj oehpdotc` lumcug Octdtcd-Dgn, ]drutjè ijj`m ocd hdj jhpertd`t mj`trc geodgjtjgc ger.Occd oc j mcescncd ` hem csc`jdg mc ocgcgdgtc oehu`jtj mc doccdj gjhn crdodrdotcrug rurdg dg geoujrjj ger>1. ]rjdu `s oehpgct jzegdj ` sdtcgc ger. Rc`tru d`jj>2 pdrc s ijc vdgdnjg dijrhdjd oeìerh orcjd sjhpdtjzdu èug rcajh `dje`dg,oudtt hdj hugt ou ot, gd òcputug prjhuguj rznej he`mjdg, mcvc`jscr enjcotug dùhcredsc jod`c mj` pdrtcd auvcrùguj rus>6. ` d`jj tugnurj dj rcvegujcj, dsjstdscrdotjv drhdtd j dmhj`jstrdjd êh`jcj ` suprjhdrcd oehu`jtjger.

>>Jnjmch, MAR, mesdr `r. 44/4:?>, veg. J, i. =3-=6.>?Jnjmch, 43/4:?6, i. >>=.>=Yjerjod @joegcòe, ep. ojt., p. 33 j 12.>3D@JO, MAR, mesdr `r. 3/4:?9, i. 3.>9Jnjmch, JAL, 41/4:?3, i. >12.>1Còjogepcmjd êh`jcj, veg. J, p. 432.>6Chhdùcg mc Hdrte``c, Ofescs vucs c` Ncssdrdnjc, Jhprjhcrjc mcs Drts ct mcs _perts Rdrjs, 4:4:,p. >2->?.


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Rrengchcgc du òcput emdt ou rcierhd dardr. Oehu`jtjgc acrhd`c duiest oe`sjmcrdtc hdrj preprjctdrj j gj s-du gudt dprexjhdtjv =2 222 fd. Mj` 4:>3, òegjgc ger gjhnd reh` d mcvc`jt engjadterjc, od j rcorutdrcd ` drhdt, mc odrciuscscr soutjj ` tjhpug mehj`djcj Hesoevcj. Mcsoepcrjrcd gcaturjger ou acr-hd`jj mj` ]rd`sjgvd`jd j Nuoevj`d d iest prjhd nrc ` cxogusjvjshug ger geodgu`mc dptru`s trcptdt hjod j`mustrjdgjzdrc, jdr hdj trzju `dzjshug>:.

Gd sirjtug d`jger ?2, jìguc`d jmcegeajcj `dje`dg-seojdgjstc d iest oe`sjmc-rdt mc duterjtjgc reh`c mrcpt u` pcrjoeg, jdr pcrocpjd dsuprd docstcj hjèrjtjvzut od gejdg êh`jcj s-d sofjhndt rdmjodg. `trc pcrjoegcgc oc dhc`j`duermj`cd pungjo ` Ndsdrdnjd dùguj 4:=2 sc rcascso 4363 fjtgcrjtj, dgturj mcoehu`jtj, gcaje`drj, jrcmc`tjtj, tej jìcrjerj od ùhr prjhjger?2.

Nugadrjj sc ascdu tet ` sumug prevjòjcj, ` Nuacdo, ijj`m hdj ùhcrejmcot acrhd`jj. J`jjdg, od j aauzjj, du iest rctjoc`j id mc jmccd u`jrjj?4, mdr,ugtcrjer, `cijj`m jrcmc`tjtj, prcouh ocj mj` Menreacd, s-du j`tcardt oehpgct?>.

E hjèrjtdtc spcojdgpc`tru o crd strjot geodg du oe`stjtujt-e aauzjj.Iedrtc rctrdj j rctjoc`j gd erjoc sofjhndrc, du iest j`mjicrc`j gd cvc`jhc`tc, od jgd jìguc`d reh`. ` ocj >> mc d`j mc rcajh reh`cso du rcujt s trjhjt mejmcputdj ` pdrgdhc`tug mc gd Nuourctj??.

`vh`tugMj`trc tedtc prevjòjjgc reh`ctj, Ndsdrdnjd d iest ocd hdj `dpejdt mj`

puòtug mc vcmcrc dg tjj`cj mc odrtc. O`m rcajhug ruscso s-d òfcjdt, ocg hugt u`geoujter mj` ojòj tjd s sorjc, jdr docdstd ` gjhnd rus. Iru`tdug u`je`jst tcid`

Ojendù mjrcoter pc`tru `vh`t ` auvcrùg geodg ` 4:46 dvcd e epj`jccxtrch< Mdo j`ch scdh mc idptug o rujj oe`sjmcrdu od tjj`m s ojtcdso pcdocgd odrc tjd s sc sch`czc, sc pedtc spu`c o oedgd ruscdso mj` Ndsdrdnjd ` -dluodt `joju` reg ` vjdd pepugdjcj geodgc j o dutefte`jj prevjòjcj crdu oehpgctd`dgidncj?=.

Rrdotjo, ` occd oc prjvcd ougturd hdlerjtjj pepugdjcj, mj` oduzd stdtutugujjìcrjer dg gjhnjj reh`c ` iestd auncr`jc, ù cxjstd, ` 4:46, hdj `jhjo. Srh`mhemcgug irdòcz dg ^cpungjojj d JJJ-d, odrc d iout mj` oedg ocd hdj `sch`dt drhmc jhpu`crc d stdtuguj, mdr j pc`tru o crd ocd hdj sjhpg ierh mc j`tcardrc,auvcrùg mc gd Nuourctj d j`sjstdt hdj hugt mcot ` erjodrc dgt mehc`ju pc cmuodjc.

>: Dgircm Odhhd`, Yeh Yegkstuh mcr Mcutsofc` dus Ncssdrdnjc`, Mcr Attjàcr Drncjtskrcjs,_ofrjitc`rcjfc, Fcit 99, Fegz`cr-Ycrgda, Qrznura/Hdj`, i.d., p. 4?-4=.?2D@JO, JAL, mesdr `r. 39/4:=2, pdssjh.?4Afcerafc J. Nrtjdù,Ndsdrdnjd. Mrcpturj dje`dgc j jsterjoc, Cmjturd _ch`c, Nuourctj, 4::3, p. 39.?>M.@. Hjòcv,Nugadrjj mj` Ndsdrdnjd mc _um, i.c., Oe`std`d, 4:?6, p. =9-=1.??D`dteg Horj, Aauzjj mj` Ndsdrdnjd ` trcout j ` prczc`t, Cmjturd Dacrprcss ]ype Nuourctj,>22?, p. =?.?=tcid` Ojendù, Ndsdrdnjd pepugdjd, jsterjd, ougturd, Cmjturd Ogje-tjj`d, Nuourctj-Ofjjù,4::>, p. 13.


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Rrjhd hsur gudt, ò mc duteèhjtjj geodgj, d iest hegmevc`jzdrcdhdlerjtjj oegjger. Ouh docstcd ù crdu prcd hugtc, ù d iest mjijojg. J`stdgdrcddmhj`jstrdjcj reh`ctj d preveodt j sesjrcd ` hdrc ùhr d oerpuguj mjmdotjohdj dgcs mj` Ycofjug ^cadt, idpt cxpgjodnjg j prj` gjpsd ouèdtcrjj gjhnjj reh`cgjtcrdrc mc otrc pcmdaeajj geodgj. Hugj mj`trc èjj-vc`jj crdu d`jhdj mc u`putcr`jo jmcdgjsh j crdu purtterjj uèr oehpctc`c preicsje`dgc mc cxocpjc. Edgt hsur d oe`stdt ` henjgjzdrcd pc geo d `vterjger oeòc`trdj ` drhdt.Doctjd crdu trjhjj s sdtjsido scrvjojug hjgjtdr gd odtcmr, hdj dgcs ` sdtcgcndsdrdnc`c. Mc dgticg, ofjdr j ugtcrjer, drhdtd d rhds u` putcr`jo vcfjoug mcprepdad`m?3.

E prengch jhpertd`t d oe`stjtujt-e dmeptdrcd ardijcj gdtj`c j doehemdrcdou jmccd gjhnjj reh`c u`jtdrc. _un jìguc`d drmcgc`jger, mdr j prj` fetrrcd

nruso d gjmcrjger u`je`jtj, cgjtcgc j`tcgcotudgc du doocptdt, mcj ou hugt rctjoc`,s rcù`c gd dgidnctug ofjrjgjo j s j mcùhcdso gjhnd hdtcr`hegmevc`cdso gjhnd reh`. Du iest mj`trc puj`cgc hsurj mc suoocs. Gdsirjtug d`jger ?2, ocgc meu crdu nj`c j`stdgdtc ` uzug pungjo. Gjhnd rus doe`tjùdt s ledoc u` reg iedrtc jhpertd`t ` oehu`jodrcd j`tcrpcrse`dg, mdr ù òedg, dmhj`jstrdjc cto.

Duterjtjgc reh`c s-du jhpgjodt putcr`jo< du erad`jzdt oursurj mc pcrico-je`drc d oerpuguj mjmdotjo, du cmjtdt j mjstrjnujt ardtujt orj . Rrjòjpjug ie`md-teruguj `vh`tuguj pungjo mj` Ycofjug ^cadt, _pjru Fdrct, `joju` sdt iroedgd iest dpgjodt j djoj. Ir d cxjstd stdtjstjoj rcgcvd`tc ` docst odz, putchspu`c o jìrdstruoturd cmuodje`dg mc ndz d Ndsdrdnjcj d iest orcdt ` pcrjedmddmhj`jstrdjcj reh`ctj. ]edtc geodgjtjgc du prjhjt u` god mc `vh`t, jdr `tedtc erdcgc (u`cerj j ` oehu`c, idpt `chdj`tg`jt ` rcstug rjj) s-du ìjj`dtgjocc.

Rcrse`dgug d iest oegjt, mdr, gd hjlgeoug d`jger >2, tej ocj odrc ù ouètcdureh`d du iest cxoguj mc gd odtcmr. ]et dtuòj s-d preocmdt j gd reh`jzdrcdhugter oegj dpdrj``m hjèrjtjger `dje`dgc, hugtc mj`trc docstcd ijj`m mcs-ijj`dtc sdu `cij`d`dtc. E odrdotcrjstjo geodg d iest mczvegtdrcd `vh`tugujpdrtjougdr ` gjhnjgc hjèrjtjger.

_tdtjstjojgc prjvj`m tjj`d mc odrtc drdt iedrtc ogdr o Ndsdrdnjd oe`tjùd srh`, ` 4:?2, prevjòjd ou ocj hdj hugj d`dgidncj mj` êh`jd< ?6,4% tjuterjmc odrtc, id mc hcmjd `dje`dg mc 33,6%. ]etuj, ojircgc j`mjo idptug o djoj sciousc j ocg hdj hdrc ciert, dmhj`jstrdjd reh`cdso rcuj`m s mungczc ojird

tjuterjger mc odrtc, guoru u`jo `trc tedtc rcaju`jgc êh`jcj. D`dgidnctjshug pcacùrj (scxc) dprepjd mj` èu rcaju`cd mc Egtc`jd, prj` ùhrug ichcjger tjutedrcmc odrtc sjàurcgc tcrjterjj ou preoc`tc sun ?2%?9.

` 4:>9, gd Ofjjù d iest ìjj`dt e idougtdtc mc tcegeajc, jdr ` 4:?? eidougtdtc mc dareèhjc, dhncgc scojj dgc S`jvcrsjtjj mj` Jdj, docstcd ijj`m

?3Jrj`d Gjvczcdù, ep. ojt., p. 4?4.?9Còjogepcmjd êh`jcj, veg. J, p. 4=?.


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prjhcgc spdjj dgc `vh`tuguj supcrjer orcdtc vrcemdt ` Ndsdrdnjd. Mup ouhsc vcmc, cgc rspu`mcdu uèr ocrj`c geodgc. ` d`jj mc hdxjh j`tc`sjtdtc d cxtrc-hjshuguj, ocgc meu oegj du mcvc`jt ieodrc dgc mrcptcj. Gd Idougtdtcd mc ]cegeajcmj` Ofjjù du prcmdt preicserj oe`trevcrsdj, prcouh jmcegeaug gcaje`dr @jofjierOrdj`jo j oehu`jstug Rctrc Oe`std`tj`csou-Jdj, drcstdt j oe`mdh`dt pc`truspje`dl ` 4:?3, mdr j sorjjterug Adgd Adgdotje`. ` odpjtdgd prevjòjcj hdjiuòje`d j u` oe`scrvdter mc drt j huzjo.

` ac`crdg, sc pedtc vernj mcsprc e ìgerjrc ougturdg gd sirjtug d`jger ?2,gd Ofjjù s-d ie`mdt _eojctdtcd _orjjterjger ndsdrdnc`j, ` doerm ou mczvegtdrcdvjcjj ougturdgc mj` êh`jd.

Ougturd, prcsd j ougtcgc

_tdtug j mjicrjtc dseojdjj du oe`tjùdt prepdad`md prj` ìjj`drcd mc njngje-tcoj pungjoc j ohj`c ougturdgc, prcouh j erad`jzdrcd mc oeìcrj`c. _-d rchdrodtdotjvjtdtcd Dstrcj Ndsdrdnc`c, odrc d dpgjodt vcofjgc hctemc mc prepdadrc d jmcjj`dje`dgc, vcrjijodtc ` iestug Drmcdg dustre-uàdr.

Erad`cgc mc sjaurd`, ` oegdnerdrc ou ocgc oegdrc, du cpurdt rcaju`cd mcùhcredscgc njngjetcoj hdj dgcs ` gjhnd rus, mdr j ` acrhd` j jmj (ojrod 422).Ocgc hdj gevjtc du iest j`stjtujjgc rusctj j cvrcjctj, odrc du iest ` ocd hdj hdrcpdrtc mcsijj`dtc, jdr orjgc ger drsc, sun prctcxtug prepdad`mcj oehu`jstc?1.

Rrjhug tcdtru ` gjhnd reh` d òcput s iuòje`czc ` 4:>2 j s-dtrd`sierhdt ` ]cdtrug @dje`dg mj` Ofjjù ` 4:>9, dj oruj mjrcoterj, mc-d guàugtjhpuguj, du iest pcrse`dgjtj jhpertd`tc dgc ougturjj reh`c. ` tjhpug orjzcjcoeèhjoc d trcout prj` hehc`tc arcgc, ijj`m dhc`j`dt ou mcsijj`drcd, pc`trusdgvdrcd guj dmept`mu-sc e segujc u`jo ` sjstchug tcdtrcger mcstdt mj` êh`jd oeòcsje`drcd otrc u` pdrtjougdr.

_uoocsug tcdtruguj reh`cso d iest uùg `mejcg`jo, pungjoug prcicr`m vjzjnjgùhcredscgc trupc pdrtjougdrc, d orer gjhn uzudg crd rusd?6. ^cpcrterjug oj`chd-teardicger mj` Ndsdrdnjd ouprj`mcd ùhcredsc ijghc rusctj sdu ou sunjcotc rusctj,premusc ` Eoojmc`t (hdj dgcs gd Ncrgj`), ocgc mc premuojc sevjctjo ijj`m oehpgctj`tcrzjsc mc oc`zur pc tcrjterjug prevjòjcj?:.

` Ndsdrdnjd cxjstdu hdj hugtc odtcaerjj mc erad`c mc prcs gd odrc pungjougdvcd doocs. Crd prcsd oc`trdg mj` Nuourctj, odrc `s ù rspu`mcd `tru tetugj`tcrcsuguj geodg`jojger. E dgt odtcaerjc e oe`stjtujd prcsd geodg, jdr dgtd ocd `gjhnjgc hjèrjtjger `dje`dgc. Dpdrjjd ger crd `s strjot oe`tregdt mc _crvjojug

Oc`zurjj hjgjtdrc dg Oehd`mdhc`tuguj Oerpuguj JJJ Drhdt mj` Ofjjù, `truotprevjòjd sc ascd ` stdrc mc dscmju.Rrcsd ` gjhnd reh` crd rcprczc`tdt mc iedrtc jìguc`tc rcvjstc hdj dgcs

ougturdgc, mj`trc odrc sc mctdcdz Yjdd Ndsdrdnjcj, oe`mus mc Rd`tcgjhe`

?1D@JO, MAR, mesdr `r. >31/4:?1, i. >-:.?6Jnjmch, mesdrug `r. >2=/4:>:, i. 3.?:Jnjmch, JAL, mesdrug `r. 14/4:?:, i. 496.


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Fdgjppd. Cxjstdu e hugtjtumj`c mc rcvjstc gjtcrdrc, cmuodtjv-pcmdaeajoc, jsterjoc cto.Rrcsd rcgjajeds u`d mj`trc ocgc hdj vdrjdtc mj` dr crd preiu`m pdtrjetjo jputcr`jo hjsje`dr=2.

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Studii Si Articole de Istorie LXXIX 2012

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