Scintillating crystals for new frontier physics · Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016 Ioan Dafinei INFN Sezione...
Transcript of Scintillating crystals for new frontier physics · Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016 Ioan Dafinei INFN Sezione...
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
Scintillating crystalsfor new frontier physics
I. Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma
ITALY
Disapora si prietenii săi 2016
25 – 28 April 2016 Timişoara, Romania
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
scurtă istorie a peregrinărilor mele
în loc de prefață
Disapora si prietenii săi 2016
25 – 28 April 2016 Timişoara, Romania
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
la început a fost IFTM
Institutul National de
Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru
Fizica Materialelor (INCDFM)acum:
• growth of large crystals (Φ = 20mm) for infrared optical components• growth of crystals of Bi12GeO20 and Bi12SiO20components for SAW (Surface Acoustic Waves)• preparation of transparent objects for infrared optics using the Hot Pressing technique• design and implementation of an installation for the growth of crystals in controlled atmosphere• preparation of monochromator crystals (LiF) for X-ray spectrofluorimeters• growth of Bi4Ge3O12 crystals for scintillator application• growth of Bi12(Si,Ti,Ge)O20 crystals for applications in holography• study of the electrical and optical properties of the grown crystals (formation and properties of colloids of Cu in the crystals KCl, NaCl and KBr, measures of ionic conductivity in alkali halide crystals, measurements of elastic constants in piezoelectric crystals, etc.).• study of cross-sensitivity to CO and CO2 in gas analyzers• thickness measurement of molten copper containers
Laboratorul Cristale Optice si Piezoelectrice
condus de Dr. Vladimir Țopa†atunci:
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
a urmat apoi CMS
contribuții în toate fazele :
1992-1996 R&D
1996-2007 construcție
2007-2009 punere in funcțiune 2010 - survey&upgrade
peste 100 articole,
comunicări, rapoarte
interne CMS, etc
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
câteva detaliiRegional Centre
ECAL-CMS
Italy
capacitate atinsă în faza finală:
50 cristale/zi(adică 50 subunități, 5 submodule, etc.)
ECAL Barrel-61 200 cristale-61 200 capsule APD-6120 alveole-6120 tablete-6120 SubModule-144 Module
CMS: 75848 Xtals PbWO4~78000 kg
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
de la CMS la CUORE~80tons PbWO4
~1ton TeO2
CUORE(TeO2 crystal ready-to-use)
238U < 3*10-13 g/g232Th < 3*10-13 g/g210Pb < 10-5 Bq/kg60Co < 10-6 Bq/kg
final product
(bolometer)
energy resolution < 15 keV at 2615 keV
signal intensity > 60 μV/MeV
below D
C ~ (T/D)3
(dielectric, diamagnetic
materials are preferred)
detected
particle (E)thermometer
energy
absorber
thermal coupling
(G 4 pW/mK)
heat sink(T 10mK)
ΔEFWHM : 5 keV @ 2615 keV
NTD Ge
detectoare bolometrice
Background: 0.01 c/keV/kg/y (baseline)
contribuție:
2004-2007 R&D
2007-2013 prod. cristalli
2013-2014 montaggio
2015 - commissioning, survey, etc
doar 2-3% din cristale puteau fi "fuly certified"
principio di massima precauzione: materii prime, materiale, produse intermediare, procese și proceduri
-dimensioni-perfezione cristallina-radio-purezza
protocoale de producție și certificare dedicate-condizioni ambientali-utensili e attrezzature-manipolazione materiali
producția cristalelor pentru experimentul CUORE
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
aventura continuă...(cristale pentru fizica evenimentelor rare)
ZnSe pentru bolometre scintilatoare
LNGS
SICCAS Jiading
ISMA Harkovscintilatoare NaI:Tl ultra radio-pure
storage & pilot prod.
production unit (crystals and
special materials)
bulk screening:ICP-MS&OS, HPGe, etc
chemistry unit:purification &
synthesis
planuri de viitor (???)
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
questions still to be answered
High energy physics/Particle physics
Is the recently discovered massive boson the Higgs boson?Are there more than three generations of quarks and leptons?What is the mass of neutrinos?Do neutrinos follow Dirac or Majorana statistics?Is mass hierarchy normal or inverted?….
Cosmology, and general relativity
What is dark matter?Is it related to supersymmetry?What is the dark energy?…..
fizica evenimentelor rare
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
clamorous cases
DM puzzle
neutrino mass
expected distribution of dark matter in the Milky Way
… so what?
neutrino has
a mass!
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
detection challenge
detection channels
cryogenic
semiconductor
detectors
Ionization
• semiconductor detectors
• drift chambers
scintillating
bolometers
Phonons
superheated
liquids
Light
• single phase noble liquids
• inorganic scintillators
2 phase noble
liquids
• indirect detection:
detect SM particles
produced by DM
annihilation
• collider detection:
DM particles produced
at colliders by
interaction of SM
particles and identified
by the transverse
missing energy
• direct detection:
detect DM-induced
nuclear recoils in a
underground detector
how?
Dark Mater
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
mß
ß(e
V)
100-1000 counts/y/ton~300meV
0.5-5 counts/y/ton20meV
0.001-0.01 counts/y/ton1meV
CUORICINO
mßß < 0.3 ÷ 0.7 eV
CUORE (optimistic)
mßß < 20 ÷ 47 meV
detection challenge
0νDBD
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
new materials are needed to built increasingly
sophisticated detectors
- extremely low interaction with known matter- experimental constraints:
- very low background- extremely high sensitivity
- new detectors are needed- main (technological) constraint:
- radio-purity of materials used
satisfying these two
conditions is not enough
de ce sunt necesare cristale dedicate
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)
… și laboratoare subterane
• largest underground laboratory in the world for experiments in particle physics, particle astrophysics and nuclear astrophysics
• experiments that require a low background environment• current main research topics: neutrino physics, dark matter
search, nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest• used as a worldwide facility by scientists from 22 different
countries• over 20 experiments on the way
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
phonon mediated particle detectors
bolometric technique
bolometer
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
phonon mediated particle detectors
bolometric technique
bolometer
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
dedicated clean room SICCAS/INFN @ Jiading
dedicated crystal growth facility @ SICCAS Jiading
dedicated TeO2 synthesis facility@ Kunshan Chemical Plant
dedicated measurement protocols-dimensions-crystal perfection-radio-purity
only 2-3% crystals can be measured
precautionary principle: raw materials, reagents, intermediary products, processes and procedures
dedicated production protocols-environment conditions-equipment and infrastructures-materials handling
large scale production problems
CUORE case
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
•supply:•raw materials•reagents•ancillary
•certification:•on-site controls•laboratory analysis•improvements
•transports coordination
large scale production problems
Te metal
99.999%
clean storage
sample sent to
certification lab.
NO
TeO2 powder
synthesis
YES
TeO2 powder
calcination
radio-
purity
TeO2 crystal
growth (1)crystal milling
and purification
“ready to use”
crystals
manufacturing continue
production
CCVR
YES
2 crystals
(randomly selected)
TeO2 crystal
growth (2)
NO
reagents
clean storage
NOradio-
purity
radio-
purity
radio-
purityNO
YES
YES
YES
STOP
NO
sample sent to
certification lab.
sample sent to
certification lab.
clean storage
clean storage
sample sent to
certification lab.
CUORE crystals production database- LabView GUIs generating .txt files
- crystal production data are further
stored in a global CUORE database
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY18
CUORE towers assembling
TeO2 crystals used for CUORE
(Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events)
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY19
Laboratori Nazionali del
Gran Sasso - Assergi,
L’Aquila (Italy)
A natural shield of 1500 m of
rock (3650 meters of water
equivalent)
Muon Flux:
(2.58±0.3)x10-8 μ/(s cm2)
Neutron Flux below 10 MeV:
~4x10-6 n/(s cm2)
Gamma Flux:
~0.73 γ/(s cm2)
CUORE
Hut
Cuoricino
Hut
CUORE experiment site
(more about) CUORE
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
next generation experiments
Zn82Se synthesis
Zn82Se crystal
growth
recovery
and
recycling
Zn elemental8
14
16
11
Zn82Se samples
processing
package and
storage
15
17
certification
certification
raw (elemental) Se1SeF6 synthesis
SeF6 enrichment
2 certification
SeF6 conversion to Se
82Se beads production 6
5
4
3
10
Zn82Se conditioning12
13
82Se purification7
Zn purification9
generația următoare de experimente de 0νDBD ridică probleme tehnologice suplimentare:• bolometri scintilatori• materiale imbogățite
Zn82Se case
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY21
what about DM ?
we have DAMA/LIBRA results but…… is this really DM?new NaI experiment with lower background is needed to elucidate it…
… and
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
“cursa” a început deja de câțiva ani pentru:
• low background NaI:Tl crystals:
• K ≤ 1 ppb; U, Th ≤ 1 ppt
• low-background photodetectors
• Hamamatsu PM? SiPM, else?
• low temperature operation
• LN or lower? cryogenic?
• active shielding?
• deep underground site(s)
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
concluding remarks
semantics...
the search for crystals to be used in the rare events physics (REP)
R&D for the synthesis of new crystals or the improvement
of the performance of existing crystals or the
adaptation of some performance to the specific needs of the experiments of
DM and 0νDBD
search of a reliable production facility able to produce the crystals under the direct control of the final user
Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016
Ioan Dafinei
INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY
concluding remarks
solution:
storage & pilot prod.
production unit (crystals and special materials)
bulk screening:ICP-MS&OS, HPGe,
etc
chemistry unit:purification &
synthesis
nimic în autarhie, totul în colaborare