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http://www.gramatica-limbii-engleze.ro

PLURARUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

1. Se adaugă "s" care se pronunţă "z" :

car - cars bed - beds zebra - zebras

cow - cows key - keys needle - needles

chair - chairs room - rooms moor - moors

door - doors noon - noons vacuum cleaner - vacuum cleaners

pub - pubs flower - flowers

ball - balls soil - soils

2. Se adaugă "s" care se pronunţă "s" după substantivele care se termină in "p", "k",

"t":

cap - caps hut - huts

book - books hook - hooks

hat - hats map - maps

3. Se adaugă "es" care se pronunţă "iz" după substantivele care se termină in "s", "x",

"z", "ch", "sh" :

bus - buses fox - foxes

box - boxes dish - dishes

buzz - buzzes bench - benches

branch - branches kiss - kisses

brush - brushes fuss - fusses

3a. Se adaugă "s" care se pronunţă "iz" după substantivele care se termină in "ge", "ce"

"se", "ze" :

bridge - bridges house - houses

voice - voices noise - noises

fence - fences promise - promises

horse - horses

breeze - breezes

( se aplica aceeaşi regula si la forma verbelor de la persoana III -a singular , prezent ,

afirmativ : she mixes, he teaches , etc. )

4. Substantive cu plural neregulat :

mouse - mice goose - geese

man - men apex - apices ( eipecs - eipisi:z ) = vârf , culme

woman - women foot - feet

child - children

ox - oxen

louse - lice

die - dice

tooth - teeth 1

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http://www.gramatica-limbii-engleze.ro

5. După substantivele terminate in "o" se adaugă "es" care se pronunţă impreună

"ouz" :

potato - potatoes veto - vetoes

tomato - tomatoes tornado - tornadoes

no - noes torpedo - torpedoes

archipelago - archipelagoes lingo - lingoes

jingo - jingoes mulatto - mulattoes

grotto - grottoes

cargo - cargoes

echo - echoes

hero - heroes

negro - negroes

mosquito - mosquitoes

5a. După substantivele terminate in "o" se adaugă "s" care se pronunţă impreună ouz"

radio - radios portfolio - portfolios

piano - pianos ratio - ratios

photo - photos bamboo - bamboos

studio - studios

folio - folios

rodeo - rodeos

6. Substantive care au aceeaşi formă si pentru singular si pentru plural :

fish reindeer

fruit series

candy species

sheep apparatus

deer

grain

7. După substantivele terminate in "y" precedat de o consoană se schimbă "y" in "i"

si se adaugă "es" care se pronunţă impreună "z" :

cherry - cherries

baby - babies

lorry - lorries

daisy - daisies

8. După substantivele terminate in "y" precedat de o vocală se adaugă "s" care se pro-

nunţă "z" :

boy - boys

toy - toys

day - days

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http://www.gramatica-limbii-engleze.ro

9. După substantivele terminate in "f" se schimbă "f" in "v" si se adaugă "es" care se

pronunţă impreună "vz" :

wolf - wolves turf - turves (turfs) 2

life - lives scarf - scarves (scarfs)

knife - knives warf - warves (warfs)- chei ,port

wife - wives hoof - hooves (hoofs)

half - halves beef - beeves (beefs)

thief - thieves

loaf - loaves

shelf - shelves

self - selves

calf - calves

leaf - leaves

elf - elves

sheaf - sheaves (snop, teanc)

9a. După substantivele terminate in "f" se adaugă "s" care se pronunţă "s"

brief - briefs tariff - tariffs

grief - griefs giraffe - giraffes

dwarf - dwarfs cliff - cliffs

chief - chiefs cuff - cuffs

belief - beliefs sheriff - sheriffs

roof - roofs bailiff - bailiffs - arendas

proof - proofs muff - muffs

gulf - gulfs staff - staffs (vezi punctul 10.)

reef - reefs

motif - motifs

mischief - mischiefs

neckerchief - neckerchiefs

handkerchief - handkerchiefs

10. Substantive care (delimitează grupuri si) au aceeasi formă si pentru singular si

pentru plural ("is" sau "are" - my family is , my family are ) :

family committee

audience government

class regiment

crew congregation

public tactics

team technics

alms precis ( preisi: pentru "is" - preisi:z pentru "are" )

flock economics

pack species (specie)

army

fleet

navy

staff (vezi punctul "9" )

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http://www.gramatica-limbii-engleze.ro

11. Substantive care se folosesc doar cu forma de singular si cer numai "is" :

advice (plurarul se formează cu pieces of - two pieces of advice = două sfaturi )

news barracks

furniture rubbish

money (where is my money) progress

information billiards

knowledge specie (monedă)

luggage music

impoliteness chalk

baggage

nonsense

homework

12. Substantive care se folosesc doar cu forma de plural si cer numai "are" :

police (where are the police ) pincers

people (singular - person) pliers

trousers pyjamas - pajamas

glasses brethren

scissors cattle

compasses

pants

13. Substantive cu diferenţe minime de pronunţie singular - "is" , plural - "i:z" :

crisis - crises (kraisis - kraisi:z )

basis - bases

oasis - oases

thesis - theses

emphasis - emphases

antithesis - antitheses

diagnosis - diagnoses

paralysis - paralyses

analysis - analyses

photosynthesis - photosyntheses

parenthesis - parentheses

axis - axes

14. Substantive de origine latină :

datum - data ( deit∂m - deit∂ ) antenna - antennae (ænten∂ - ænteni )

stratum - strata (stræt∂m - stræt∂ ) larva - larvae (la:v∂ - la:vi )

erratum - errata (era:t∂m - era:t∂ ) residuum - residua (ri'zidju∂am - ri'zidju∂ )

terminus - termini (t∂:min∂s - t∂:mini ) via - viae ( vai∂ - vaii ) = drum, cale

phenomenon - phenomena (fi'nomin∂n - fi'nomin∂ )

nucleus - nuclei (nju:kli∂ s - nju:kliai ) stimulus - stimuli (stimjul∂s - stimjuli )

genius - genii (dзinj∂s - dзinjai )

calculus - calculai (kælkjul∂s - kælkjulai )

formula - formulae(as) (fo:mjul∂ - fo:mjuli ) 4