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PetrolulDaniel Cosovanu

abrea Vasile Alecsandru

Prof. Gela Hofnar ranu

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Definiie

Petrolul, sau ieiul, mpreun cu crbunii i gazelenaturale fac parte din zcmintele de origine biogen carese gsesc n scoara pmntului. Petrolul, care este unamestec de hidrocarburi solide i gazoase dizolvate ntr-unamestec de hidrocarburi lichide.ieiul n stare brutconine peste 17 000 de substane organice complexe,motiv pentru care este materia prim cea mai importantpentru industria chimic i producerea carburanilor.

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Extragerea petrolului

Dac zcmntul de petrol se afl aproape de suprafa, exploatarea sepoate realiza prin cariere de suprafa, zcmintele din profunzime sunt extraseprin sonde de petrol.

La toate procedeele de foraj se folosete un lichid de sondcu polimeri pentru a stabiliza gaura de foraj, care lichid necesit ogreutatespecificmare, pentru aceasta se adaug baritin, lichidul de foraj trebuie s aib oanumitvscozitate. Capul de foraj, freza, este prevzut cu tiuri cu vrfde diamant, coloana de sond este alctuit din evi de oel care se monteaz

mpreun prin nurubare aceast coloan atingnd lungimi de pn la cteva miide metri.

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n cazul zcmitelor de petrol care nu se afl sub presiune,aceast presiune se realizeaz prin pomparea de ap sau gaz, iar ncazul zcmintelor cu o vscozitate ridicat se preseaz lichide pentrureducerea vscozitii.

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Prelucrarea petrolului

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Romania si lumea petrolului

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Petroleum este un cuvant de origine romana care provine

din oleum petrae = ulei de piatra denumire pe care romaniiau preluat-o de la egipteni care descopera petrol la suprafatain regiunea muntilor Golfului Suez se presupune ca in antichtateromanii foloseau petrolul ca lubrifiant la osiile carelor romane,sau in timpul Bizantului acesta era parte componenta a foculuigrecesc o arma temuta in luptele navale de odinioara.

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The Science of Petroleum atesta in 1838 faptul caRomania a fost prima tara din lume cu o productie de petroloficial inregistrata in statisticile internationale de 275 tone. Auurmat Statele Unite ale Americii in 1859, Italia 1860, Canada in1862, Rusia in 1863.

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Prima rafinarie din lume s-a infiintat la Ploiesti, construita defratii Mehedinteanu la marginea orasului, in apropierea garii deSud.. prima Scoala de Maistri Sondori din Romania si din lume a fostinfiintata in 1904, la Campina.

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n Primul Razboi Mondial, in Romania au fost distruse 1677sonde, din care 1047 productive, rafinarii de petrol, rezervoareledin schele si rafinarii cu toate instalatiile lor anexe si o cantitate dederivate de petrol de 827.000 tone.

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Virgiliu Tacit

Savantul roman, LazrErdeleanu, a reusit pentru primadata in lume, rafinarea produselorpetroliere cu bioxid de sulf, adicasepararea din petrol a unor grupuride hidrocarburi componente, faramodificarea lor chimica.

Ing. Virgiliu Tacit si ing. ValeriuPuscariu au construit un ventil,ramas in istoria de petrol subnumele de Ventilul Tacit, careadaptat la sondele in eruptie, leputea inchide hidraulic de la oricedistanta, chiar daca sonda eruptivalua foc.

Se aplica la eruptii libere cu opresiune de maximum 100 atm.

Ventilul s-a patentat in Romania la15 mai 1912, apoi in Germania,Austro-Ungaria si Mexic, cerandu-sepatentarea lui si in alte tari in carese exploata petrolul.

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... incepand din 1929 si pana in 1938, toate produselepetroliere obtinute in marile rafinarii romanesti Concordia(Vega), Steaua Romana, Unirea (Orion si Speranta), Columbia,Creditul Minier (Brazi, Doicesti), Prahova (Petrolul Bucuresti),Xenia, Dacia Romana si Petrol Block (Standard) erau solicitate laexport.

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Urmri ale dezastrelor petroliere

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