NATURALISMUL.doc

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Naturalism (literature)

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Naturalismis a literarymovementthat seeks to replicate abelievableeveryday reality,as opposed to such movements asRomanticismorSurrealism, in which subjects mayreceive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment !aturalism is theoutgrowth of Realism, a prominent literary movementin mid"#$th"century Franceandelsewhere !aturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of %harles&arwin'#()hey believed that one*sheredityand social environmentdetermine one*scharacter Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalismalso attempts to determine +scientifically+ the underlying forces eg the environment or

heredity- influencing the actions of its subjects !aturalistic works often include uncouthor sordid subject matter. for e/ample,0mile 1ola*s works had a frankness about se/ualityalong with a pervasive pessimism !aturalistic works e/posed the dark harshness of life,including poverty, racism, se/, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth 2s a result,naturalistic writers were fre3uently critici4ed for being too blunt

Contents

'hide( # &efining %haracteristics

5 6iterary !aturalism in the 7nited States 8 See also 9 References Sources

; ery often, one or more characters will continue to repeat one line or phrase that tends tohave a pessimistic connotation, sometimes emphasi4ing the inevitability of death2nother characteristic of literary naturalism is detachment from the story )he authoroften tries to maintain a tone that will be e/perienced as *objective* =f course, no humanbeing can ever be truly objective, but by detaching the narrator from the story he or shetells, an author can achieve objectivity 2lso, an author will sometimes achievedetachment by creating nameless characters though, strictly speaking, this is morecommon among modernists such as


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characteristic of naturalism is determinism &eterminism is basically the opposite of thenotion of free will For determinism, the idea that individual characters have a directinfluence on the course of their lives is supplanted by a focus on nature or fate =ften, anaturalist author will lead the reader to believe a character*s fate has been pre"determined,usually by environmental factors, and that he@she can do nothing about it 2nother

common characteristic is a surprising twist at the end of the story


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!aturalist fiction in the 7nited States often concentrated on the non"2nglo, ethnicallymarked inhabitants of the growing 2merican cities, many of them immigrants and mostbelonging to a class"spectrum ranging from the destitute to the lower middle"class )henaturalists were not the first to concentrate on the industriali4ed 2merican city, but theywere significant in that they believed that the realist tools refined in the #DEs and #DDs

were inade3uate to represent it 2braham %ahan, for e/ample, sought both to representand to address the Jewish community of !ew Iork*s


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)he term was also coined by %4ech art historian 2ntonKn GatLjMek in #$# as theopposite of impressionism: +2n


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Soyer, Joseph Stella, ?arry Sternberg, ?enry =ssawa )anner, &orothea )anning,Ga/ Weber, ?ale Woodruff, Narl 1erbe

[edit] Expressionist groups in painting

)he movement primarily originated in Bermany and 2ustria )here were a number of


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of 2ustralian and world issues but presented them in a way which was true to his Berman


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o Ataly : Francesco %lemente, Sandro %hiaand


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=skar Nokoschka*s #$$ playlet,/urderer' The Hoe of *omenis often called the firste/pressionist drama An it, an unnamed man and woman struggle for dominance )he Ganbrands the woman. she stabs and imprisons him ?e frees himself and she falls dead athis touch 2s the play ends, he slaughters all around him in the words of the te/t- +likemos3uitoes+ )he e/treme simplification of characters to mythic types, choral effects,

declamatory dialogue and heightened intensity all would become characteristic of latere/pressionist plays At is noteworthy that the youngCaul ?indemithcreated an operaticversionof this play, to shocking effect in the music world


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2ll art is conventional, but artists following the tendency +naturalism+ profess a belief inthe importance of producing works that mimic the visible world as closely as possible

)hus, +!aturalism+ is tied to time and place, whereas +naturalism+ is timeless

Naturalismis a movement in theater, film, and literaturethat seeks to replicate abelievableeveryday reality, as opposed to such movements asRomanticismorSurrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or evensupernatural treatment

Contents

'hide( # )heatre 5 6iterature

o 5# An the 7S2 8 See also

9


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Literature

2s in film, naturalism is the general style, although the fle/ibility and amorphous 3ualityof prose, as opposed to the concrete visual imagery of film, has allowed for a greatnumber of other forms An this conte/t, naturalism is the outgrowth ofRealism, a

prominent literary movementin late #$th"centuryFranceand elsewhere

!aturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of %harles &arwin )heybelieved that one*s heredityand surroundings decide one*s character Whereas realismseeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine+scientifically+ the underlying forces ie the environment or heredity- influencing thesesubjects* actions )hey are both opposed to romanticism, in which subjects may receivehighly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment !aturalistic works ofteninclude uncouth or sordid subject matter For e/ample, 0mile 1ola*s works had afrankness about se/uality along with a pervasive pessimism !aturalistic works e/posedthe dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, prejudice, disease, prostitution, filth,

etc )hey were often very pessimistic and fre3uently criticised for being too blunt

In the US"

An the 7S2, the genre is associated principally with writers such as 2braham %ahan,


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&rominent trends

)he use of the terms +realism+, +symbolism+, +naturalism+ can be problematic )hesections below do not imply a strict chronology. in the last half of the century,+naturalism+, +parnassian+ poetry, and +symbolism+, etc were often competing

tendencies at the same historical moment Some writers did form into literary groupsdefined by a name and a program or manifesto An other cases, these e/pressions weremerely pejorative terms given by critics to certain writers or have been used by modernliterary historians to group writers of divergent projects or methods !evertheless, theselabels can be useful in describing broad historical developments in the arts

[edit] 'omanticism

Gain article: Romanticism

French literature from the first half of the century was dominated byRomanticism""

associated with such authors as >ictor ?ugo,2le/andre &umas, pYre, FranZois"RenO de%hateaubriand, 2lphonse de 6amartine,BOrard de !erval, %harles !odier, 2lfred deGusset, )hOophile Bautierand 2lfred de >igny"" and their revolutionary work in allgenres theater, poetry, prose fiction- )he effect of the romantic movement wouldcontinue to be felt in the latter half of the century in wildly diverse literary developments,such as +realism+, +symbolism+, and the so"called fin de siYcle +decadent+ movementseebelow-

French romanticism is a highly eclectic phenomenon At includes an interest in thehistorical novel,the romance,traditional myths and nationalism- and the +roman noir+or Bothic novel-, lyricism, sentimentalism,descriptions of the natural world such as

elegiesby lakes- and the common man,e/oticismandorientalism, and the myth of theromantic hero Foreign influences played a big part in this, especially those ofShakespeare, Sir Walter Scott,Hyron,Boethe, and Friedrich Schiller FrenchRomanticism had ideals diametrically opposed to French classicism and the classicalunities see French literature of the #Eth century-, but it could also e/press a profoundloss for aspects of the pre"revolutionary world in a society now dominated by money andfame, rather than honor

Ney ideas from early French Romanticism:

+la vague des passions+ waves of sentiment and passion- " %hateaubriand

maintained that while the imagination was rich, the world was cold and empty,and rationalism and civili4ation had only robbed men of their illusions.nevertheless, a notion of sentiment and passion continued to haunt men

+le mal du siYcle+ the pain of the century- " a sense of loss, disillusion, andaporia, typified by melancholyand lassitude

Romanticism in


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among others- at the end of the #Dth century French Romanticism took definite form inthe works of FranZois"RenO de %hateaubriandandHenjamin %onstantand inGadame deStal*s interpretation of Bermany as the land of romantic ideals At found early e/pressionalso in the sentimental poetry of 2lphonse de 6amartine

)he major battle of romanticism in France was fought in the theater )he early years ofthe century were marked by a revival of classicism and classical"inspired tragedies, oftenwith themes of national sacrifice or patriotic heroism in keeping with the spirit of theRevolution, but the production of >ictor ?ugo*sHernaniin #D8 marked the triumph ofthe romantic movement on the stage a description of the turbulent opening night can befound in )hOophile Bautier- )he dramatic unitiesof time and place were abolished,tragic and comic elements appeared together and metrical freedom was won Garked bythe plays of Friedrich Schiller,the romantics often chose subjects from historic periodsthe French Renaissance,the reign of6ouis XAAA of France- and doomed noble charactersrebel princes and outlaws- or misunderstood artists >igny*s play based on the life of)homas %hatterton-

>ictor ?ugo was the outstanding genius of the Romantic School and its recogni4edleader ?e was prolific alike in poetry, drama, and fiction =ther writers associated withthe movement were the austere and pessimistic 2lfred de >igny,)hOophile Bautieradevotee of beauty and creator of the +2rt for art*s sake+ movement, and 2lfred de Gusset,who best e/emplifies romantic melancholy 2ll three also wrote novels and short stories,and Gusset won a belated success with his plays 2le/andre &umas, pYrewrote TheThree /us,eteersand other romantic novels in an historical setting Crosper GOrimOeand %harles !odierwere masters of shorter fiction %harles 2ugustin Sainte"Heuve,aliterary critic, showed romantic e/pansiveness in his hospitality to all ideas and in hisunfailing endeavour to understand and interpret authors rather than to judge them

Romanticism is associated with a number of literary salons and groups: the 2rsenalformed around %harles !odierat the 2rsenal 6ibrary in Caris from #D59"#D99 where!odier was administrator-, the %Onacle formed around !odier, then ?ugo from #D58"#D5D-, the salon of 6ouis %harles &elesclu4e, the salon of 2ntoine or 2ntony-&eschamps, the salon of Gadame de Stal

Romanticism in France defied political affiliation: one finds both +liberal+ likeStendhal-, +conservative+ like%hateaubriand- and socialist Beorge Sand- strains

[edit] 'ealism

Gain article: 6iterary realism

)he e/pression +Realism+, when applied to literature of the #$th century, implies theattempt to depict contemporary life and society )he growth of realism is linked to thedevelopment of science especially biology-, history and the social sciences and to thegrowth of industrialismand commerce )he +realist+ tendency is not necessarily anti"romantic. romanticism in France often affirmed the common man and the natural setting
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)he novels and short stories of Buy de Gaupassantare often tagged with the label+naturalist+, although he clearly followed the realist model of his teacher and mentor,Flaubert Gaupassant used elements derived from the gothic novelin stories likeLeHorla )his tension between portrayal of the contemporary world in all its sordidness,detached irony and the use of romantic images and themes would also influence the

symbolists see below- and would continue to the 5th century

!aturalism is most often associated with the novels of


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positivism, which advocates use of the scientific methodof the natural sciencesinstudying social sciencesAt should not be identified too closely with Cositivism, however,since whilst the latter advocates the use of controlled situations like e/periments assources of scientific information, naturalism insists that social processes should only bestudied in their naturalsetting 2 similar form of naturalism was applied to the scientific

study of art and literature by ?ippolyte )ainesee Race, milieu, and moment-

%ontemporary sociologists do not generally dispute that social phenomena take placewithin the natural universe and, as such, are subject to natural constraints, such as thelaws of physics 7p for debate is the nature of the distinctiveness of social phenomena asa subset of natural phenomena Hroad support e/ists for the antipositivist claim thatcrucial 3ualitative differences mean that one cannot e/plain social phenomena effectivelyusing investigative tools or even standards of validity derived from other natural sciencesFrom this point of view, naturalism does not imply scientism

?owever, a classically positivist conflation of naturalism with scientism has not

disappeared. this view is still dominant in some old and prestigious schools, such as thesociology departments at the 7niversity of %hicago in the 7nited States, and GcBill7niversity in GontrOal, %anada

Naturalism )philosophy*

Gore recently, actor"network theoryhas analy4ed the social construction of thenature@society distinction itself

Naturalized epistemology orMethodological naturalismor scientificnaturalism- which focuses on epistemology: )his stance is concerned withknowledge: what are methods for gaining trustworthy knowledge of the naturalworld\ At is an epistemologicalview that is specifically concerned with practicalmethods for ac3uiring knowledge, irrespective of one*s metaphysical or religiousviews At re3uires that hypotheses be e/plained and tested only by reference tonatural causes and events'#( ]uine,Beorge Santayana, andother philosophers have advocated this view

Metaphysical naturalism, or ontologicalnaturalismorphilosophicalnaturalism- which focuses on ontology: )his stance is concerned with e/istence:what does e/ist and what does not e/ist\ !aturalism is the metaphysicalpositionthat +natureis all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature

[edit] +istory
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)he ideas and assumptions of philosophical naturalism were first seen in the works of theAonianpre"Socratic philosophers =ne such was )hales,considered to be the father ofscience, as he was the first to give e/planations of natural events without the use ofsupernatural causes )hese early philosophers subscribed to principles of empiricalinvestigation that strikingly anticipate naturalism '8(

)he modern emphasis in methodological naturalism primarily originated in the ideas ofmedieval scholasticthinkers during the Renaissance of the #5th century:

Hy the late Giddle 2ges the search for natural causes had come to typify the workof %hristiannatural philosophers 2lthough characteristically leaving the dooropen for the possibility of direct divine intervention, they fre3uently e/pressedcontempt for soft"minded contemporaries who invoked miracles rather thansearching for natural e/planations )he 7niversity of Caris cleric Jean Huridana#5$"ca #8D-, described as +perhaps the most brilliant arts master of the Giddle2ges,+ contrasted the philosopherUs search for +appropriate natural causes+ with

the common folkUs habit of attributing unusual astronomical phenomena to thesupernatural An the fourteenth century the natural philosopher!icole =resmeca#85"D5-, who went on to become a Roman %atholicbishop,admonished that, indiscussing various marvels of nature, +there is no reason to take recourse to theheavens, the last refuge of the weak, or demons, or to our glorious Bod as if ?ewould produce these effects directly, more so than those effects whose causes webelieve are well known to us+


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+methodological naturalism+ had been used in #$8E by inionconcluding that +Gethodological naturalism is a+ground rule+ of science today+'D(

[edit] Naturalism as epistemology

Gain article:!aturali4ed epistemology

W > ]uinedescribes naturalism as the position that there is no higher tribunal for truththan natural science itself )here is no better method than the scientific method forjudging the claims of science, and there is neither any need nor any place for a +firstphilosophy+, such as abstract-metaphysicsor epistemology, that could stand behind andjustify science or the scientific method

)herefore, philosophy should feel free to make use of the findings of scientists in its ownpursuit, while also feeling free to offer criticism when those claims are ungrounded,confused, or inconsistent An this way philosophy becomes +continuous with+ science!aturalism is not a dogmatic belief that the modern view of science is entirely correct

Anstead, it simply holds that science is the best way to e/plore the processes of theuniverse and that those processes are what modern science is striving to understand?owever, this ]uinean Replacement !aturalism finds relatively few supporters amongphilosophers'$(

[edit] &hilosophy

Narl Coppere3uated naturalism with inductivetheory of science ?e rejected it based onhis general criti3ue of induction seeproblem of induction-, yet acknowledged its utilityas means for inventing conjectures

2 naturalistic methodology sometimes called an +inductive theory of science+- has its value, nodoubt '^( A reject the naturalistic view: At is uncritical Ats upholders fail to notice that wheneverthey believe to have discovered a fact, they have only proposed a convention ?ence theconvention is liable to turn into a dogma )his criticism of the naturalistic view applies not onlyto its criterion of meaning, but also to its idea of science, and conse3uently to its idea of empiricalmethod
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science hold that some supernatural e/planations might be testable in principle, but are sounlikely, given past results, that resources should not be wasted e/ploring them

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