Morfologia

1. MORFOLOGIA (THE MORPHOLOGY)(gr. morphe = form, logos = studiu)

Morfologia este partea gramaticii care cuprinde regulile de modificare a cuvintelor n procesul comunicrii. Ea studiaz prile de vorbire sub aspect formal, semantic i funcional.

Prile de vorbire sunt:1. Articolul (The Article)2. Substantivul (The Noun)3. Adjectivul (The Adjective)4. Pronumele (The Pronoun)5. Numeralul (The Numeral)6. Verbul (The Verb)7. Adverbul (The Adverb)8. Prepoziia (The Preposition)9. Conjuncia (The Conjunction) 10. Interjecia (The Interjection)

1.1. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)

Este un instrument gramatical care individualizeaz sau determin un substantiv. Prezena lui dovedete c substantivul pe care-l nsoete este deja cunoscut de interlocutor.

1.1.1. Articolul hotrt (The Definite Article)

este the

- pronunat [(\] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan sau semi-consoan

the ball [ (\ bO-l]

the window [(\ `wind\u ]

- pronunat [(I/(i] - n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu o vocal

the eye [(i ai]

the apple [(i `Epl] singular:plural:

the girl [(\ g|l] = fatathe girls [(\ g|lz]= fetele

the boy [(\ Boi] = biatulthe boys [(\ Boiz] = bieii

the tree [(\ trI] = copaculthe trees [(\ trIz] = copacii

the cat [(\ kEt] = pisicathe cats [(\ kEts]= pisicile

Articolul hotrt apare ntr-un mare numr de expresii:

on the one side/hand = pe de o parte

on the other side/hand = pe de alt parte

at the same time = n acelai timp etc

Articolul hotrt plasat n faa unor adjective d acestora sensul unor substantive la numrul plural:

adj. rich = bogat-bogat, bogai-bogate

the rich = cei bogai - cele bogate

adj. poor = srac-srac, sraci-srace

the poor = cei sraci - cele srace

Articolul hotrt apare la gradul superlativ relativ al adjectivelor:

the best = cel mai bun, cea mai bun, cei mai buni, cele mai bune

the least = cel mai puin, cea mai puin, cei mai puini, cele mai puine

the biggest = cel mai mare, cea mai mare, cei mai mari, cele mai mari

the most interesting = cel mai interesant, cea mai interesant, cei mai interesani, cele mai interesante etc

Articolul hotrt apare i n structura the..., the... = cu ct..., cu att... (dou comparative juxtapuse)

The earlier you come, the better it is. = Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme cu att e mai bine.

The more we are, the easier it is.= Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att este mai uor.

The more interesting the book is, the more I like it. = Cu ct cartea este mai interesant, cu att mi place mai mult.

Articolul hotrt se intercaleaz de regul ntre un substantiv precedat de o prepoziie i prepoziia respectiv.

a house in the forest = o cas n pdure

a boat on the lake = o barc pe lac

across the road = peste drum

at the end = la sfrit

at the door = la u

in the end = n final

in the morning = dimineaa

in the village = n sat

in the shade = la umbr

Articolul hotrt poate fi ntlnit n unele denumiri geografice:

The Black Sea, The Danube, The Carpathians, The Alps, The Himalaya Mountains, The Thames, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Commonwealth of Australia States and Territories, The United States of America, The Sahara Desert, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean etc.

Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective.

in the first/second/third/etc. sentence = n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie

in the course of time = n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului

in the second half = n a doua jumtate

in the days/months that followed = n zilele/lunile care au urmat

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. = Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume.

Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele posesive al, a, ai, ale.Alfred the Great = Alfred cel Mare

Stephen the Great = tefan cel Mare

The Second World War = Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.

1.1.2. Articolul nehotrt (The Indefinite Article)este :

- a [\] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:

a dog [\ `dog]= un cinea wall [\ `wOl]= un zid/perete

a flower [\ `flau\]= o floarea year [\ `ji\] = un an

- an [\n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:

an apple [\n `Epl]= un mran eye [\n `ai] = un ochi

an ear [\n `i\]= o urechean idea [\n ai`di\]= o idee

Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :

- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :

a good teacher = un profesor bun

a big house = o cas mare

a book of proverbs = o carte de proverbe

a house on fire = o cas n flcri

a little tea = puin/destul ceai

- n unele structuri :

a tobacconist's = o tutungerie

a baker's = o brutrie

a greengrocer's = un aprozar

a blue - eyed girl = o fat cu ochi albatri

a confectioner's = o cofetrie

a jeweller's = un magazin de bijuterii

a chemist 's = o farmacie

a stationer's = o papetrie

once upon a time = a fost odat

a grocer' s = o bcnie

two/three at a time = cte doi/trei o dat

Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:

a hundred = o sut

a thousand = o mie

two saucers and an ash-tray = dou farfurioare i o scrumier

1.1.3. Articolul zero (The Zero Article)

Articolul zero apare:

a) n nume de continente, ri, persoane, zilele sptmnii etc.

Exemple: Africa, Asia, America, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania, Sunday, Alice, Bob, George, John, Mary, Peter, Richard, William etc.

b) n faa subsantivelor folosite n sens general:

Children like sweets. = Copiilor le plac dulciurile.

Knowledge is power. = tiina nseamn putere.

Oil is lighter than water. = Uleiul este mai uor dect apa.

Boys like toys and lots of noise.= Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot.

c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables):

Gold is yellow.= Aurul este galben.

This house is made of wood.= Aceast cas este fcut din lemn.

d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea, water etc.

Salt seasons all things. (prov.) = Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor.

Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe.

Hunger is the best sauce. = Foamea este cel mai bun buctar.

e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri sportive (football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese (breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper).

f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor.

after dark = dup lsarea ntunericului

after three o'clock = dup ora trei

after dinner = dup cin

day by day = zi de zi

drop by drop = strop cu strop

day after day = zi dup zi, zi de zi

from end to end = de la cap la cap

from first to last = de la primul la ultimul

from place to place = din loc n loc

from time to time = din cnd n cnd

good for food = comestibil

goods on sale = mrfuri/bunuri de vnzare

in general = n general

to learn by heart = a nva pe de rost

piece by piece = bucat cu bucat

Just in time = chiar la timp/moment

to leave for school = a pleca la coal

to keep in mind = a ine minte

to be on duty = a fi de serviciu

to go on foot = a merge pe jos

to put in order = a pune n ordine

to be in parliament = a fi n parlament

to go to bed = a merge la culcare

from London = de la Londra

to look for help/aid = a cuta ajutor

to pay on demand = a plti la cerere

from morning to night = de dimineaa pn seara

from beginning to end = de la nceput la sfrit

on certain conditions = cu anumite condiii

1.2. SUSBTANTIVUL (THE NOUN)

Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans = substan; sub = sub/dedesubt, stans = aezat) este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, obiecte, stri, noiuni, nsuiri etc.

1.2.1. Clasificare

- comune (Common Nouns)dog (cine), cat (pisic), bird (pasre), house (cas), apple (mr), girl (fat), boy (biat), water (ap).

- proprii (Proper Nouns)John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc.

- abstracte (Abstract Nouns)friendship (prietenie), joy (bucurie), wisdom (nelepciune), safety ( siguran), theory (teorie), gratitude (recunotin) etc.

- inidividuale (Individual Nouns)man (brbat), house (cas), stone (piatr), tree (copac) etc.

- colective (Collective Nouns)team (echip), army (armat), family (familie), fleet (flot), crowd (mulime), flock (stol), swarm (roi), group (grup) etc.

- nume de materie (Names of Matter)water (ap), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk (lapte), steel (oel), silver (argint), gold (aur), snow (zpad), wine (vin), tea (ceai), salt (sare) etc.

1.2.2. Genul substantivelor (The Gender of the Nouns)masculin (masculine)feminin (feminine)

(he = el) (she = ea)

actor = actor actress = actri

bachelor = celibatar spinster = celibatar

barman = barman barmaid = barmani

boy = biat girl = fat

bridegroom = ginerebride = mireas

brother = frate sister = sor

dad/daddy = tati/tticu mam/mammy = mami

earl = contecountess = contes

father = tat mother = mam

gentleman = domn gentlewoman = doamn

god = zeu goddess = zei

grandfather = grandpa = bunic grandmother = grandma = bunic

hero = erou heroine = eroin

husband = so wife = soie

king = rege queen = regin

lad = flcu lass = fat

landlord = proprietar landlady = proprietreas

man = brbatwoman = femeie

master = stpnmistress = stpn

monk = clugrnun = clugri

nephew = nepot niece = nepoat

papa/daddy = tata mamma/mammy = mama

policeman = poliist policewoman = poliist

prince = prinprincess = prines

salesman = vnztor saleswoman = vnztoare

sir = domn madam = doamn

son = fiu daughter = fiic

tutor = tutore governess = guvernant

uncle = unchi aunt = mtu

neutru (neuter)comun (common)

(it = el/ea) (he/she = el/ea)

air = aer associate = asociat/asociat

ball = minge architect = arhitect/arhitect

book = carte artist = artist/artist

box = cutie beginner = nceptor/nceptoare

bread = pine author = autor/autoare

building = cldire child = copil/copil

bus = autobuz buyer = cumprtor/cumprtoare

crocodile = crocodil client = client/client

error = greeal companion = nsoitor/nsoitoare

fish = pete cook = buctar/buctreas

flag = drapel cousin = verior/verioar

flute = flaut customer = client/client

fork = furculi customs officer = vame/vame

glory = glorie dancer = dansator/dansatoare

helicopter = elicopterdoctor = doctor/doctori

honour = onoare dreamer = vistor/vistoare

house = cas driver = ofer/oferi

impression = impresie dyer = vopsitor/vopsitoare

indifference = indiferen economist = economist/economist

kangaroo = cangur engineer = inginer/inginer

land = pmnt examiner=examinator/examinatoare

legend = legend fighter = lupttor/lupttoare

light = luminfriend = prieten/prieten

march = mar guest = musafir/musafir

medal = medalie interpreter = interpret/interpret

microbe = microbjournalist = jurnalist/jurnalist

minaret = minaret owner = posesor/posesoare

monkey = maimupainter = pictor/pictori

mouse = oareceparent = printe

mushroom = ciuperc

masculin (masculine)feminin (feminine)

(he = el) (she = ea)

boy friend = prieten girl friend = prieten

brother - in - law = cumnatsister - in - law = cumnat

bull = taur cow = vac

cock = coco hen = gin

dog = cine bitch = cea

drake = roi duck = ra

father - in - law = socrumother - in - law = soacr

fisherman = pescar-

fox = vulpoi vixen = vulpe

gipsy/gypsy = igan gipsy/gypsy woman = iganc

grandson = nepot granddaughter = nepoat

horse = calmare = iap

host = gazd hostess = gazd

lion = leu lioness = leoaic

lord = domn lady = doamn

man-servant = servitor maid - servant = servitoare

Mr. = domnul Miss/Mrs. = domnioara/doamna

negro = negru negress = negres

ox = bou cow = vac

peasant = ranpeasant woman = ranc

pirate = pirat-

postman = pota-

schoolboy = colar schoolgirl = colri

soldier = soldat-

son - in - law = ginere daughter - in - law = nor

steward = stevard stewardess = stevardes

tom cat = pisoi pussy cat = pisic

turkey cock = curcan turkey hen = curc

usher = plasator usherette = plasatoare

waiter = chelner waitress = chelneri

neutru (neuter) comun (common)

(it = el/ea)(he/she = el/ea)

net = plas photographer = fotograf/fotograf

novel = roman physician = doctor/doctori

number = numr physicist = fizician/fizician

occupation = ocupaie passenger = pasager/pasager

ocean = ocean manager = manager/manager, director/direc- toare

oil = ulei philosopher = filozof

page = pagin physiologist = fiziolog

panic = panic pilot = pilot

part = parte player = juctor/juctoare

pear = par playwright = dramaturg

petal = petal printer = tipograf/tipograf

piano = pian prisoner = prizonier/prizonier

pig = porc purchaser = cumprtor/ cumprtoare

pot = oalsupporter = suporter/suporter

root = rdcin reader = cititor/cititoare

scorpion = scorpionreporter = reporter/reporter

shark = rechinrival = rival/rival

sparrow = vrabie scholar = nvat/nvat

sphere = sfer scientist = savant/savant

stage = scen smoker = fumtor/fumtoare

stick = b spectator = spectator/spectatoare

sun = soare spouse = so/soie

tea = ceaisuccessor = succesor/succesoare

telephone = telefon superintendent = supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare

etc.theorist = teoretician/teoretician

weaver = estor/estoare

welder = sudor/sudori

worker = muncitor/muncitoare

writer = scriitor/scriitoare

1.2.3. Pluralul substantivelor1.2.3.1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor

Se formeaz prin adugarea literei s.

book - books = carte - cri

Litera s semn al pluralului substantivelor , al persoanei a III-a singular a verbelor i al genitivului saxon/sintetic al substantivelor, se citete:

[ s ] - cnd este precedat de consoane nesonore/surde

book - books = carte - cri

to speak - he speaks = a vorbi - el vorbete

the economist's pen] = stiloul economistului

[ z ] - cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor

chair - chairs = scaun - scaune

to receive - he receives = a primi - el primete

the girl's flowers =florile fetei ;

[ iz ] - cnd este precedat de s, z, ch, sh sau consoane uiertoare/sibilante;

bench - benches = banc - bnci

bus - buses = autobuz - autobuze

fox - foxes = vulpoi - vulpoi

George' s books = crile lui George

to teach - he teaches = a preda/explica - el pred/explic

to wash - he washes = a (se) spla - el se spal

Unele substantive terminate n y, precedat de consoan primesc s la plural, dar pe y l transform n ie.

baby - babies = copila - copilai

beauty - beauties = frumusee - frumusei

city - cities = ora - orae etc.

Substantivele terminate n y formeaz pluralul prin simpla adugare la sfritul lor a literei s dac n faa lui y se afl o vocal :

boy - boys = biat biei

day - days = zi - zile

play - plays = pies - piese

toy - toys = jucrie - jucrii etc

Substantivele care se termin n f sau ff formeaz pluralul prin adugarea lui s :

chief - chiefs = ef - efi

cliff - cliffs = stnc - stnci

grief - griefs = suprare/mhnire - suprri/mhniri

Dar iat i excepii:

calf - calves = viel - viei

half - halves = jumtate - jumti

knife - knives = cuit - cuite

leaf - leaves = frunz - frunze

life - lives = via - viei

loaf - loaves = franzel - franzele

shelf - shelves = raft - rafturi

thief - thieves = ho - hoi

wife - wives = soie - soii

wolf - wolves = lup - lupi

Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul astfel:

a) - unele adaug terminaia es :

hero - heroes = erou - eroi

mosquito - mosquitoes = nar - nari

negro - negroes = negru - negri

potato - potatoes = cartof - cartofi

tomato - tomatoes = tomat - tomate

volcano - volcanoes = vulcan - vulcani

b) - altele adaug doar litera s :

casino - casinos = cazino - cazinouri

cuckoo - cuckoos = cuc - cuci

embryo - embryos = embrion- embrioni

kangaroo - kangaroos = cangur - canguri

piano - pianos = pian - piane

radio - radios = radio - radiouri

photo - photos = fotografie - fotografii

studio - studios = studio - studiouri

1.2.3.2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelorbusinessman - businessmen = om / oameni de afaceri

child - children = copil - copii

die - dice = zar - zaruri

Englishman - Englishmen = englez - englezi

fireman - firemen = pompier - pompieri

fisherman - fishermen = pescar - pescari

foot - feet = lab - labe

gentleman - gentlemen = domn - domni

gentlewoman - gentlewomen = doamn - doamne

goose - geese = gsc - gte

louse - lice = pduche - pduchi

man - men = brbat - brbai

mouse - mice = oarece - oareci

postman - postmen = posta - postai

sportsman - sportsmen = sportiv - sportivi

tooth - teeth = dinte/msea - dini/msele

woman - women = femeie - femei

1.2.3.3. Plurale strine

Greceti:

analysis - analyses = analiz - analize

axis - axes = ax - axe

basis - bases = baz - baze

crisis - crises = criz - crize

diagnosis - diagnoses = diagnostic - diagnostice

metropolis - metropolises = metropol - metropole

sphinx - sphinxes = sfinx - sfinci

octopus - octopuses/octopi = caracati - caracatie

Latineti:

agendum - agenda = agend - agende

alga - algae = alg - alge

aquarium / aquariums = acvariu - acvarii

bacillus - bacilli = bacil - bacili

candelabrum - candelabra = candelabru - candelabre

erratum - errata = erat - erate

gymnasium - gymnasiums = gimnaziu- gimnazii

mausoleum - mausoleums = mausoleu - mausolee

stimulus - stimuli = stimul - stimuli

stratum - strata = strat - straturi

1.2.3.4. Plurale asimilate n limba englez

arena - arenas = aren - arene

circus - circuses = circ - circuri

dilemma - dilemmas = dilem - dileme

diploma - diplomas = diplom - diplome

drama - dramas = dram - drame

genius - geniuses = geniu - genii

idea - ideas = idee - idei

minus - minuses = minus - minusuri

opera - operas = oper - opere

umbrella - umbrellas = umbrel - umbrele

1.2.3.5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse

blackboard - blackboards = tabl - table

motel - motels = motel - moteluri

mother - in - law - mothers - in - law = soacr - soacre

passer - by - passers - by = pieton - pietoni

son - in - law - sons - in - law = ginere - gineri

1.2.3.6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimale

one quarter - three quarters = un sfert - trei sferturi

one third - two thirds = o treime - dou treimi

one fifth - two fifths = o cincime - dou cincimi

one seventh - two sevenths = o eptime - dou eptimi

1.2.3.7. Pluralul unor abrevieri

Member of Parliament (M.P.) - Members of Parliament (M.P.s) = membru al parlamentului, membri ai parlamentului

Mountain (Mt. ) - Mountains (Mts) = munte - muni

Post - Office (P.O.) - Post - Offices (P.O.s) = oficiu potal - oficii potale.

1.2.3.8. Substantive numai cu form de plural

spectacles = glasses = ochelari, trousers = pantaloni, clothes = haine, scissors = foarfeci

1.2.3.9. Substantive numai cu form de singular

advice = sfat, equipment = echipament/utilaj, furniture = mobil, information = informaie/informaii, knowledge = cunotine, news = tiri, money = bani

1.2.3.10. Substantive cu aceeai form pentru singular i plural

sheep = oaie - oi, fish = pete - peti, deer = cprioar - cprioare,

Portughese = portughez - portughezi, Chinese = chinez - chinezi

1.2.4. Cazurile substantivelor (The Cases of the Nouns)

Cazul este categoria gramatical prin care se exprim raporturi sintactice ntre cuvinte prin modificarea formelor acestora.

1.2.4.1. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case)

Este cazul subiectului i rspunde la ntrebrile: who ? = cine ? , what ? = = ce?The boy is playing in the garden. = Biatul se joac n grdin.

Who is playing in the garden? = Cine se joac n grdin ?

I saw John. - Who saw John? - I did. = Eu l-am vzut pe John. - Cine l-a vzut pe John? - Eu.

The book is on the table. - What is on the table? - The book is. = Cartea este pe mas. - Ce este pe mas ? - Cartea.

Alice and Gabi are in the street. - Who is/are in the street ? - Alice and Gabi are. = Alice i Gabi sunt pe strad. - Cine este pe strad? - Alice i Gabi.

1.2.4.2. Cazul vocativ (The Vocative Case)

Este cazul adresrii sau al chemrii.

George, will you help me ? = George, vrei s m ajui ?

Come here, my boy ! = Vino aici, fiule !

1.2.4.3. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case)

Este cazul atributului i rspunde la ntrebrile: whose ? = al cui ?, a cui ?, ai cui?, ale cui ?, which ?= care ?, which of ?= care dintre ?, what ?= ce/care ?

Cazul genitiv este de patru feluri:

a) saxon/sinteticb) prepoziional/analiticc) dublud) implicit/aglutinant1.2.4.3.1. Genitivul saxon/sintetic (The Saxon Genitive or the Possesive Case)

Se formeaz la singular cu ' (apostrof) plus litera s i se ntrebuineaz cu substantive masculine i feminine.

all Shakespeare's plays = toate piesele lui Shakespeare

John Major's diplomacy = diplomaia lui John Major

the boy's friend = prietenul biatului

this man's gift = talentul acestui om

La plural sau dac posesorul se termin n s se adaug doar apostroful.

the boys' friend = prietenul bieilor

the children's ball = mingea copiilor

the boys' ball = mingea bieilor

Dickens' novels = romanele lui Dickens

Genitivul saxon se mai folosete i n unele structuri cum ar fi:

A Midsummer Night's Dream = Visul unei nopi de var

at a stone's throw = la o distan de o aruncare de piatr

at Shakespeare's = la Shakespeare acas

the night's coolness = rcoarea nopii

the house of my sister's husband = casa soului sorei mele

the sun's heat = cldura soarelui

the sea's roar = vuietul mrii

to go to the barber's = a merge la frizerie

to his heart's content = pe pofta inimii lui

today's news = tirile de azi

without a moment's rest = fr o clip de odihn

a talk of ten minutes = a ten minutes' talk = o discuie de zece minute

a two miles' walk = a walk of two miles = o plimbare de dou mile

England's football team = echipa de fotbal a Angliei

I must go to Mr. Brown's house. = Trebuie s merg la domnul Brown acas

to be at one's wit's/ wits' end = a fi n ncurctur, a fi la captul puterilor

1.2.4.3.2. Genitivul prepoziional/analitic (The Prepositional/Analitical Genitive)

Se formeaz cu prepoziia of i se folosete cu substantive de toate genurile.

the smell of the flower/flowers = mirosul florii/florilor

the friend of the boy = the boy's friend = prietenul biatului

the friends of the boys = the boys' friends = prietenii bieilor

the friend of the boys = the boys' friend = prietenul bieilor

the friends of the boy = the boy's friends = prietenii biatului

some books of my friend = nite cri ale prietenului meu

a friend of mine/yours/his/hers = un prieten al meu/tu/lui/ei

a friend of ours/yours/theirs = un prieten al nostru/vostru/lor

a brother of my friend = un frate al prietenului meu

a book of my sister = o carte a sorei mele

one of my good friends = unul din bunii mei prieteni

one of my best friends = unul din cei mai buni prieteni ai mei

this interesting book of Helen's = aceast carte interesant a Elenei

a dancing couple = a couple that/which is dancing = un cuplu care danseaz

a burning house = a house that is burning = o cas care arde

a sleeping dog = a dog that/which is sleeping = un cine care doarme

the boy between John and Nick = the boy who is between John and Nick = = biatul dintre John i Nick = biatul care este ntre John i Nick.

the man in the street = omul de pe strad, omul de rnd, omul obinuit

a boy of eleven (years) = un biat de unsprezece ani

a man with grey hair = un om cu pr crunt

the girl with glasses = fata cu ochelari

the girl wearing glasses = fata care poart ochelari

my friend's friend = prietenul prietenului meu

my friends' friend = prietenul prietenilor mei

my friend's friends = prietenii prietenului meu

my friends' friends = prietenii prietenilor mei

a walk of ten minutes = a ten minute walk = o plimbare de zece minute

our walk of ten minutes = our ten minute walk = plimbarea noastr de zece minute

a drive of ten miles = a ten mile drive = o plimbare de zece mile cu maina

a journey of two days = a two day journey = o cltorie de dou zile

my holiday of two weeks = my two week holiday = vacana mea de dou sptmni

1.2.4.3.3. Genitivul dublu (Group Possesive)my friend's birthday/ the birthday of my friend = ziua de natere a prietenului meu

her sister, Alice's blue eyes = ochii albatri ai sorei sale, Alice

his son-in-law's birthday = ziua de natere a ginerelui su/lui

my friend, Tom's birthday = ziua de natere a prietenului meu, Tom

someone else's birthday = ziua de natere a altcuiva

that boy's friend's book = cartea prietenului biatului aceluia = cartea prietenului acelui biat.

1.2.4.3.4. Genitivul implicit/aglutinant (The Implicit Genitive)The United Nations Organisation = Organizaia Naiunilor Unite

Students Organisation = Organizaia studenilor

ignition timing = reglarea aprinderii

a heart disease = o boal de inim

1.2.4.4. Cazul dativ (The Dative Case)

Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect i rspunde la ntrebrile: to whom ? = who(m)... to? = cui? for whom ? = who(m)... for ? = pentru cine ?, to what ...? = what ... to ? = la ce ? etc.

I give Alice two books. = I give two books to Alice. = Eu i dau lui Alice dou cri. = Eu i dau dou cri lui Alice.

To whom do I give two books ? = Who(m) do I give two books to ? = Cui dau eu dou cri ?

Everybody is working for him. = Toi lucreaz pentru el.

For whom is everybody working ? = Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?

Who(m) is everybody working for ? = Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?

I am referring to John. = Eu m refer la John.

Who(m) am I referring to ? = To whom am I referring ? = La cine m refer eu?

dativ acuzativ

acuzativ dativ

I have brought John a book. = I have brought a book to John.I-am adus lui John o carte. = I-am adus o carte lui John.

Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c, atunci cnd n propoziie acuzativul (compl. direct) st naintea dativului (compl. indirect), se folosete obligatoriu particula to .

Alte exemple:

I offered my wife some flowers. = I offered some flowers to my wife = I-am oferit soiei mele nite flori. = I-am oferit nite flori soiei mele.

The book belongs to me. = Cartea mi aparine mie.

The book does not belong to me .= Cartea nu-mi aparine mie.

Does the book belong to me ? = mi aparine mie cartea ?

To whom does the book belong ? = Who(m) does the book belong to ? = Cui i aparine cartea ?

He forgives us our mistake. = El ne iart nou greeala noastr.

His coming is a mystery to me. = Venirea lui este un mister pentru mine.

The advantage is obvious to them. = Avantajul le este evident.

What relation are you to this boy ? = Ce rud eti tu cu acest biat ?

This computer is superior to other computers. = Acest calculator este superior altor calculatoare.

The matter is open to discussion.= Chestiunea este deschis discuiei.

Give my friend that book, please ! = Give that book to my friend, please ! = D-i prietenului meu cartea aceea, te rog !

I am going to write to my friend. = Am de gnd s-i scriu prietenului meu.

Do not be cruel to animals ! = Nu fi crud fa de animale !

You must not be blind to his mistakes. = Nu trebuie s fii orb fa de greelile lui.

His uncle gave him a present. = Unchiul su / lui i-a dat un cadou.

1.2.4.5. Cazul acuzativ (The Accusative Case)

Este cazul complementului direct i rspunde la ntrebrile whom ? = pe cine ?, what ? = ce ?I see the boy every day. = l vd pe biat n fiecare zi.

Whom do I see every day ? = Pe cine vd eu n fiecare zi ?

You see the book on the table. = Tu vezi cartea pe mas.

What do you see on the table ? = Ce vezi tu pe mas ?

My sister is looking for a book. = Sora mea caut o carte.

What is my sister looking for ? = Ce caut sora mea ?

1.2.5. Declinarea substantivelor (The Declension of the Nouns)

Trecerea unui substantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile la numrul singular i la numrul plural poart numele de declinare.

1.2.5.1. Declinarea cu articol nehotrt a unui substantiv masculin i a unui substantiv feminin singular plural

N.a boy = un biat boys = biei

a girl = o fat girls = fete

G. of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai, ale unui biat of boys = boys' = al, a, ai, ale, unor biei, de biei

of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai, ale unei fete of girls = girls' = al, a , ai, ale, unor fete, de fete

D.(to) a boy = unui biat(to) boys = unor biei

(to) a girl = unei fete (to) girls = unor fete

A.a boy = un biat boys = biei

a girl = o fat girls = fete

V.boy ! = biete !, biatule !

girl ! = fat !boys ! = biei!

girls ! = fetelor !

1.2.5.2. Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotrt singular plural

N. the boy = biatul the boys = bieii

the girl = fata the girls = fetele

G. of the boy = the boy's = al, a, ai, ale biatuluiof the boys = the boys' = al, a, ai, ale bieilor

of the girl = the girl's = al, a, ai, ale feteiof the girls = the girls' = al, a, ai, ale fetelor

D. (to) the boy = biatului (to) the boys = bieilor

(to) the girl = fetei (to) the girls = fetelor

A. the boy = biatul the boys = bieii

the girl = fata the girls = fetele

V.--

1.2.5.3. Declinarea substantivelor neutre singular plural

N. a table = o mas tables = mese

the table = masa the tables = mesele

G. of a table = al, a, ai, ale unei mese of tables = de mese

of the table = al, a, ai, ale mesei of the tables = al, a, ai, ale meselor

D. to a table = unei mese to tables = la/unor mese

to the table = mesei to the tables = meselor

A. a table = o mastables = mese

the table = masa the tables = mesele

V. - -

1.3. ADJECTIVUL (THE ADJECTIVE)

Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care calific/determin un substantiv sau un echivalent al unui substantiv.

n limba englez adjectivele stau naintea substantivelor sau dup verbul to be i nu se acord n gen, numr i caz cu substantivele pe care le determin.

The interesting book is on the table. = Cartea interesant este pe mas.

1.3.1. Clasificarea adjectivelor1. calitative (of Quality / Descriptive)2. posesive (Possessive)3. interogativ - relative (Interrogative-Relative)4. demonstrative (Demonstrative)5. cantitativ/nehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)1.3.1.1. Adjective calitative (Adjectives of Quality)clever = detept, deteapt, detepi, detepte

a clever boy = un biat detepta clever girl = o fat deteapt

clever boys = biei detepiclever girls = fete detepte

interesting = interesant, interesant, interesani, interesante

good = bun, bun, buni, bune etc.

1.3.1.2. Adjective posesive (Possessive Adjectives)my = meu, mea, mei, mele

your = tu, ta, ti, tale

his = lui, su, sa, si, sale, dnsului

her = ei, su, sa, si, sale, dnsei

its = lui/ei, su/sa, si/sale

our = nostru, noastr, notri, noastre

your = vostru, voastr, votri, voastre, dumneavoastr

their = lor, dnilor, dnselor, dumnealor

my friend = prietenul meu

my friends = prietenii mei

your friend = prietenul tu your friends = prietenii ti

his friend = prietenul lui/dnsului his friends = prietenii lui/dnsului

her friend = prietenul ei/dnsei

her friends = prietenii ei/dnsei

its friend = prietenul lui/ei

its friends = prietenii lui/ei

our friend = prietenul nostru

our friends = prietenii notri

your friend = prietenul vostru/dv.

your friends = prietenii votri/dv.

their friend = prietenul lor/dnilor their friends = prietenii lor/dnilor

1.3.1.3. Adjective interogativ-relative (Interrogative-Relative Adjectives)1.3.1.3.1. Interogative

which = care ?, pe care ?

which boy ? = care (al ctelea) biat ? (which boys ? = care (ai ctelea) biei?)

which girl ? = care (a cta) fat? (which girls ? = care (ale ctelea) fete ?)

which house ? = care (a cta) cas ? (which houses ? = care (ale ctelea) case?)

which tree ?= care (al ctelea) copac? (which trees? = care (ai ctelea) copaci ?)

which of ? = care dintre ? (selectiv)

which of the boys?= care dintre biei?

which of the girls ? = care dintre fete ?

which of the houses ? = care dintre case ?

which of the trees ? = care dintre copaci ?

what ? = ce ?, care ?

what boy ? = ce/care biat ?what boys ? = ce/care biei ?

what girl ? = ce/care fat ?what girls ? = ce/care fete ?

what house ? = ce/care cas ?what houses ? = ce/care case ?

what tree ? = ce/care copac ?what trees ? = ce/care copaci ?

what kind/sort of ? = ce fel de ?

what kind of boy ? = ce fel de biat ? (what kind of boys ? = ce fel de biei?)

what kind of girl ? = ce fel de fat ? (what kind of girls ? = ce fel de fete ?)

what kind of house? = ce fel de cas? (what kind of houses? = ce fel de case ?)

what kind of tree? = ce fel de copac? (what kind of trees ? = ce fel de copaci ?

whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ?

whose boy ? = al cui biat ?whose boys ? = ai cui biei ?

whose girl ? = a cui fat ?

whose girls ? = ale cui fete ?

whose house ? = a cui cas ?whose houses ? = ale cui case ?

whose tree ? = al cui copac ?whose trees ? = ai cui copaci ?

1.3.1.3.2. Relative

who = care ; the boy who knows you = biatul care te cunoate

whose = al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror

the boy whose father ... = biatul al crui tat ... the boy whose mother ... = biatul a crui mam ...

the boy whose parents ... = biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... = fata ai crei prini

the boys whose father ... = bieii al cror tat ... the boys whose mother ... = bieii a cror mam ...

the boys whose fathers ... = bieii ai cror tai the boys whose parents ... = bieii ai cror prini

the girl whose mother ... = fata a crei mam ... the girl whose father ... = fata al crei tat ...

the girls whose mother ... = fetele a cror mam the girls whose father ... = fetele al cror tat

the girls whose parents ... = fetele ai cror prini

the girls whose mothers ... = fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... = fetele ai cror tai

the house whose colour ... = casa a crei culoare

the house whose roof ... = casa al crei acoperi

the houses whose colour ... = casele a cror culoare

the houses whose roof ... = casele al cror acoperi

the houses whose colours ... = casele ale cror culori

the houses whose roofs ... = casele ale cror acoperiuri

the tree whose leaf ... = copacul a crui frunz

the tree whose leaves ... = copacul ale crui frunze

the trees whose leaves ... = copacii ale cror frunze

The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. = Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu.

The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. = Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.

to whom = cruia, creia, crora

the boy to whom you recommend the book = biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea

the girl to whom you recommend a book = fata creia i recomanzi o carte

the boys to whom you recommend a book = bieii crora le recomanzi o carte

the girls to whom you recommend a book = fetele crora le recomanzi o carte

whom = pe carethe boy whom you see = biatul pe care l vezi

the girl whom you see = fata pe care o vezi

the boys whom you see = bieii pe care i vezi

the girls whom you see = fetele pe care le vezi

that/which = care, pe carethe colour that/which you like = culoarea care i place

which of [wit~ ov] = care dintre , cui dintreHe knows which of us lives here. = El tie care dintre noi locuiete aici.

what [wot] = ce/ct/care

Tell him what answer to give. = Spune-i ce rspuns s dea.

Tell me what time it is. = Spune-mi ct e ceasul .

I know what book you like. = tiu ce/care carte i place.

what kind/sort of = ce fel deI know what kind/sort of man he is. = tiu ce fel de om este el.

1.3.1.4. Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives)this = acest, acesta ; aceast, aceasta

this boy = acest biat, biatul acesta

this girl = aceast fat, fata aceasta

this tree = acest copac, copacul acesta

this book = aceast carte, cartea aceasta

these = aceti, acetia ; aceste, acestea

these boys = aceti biei, bieii acetia

these girls = aceste fete, fetele acestea

these trees = aceti copaci, copacii acetia

these books = aceste cri, crile acestea

that = acel, acela ; acea, aceea

that boy = acel biat, biatul acela

that girl = acea fat, fata aceea

that tree = acel copac, copacul acela

that book = acea carte, cartea aceea

those = acei, aceia; acele, acelea

those boys = acei biei, bieii aceia

those girls = acele fete, fetele acelea

those books = acele cri, crile acelea

those trees = acei copaci, copacii aceia

the one = acel/acela care, cel ce/care; cea/aceea careThe one, who knows us, is here. = Cel/cea care ne cunoate este aici.

it = acela, aceea

Was it you ? = Tu ai fost acela/aceea ?

the former = primul (din doi), cel dinti (din doi), prima (din dou), cea dinti (din dou)

the latter = (cel de-) al doilea, ultimul (din doi), (cea de-) a doua, ultima (din dou)

John and William are friends. The former is a farmer, the latter is an engineer. = John i William sunt prieteni. Primul este fermier, al doilea este inginer.

the first = cel, cea, cei, cele dinti, primul, prima, primii, primele

He is my first friend. = El este primul meu prieten. = El este cel dinti prieten al meu.

the first boy = primul biat

the first boys = primii biei

the first girl = prima fat

the first girls = primele fete

the first book = prima carte

the first books = primele cri

the first tree = primul copac

the first trees = primii copaci

the last = cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimele

Is this your last decision ? = Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ?

the last boy = ultimul biat

the last boys = ultimii biei

the last girl = ultima fat

the last girls = ultimele fete

the last book = ultima carte

the last books = ultimele cri

the last tree = ultimul copac

the last trees = ultimii copaci

the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelaltethe other boy = cellalt biat

the other girl = cealalt fat

the other house = cealalt cas

the other boys = ceilali biei

the other girls = celelalte fete

the other houses = celelalte case

another = alt, alt, o alt, alte

another boy = alt biat

another girl = alt fat

another tree = alt copac

another house = alt cas

another news = alte tiri

another good news = alte tiri bune

He will be staying in England for another year . = El va sta n Anglia nc un an.

such = astfel de, asemenea, aa

such a boy = un astfel de biat, un asemenea biat

such a girl = o astfel de fat, o asemenea fat

such boys = aa biei, astfel de biei, asemenea biei

such girls = aa fete, astfel de fete, asemenea fete

such people = aa oameni, astfel de oameni

people such as = oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exemplu

We hope never to have another such experience. = Sperm s nu mai avem niciodat o astfel de experien.

the same = acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleai

the same boy = acelai biat the same girl = aceeai fat

the same book = aceeai carte the same tree = acelai copac

the same boys = aceiai biei the same girls = aceleai fete

the same books = aceleai cri the same trees = aceiai copaci

one and the same = unul i acelai; una i aceeai.

one and the same boy = unul i acelai biat; one and the same girl = una i aceeai fat

one and the same book = una i aceeai carte; one and the same tree = unul i acelai copac

the very = chiar, tocmai , nsui , nsithe very boy who/that = chiar/ nsui / tocmai biatul care; he very girl who/that = chiar/nsi/tocmai fata care

the very book which/that = chiar /tocmai cartea care;

the very boys who/that = chiar/tocmai bieii care

the very girls who/that = chiar/tocmai fetele care

the very books which/that = chiar/tocmai crile care

This is the very book I needed. = Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.

1.3.1.5. Adjective cantitative/NEHOTRTE (The Quantitative/INDEFINITE Adjectives)

some = unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreo

Se folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper s se obin un rspuns afirmativ.

I see some people in the street. = Vd nite oameni pe strad.

Come to see us some Sunday ! = Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic !

Do you see some people in the street ? = Vezi nite oameni pe strad ?

I should drink some water, not some wine. = A bea nite ap, nu nite vin.

I know him to some degree. = l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur.

Some agree with me and some don't. = Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu.

They will find out the truth some day. = Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi.

This matter has some importance. = Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan.

You will meet some person or other. = Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta.

any- n propoziiile afirmative = orice, fieceHe can come at any hour of the day. = El poate veni la orice or din zi.

You may like any book. = i poate plcea orice carte.

You can/may come any time. = Poi veni oricnd.

any ? - n propoziiile interogative = orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ?Do you like any book ? = i place orice carte ?

Have you got any friends ? = Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ?

Can you lend me any of those books ? = mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crile acelea?

any - n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici oI cannot find any excuse. = Nu pot gsi nici o scuz.

We do not see any house. = Noi nu vedem nici o cas.

He does not see any boy. = El nu vede nici un biat.

no - numai n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici o

n limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie.

I see no boy, no girl and no house. = Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas.

No man could do it. = Nici un om n-o putea face.

He will spare no pains. = El nu va crua nici un efort.

no admittance = intrarea interzis

no smoking = fumatul interzis

I can find no other solution. = Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie.

few = puini, puine

I see few boys, few girls and few houses. = Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puine case.

few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

a few = puini/destui, puine/destule

I have a few books. = Am puine/suficiente cri.

He has a few friends. = Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni.

quite a few = a good few = some few = many, a large number = muli/multeHe has got quite a few friends. = Are destui/muli prieteni.

little = puin, puin; mic, mic, miciI drink little tea and little coffee. = Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea.

He has little time for reading. = El are puin timp pentru citit.

The little boy drinks little lemonade. = Bieelul bea puin limonad.

the little ones = cei mici

a little = puin/destul, puin/destul, (cte) cevaA little is better than none. (prov.) = Mai bine puin dect deloc. = Mai bine ceva dect nimic.

We have a little beer and a little wine. = Avem ceva bere i ceva vin.

to know a little of everything = a ti cte ceva din toate

The little girl is a little better now. = Fetia face ceva mai bine acum.

much = mult, mult

There is much tea in the teapot. = Este mult ceai n ceainic.

many = muli, multeThere are many people in the park. = Sunt muli oameni n parc.

many of us/you/them = muli/multe dintre noi/voi/ei/ele .

plenty of = mult, mult, muli, multe.

We have plenty of time . = Avem timp din belug. = Avem timp berechet.

a lot of = o mulime de.We have a lot of books. = Noi avem o mulime de cri.

each = fiecare (luat n parte) Each man knows their story. = Fiecare om tie povestea lor.

each of us/you/them = fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

every = fiecare, toi/ toateEvery man knows their story. = Fiecare om tie povestea lor.

We can go to the library every day. = Putem merge la bibliotec n fiecare zi.

several = civa, cteva, mai muli/multe

We shall spend several days and nights in the mountains. = Vom petrece cteva zile i nopi la munte.

He has several friends. = El are civa prieteni.

several of us/you/them = civa dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

Several of us went home on foot. = Mai muli dintre noi au mers acas pe jos.

enough = destul, destul, suficient, suficient

There is enough bread on the table. = Este suficient pine pe mas.

certain = anumii, anumite, unii, unele

certain boys = unii/anumii biei

certain girls = unele/anumite fete

certain books = unele/anumite cri

a certain = un anumit, o anumit, un anume/oarecare, o anume/oare- care

a certain boy = un anume/anumit/oarecare biat

a certain girl = o anume/anumit/oarecare fat

a certain Mr. Jones = un anumit/oarecare domn Jones

a certain Mrs. Jones = o anumit/oarecare doamn Jones

a certain Miss. Jones = o anumit/oarecare domnioar Jones

1.3.2. Comparaia adjectivelor i adverbelor (The Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs)

Comparaia adjectivelor i adverbelor este:

a) regulat/sintetic (cele scurte)b) analitic (cele lungi)c) mixt (sintetic i analitic)d) neregulat

Comparaia adjectivelor se realizeaz la urmtoarele grade:

1) pozitiv, cnd nsuirea unui obiect/substantiv nu se raporteaz la nici un alt termen. Pozitivul este asemuit cu nominativul substantivelor i cu infinitivul verbelor.

2) comparativ, prin care se exprim superioritatea (comparativ de superioritate), egalitatea (comparativ de egalitate) sau inferioritatea (comparativ de inferioritate) unui obiect/substantiv fa de altul.

3) superlativ (lat.: superlativus; super = deasupra, latus = dus/ridicat) prin care se arat c nsuirea obiectului / substantivului se afl fie n cea mai mare msur/ intensitate (superlativul relativ), fie n foarte mare msur/ intensitate (superlativul absolut). Adjectivele monosilabice dubleaz consoana final cnd aceasta este precedat de vocal scurt.

1.3.2.1. Comparaia sintetic/regulat

gradul pozitivcomparativ de superioritatesuperlativ relativsuperlativ absolut

bigbiggerthe biggestvery big

maremai marecel mai marefoarte mare

drydrierthe driestvery dry

uscatmai uscatcel mai uscatfoarte uscat

easyeasierthe easiestvery easy

uormai uorcel mai uorfoarte uor

fatfatterthe fattestvery fat

grasmai grascel mai grasfoarte gras

greatgreaterthe greatestvery great

mare, mremai marecel mai marefoarte mare

happyhappierthe happiestvery happy

fericitmai fericitcel mai fericitfoarte fericit

hardharderthe hardestvery hard

tare, durmai tarecel mai tarefoarte tare

hothotterthe hottestvery hot

fierbintemai fierbintecel mai fierbintefoarte fierbinte

kindkinderthe kindestvery kind

amabilmai amabilcel mai amabilfoarte amabil

longlongerthe longestvery long

lungmai lungcel mai lungfoarte lung

nicenicerthe nicestvery nice

plcut/drgumai plcutcel mai plcutfoarte plcut

shortshorterthe shortestvery short

scurt/scundmai scurtcel mai scurtfoarte scurt

smallsmallerthe smallestvery small

mic/modestmai miccel mai micfoarte mic

strongstrongerthe strongestvery strong

taremai tarecel mai tarefoarte tare

talltallerthe tallestvery tall

naltmai naltcel mai naltfoarte nalt

thickthickerthe thickestvery thick

grosmai groscel mai grosfoarte gros

thinthinnerthe thinnestvery thin

subire/slabmai subirecel mai subirefoarte subire, etc.

1.3.2.2. Comparaia analitic a adjectivelor i adverbelorpozitiv comparativ de superioritatesuperlativ relativsuperlativ absolut

abject more abject the most abject very abject

abject/josnic Mai josnic cel mai josnic foarte josnic

abrupt more abrupt the most abrupt very abrupt

abrupt Mai abrupt cel mai abrupt foarte abrupt

activemore active the most activevery active

activ mai activcel mai activfoarte activ

amiable More amiable the most amiable very amiable

prietenos mai prietenos cel mai prietenos foarte prietenos

attractivemore attractivethe most attractivevery attractive

atrgtor mai atrgtor cel mai atrgtor foarte atrgtor

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful very beautiful

frumoas mai frumoas cea mai frumoas foarte frumoas

curious More curious the most curious very curious

curios Mai curios cel mai curios foarte curios

foolish more foolish the most foolish very foolish

prost(esc) mai prost(esc) cel mai prost(esc) foarte prost(esc)

huge more huge the most huge very huge

uria/imens mai imens cel mai imens foarte imens

severe more severe the most severe very severe

sever/aspru mai sever cel mai sever foarte sever

sincere More sincere the most sincere very sincere

sincer Mai sincer cel mai sincer foarte sincer

skilled More skilled the most skilled very skilled

priceput mai priceput cel mai priceput foarte priceput

sociable More sociable the most sociable very sociable

sociabil mai sociabil cel mai sociabil foarte sociabil

unfit more unfit the most unfit very unfit

nepotrivit mai nepotrivit cel mai nepotrivit foarte nepotrivit

unjust more unjust the most unjust very unjust

injust/nejust mai injust cel mai injust foarte injust

urbane More urbane the most urbane very urbane

manierat mai manierat cel mai manierat foarte manierat

untidy more untidy the most untidy very untidy

dezordonat mai dezordonat cel mai dezordonat foarte dezordonat

Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely, awfully, quite etc.

1.3.2.3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic) pozitiv comparativ de

superioritatesuperlativ

relativsuperlativ

absolut

able more able the most able very able

abler the ablest

capabil mai capabil cel mai capabil foarte capabil

ample more ample the most ample very ample

amplerthe amplest

ampluMai amplu cel mai amplu foarte amplu

empty more empty the most empty very empty

emptierthe emptiest

gol mai gol cel mai gol foarte gol

strange More strange the most strangevery strange

stranger the strangest

ciudatMai ciudat cel mai ciudat foarte ciudat

stupid more stupid the most stupidvery stupid

stupiderthe stupidest

stupidMai stupid cel mai stupid foarte stupid

etc.

1.3.2.4. Comparaia neregulat a adjectivelor i adverbelorcomparativ de

superioritatesuperlativ relativsuperlativ absolut

good/wellbetterthe bestvery good/well

bun/binemai bun/binecel mai bun/binefoarte bun/bine

bad/illworsethe worstvery bad/ill

rumai rucel mai rufoarte ru

littlelessthe leastvery little

puin/micmai puin/miccel mai puin/micfoarte puin/mic

much/manymorethe mostvery much/many

mult/mulimai mult/mulicel mai mult/cei mai mulifoarte mult/muli

oldolder/elderthe oldest/eldestvery old

btrn/vechimai btrn/ vechicel mai btrn/ vechifoarte btrn/vechi

nearnearerthe nearestvery near

aproapemai aproapecel mai aproapefoarte aproape

latelaterthe latest very late

trziuMai trziucel mai trziufoarte trziu

latter = ultimul din doithe last = ultimul

farfarther/furtherthe farthest/ furthestvery far

departemai departecel mai departefoarte departe

in innerthe inmost

n interiormai n interiorcel mai n interior/

luntric

the innermost = luntric la maximum

outouter/utterthe outermost

n exteriormai n exteriorcel mai n exterior

the utmost, uttermost = n exterior la maximum

upupperthe upmost

susmai suscel mai (de) sus

the uppermost = sus la maximum

beneathnetherthe nethermost

dedesubtmai dedesubtcel mai de dedesubt

hindhinderthe hindmost

din spatemai din spatecel mai din spate

the hindermost =

ultimul din spate

foreformerthe foremost

n faMai n facel mai din fa/dinainte

the first = primul

1.3.2.5. Comparativul de egalitate

Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... = tot aa de .... ca ..../la fel de... ca ....as interesting as ... = la fel de interesant ca ...

as beautiful as ... = la fel de frumos ca

as beautifully as ... = la fel de frumos ca

as near as ... = la fel de aproape ca ...

as old as ... = la fel de btrn/vechi ca

as strange as ... = la fel de ciudat/straniu ca ...

Unele astfel de comparative de egalitate au devenit idiomuri:as quick as thought = iute ca gndul

as sweet as honey = dulce ca mierea

as swift as an arrow = iute ca sgeata

as white as snow = alb ca zpada etc.

1.3.2.6. Comparativul de inferioritate

Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative:not so ... as ... = nu aa de ... ca ... sau

less ... than ... = mai puin ... dect/ca

This film is not so interesting as that one. = Filmul acesta nu este aa de interesant ca acela.

This man is not so old as that man. = Omul acesta nu este aa de vrstnic/btrn ca omul acela.

That house is not so big as this house. = Casa aceea nu este aa (de) mare cum este casa aceasta.

Mary is less beautiful than Alice. = Mary este mai puin frumoas ca Alice.

1.3.2.7. Comparativul de intensitate

Const din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se traduc prin structura din ce n ce mai .better and better = din ce n ce mai bine

worse and worse = din ce n ce mai ru

more and more = din ce n ce mai mult

less and less = din ce n ce mai puin()/mic()

fewer and fewer = din ce n ce mai puini/puine

bigger and bigger = din ce n ce mai mare/mari etc.

more and more interesting = din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/ interesante

more and more important = din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/ importante

more and more beautifully = din ce n ce mai frumos

more and more carefully = din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.

1.3.2.8. Pozitivul cu comparativul de superioritatemuch better (than) ...= mult mai bine/bun (ca/dect)...

much worse (than)...= mult mai ru (ca/dect)...

much more (than)...= mult mai mult (ca/dect) ...

much less (than) ...= mult mai puin (ca/dect) ...

much older (than)...= mult mai n vrst (ca/dect)...

much easier (than) ...= mult mai uor (ca/dect) ...

much more difficult (than) ...= mult mai dificil/greu (ca/dect) ...

much more beautiful (than) ...= mult mai frumoas (ca/dect) ...

much more interesting (than) ...= mult mai interesant (ca/dect) ...

much more important (than) ...= mult mai important (ca/dect) ...

much more beutifully (than) ...= mult mai frumos (ca/dect) ...

much more carefully (than) ...= mult mai atent (ca/dect) ...

a little better (than) ...= puin mai bine/bun (ca/dect) ...

a little worse (than) ...= puin mai ru (ca/dect) ...

a little more (than) ...= puin mai mult (ca/dect) ...

a little less (than) ...= puin mai puin (ca/dect) ...

a little older (than) ...= puin mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect)...

a little earlier (than) ... = puin mai devreme (ca/dect)...

a little later (than) ...= puin mai trziu (ca/dect) ...

a little easier (than) ...= puin mai uor (ca/dect) ...

a little more difficult (than) ...= puin mai dificil/greu (ca/dect) ...

a little more beautiful (than) ...= puin mai frumoas (ca/dect) ....

a little more interesting (than) ...= puin mai interesant (ca/dect) ....

a little more important (than) ...= puin mai important (ca/dect) ...

a little more beautifully (than) ...= puin mai frumos (ca/dect) ...

a little more carefully (than) ...= puin mai atent/grijuliu (ca/dect)...

1.3.2.9. By far + comparativul de superioritate = cu mult mai ... by far better (than) ...= cu mult mai bun/bine (ca/dect)...

by far worse (than) ...= cu mult mai ru (ca/dect)...

by far more (than) ...= cu mult mai mult (ca/dect)...

by far less (than) ...= cu mult mai puin (ca/dect)...

by far older (than) ...= cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect)...

by far earlier (than) ...= cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect) ...

by far later (than) ...= cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)...

by far easier (than) ...= cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)...

by far more difficult (than) ...= cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)...

by far more beautiful (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...

by far more interesting (than) ...= cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)...

by far more important (than) ...= cu mult mai important (ca/dect) ...

by far more beautifully (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect) ...

by far more carefully (than) ...= cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal better (than) ...= cu mult mai bine (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal worse (than) ...= cu mult mai ru (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more (than) ...= cu mult mai mult (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal less (than) ...= cu mult mai puin (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal older (than) ...= cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect) ...

a good/great deal earlier (than) ...= cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal later (than) ...= cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal easier (than) ...= cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more difficult (than) ... = cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more beautiful (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more interesting (than) ...= cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more important (than) ...= cu mult mai important (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more beautifully (than) ...= cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...

a good/great deal more carefully (than) ...= cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...

1.3.2.10 Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)

the earlier, the better = cu ct mai devreme, cu att mai bine

The earlier you come, the better it is. = Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme, cu att mai bine.

The more you learn, the more you forget. = Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult.

the later, the worse = cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru

The later you arrive, the worse it is. = Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.

The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. = Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli bani va ctiga.

His flat is a little cheaper than yours. = Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu.

Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. = Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu.

Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. = Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.

1.3.2.11. Superlativul absolut

Se formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total, complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect), extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably (incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically (fantastic de), enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribil de), infinitely (infinit de), terribly (teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc.awfully hot = ngrozitor/cumplit de cald

We are awfully sorry. = Ne pare nespus de ru

They have changed enormously. = Ei s-au schimbat enorm.

quite well = foarte bine

very well = foarte bine

extremely well = extrem de bine

exceedingly good = excesiv de bun

infinitely small = infinit/nemsurat de mic

exceedingly difficult = excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificil

perfectly well = perfect de bine

terribly boring = teribil/nfiortor de plictisitor

a matchless playwright = un dramaturg fr pereche

quite right = perfect adevrat/just

enough - adjectiv enough food = food enough = hran suficient/destul

to have money enough = to have enough money = a avea destui bani

enough - adverb de comparaie

I am warm enough. = mi este destul de cald.

The exercise is difficult enough. = Exerciiul este destul de greu.

What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine.

Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.This beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bun.

1.3.2.12. Comparaia adjectivelor compuse

pozitiv comparativ de

superioritate superlativ relativ superlativ absolut

well-paid better-paid the best-paid very well-paid

bine pltit mai bine pltit cel mai bine pltit foarte bine pltit

good-looking better-looking the best-looking very good-looking

artos mai artos cel mai artos foarte artos

sweet-natured More sweet - natured the most sweet -naturedvery sweet- natured

bun la suflet mai bun la suflet cel mai bun la suflet foarte bun la suflet

short-sighted more short - sighted the most short -sightedvery short-sighted

miop mai miop cel mai miop foarte miop

John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. = John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.

Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. = Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.

He is a little less careful than his brother. = El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.

He loves her more than I (do). = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.

He loves her more than me. = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.

They know her better than I (do). = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.

They know her better than me. = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.

1.4. PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN)

Pronumele este partea de vorbire care nlocuiete un substantiv (o fiin, un obiect etc.).

1.4.1. Clasificare1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns)2. Interogative (the Interrogative Pronouns)3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns)4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns) 5. Demonstrative (the Demonstrative Pronouns)6. Impersonale/Generale (the Impersonal/General Pronouns)7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns)9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns)10. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns)1.4.1.1. Pronumele personale (The Personal Pronouns)

I = eu

we = noi

you = tu

you = voi, dumneavoastr (dv.)

he = el, dnsul, dumnealui they = ei, ele, dnii, dnsele, dumnealor

she = ea, dnsa, dumneaei

it = el, ea

1.4.1.2. Pronumele interogative (The Interrogative Pronouns)

N . who ? = cine ? ( N. = nominativ )

Who knows him ? = Cine l cunoate pe el ?

G . whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ? ( G. = genitiv )

Whose is this house, his or hers ? = A cui este aceast cas, a lui sau a ei ?

Whose is this little boy ? = Al cui este acest bieel ?

Whose is this little girl ? = A cui este acest feti ?

Whose are these books ? = Ale cui sunt aceste cri ?

Whose are these children ? = Ai cui sunt aceti copii ?

D . to whom ? = who (m)... to ? = cui ?, la cine ? ( D. = dativ)

To whom do you give this book ? = Who(m) do you give this book to? = Cui i dai aceast carte?

To whom are you referring ? = Who(m) are you referring to ? = La cine te referi?

To whom does the book belong ? = Who(m) does the book belong to ? = Cui i aparine cartea?

(to) me = mie

(to) us = nou

(to) you = ie

(to) you = vou

(to) him = lui

(to) them = lor, dnilor, dnilor/dnselor

(to) her = ei

(to) it = lui/ei

(to) my friend = prietenului meu (to) our friend = prietenului nostru

(to) your friend = prietenului tu (to) your friend = prietenului vostru

(to) his friend = prietenului lui (to) their friend = prietenului lor

(to) her friend = prietenului ei

(to) my friends = prietenilor meiI write my friends a letter=I write a letter to my friends=Eu scriu prietenilor mei o scrisoare=Scriu o scrisoare prietenilor mei.

for whom ? = who(m) ... for ? = pentru cine ?

For whom must you buy the book? = Who(m) must you buy the book for? = Pentru cine trebuie s cumperi cartea ?

about whom ? = who(m) ... about ? = despre cine ?

They are talking about Jim. = Ei vorbesc/discut despre Jim.

Who(m) are they talking about ? = About whom are they talking ? = Despre cine vorbesc ei?

about me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = despre mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele)

after whom ? = who(m) ... after ? = dup cine ?

Jim is running after them. = Jim alearg dup ei.

After whom is Jim running ? = Who(m) is Jim running after ? = Dup cine alearg Jim ?

(after me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = dup mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele)

before whom? = who(m) ... before ? = n faa cui ? = naintea cui ?

He was sitting before us. = El edea n faa noastr.

Before whom was he sitting ? = n faa cui edea el ?

(before me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them = naintea mea/ta/lui/ei/noastr/voastr/ lor

before my/your/his/her/our/your/their eyes = naintea ochilor mei/ ti/ lui/ ei/ notri/ votri/ lor)

behind whom? = who(m) ... behind ? = n spatele cui ?

He was sitting behind me. = El edea n spatele meu.

Behind whom was he sitting ? =Who(m) was he sitting behind ? = n spatele cui sttea el ?

beside whom? = who(m) ... beside ? = alturi de cine ?

Beside whom was he sitting? = Alturi de cine edea el ?

He was sitting beside me. = El edea alturi de mine.

(beside whose friend ? = alturi de prietenul cui ?

beside my friend = alturi de prietenul meu)

between whom? = who(m) ... between ? = ntre cine ?

between his (two) friends = ntre cei (doi) prieteni ai lui

between John and Nick = ntre John i Nick

beyond whom? = who(m) ... beyond ? = dincolo de cine ?

(beyond me = dincolo de mine

beyond us = dincolo de noi

beyond you = dincolo de tine

beyond you = dincolo de voi

beyond him/her/it = dincolo de el/eabeyond them = dincolo de ei/ele)

by whom ? = who(m) ... by ? = de (ctre) cine ?

(by me = de mine

by us = de noi

by you = de tine

by you = de voi/dv.

by him/her/it = de el/ea

by them = de ei/ele)

by whose friend ? = de prietenul cui ?

(by my friend =de prietenul meu

by our friend = de prietenul nostru

by your friend = de prietenul tu

by your friend = de prietenul vostru

by his friend = de prietenul lui/su

by their friend = de prietenul lor

by her friend = de prietenul ei/su

by this boy's friend/by the friend of this boy = de prietenul acestui biat

by this girl's friend/by the friend of this girl = de prietenul acestei fete

by these boys' friend/by the friend of these boys = de prietenul acestor biei

by these girls' friend/by the friend of these girls = de prietenul acestor fete

by this boy's friends/by the friends of this boy = de prietenii acestui biat

by this girl's friends/by the friends of this girl = de prietenii acestei fete

by this boys' friends/by the friends of these boys = de prietenii acestor biei

by this girls' friends/by the friends of these girls = de prietenii acestor fete)

for whom? = who(m) for ? = pentru cine ?

For whom are you buying the book ? = Who(m) are you buying the book for? = Pentru cine cumperi (tu) cartea ?

(for me = pentru mine

for us = pentru noi

for you = pentru tine

for you = pentru voi

for him/her/it = pentru el/ea

for them = pentru ei/ele

for whose friend ? = pentru prietenul cui ?

For whose friend is John working ? = Pentru prietenul cui lucreaz John?

for my friend = pentru prietenul meu )

from whom ? = who(m) from ? = de la cine ?

from me = de la mine

from us = de la noi

from you = de la tine

from you = de la voi

from him/her/it = de la el/ea

from them = de la ei/ele

from whose friend ? = de la prietenul cui ? = de la al cui prieten?

(from my friend = de la prietenul meu)

near whom? = who(m) ...near ? = lng cine?

(near me = lng mine

near us = lng noi

near you = lng tine

near you = lng voi

near him/her/it = lng el/ea

near them = lng ei/ele)

John was sitting near this man's friend. = John edea lng prietenul acestui om.

Near whom was John sitting? = Who(m) was John sitting near ? = Lng cine edea John?

of whom ? = who(m) ...of ? = de cine ?; despre cine?

to get rid of somebody = a se descotorosi/scpa de cineva

I must get rid of that drunk man. = Trebuie s m descotorosesc de omul acela but/beat.

Who(m) must I get rid of ? = Of whom must I get rid ? = De cine trebuie s scap eu ?

on/upon whom? = who(m) ... on/upon ? = de cine ?

to depend on/upon = a depinde de

Our going on the trip depends on John. = Plecarea noastr n excursie depinde de John.

On/upon whom does our going on the trip depend ? = Who(m) does our going on the trip depend on/upon ? = De cine depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?

(on/upon me = de mine)

On/upon whose friend does our going on the trip depend ? = Whose friend does our going on the trip depend on/upon ? = De prietenul cui depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?

with whom? = who(m) ...with ? = cu cine ?

I am playing tennis with John. = Eu joc tenis cu John.

Who(m) am I playing tennis with ? = With whom am I playing tennis? = Cu cine joc eu tenis?

(with me = cu mine

with us = cu noi

with you = cu tine

with you = cu voi

with him/her/it = cu el/ea

with them = cu ei/ele)

with whose friend ? = cu prietenul cui ?

They are going on the trip with my friend. = Ei merg n excursie cu prietenul meu.

With whom are they going on the trip ? = Who(m) are they going on the trip with ? = Cu cine merg ei n excursie ?

with my friend = cu prietenul meu

without whom ? = fr cine ?

(without me = fr mine

without us = fr noi

without you = fr tine

without you = fr voi

without him/her/it = fr el/ea

without them = fr ei/ele)

without whose friend ? = fr prietenul cui ?

without my friend = fr prietenul meu

Whose friend were you there without ? = Fr prietenul cui ai fost acolo ?)

A . whom? = pe cine ? ( A. = acuzativ )

This is the boy whom I saw. = Acesta este biatul pe care l-am vzut eu.

I see John in the street. = l vd pe John pe strad.

Whom do I see in the street? = Pe cine vd eu pe strad ?

John sees me in the street. = John m vede pe mine pe strad.

Whom does John see in the street ? = Pe cine vede John pe strad ?

(me = pe mine

her = pe ea/dnsa us = pe noi

you = pe tine

it = pe el/ea

you = pe voi

him = pe el/dnsul

them = pe ei/ele/)

John sees my friend in the street. = John l vede pe prietenul meu pe strad.

John sees my friend's brother in the street. = John l vede pe fratele prietenului meu pe strad.

what? = ce ?What is this ? = Ce este acesta/aceasta ?

What are these ? = Ce sunt acetia/acestea ?

What is there on the table ? = Ce este pe mas ? = Ce se afl/gsete pe mas ?

What is your name ? = Cum te cheam ?

What time is it ? = Ct este ceasul ?

what kind/sort of ? = ce fel de ?

What kind/sort of man is he ? = Ce fel de om este el ?

What kind/sort of films do you like? = Ce fel de filme i plac?

1.4.1.3. Pronumele relative (The Relative Pronouns)

who = cine, care.

He does not know who must come to see us.= El nu tie cine trebuie s vin pe la noi.

I know the boy who can play tennis well. = Eu l tiu/cunosc pe biatul care tie s joace tenis bine.

whose = al cui, a cui, ai cui, ale cui.

We are playing with John's ball but we don't know whose they are playing with. = Noi ne jucm cu mingea lui John dar nu tim cu a cui se joac ei.

to whom = who(m) ...to = cui

I don't know who(m) I shall give this book to. = Nu tiu cui s-i dau cartea aceasta.

Do you know who(m) he is referring to ? = tii la cine se refer el ?

whom = pe cine, pe care

I know whom you appreciate very much. = Eu tiu pe cine apreciezi tu foarte mult.

He could not guess whom he might see there. = Nu putea bnui pe cine va putea vedea acolo.

which = care, pe care

She has many books, but she doesn't know which she must read for the examination. = Ea are multe cri, dar nu tie pe care trebuie s-o citeasc pentru examen.

Her house, of which roof is of tiles, was built five years ago. = Casa, al crei acoperi este de igl, a fost construit acum cinci ani.

1.4.1.4. Pronumele posesive (The Possessive Pronouns)

mine = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele.

John's friend is in Bucharest and mine is in Berlin. = Prietenul lui John este n Bucureti, iar al meu este n Berlin.

John's sister is in Bucharest and mine is in Berlin. = Sora lui John este n Bucureti, iar a mea este n Berlin.

John's friends are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. = Prietenii lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ai mei sunt n Berlin.

John's sisters are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. = Surorile lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ale mele sunt n Berlin.

yours = al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale.

My car is white and yours is blue. = Automobilul meu este alb, iar al tu este albastru.

My house is in the country and yours is in the town. = Casa mea este la ar, iar a ta este la ora.

My children are in the mountains and yours are at the seaside. = Copiii mei sunt la munte, iar ai ti sunt la mare.

Our daugthers are at school and yours are at the university. = Fiicele noastre sunt la coal, iar ale voastre sunt la universitate.

his = al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale lui

My friend is an engineer and his is an economist. = Prietenul meu este inginer, iar al lui este economist.

Our daughter is a school-girl and his is a student. = Fiica noastr este elev, iar a lui este student.

Her books are in English and his are in Romanian.= Crile ei sunt n englez, iar ale lui sunt n romn.

hers = al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale ei

My friend speaks French but hers doesn't. = Prietenul meu vorbete franuzete, dar al ei nu.

My sister works on a farm but hers doesn't. = Sora mea lucreaz la o ferm, dar a ei nu.

Our children are noisy but hers aren't. = Copiii notri sunt glgioi, iar ai ei nu (sunt).

Our books are old but hers aren't. = Crile noastre sunt vechi, dar ale ei nu (sunt).

ours = al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre.

Your sister is Mary and ours is Beverly. = Sora voastr este Mary iar a noastr este Beverly.

Your boys play tennis but ours don't. = Bieii votri joac tenis, dar ai notri nu joac.

Your daughters read many books but ours don't. = Fiicele voastre citesc multe cri, ns/ dar ale noastre nu (citesc).

yours [yOz] = al tu, a ta , ai ti , ale tale

My friends live here , yours don't. = Prietenii mei locuiesc aici , ai ti nu.

theirs = al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor.

Our son is here but theirs isn't . = Fiul nostru este aici, dar al lor nu (este).

Our daughter is not here but theirs is. = Fiica noastr nu este aici, dar a lor este.

Our sons don't study German but theirs do. = Fiii notri nu studiaz germana, dar ai lor studiaz.

1.4.1.5. Pronumele demonstrative (The Demonstrative Pronouns)

this = acesta, aceasta

That book is yours and this (one) is mine. = Cartea aceea este a ta, iar aceasta este a mea.

that = acela, aceea

This book is mine and that (one) is yours. = Cartea aceasta este a mea, iar aceea este a ta.

these = acetia, acestea

Those books are mine and these (ones) are yours. = Crile acelea sunt ale mele, iar acestea sunt ale tale .

Those players are good but these (ones) are better. = Juctorii aceia sunt buni, dar acetia sunt mai buni.

those = aceia, acelea

These players are very good but those (ones) aren't. = Juctorii acetia sunt foarte buni, dar aceia nu sunt.

1.4.1.6. Pronumele impersonale (The Impersonal Pronouns)

one, you One could work there. = S-ar putea lucra acolo. = Se putea lucra acolo.

You should always be careful when crossing the road. = S fii totdeauna atent la traversarea drumului.

One can learn a lot of things here. = Se pot nva o mulime de lucruri aici.

You should always behave decently. = Trebuie s te pori totdeauna decent.

1.4.1.7. Pronumele reflexive (The Reflexive Pronouns) myself = m

ourselves = ne

yourself = te

yourselves = v himself = se

themselves = se herself =se

oneself = se

itself = se

Cu ajutorul pronumelorreflexive se formeaz diateza reflexiv a verbelor.

to enjoy oneself = a se distra

I enjoy myself = eu m distrez

De reinut c verbelor reflexive din limba romn nu le corespund totdeauna verbe reflexive n limba englez.

eu m mir/ntreb = I wonder ; verbul to wonder n limba englez nu este reflexiv.

1.4.1.8. Pronumele emfatice/ de ntrire (The Emphatic Pronouns)

myself = eu nsumi, personal, chiar eu

yourself = tu nsui, personal, chiar tu

himself = el nsui, personal, chiar el

herself = ea nsi, personal, chiar ea

itself = el nsui, ea nsi, personal, chiar el/ea

ourselves = noi nine, nsene, chiar noi

yourselves = voi niv, nsev, chiar voi

themselves = ei nii, ele nsele, chiar ei/ele

I must do it myself = trebuie s-o fac eu nsumi

1.4.1.9. Pronumele nehotrte (The Indefinite Pronouns)

another = alt, alt;

One man says yes, another says no. = Un om zice da, altul zice nu.

each = fiecare

We received two books each. = Am primit cte dou cri fiecare.

each of us/you/them = fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalteJohn likes this book but I like the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta, ns mie mi place cealalt.

John likes this book but I prefer the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta, dar eu o prefer pe cealalt.

others = alii, altele

Others know better than you. = Alii tiu mai bine ca/dect tine.

the others = ceilali, celelalte

The others did not come by bus. = Ceilali n-au venit cu autobuzul.

I do not see the others. = Eu nu-i vd pe ceilali. = Eu nu le vd pe celelalte.

one = unul, una, un, o; se

You do not have any book but I have one. = Tu nu ai nici o carte, dar eu am una.

Can you tell one from the other ? = l poi deosebi pe unul de cellalt ?

My neighbours have two sons whom everybody admires ; I admire one's common sense and the other's diligence. = Vecinii mei au doi fii pe care i admir toat lumea; eu admir bunul sim al unuia i hrnicia celuilalt.

He is considered as one of the family. = El este considerat drept unul de-al familiei/casei.

one of us/you/them = unul/una dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.

all = tot, toat, toi, toate; totul

He must tell you all or nothing. = El trebuie s-i spun tot sau nimic.

I cannot buy it all. = Nu pot s-l/s-o cumpr tot/toat.

All he wants is money. = Tot ce vrea el sunt banii.

all of us/you/them = we/you/they all = noi/voi/ei toi/ele toate .

either = oricare din doi/dou

You may buy either. = l /O poi cumpra pe oricare.

either of us = oricare din /dintre noi doi/dou

either of you = oricare din /dintre voi doi/dou

either of them = oricare din /dintre ei/ele doi/dou).

Neither = nici unul, nici una, nici un, nici o (din doi/dou)

One can see neither. = Nu se poate vedea nici unul/una.

neither of us/you/them = nici unul/una din(tre) noi/voi/ei/ele.

both = ambii, ambele, amndoi, amndou

You may read either of them - both are interesting. = Le poi citi pe oricare din ele - ambele sunt interesante.

both of us/you/them = noi/voi/ei doi/amndoi, noi/voi/ele dou/amndou.

several = mai muli/multe, civa, cteva

You can see many books on the table, but several are mine. = Poi vedea multe cri pe mas, dar cteva sunt ale mele.

several of us/you/them = civa/cteva dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.

few = puini, puineI only found few. = Am gsit doar puini/puine .

few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.

a few = puini/destui, puine/destuleI have found a few. = Am gsit destui/destule.

quite a few = a good few = foarte muli/multe

I have found quite a few. = Am gsit un mare numr. = Am gsit foarte muli/multe.

little = puin, puin, mic, mic.

I have done little for them. = Am fcut puin pentru ei/ele.

The little of what I've done, matters a lot. = Puinul din ct/ce am fcut eu, conteaz mult.

Your house is big, but mine is a little one. = Casa ta este mare, ns a mea este mic.

How are your little ones? = Ce fac cei mici ai ti?

a little [\ `litl] = puin /destul/ceva, puin/destul/ceva

You only have little tea but I have a little. = Tu ai doar/numai puin ceai, ns eu am ceva/ctva.

much [m{t~] = mult, mult

You have got little tea but I have got much. = Tu ai puin ceai, ns eu am mult.

many [meni] = muli, multe

many of us/you/them = muli dintre noi/voi/ei, multe dintre eleYou have only got few books but I've got many. = Tu ai doar puine cri, ns eu am multe.

some = nite, unii, unele, ceva, puin, puin, civa, cteva.

Some are good and some are bad. = Unele sunt bune, iar altele sunt rele. Unii sunt buni, iar alii sunt ri.

any = orice, fiece, oricare, ; nici unul, nici una.

He doesn't like any. = Lui nu-i place oricare. = Lui nu-i place nici unul/una.

You've got much money, but I haven't got any. = Tu ai bani muli, dar eu n-am nici sfan. = Tu ai bani muli, dar eu nu am deloc.

somebody = cineva ; cineva ?

I can see somebody at the gate. = Pot s vd pe cineva la poart .

Do you see somebody ? = Vezi pe cineva ?

anybody

A. = oricine - I can ask anybody. = Pot ntreba pe oricine.

I. = cineva - Do you see anybody ? = Vezi pe cineva ?

N. = nimeni - I cannot ask anybody. = Nu pot ntreba pe nimeni.

nobody = nimeni

I see nobody. = Nu vd pe nimeni.

something = ceva ; ceva?

I see something. = Vd ceva.

Do you see something ? = Vezi ceva ? (Cnd rspunsul este afirmativ).

anything

= orice - I buy anything.= Cumpr orice.

= orice?; ceva? - Are you going to buy anything? = Ai de gnd s cumperi ceva/orice?

= orice ; nimic - I'm not going to buy anything. = N-am de gnd s cumpr nimic.

nothing = nimic

I bought nothing. = Nu am cumprat nimic.

someone [`s{mw{n] = careva, cineva

You must ask someone. = Trebuie s ntrebi pe careva.

anyone

= oricare - You may/can ask anyone. = Poi ntreba pe careva/ oricine.

= oricare? - Can I ask anyone? = Pot ntreba pe oricare/careva?

= oricare - I cannot ask anyone. = Nu pot ntreba pe oricare/ nimeni.

no one = nobody = nimeni;

none= not one/any = nici unul/una

You can ask no one. = Nu poi ntreba pe nimeni.

everybody = toi, toat lumea, fiecare

I saw everybody laughing. = I-am vzut pe toi rznd.

everything = totul, tot

He can understand everything. = Poate nelege tot.

somebody else = altcineva

I see somebody else. = Vd pe altcineva.

anybody else

= oricine altcineva - Give it to anybody else! = D-i-o oricui altcuiva !

= oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? = Puteai juca cu oricine altcineva ?

= nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. = N-am fost vzut de nimeni altcineva.

nobody else = nimeni altcineva

Nobody else can do it. = Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face.

something else = altceva

We must buy something else. = Trebuie s cumprm altceva.

anything else = orice altceva:

They may do anything else. = Ei pot face orice altceva.

nothing else = nimic altceva

I saw nothing else. = N-am vzut nimic altceva.

1.4.1.10. Pronumele reciproce (Reciprocal Pronoun)

each other = unul pe cellalt (dou persoane)

The two neighbours help each other. = Cei doi vecini se ajut unul pe cellalt.

one another = unul pe cellalt (minimum trei persoane)

The three brothers help one another. = Cei trei frai se ajut unul pe cellalt.

1.4.2. Declinarea pronumelui personaln schema care urmeaz este inclus i cazul genitiv dei pronumele personal n cazul genitiv este pronume posesiv, nu personal.

numrul singular

N . I = eu you = tuhe = elshe = ea it = el/ea

G . my = meuyour = tu his = lui her = eiits = lui/ei

mine = al meu yours = al tuhis = al luihers = al eiits = al lui/ei

D.

(to) me = mie(to) you = tie (to) him = lui(to) her = ei (to) it = lui/ei

A.

me = pe mineyou = pe tine him = pe el her = pe eait = pe el/ea

numrul plural

N.

we = noi

you = voi/dv.

they = ei/ele, dnii/dnsele

G . our = nostru

your = vostru/dv. their = lor, dnilor/dnselor

ours = al nostruyours = al vostru/dv. theirs = al lor, al dnilor/dnselorD . (to) us = nou

(to) you = vou/dv. (to) them = lor, dnilor/dnselor

A . us = pe noi

you = pe voi/dv. them = pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele

1.5. NUMERALUL (The Numeral)

Este partea de vorbire prin care se exprim un numr de obiecte/fiine etc. sau ordinea acestora.

1.5.1. Clasificare1. cardinale (Cardinal Numerals)

2. colective (Collective Numerals)3. ordinale (Ordinal Numerals) 4. distributive (Distributive Numerals)5. fracionare (Fractional Numerals)

6. adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals)7. multiplicative (Multiplicative Numerals) 8. nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals)

1.5.1.1. Numeralul cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)

Exprim un numr exact/ntreg de obiecte sau fiine ncepnd de la zero ctre plus sau minus infinit.

La telefon zero/0 se pronun ca litera O [\u], la tenis se spune love (all), n tiine se folosete cuvntul zero.

Cnd ne referim la ani exprimm: 1907 = nineteen oh seven.

Exprimarea temperaturii se rea