1

The complex social*1- technical system Petrolul Romanesc/ The Roumanean Oil.

Casus: The historical phase Tempus 𝑇 ↓= 1936-1938/1940-1940-1945/1946.

Prof. univ. dr. Elena HELEREA1, Prof. univ. dr. m. Liviu-Alexandru SOFONEA1, 1 Universitatea Transilvania, Braşov, C.R.I.F.Ş.T. of Roumanean Academy, I.C.O.HTEC.

∗𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 The complex materia oil/petroleum/ & oil-ean petrol-ean products is defined, studied, applied in the Chemistry (non organic & organic) of oil & Technique-Tehnology of Oil [Rizea]. Many connected/equivalent faces of this material resource petroleum/wealth richness/ are used (proper sensu; in various expressions or contextums) in the phase liquid.

Crude oil /ţiţei:ţiţeiuri/ a mixtum, benzine (fuel for auto-mobiles): obtained from petrol/ petroleum/, gasoline (benzină Diesel, gaz: motorina/motorin); in the liquid is without colour; have a specific smell; petroleum product by synthesis: can been, easily, in inflammation; is an excellent fuel: combustible for specific vehicles/ cars; avions: air craft’s/: motors with explosion [Bu], [Herlea]/ can been, easily in fire, burn, explose;

Motorina: viscous fluid obtained from/by distillations of gudroane/tars/, oil with high octane number; products obtained from earth, coals, or some synthetically products used in some motors row material in chemical industry; fuel for some motors (Diesel oil: motorina/, oil derrick, row material in chemical industry, product of earth coals, or synthetic products;

Gazolina: liquid product /phase/ obtained from gaz de sonda/ gas from oil derrick/; various products/derived from oil/petroleum;

Petroleum/oil/: sedimentary rock in liquid phase, oily; coloured: dark haired/black-ish/ negru-brun/; rarely yellowy, with reflexes blue-green, specific smell; is a natural mixture of hidro-carbures/carbides/ and another organically compounds; is extracted from earth ; is a row material/materia prima/ in chemical industry: ţiţei;

The syntetical petroleum/oil:

fuel with properties similar to those of ţiţeiul crud/oil/ obtained synthetically from coals, oxide of carbon by catalytic hydrogenisation.

Summary.

In this complex elaboratum is analyzed the very important social-technical system The

Roumanean Oil as such and, a fortiori, in the historical contextum marked by a. the end of big crisis (in Europe, America), b. the preliminary status before the izbucnirea of the Second World War; c. the Second World War (from the beginning to the end), d. consequences main, secondary’s, inter-actives, separated, immediately, for later, later this

historiological exegesis put in evidence the Vivum interactions of many aspects physical-chemical, technical-technological, economical, social, ergonomical, political, military; also some impressive axiotical detail. Are presented the connexions with the next phase of Saga Petrolului Romanec and the

ideatical project/cogitatum/ to present, objectively, the defined phase pre-war-war in a Museum Technicum Vivum.

1*

In this study this component is, de plano, dominant

2

iI. Curriculum historic.

I.A. Phase: Post big-crisis- prior the beginning of the Second World War.

Cronos.

1936- sept. 1940 The Carlist dictature/regime: In & post Big World Crisis (economical; et al), the roumanean Oil is a big force (marker actor in Theatrum Historicum-Technicum-Economicum, Politicum, et al): a ʺpiesa de schimbʺ/ inter-change European/world currency ; a opportunity, gift a Nature wealth & a source of problems/oath blestem/],[Fl. C.],[D. C. Giurescu et al], [Riz], [I.S.], [L.M.];

1940/1941 Change in the structure of Romanean Kingdom:

a) The Big /Romania Mare/ the mutilated State (lost of North of Transylvania/

Siebenbürgen/ Erdely/ North of Bucovina, of al Basarabia, of South

Dobrodgea/The Cuadrilater); renunciation /expulsion of the King Carol II; The

King is again Mihai I; the ex – Authorityenean1 regime ruled by General Ion

Antonescu, The State National-Legionar2; refugees: numerous problems, ʺwavesʺ;

b) The short cohabitation Antonescians ⬌Legionnaires/group of Horea Sima/; the

Rebeliunea Legionara, The victory of Ion Antonescu, supported by intelligentsia,

people, by the Army; accepted/preferred by Führer Adolph Hitler & Co3; the

refuge/exilation/ in Germany of Sima and partisans3,4,5,,5,2;

Nov. 1940 Romania is on the part of AXA alliance: firmly, totally [ISI];

February 1941 Great Britain/Marea Britanie/declare war to Romania: de facto;

shortly later with perceivable effects;

June 1941 Romania declare war to Soviet Union/C.C.C.P./: A major moment of the

world war in extension; for the “”Romanian part”: a phase/ the first/ for ‘”reîntregirea

Neamului/Ţării: recomposition of the boundary of the Romania Mare/mărită.N.B.1.

June 1942 U.S.A., declare war to Romania: de forma; later with perceivable effects;

August 1944 Romania is on the part of Allies.

Cca. 1936- 1939 The oil industry in Roumania, affected by the Big Crisis/inter-

wars/ is an important social*-technical system in function; the trend is: progress,

diversification in crescendo; a lot problems [1] –[].

Cca. 1939- 1940/1944/1945 Many pilots well prepared7 are in duty: in numerous

actio/missions/; a. n=126 are awarded as as pilots which have reversed/put

2

a. In Statul Naţional-Legionar;

b. In Statul Naţional: after de liquidation of the Rebeliunea Legionară; The Legionari/the ʺromanean ʺ

S.A.ʺ/ Secţiuni de Asalt/Sturm Abteilung/ are abandoneded by , now, the Führer Adolph Hitler &

Co3leg; the direction of Victoriy6A Ad in Future /Biggest Force: in Europe/world/, which prefer now, the ʺbelie-vableʺ General, to can use him in oranung.

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down n5 air-crafts; some became, hero8;

Casus: Constantin Cantacuzino/Bâzu/: more than hundred missions fulfilled: n=69 airplanes

put down; survive the mutation 𝑇 ↓=23 August 1944; fliled few days before the end of war.

Casus: Die Rote Baron/Red Baron/Von Richtofen, in First World War, Guynemer, Bleriot [].

Cca. 1939- 1944 The German Air Forces/Luft-Waffe/ obtain from Romania a major part of necessary/ compulsory/ full/ oil/:

𝜂𝑅𝑜𝑚 = 𝜂𝐿.𝑊./

40100

𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑚: 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 ≡ 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙,𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙.

22 June 1941 The State Germany/ Dritte Reich/ attack the state Soviet Union/ Pocia/C.C.C.P./: Suddenly ex abrupto without any declaration of war; the invasion of a huge hyper trained; equipped Army is initiated and develop torrentially its terrible furry after an detailed plan/ codified Barbarosa/ elaborated by specialists of Wehrmacht examined by O.K.W, approved-ordered by sie Fϋhrer Adolf Hitler N.B.E..

22 June 1941-1944/1945 The relations (political, economical, technical/military,

social, axiotic-al) between, the countries /super States: social, systems /U.S.A. &

Great Britain S.U./C.C.C.P.C/ are modified: a “ crucial” metamorphosis/ era specific

reciprocal suspicions – hostilities to conditioned – strong New Antanta/; is created

the coalition anti-fascist-nazist/Hitler-ean/N.B.E..

Further will no more operated used; because cannot give the counted/ desired results.

A flying visitor is socked: by the strong air current, the moving landscape of below soil;

ʺstrangeʺ filings live this like functional space [N6]10, 11

The Last B.24. I in function: Foundation Callings, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; the air engine used for researches,/ experimentum vivum/Lib. I3.

3 Lib. I The socio*d-technical system The airplane /bomber/B24 Liberator is complex* anti.3 Location: inregistred, B24 Liberator mark; produced intensively/ en series/ in U.S.A., in the war time; Structura: window of mitralior11 (automatic gunman); Altitude: maximal/optimal h 4.000 m; Energy in action: h4 motors; the engines: emit a voice/: specific noise/bâzâit12 continue; the inner spaces

occupied by men is narrow; n=(1)+(5)=6 posts for weapons, little tower for a fire man: metallic sphere/turela/ with a machine-gun; the servant is working with attention, and obstinate, obliged to stay crushed/ înghesuit/ long, mitraliere nm=(15), hours under the belly/ burtă/ of aircraft, ready to fire against the enemy; The deposit for bombes/ cala de bombe/: a part of the air navy; Communication al items: lights radio (station), antenna, feelers; The hydraulic circuits: cables (unvisibles; not covered), reservoir tank/ for oxygen; electrical circuits (idem); Rastele/ward robes super for many Bombs. Production of air-crafts in W-W II.:

In 𝑇 ↓= 1945 𝑆𝑆.𝑈.𝐴.𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 18.000 − 20.000 aircraft; 55 minute1h.

This King of air Armada has operated a huge number of missions: in the: - East European area (Balcan & Carpatean-Danubean-Pontean – /C.D.P. Space/; - In West-Central Europe,13;

Function / Modus operandi/ Ergonomia. structura: /crew/: n=8-10 eminent persons, young’s, well trained - courageous, pilots, observers, fire-men’s, mechanicians et

al; courageous men; permanent by/ in the danger when the enemy open the fire; danger: a fortiori when the enemy open the fire; preparations, minutious, repairs, check (prior any missions/after): regraduate, creeds/ perceptions;

windows: offer to observers14 from the board of machina in motus a moving/cinema/ view of external space; hommo volans travelling & working – fighting/ are in air over the Earth/soil: landscapes; atmosphere/modus which generate sensations (strong/wearied, currents, vibrations, …), …thoughts∗ [L.N] N.B.II..

The real fragilitate/ brittle/ for the riskous metallic inhabited structure/ metallic-animated mort al bird in fly15, in war, is evident impressive N.B.II.:

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1941 The position of Romania in the World oil marked/ţiţeiul/ is prominent::

1) U.S.A.,

2) Soviet Union/S.U. C.C.C.P./,

3) Venezuela,

4) Irak,

5) Romania; the natural synthetically materia/ wealth16

is an extraordinary advantage

(economical-tehnical-tehnological; et al) & an earth (blestem) cursă: open – hidden

traps) s is demonstrated by the interesting [] history []

cca. november 1940 În Ţara/ Kingdom Romania The Antonescu ean regime is in

actio: Exert specifically authoritarly ; pro Patria/Natio/; the Political-Military-Power:

a. The ambitious energetical Şeful Statului/ Prime Minister; general Ion Antonescu

is de facto the Conducatorul/ cheef/ capo, führer/; controlee the young, non

experimented king Mihai I & the near co-workers / The Palatul; et al/;

b. The position of the kings decided by the conducător: His majesty is placed only in

the zone of ceremony, national symbols; his name and presence are symbolically.

c. The historical parties P.N.Ţ./National Paysant-by Party/ , P.N.R./ National Liberal

Party, P.S.D./Social-Democrat Party have no more legally public authority; exists

in private life, are in expectation; the P.C.R./Roumanean Communist Party: is

abolished /suppressed/ in The Statul National-Legionar:

○A Abroad-in Soviet Union/ʺMoskvaʺ/ are some roumaneans/ ʺroumaneansʺ:

recent/ancient, deserters, not judged/ in ʺţarăʺ; evadaţi/extraits ex emprisoner which

became ʺlegalistʺs în străinătate/foreigners: stranieri/;

ʺsovietisedʺ (prepared, adopted) romanean communist, tovarăş de drum/ camarades of

way /communists, ʺcadre de bază mâineʺ fen sincerely left-ists exhume landed;

○B opportunist, ambitious, anti-roumanean, ʺanglersʺ in turbid waves, persons pursued

with no another ehan way to arrive in an important position in Romania agents;

○C pressed, washed (brains; bodies)

○D ʺroumanean cominternistsʺ are /grow to be

○E a polc/regiment/organizaţie de bază/ ʺideologised mercenariesʺ

○F The educated/formatted, weaponed/ to be ready to serve;

○G The Lenin-ist & Stalin-ist Bolşevic Party, in the future, when the clock,

○H of Red/mondial Revolution will be shocked17

○I and will be ring and they will act as

○J soldiers/aparatciki/ faith fully experienced, exiled;

○K secondary, bun necessary, occupants boss, in The Sovietised Empere

d. Co-laboration Romania-Germania /Deutsche Reich/ is basically / fundamental; axial:

general orientation Alliance

/, multivalenced; (dominant in many sections:

d1. military,

d2. political (inner: Deutsche/Nazi model; external/: relations, in AXA, et al);

d3. diplomatical, (idem); ideologia; consilieri/ adviseri, councelors, experts/spies,

relations, contacts, tehnologs;

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d4. technical: n produces methods, row materials projects…

d5. economical (idem): oil/öll/ ways, some facilities, important natura resources,

foods, et al marchant affairs, cereri oferte, bilanţuri, balance shorts, request,

demands offers, tenders; et al. [] [].

1940-1942 The major part of oil/öll production of Romanian is designated

exclusively for Germany: De facto practically is tacked a requisition, to be used manu

militari; in the Alliance Germania –Romania war against Soviet Union 𝐷. The

blood/black goldʺ/ fuel for the motors of Wehrmacht is provided18.

The real amount of oil cover n1/3 of the huge consume vitally necessary to

belligerent Germany.

𝑀𝑅.𝐺.𝑂𝐼𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 1/3𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐺

𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 ;

𝑀1940𝑅.𝐺.𝑂𝐼𝐿65x10

6 barrils/year1;

𝑀1949𝑅.𝐺.𝑂𝐼𝐿(

60

100) = 65 ∙ 106

60

100 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑠 → 𝑀𝑅.𝑂𝐼𝐿

𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≡ 𝑀𝑅.𝐺.𝑂𝐼𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑣 .

cca. 1942 The problem of oil öll main energonʺ of the War premier, in extension, vital for belligerents is examined rigorously by the decedents’’, heads of Western allied Big Powers Winston Churchill, Great Britain, president Franklin Delano Roosevelt U.S.A.: (allies/enemies). The main oil fields of enemy Roumania those from Prahova area; are nominated

targets with strategically priority; the main focuses of the target /military goal/ is

the town Ploieşti**.

cca. 1943-1944 Real(open, blood) oil- war Romania-Germania /Axa/ Allias

U.S.A., Gr, Br.: An Air Armada

a. air craft’s: n=6.700 bombers B 24, B 1, et al is sent systematically in missions;

b. The human important forces:

b1) nK.W.2500 pilots/air-men: in duty=fire/are killed, wounded;

b2) n1000 pilots are captured: prisoners, interned in Romania.

The massive quasi permanent military air actions of western allies program-ed,

de plano, with the intention to diminish/disturb destroy/stop the dangerous,

geant, flux of roumanean oil used by enemy is started; will be developed.

The synthetically balance sheet is composed post festum/in bellum in paxPL [Fis]

Casus. The important target The oil refinery from the Complexul Colombia Aquila near

the town Ploiesti:

a. Ante First attack: some preparations (artilerii; a part of installation are camuflated; a

after the last attacks: The bombed technical-units never will be re-maked; [N.G.]

b. First attack : in ʺwavesʺ the codified operation Tidal WAVE/August 1943/;

c. Post attacks: some remnants of concrete walls an another’s similar minor signs: long

time preserved as ruins19;

d. The ruined survived walls have illo tempore protected the giant reservoirs20 ; in

bellum were dispersed/destroyed

e. In the place are remained few deep ditches filled with21 oil (black; gross: dense);

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f. The area is waste: no persons to (extradite, delivered) not passed22 : a number of

dogs menacing guard the place; a gloomy watchman is present: can be paid23 /bribed

by the visitors; thus the ex industrial situs can be visited!

g. in the middle of the desfigurated area: ancient bunkers in beton/ concrete stone24 are

quasi intact/ resist: living separately in a savage landscape: porumbiște /maise

fields/ bushes, [N.G.]

h. here were installed

d1. the guri de foc/mounts of fire: weapons (cannons machine-guns, special shot

guns, …, guns; ratchets: for signals; munitions,

d2. Communication al technical complex apparatus: tele-phones; photo-graphs;

radios; tele-graphs; auxiliary, items, mechanical computers, codex, books, maps,

simple device; et al.

i. Servants canonists comunicationnists, et. al. a German-Roumanean unity antiaeriana

of air defence.

1943 End of the campaigns Germans Britain’s in North Africa: The German

troops-the famous Afrika Korps ruled by Erwin Rommel marshal; helde /hero

fox of desert is defeated25;

Sumer 1943 The Allies built rapidly in Libia aero-dromes in dusty flat landscape,

near Beb Gazi. The strategs planned a riskous premiere: heavy bombers will fly at

very small altitude/zbor razant/; near the soil/ with the mission to attack n9 oil

refineries in Ploieşti area and the surroundings.

The main targets are the important/biggest n=3 technical-units in oil industry26

a. Astra-Română: belong to Dutch Shell;

b. Concordia-Vega; belong to France, belong to Belgium and Standard Oil;

c. Româno-Americană:

before the requisition the utilage/installations; asset; some devices, are very

advanced: on the first line of the world equipments;

Cca. 1 August 1943 The rapid projected raid is organized:

teams: pilots; sent (promptly; arrived rapidly from Great Britain);

training: t=2 weeks only; modus: are bombed some artificial targets (didactical

models; et al) in the desert, under winds of sands from an unbelievable low altitudes;/

zbor razant/;

planning of routes: on machete/models of small scale copy/ from basis/ Libia, Ben

Gazi area/ to targets (Ploieşti, Prahova area/; executed/ manufactured (rigorously,

rapidly, by British technicians: state institution 27,28

, publishers, … many private civis

training: in start; meteorological conditions; extremely difficult/hard/; terrible warm:

T 450C, storms, winds, storms, winds with dust/ praf, saharean/; which shock

/cover, permanently29

, the engines, and the bodies of airplanes and men the

servants (pilots; crew; mecanicians et all), watch men, soldiers, officers, general

quartier food, …;

the decision of commanders and of the group is admirable, extraordinary: we will

destroy this target or we will dead trying to fulfil this mission without pairʺ – thud

dered the boss mr. colonel John R: Kane / alias: the killer

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1 August 1943 The extra-ordinary mission is initiated, achieved: specifically;

a. The air armada type

a1. air craft’s: n=178 fly machines, type B24 Liberator Lib I4500 km;

a2. load: charged maximally with men, fuel, bombs

a3. fuel: m+14000l oil;

a4. explosive: M=1.400 kg bombes;

b. Start: from Benghazi, Libia; without any escort30; the traject Bengazi-Ploiesti L=

2x2250km4500km,

c. Code name: Tidal wave = the giant, force of the sea in the flux phase/high tide/;

the most long, nonstop, roundtrips flight/raid30 must to be achieved∗ 𝑎𝑎

;

d. Deşteptarea/the wake off: the bath, toilet, equipment/minimally; adequate

e. the first appeal: in casern; the formation/armada/ is ready for a complex mission.

f. the break feast;

g. /Decolarea: the take off /the start/: the bombers leave one by one, the

aerodrome, rule on earth, flays rapidly in air;

h. The prepared aircraft are inhabited by the crews: latch servant is on his place! O.K.

i. the air-ear organisation: the set/row dispersed of the metallic birds is ordered in

a /formaţie/ formation/ alignments, groups: by rotation; finally in n=4 groups; it

is consumed a quantity a fuel: extremely precious from the main part of armada;

in mission; orientation: direction East Romania /Ro/ Ploiesti;

j. the embarkament: of the teams, (group, persons, in their air craft’s; last sanitary

control; salute, good wishes! By By!, Gad with you!

k. passage: over flight/ survol of large geospace the Mediterranean Sea, the Balkanic

Mountains, the big river/flumen/31 Danube over the plains /Câmpia Română/;

descent graduate to the Ploiesti areaP˄A.

l. the necessary32 /turning to virage the direction South/;, is ordered by the

captain32; is executed: in a wrong moment i.e. to early33 he virage: a serious

error/mistake/;

m. approach to the locus of destination: the pilots in frontal section FI observe the

geant urban agglomeration of the metropolis Bucureşti; his group (F1) it is not the

proposed destination, the chef realise how his ʺsmallʺ/ enormous

error/deviation/ of real orientation on the mission/raid/ of the nearest bombers

– of the /avant these garde: of his ʺarmadaʺ; this the very concrete spaceal

position is deviated in comparison with that included in the initial /good/ plan;

n. from the ʺescadrilaʺ three groups have preserved, separately, the initial cursus34,

the factor surprise, the surprise: in the population, in the son advertised militaries

is lost35; two group (376, 93) fly36 following the initial plan;

o. the air attack of the target by this ʺflotilaʺ: not immediately:

o1) separate; regrouped (F1,F2,F3,F4); it is further;

o2) the element of total surprise is lost: (in con-junction) the

ʺradiolocationʺ/ʺradarsʺ, the receivers of aerial acoustical information on the soil

has inregistred many air planes of the enemy: the defence stable/Komando/ is

8

averted: can now give adequate orders Ahtung! Getöhr machen sie alles was is

mützlich! In not! Für schilsehs!

o3) the bombers fall abruptly/ in picaj/ directly in the traps: placed by the

german –roumanean defensive system.

p. Defence system:

p1) groups of air hunters /6 vânătoare /: are instructed for defence, the oil capital

against the American raids;

p2) defenders: cannons A.A., machine guns A.A. are ready to execute /the command

fire!/foc!/feuer/,

q. landscape of the aggressed technical target-eal/aria: the raylway, station,

marchalling yards /triaje/, geant reservoirs/tanks/ tower for cracking / turnuri de

cracare/ furnale/furnances/ et al;

r. the concrete:

r1. A bombing: n=48 air planes, group 98, commanded by Kane /Killer/ attack (h50-

75m) Astra Română et al; fly at h(50-75)m/zbor razant/;

r2. Bombing of Campina: The aircraft Eager Eagle shock the refinery for super-

benzina; after this motion the flying machine burn, fly further in the tght group

(formative); the left wing is roundly in flames. Pete and his commander, fall in death

mean the Carpathian River (apud pilot Philip Ardery book Bomber Pilot)

r3. et al.

s. The defenders: air-crafts from the foreign amada were repaired short time before by:

radars/protectors/ acoustical hearings, photographs, placed round Ploieşti-

Bucureşti are prevent of the approach of danger are ready to ritord to enter in duties:

the general Alfred Gestenberg wait the imminent attack/er/ist in post/with prepared

weapons:

. The defence from the air: n=100 aircrafts/avioane/ʺavionsʺ hunters (type I.A.R.

80, built in Brasov; type Messerschmidt 109; german ;

. The defence from the soil:

n=237 cannons anti-air, diameter d==88mm, watch hidened in conical of hay false

masses with the appearance of căpiţe de fân or in shelters of concrete;

. the camouflaged train with many anti-air cannons37 automatic (with calibres

d=88mm, d=50mm) guns/mitraliere/numerous weapons (with calibres d=50mm,

d=20mm) mounted on board/vagon/platform; is very efficient/dangerous: can be

moved on the direction Nord-South parallel to the direction of approach of air-crafts;

Ploiesti is a very good watched technische olliekt! Is the second guarded town: after

Berlin38,39,40!

s. Some most direct contracts between defender atackants41 conte soil atackers41

(in the air) moving in moving in zbor razant/at h~(50-75)m: a. the servants must not

raise the cylindrical tubes of the cannons so low are the large flyng targets; but only

direct them, and release the fire/fleur/: bullets/ gloanţe/ are feur/ fleur/ launched.

cca.1944 The American base is Foggia, Italy, on the east share of the peninsula/

9

west shore of the Adriatique Sea much nearer to România; The Allys conquest

/liberate/ the South of Italy

Base in the North Africa is at l2000km diatance from Romanean oil – eon fields:

Many engines are damaged by the dust transported from the desert by the winds

The decision of commandant and of the group is admirable, we will destroy this

target; or we will dead trying to fulfil this

t.Results42 Tidal wave/ the weaponed air-eal torrent/was a complex pioneerial actio:

t.1. in air: geant, unique, rigorously planed, with some haotical/mistaken phases;

t.2. is partially efficient/ destructive: produce a hell on soil (flame, dusts, ashes,

fires/incendii), destroy/damage some buildings (reservoirs, plants parts of

refineries, workshops, stores, houses, pipelines; a prison of women are shocked43 … ;

teams brigades (german, roumanean) are in duties (at the beginning; successively;

few later), try to extinguish the devastating fires/incendii, clouds (giant, black) are

liftened over the town, some structures are in ruins/ disappear44

-t. Effects in the air-eal military formationsѲ:

t.1. the air attackants

the heights of the aircrafts trajectories are unbelievable small, these targets are in

motion, are rapid, large, thin, frails; the aggressive air craft’s are very vulnerable;

many many “ metallic birds “ were seriously damaged , few are distruied , the lost

“fly machines” breaked down lanuri /fields “ hills, alleys45;

the local aircrafts were not used : no aireal, duels46;

t.2. the soil defenders: idem, specifically

t.3. the civis : outsiders idem specifically; many became to weep, to pray, to swear;

bitter curses.

Some massive air planes/bombers/ in difficulties turn round their wings ( left, right)

over turn the comrades in proximities have seen/hear the pains/deaths of their

colleagues; many members of this elitary “armada”/”escadrila” air squads lost their

life’s can do nothing to help them.

Feelings of men which have given their bodies and souls to the missions of attack

defence the “oil system”/fortress, arsenal humanize this impressive war event.

u. Return of “bombe-men-errs”47 / bombardat-orii/ in mission: arrive in Bengazi48;

after t=13 h, passed ≈ from its starts crossing again the large, part (S-N) of

Mediterania sea; no more any attacks in the air of Romania; the returning air Krafts is

dispersed: the returned escadrila arrive in Bengazi not in one (reduced) formation; is

counted N0=178 pilots! at the end Nf=88

10

Is counted:

. aircrafts

0 initial: n0=178;

f final: nf= 88; entired 38, damaged /avariate/ 50; the remains are not/never

returned/sic/47

pilots.

0 n0=178x(8-10) men ≈ 1780

f nf=1780-532 lost (killed, wounded, prisoners) ≈ 1148 men the biggest human–

aircraftman lost in a raid paid by Americans in World War Two;

v. - 1 Augus 1948 Finis mission

Is made immediately the appeal & later the balance sheets of the raid; de facto is the

cruee/biggest price in lifes/human opfers and air crafts paid by Americans reliable in

a non stoped war flyth/maid of Magnum /Magnissimum Bellum.

The official bulletin of news49: praise the real worth (strategic; tactic) of this air

mission: adventure /isprava/warning50; impressive attack on the nazi & pro nazi

systems devices, operated in security from the most nearer basis , effectively ( OK as

it was possible)50:

a. Prevetion ! “ A punch in face: Beware enemies !

b. realist evaluations; published considerate few later conclusion, historean Davis

Richards it was destroyed & damaged / avarii/ only η≈40% capacity of Production !

cca 1943-1950 Memorieile missio :

The reports presented later to the staff of Alliance reliable Magnum in bellum, &

more later in Pax/ Historia, & the first exegesis is made immediately the appeal &

later the balance sheets of the raid; is the cruel/ biggest price in life’s / human

offerings and aircrafts paid by Americans in an non stopped war flight/ raid of

Magnissimum Bellum.

A W. Poet mission => The raid was

1 Jan 1944-1944/1945

1939 Fortele Aeriene Romane/ Romanean Air Forces/ are relevant: Ocupe a

good / honourable place in Europe, in magnitude and in quality45 [].

Casus. Huters/ pilots, techniceans; models) I.A.R. 80 created in Brasov; is appreciated by

some experts another’s /new hunters.𝜏𝑃 𝐹𝐴 will be proposed/made[H.S];

May 1944 Air attack over Brasov; the line of assembling aircrafts nesserschridt

type in Fabrica I.A.R. is destroyed.

1939 a good proportioned in green colour towered (10 flats)

1939 The factory/uzine I.A.R

a. The main building

b. The pista de aterizare/path for running/: in face

11

c. the hanger; et al; in Braşov is in function : in crescendo the structura is strong,

efficient, impressive:

Spring 1943 The first bombes are sent form British- American military aircrafts

excellently directed by qualified crews against targets in Romania: towns51 , ways,

industrial units, et al.

cca. Aug. 1943/1944 In cursus belli, facts, conclusions, actions ∗𝑏 ::

a. the socio-technical*d multi form system <Ploiesti> Continue to be in function

Repairs in t=(2-6) months, with capacity η≈60% ;

b. Repairs in t=(2-6) months, with capacity η≈60% ;

c. end of repairs: the oil production is increased52;

d. The military action active attack was :

d. a. good thanked /planed: temeritous visionary advertising exploratory ;

d. b. non perfect/ wrong with a mistake /executed; necessary.

e. conclusions∗𝑏 :

e.a. bomber flying at very small altitudes are un-efficient ;

e.b. the necessary next oil-eic raids must be strategically-tactically different/completely different.

e.c. raids agains the Roman oil istalations & devices are necessary/unavoidable; and urgent; will

be made as quickly as possible ;

k. hoped/feared; necessary/predictable/plausible: as show some recent ʺsignʺ of cursus

belli/if will be must prodused; some surprises (mutations; effects of wafer!

Aug. 1943/1944

The big /biggest war mondial-ized continue: under Victoria finală! Zieg! Victory! Poleda!

Val victis ! Bellum Pax!

II. Notae.

N.B.I. ~An AXIST member, necessary, special/singular: revisionist (suis generis) ʺrobedʺ

(idem), rich (oil, alimenrs, woods, ʺcarne de tunʺ/ soldiers, et al.; is dominant opinions radically the filo Antante, înverşunat/ fanatically, aware anti /France, Grate Britaine, U.S.A./, anti Nasist, Hortyst, Soviets from the First war, inter-war period, and the beginning end of the Second World War.

N.B.II in individuality, in groups (formatie, et al). The ʺresilienceʺ (security; ecologia, et al) in bellum (idem) (for the bomberdes, for the bomberded) – post bellum (idem) is a permanent topic for homo cogitans at que philo-sophant∗𝑚𝑢𝑧 .

N.B.K Contextum: Hoped/Feared; necessary/predictable/plausible: as show some/many recent ʺsignʺ of cursus belli/if will be not produced some surprises/dramatical changes: mutations i.e. reversal of the trend effect of a germa-japonese secret wunder waffe∗𝑤𝑤 /Arma minune. N.B.X. Many anothers were imposed to Rommania and obtained in the sovietic period of History: in R.R.P. R.S.R. []

12

N.B.-A.B. a. names of aircrafts: type B24 =Sand man, Eagle the Eager, et al; b. names of pilots: Javis Polacek, John R. Kane, Robert Sterfels, Philipe Ardery, Barrie Davis, Ion Dobran post bellum general; et al.; bomber pilot et. Al; Proba de foc(2008) Cavalerul aerului et al.; Nicolas Dimancescu, Dan Dimancescu son of Nicolas regizer;

This famous unique air missions are studied/commented by some historians , biographs, writers, photographs, scenarists, authors contributors in (movies /cinema) theatre et . al mentioned in memories / confessions in Romania abroad: books: Bomber pilot et al, Cavalerii aerului et al, Proba dee foc; authors: Dan Dimancescu, Nicolas Dimancescu; regiser son of Nicolas.

N.B.X Many another were imposed to Romania and obtained in the sovietic period of History: in

R.P.R. R.S.R.[],[]

∗𝜎 Noted 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑜 −𝑡𝑒ℎ𝑛𝐿𝑖𝑏 .𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑎

∗𝑀 A piece will be reproduced in Museum: pictures, macheta 2-3 dimensional, virtualisasional

reproduction.

∗ HC The comparison of the magnitudes & efficiencies of military Air Forces of Big combatant

powers S.U.A., Germany, Japan, Great Britain, S.U. Italy, were made by many persons

(experts, civis; out siders), during the second war and later: are data for museum vivum∗𝑀 .

∗𝑁𝑇

Noted 𝑅.𝑂𝑖𝑙𝑊.𝑀.

∗𝑅 The problem of fuels/military-civilian energon is discussed of ten in the war /Krieg /Voina

/Guerte /Guerra/ … Război by the Big Politicians, economists, et al.

∗ 𝑎𝑎

All the mains phasesof the flightis evoked in expo/museum/.

∗ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 Scenes/instants of this air-atack are recorded in photos/ pictures/, in memorised testimonies /proofs related later persisted in the oldness of the actors /heroes, simply present person, persons in the Ploiesti an places & in the inferno of the tidal wave operation; are included in the documentarium/ memoratorium of this thematica & problematica; must be expressed correctly, (from the difficult position of alterapars) expressively, in the museum-isations (museum vivum; expo: exhibitions).

∗ 𝑓 In the projected expo/ exhibition in museum vivum/ these informations et al.; Focuss of an ideatic project /cogitatum ; Are presented (with some details);

In the next successive phases ideatic project /cogitatum/ technical project mise en oeuvre/punerea in opera/ the achievers will/must made, many adequate (supplementary; additional et al); and use all/a lot of the informations of their documentarium: honestly, with talent, pro ars et veritas.

∗𝑘 The kids and friends of I.A.R.-ists et al persons, has recived long time, many lovely toys with the images/models of Braşovean avioane and another’s evocative presents/ attentions “simpatico “gadgets”, emotional symbols. An impressive Arch very large, with two symmetrical parabolic wings; survived post war /in social era: in cartierul;

∗𝑘 This projected air-“offensive” will be made in some advantageous contextam (politicum, militariu/tehnicum, economicum) in the next future[].

∗𝑏 taken by the strategs & tacticians in bellum

*ww Super panzerse with “lasors”, bio-weapons (viruses, infections, et al.) Atomic bomb, gases rachets (V1,V2) et al (?/!), giant mirrors installed in extra-terestrial space and oriented to Sun Earth which can – acting in distance - burn towns, fortifications, landscapes anothers civilian-military obiekten (concived in theoria, fantasia, by the physician Herman Oberth ()

* Some pilots which has survived (physically/psychically this cruel experience/ battle for Ploiesti & another’s missions and experiences of the Biggest War maintain some interests to memorise this raid; few of them even desire to review/visit Romania in pax; lateral after the end of cold war persons, like Barrie Devis, et al) have had

13

effectively the opportunity to re-live some days in Romania/Ploiesti area.

a. In Statul Naţional-Legionar;

b. In Statul Naţional: after de liquidation of the Rebeliunea Legionară; The Legionari/the

ʺromanean ʺ S.A.ʺ/ Secţiuni de Asalt/Sturm Abteilung/ are abandoneded by , now, the Führer Adolph Hitler & Co3leg; the direction of Victoriy6A Ad in Future /Biggest Force: in Europe/world/, which prefer now, the ʺbelie-vableʺ General, to can use him in oranung.

𝛼

𝑀

Mihai/ʺMihăiţaʺ is for the second time rege; has 22 years; is loved/adored /by Popor/ the

Nation/

𝑃 𝐹𝐴 The industry of fuels/oil, petroleum, benzene, kerosene, motorine et al and The

industry of air/fly: avioane-big energy consumers, “herculean” modern defenders-attackers/are in specific interactio

𝐼𝑓↔′ 𝐼𝑓

This famous military action is presented in details (sequenced) in the proposed ʺoil museum

vivum / expo 3-dimension with many virtual-ized aspectsʺ A.R.R. Aeronautica Regala Romana, [], a complex,relevant, historical socio *-* tehnical system

( 𝐴𝑅.𝑅 )

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 : 𝑂𝑖𝑙

𝑃𝑟𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎

1 De facto:abdication. 2 Ultra, nationalist, pro fascist-nasist,[],[]leg

3 De facto: acceptation, secret stimulation, uses (a ʺreserveʺ for any/difficult cases. 4 for the the Führer Adolph Hitler & his Kameraden:

a. Legionarii were an ʺfascist-nationalist romanean turbulent group (bandă/organizație, similar to Sturm Alteilung (Romm-isch (S.A.) liquidated in Noaptea Cuțitelor lungi/ Nacht don lange Messers/.

b. The Armata, petrol, grene, order/ordinung/ offered by the General are priorities/vitals. 5

The tactical-strategical space /Raum/C.D.P.is essential/sine qua non necessary für unsere cläre Grosse/ Weld Politik; domination in Balcans West Central Europe plan Barbarosa9AR et. al.

6 Also for many roumanean: ʺrevizionistʺ, reîntregirea Patriei/pro French-british, American; bus ʺrealistʺ; anti-bolşevică; anti-geans.

7 With experience/ expertise, examination talent/genius (loyal patriots/courage, …). 8 of their generation, of Patria 9 The Army R.A. is/will have a secondary rol: executors, servant/ʺordonanţeʺ, masse de

manewere/ carne de tun: flish fur canoken/ play card for şantaj (hungarean et al) vihtig is: The Oil/Öll; Benzina/ another resources.

10 A little ʺholeʺ in an hell; et al *M 11 with doors which, in flight, are closed, until the moments of launching the heavy ʺgrainsʺ

which ʺdropʺ attracted by terrestrial gravityʺCT

12 very good Known by many persons, animals, with fears, hates, hopes, a administration (hearing in formed about these war machines)

13 At the beginning of the war, pilot, (with personal mythos) in the authority Luftwaffe, ʺoverʺ/patron/ of a geant State military ʺworkeʺ/concern/; the prophet mega - leman Herman Göring, the minister, the adjoint of Fürer announceφ/desire/promess: The air space of Germany will not be shoked.

14 At various altitude 16 A special asset [] []. 17 By ʺBig Brotherʺ C.C. of U.R.S.S.

14

22 Prior and after the short devasting (devastating ) bombardment.

23 The bulletin is necessary for press/propaganda. Some detais/accents were omitted

/circonvented; secret-ized . 24 The remainders of Wehmachtean roumanean bunker. 25

Known (en details et an gross) by observers, analysts, the spies, capitalists partners, politicians, economist militaries, merchants, marketers, interpreters www.

29 some survivors came home after the American-romanean/ world war A courageous/ temeritous necessary action.

30 the morning: in the popote, canten/ the member of the mission enter (by groups: successive series)occupy place on tables; the break feast (dejun), the selected eat? Was served in various manners the cookmens has preparate in kitchen as every customer pilot with desire the courageous meditale in silence of the host

34 Take forms like in the biblean Cana: the is so interpret by all/many the member of the mission is in extremis namely a mission of sacrifice.

38 The strong garda petrolistă Ploieşteană/Prahoveană/ Oil guard /of Ploieşti-Prahova area at this event/later are studies by some militaries, spies, observers: in bellum, postbellum;

39 the defence from the soil rail ways, roads, fields, hills used by military conductors was not accompanied by a strong air-eal defense (camouflage:by smokes; balloons, hunters, air duels ;

40 the advertising & protecting systems are efficient 41 a. an air-craft B.24 military/chief/ from the air-plan sand man, of the group Kan, Robert,

Stemfels, survive; give testimony [N.G.] b. Some servants jump from their bombed air-plans at h50-100m / to save their life’s;

they have not enough time to open their parachoutes; c. the explosions of the launched bombs produces unavoidable damages; many for the

jumped pilots (which have expelled these “own” Bombs)/for another’s (very near); d. air-plane pass in dark clouds: are in difficulties, dangers; e. An air-craft broke/hit a black cloud (smoke, ashes, burned remains); the ʺdriver no

more can conduct the engines; the helice of the air machine shoke a metalis cable of a captive balloon, lent it; the helices of motor –is not broket, but damaged; some pilots escape from the blocked-jolked-dusted “iron bird” by throwing in the warm burning soil military burning soil; will be saved?/broken-burned? .

43 The prisoners/convicts are burnt alive 44 To direct explosively knocks of shells, flames 45

the morning: in the popote,canten/ the member of the mission enter (by groups: successive series)occupy place on tables;the breck feast (dejun), theselected eat? Was served in variousmannersthe cookmens has preparate in kitchen as every customer pilot with desire the courageous meditale in silence of the host

46 Prior and after the short devasting (devastating ) bombardment. 47 Transporters/engaged of bombs which has desertat /incarcatura/ emptied their charges. 48 some survivers came home after the American-romanean/ world war

A courageous/ temeritous necessary action. 49 The bulletin is necessary for press/propaganda. Some detais/accents were omitted

/circonvented; secret-ized . 51 Victimus/ in Bucureşti: quarter Gara de Nord; Colentina; in Braşov; et al; 52 necessarly: in the Logos/Logic/ of War/ Fϋr Zieg! 53 To bruk El Alamani military events []

In the inter war period, in the post crisis/ days & first phase of the big inflation 54 In Ploiesti, in Petrosani: Universities, mini-museum the first phase of the world war. 55 are/manymade cross,whispere a prayer suga…

Last reunion of Jesus chustwith the tuelwe apostols. 56 are/manymade cross,whispere a prayer suga…

15

Last reunion of Jesus chustwith the tuelwe apostols. 57 Take forms like in the biblean Cana: the is so interpret by all/many the member of the

mission is in extremis namely a mission of sacrifice. 58 this/our fly is interpreted so by all/in army. The condemn to death the pain the cross the

suprem sacrifice it is said largely in common opinion 59

The strong garda petrolistă Ploieşteană/Prahoveană/ Oil guard /of Ploieşti-Prahova area at this event/later are studies by some militaries, spies, observers: in bellum, postbellum;

60 the defence from the soil rail ways, roads, fields, hills used by military conductors was not accompanied by a strong air-eal defense (camouflage:by smokes; balloons, hunters, air duels ;

61 the advertising & protecting systems are efficient 62 as: air-craft B.24 military/chief/ from the air-plan sand man, of the group Kan, Robert,

Stemfels, survive; give testimony [N.G.] 63 The prisoners/convicts are burnt alive

64 In nothingness. 65 of wheat, hemp, mains, 66 Prior and after the short devasting (devastating ) bombardment. 67 The Eager eagle is fired when bomb the refinery for super benzene Campina and fall on belly

in river Prahova. 68 To direct explosively knocks of shells, flames 69 Knots in their throats, the mors, blindness, maddnes, burnes, paralisias, commotions,

obsessions of the images (geant torches of fire, jerbe/wreaths/, persa realized feelings. 70 Theirs feelings, sensations must be dominated: they are permanent also in danger 71 Some theirs lifes 72 In the same day: passing through different “fuse orare “/ local times: new born hood /

geographical /longitudinal section. 73 in air ! 74 Transporters/engaged of bombs which has desertat /incarcatura/ emptied their charges. 75 Espected by same strategs, tacticians, enthusiasts, with strony will to short the way to

victory. 76 Honourable: production, reduced diversity. 77 Victimus/ in Bucureşti: quarter Gara de Nord; Colentina; in Braşov; et al; 78 The last bombardare /liebtangriff before the “clepsydra” – l moment/ event/:

𝑇 ↓= T=23 August 1944 / The reversel of the ʺAntonescu reign”/ Lovitura de palat, patriotică: condusă de M.S. Regele Mihai I al României/.

79 Specific reparations extentensions innovations. 70 Over the limit/bataia/ of A.A. canmous if possible

III. Bibliographia.

16

III. Iconographia brevia evocatoria.

Personalul tehnic de la baza americană din Foggia, imortalizat pe aripile unui B-24, în 1944, după

ce aliaţii au recucerit Sudul Italiei din mâinile naziştilor. Înainte, ei au folosit în misiunile

împotriva României baze din Nordul Africii, aflate la peste 2000 de kilometri depărtare. Foto:

Arhiva Howard Bickford, prin amabilitatea lui Paul Sihvonen-Binder

În 1941, România era al cincilea mare producător de ţiţei din lume, după SUA, Uniunea Sovietică, Venezuela şi Irak.

Aviatorii americani şi români s-au luptat dur pentru petrolul României în Cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Mai 1944: atacul american asupra Ploieştiului e stânjenit de fumul exploziilor şi de ceaţa artificială creată de apărarea germană.

După 1 august 1943: americanii nu au mai bombardat România decât de la mare înălţime.

17

(Foto: Arhiva Hulton Getty Image)

B-24 Liberator: during a bomb run over the Ploiești Astra Romana refinery during Operation Tidal Wave, Is called "Sandman"

Tip Bombardier greu

Constructor Consolidated Aircraft

Zbor inaugural 29 decembrie 1939

Produs 1940–1945

Introdus 1941

Retras 1968 (Forțele Aeriene Indiene)

Beneficiar principal Forțele Aeriene ale SUA

Alți beneficiari Forțele Navale ale SUA Forțele Aeriene Regale Britanice Forțele Aeriene Regale Canadiene

Bucăți fabricate 18.482

Cost unitar 297.627 $ SUA

Dezvoltat din Consolidated XB-24

Variante

PB4Y Privateer XB-41 C-87 Liberator Express Consolidated R2Y Consolidated Liberator I

Date 1 August 1943

Location

Romanian refineries: Câmpina: Steaua Română (Target "RED") Ploiești: Româno-Americană ("WHITE I"); Concordia Vega ("WHITE II"); Standard Petrol Block, Unirea Speranţa ("WHITE III"); Astra Română, Unirea Orion ("WHITE IV"); Columbia Aquila ("WHITE V") Brazi: Creditul Minier ("Target BLUE")

Result Strategic Allied Failure

18

B-24 Liberator: Virtual reconstructiob

Instalaţiile petroliere de la Ploieşti în flăcări după ce au fost bombardate (Fotografiate de pe unul din bombardierle de mică altitudine)

B-24 Liberator over Ploiesti, 1 august 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave A, during a bomb run over the Ploiești Astra Romana refinery

B-24D's fly over Ploiești during World War II Cpt. av. Dan Vizanty, commander of 6th Group Vanatoare

(Pursuit),10 june 1944, 2 kills (P-38 Lightning)

19

"B-24 Liberators Over Europe " A remarkable film produced by the Eighth Air Force from combat camera footage showing B-24s in action over Europe. From Ploesti to Berlin, you'll discover memorable Liberator scenes not found anywhere else, including pulse pounding air attacks. You'll see B-24 crews up close too, along with their ships.

IAR 80 &IAR 81

20

OBIECTIVE PLOIESTI RUTA: BAZA BENGAZI-LIBIAPLOIESTI

ROMANIA

PLOIESTI TARGET

21