Limba Engleza

Camelia Neagu

Limba engleză - suport de curs -

EDITURA UNIVERSITĂŢII „NICOLAE TITULESCU”

BUCUREŞTI

2014

Acest material este destinat uzului studenţilor, forma de învăţământ la distanţă.

Conţinutul cursului este proprietatea intelectuală a autorului /autorilor; designul, machetarea

şi transpunerea în format electronic aparţin Departamentului de Învăţământ la Distanţă al

Universităţii „Nicolae Titulescu” din Bucureşti.

Acest curs este destinat uzului individual. Este interzisă multiplicarea, copierea sau

difuzarea conţinutului sub orice formă.

Acest manual a fost actualizat şi aprobat în sedinta Departamentului de Ştiinte Politice şi Administrative din data de 25 septembrie 2014.

UNIVERSITATEA „NICOLAE TITULESCU” DIN BUCUREŞTI

DEPARTAMENTUL PENTRU ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTUL LA DISTANŢĂ

Camelia Neagu

Limba engleză [Acest suport de curs se adresează studenţilor Facultăţii de Drept, forma de învăţământ la distanţă, anul I.]

Editura Universităţii „Nicolae Titulescu”

Calea Văcăreşti, nr. 185, sector 4, Bucureşti

Tel./fax: 0213309032/0213308606

Email: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-606-8585-89-5

5

CUPRINS

Introducere

Unitatea de învăţare 1

1.1. Introducere

1.2. Obiective

1.3. Rezumat

1.4. Test de evaluare

1.5. Test de autoevaluare

1.6. Temă de control

1.7. Bibliografie specifica

1.8. Răspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare


2.1. Introducere

2.2. Obiective

2.3. Rezumat







3.1. Introducere

3.2. Obiective

3.3. Rezumat







4.1. Introducere

4.2. Obiective

4.3. Rezumat






6


5.1. Introducere

5.2. Obiective

5.3. Rezumat







6.1. Introducere

6.2. Obiective

6.3. Rezumat







7.1. Introducere

7.2. Obiective

7.3. Rezumat







8.1. Introducere

8.2. Obiective

8.3. Rezumat







9.1. Introducere

9.2. Obiective

9.3. Rezumat


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10.1. Introducere

10.2. Obiective

10.3. Rezumat







11.1. Introducere

11.2. Obiective

11.3. Rezumat







12.1. Introducere

12.2. Obiective

12.3. Rezumat







13.1. Introducere

13.2. Obiective

13.3. Rezumat






List of Irregular Verbs

Bibliography

8

INTRODUCERE

Acest modul se adresează studenţilor Facultăţii de Drept, forma de

învăţământ la distanţă, anul 1.

Obiectivul

modulului

Modulul Limba engleză are drept obiectiv însuşirea de către studenţi a

unui set de termeni juridici de bază (pe care studenţii să îi poată folosi la

un interviu de angajare sau în vederea redactării în limba engleză a unor

eseuri/ referate/articole sau pentru a traduce texte juridice). Totodată,

studenţii vor recapitula noţiuni generale de gramatică a limbii engleze.

Deprinderea competenţelor necesare utilizării limbii engleze în mediul

juridic le va permite studenţilor să utilizeze această limbă străină în

vederea angajării, în activitatea de cercetare (foarte multe cărţi de

specialitate fiind scrise în limba engleză) şi în vederea îndeplinirii

viitoarelor sarcinilor de serviciu.

Cunoştinţele dobândite în cadrul acestui modul vor putea fi folosite

alături de cunoştinţele obţinute prin studierea altor discipline din planul

de învăţământ al specializării, contribuind împreună cu acestea la

formarea unui specialist care să răspundă cerinţelor şi exigenţelor

angajatorilor din domeniu.

Prin însuşirea conţinutului modulului, studenţii vor dobândi următoarele

competenţe generale şi specifice:

Competenţele

generale

1. Competenţe instrumentale

- stăpânirea unui set de termeni juridici de bază în limba engleză

- capacitatea de a soluţiona probleme profesionale care implică

folosirea limbii engleze

- capacitatea de a comunica în limba engleză.

2. Competenţe interpersonale:

- capacitatea de evaluare şi autoevaluare

- capacitatea de a lucra în echipă

- capacitatea de a avea un comportament etic şi de a respecta

regulile deontologiei profesionale.

3. Competenţe sistemice:

- capacitatea de a transpune în practică noţiunile dobândite

- capacitatea de a învăţa

- capacitatea de a se adapta procesului de integrare europeană

- abilitatea de a lucra independent.

Competenţele

specifice

1. Cunoaştere şi înţelegere sistematizarea şi fundamentarea noţiunilor de gramatică a limbii

engleze;

însuşirea de către studenţi a cunoştinţelor necesare pentru redactarea

unui referat, articol etc. pe teme de specialitate,

achiziţionarea de către studenţi a unui număr cât mai mare de

termeni de specialitate;

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stimularea conversaţiei spontane în vederea dobândirii unei fluenţe

convenabile în dialoguri pe teme de specialitate.

2. Explicare si interpretare interpretarea corectă a sensului unui text juridic, redactat în limba

engleză şi capacitatea de a explica în mod corect termenii juridici

folosiţi în textul respectiv.

3. Instrumental – aplicative dezvoltarea capacităţii de a efectua corect traduceri din limba

engleză în limba română şi de a redacta cu acurateţe retroversiuni

din limba română în limba engleză, folosind termeni de specialitate.

4. Atitudinale dezvoltarea abilităţii de a gândi şi interpreta în limba engleză

noţiunile juridice şi gramaticale învăţate;

dezvoltarea interesului pentru cunoaşterea vocabularului juridic de

specialitate în limba engleză.

Structura

modulului

(sem. I+II)

Acest modul este structurat în 13 unităţi de învăţare.

În primul semestru se vor studia primele 7 unităţi de învăţare, după cum

urmează:

Unitatea de învăţare 1 – ORDINEA CORECTĂ A CUVINTELOR

ÎN LIMBA ENGLEZĂ (60 de minute) Acest capitol expune regulile de

organizare a cuvintelor în propoziţie, aplicate în limba engleză.

Unitatea de învăţare 2 - THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL

MONARCHY (90 de minute) prezintă noţiunile de bază privind rolul şi

structura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului în conducerea

Statului, atribuţiile Primului Ministru şi ale Cabinetului condus de

acesta.

Unitatea de învăţare 3 - VORBIREA DIRECTĂ ŞI INDIRECTĂ (90

de minute) prezintă noţiunile de bază privind folosirea corectă a vorbirii

indirec te îlimba engleză.

Unitatea de învăţare 4 - THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW (90 de

minute) prezintă principalele surse ale legislaţiei din Marea Britanie.

Unitatea de învăţare 5 - VERBUL (THE VERB). TIMPURILE

VERBULUI (VERB TENSES) (90 de minute) prezintă două timpuri

folosite în mod frecvent în limba engleză: prezentul simplu şi prezentul

continuu.

Unitatea de învăţare 6 - THE JUDICIARY (80 de minute) prezintă

noţiuni generale privind sistemul judiciar din Marea Britanie.

Unitatea de învăţare 7 –THE PAST TENSES (90 de minute) prezintă

regulile de folosire a trecutului simplu şi trecutului continuu, două dintre

cele cele mai importante timpuri ale limbii engleze.

10

În al doilea semestru se vor studia ultimele 6 unităţi de învăţare, după

cum urmează:

Unitatea de învăţare 8 – COURTS OF LAW IN THE UNITED

KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN (90 de minute) prezintă instanţele

de judecată din Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.

Unitatea de învăţare 9 – THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

SIMPLE (90 de minute) recapitulează regulile de folosire a unuia dintre

cele mai uzuale timpuri ale limbii engleze – prezentul perfect simplu.

Unitatea de învăţare 10 – THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

CONTINUOUS (60 de minute) - recapitulează unul dintre cele mai

uzuale timpuri ale limbii engleze – prezentul perfect continuu.

Unitatea de învăţare 11 – THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM (90 de

minute) prezintă atribuţiile profesionale care îi revin unui avocat în

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.

Unitatea de învăţare 12 - THE PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

AND THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS (100 de

minute) prezintă regulile de folosire a două timpuri: trecutul perfect

simplu (past perfect simple) şi trecutul perfect continuu (past perfect

continuous).

Unitatea de învăţare 13 – THE EUROPEAN UNION (90 de minute)

prezintă studia un scurt istoric privind formarea Uniunii Europene şi

rolul principalelor instituţii din cadrul UE.

Pregătirea şi

evaluarea

studenţilor

(sem. I)

Până la data primului tutorial din semestrul unu, studenţii vor

parcurge unităţile de învăţare 1, 2, 3 şi 4. Îşi vor însuşi cunoştinţele

teoretice şi vor răspunde la toate sarcinile incluse în acestea.

Răspunsurile la exerciţii şi referatele se vor redacta în scris (sunt

acceptate şi în formă electronică – document Word) şi vor fi transmise

tutorelui.

Până la data celui de-al doilea tutorial, inclusiv, studenţii vor parcurge

unităţile de învăţare 5, 6 şi 7. Îşi vor însuşi cunoştinţele prezentate în

cadrul unităţilor 5, 6 şi 7 şi vor rezolva temele de control.

Nivelul de pregătire al studenţilor se apreciază astfel:

Lucrare scrisă

o traduceri

o exerciţii de completare a spaţiilor libere

o întrebări de verificare a cunoştinţelor acumulate

o exerciţii de parafrazare (rephrasing)

o eseu/referat/articol

Evaluarea temelor de control.

Ponderea referatelor şi lucrărilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scrisă

are o pondere de 70%.

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Pregătirea şi

evaluarea

studenţilor

(sem. II)

Până la data primului tutorial din semestrul doi, studenţii vor parcurge

unităţile de învăţare 8, 9 şi 10. Îşi vor însuşi cunoştinţele teoretice şi vor

răspunde la toate sarcinile incluse în acestea. Răspunsurile la exerciţii şi

referatele se vor redacta în scris (sunt acceptate şi în formă electronică –

document Word) şi vor fi transmise tutorelui.

Până la data celui de-al doilea tutorial, inclusiv, studenţii vor parcurge

unităţile de învăţare 11, 12 şi 13.

Îşi vor însuşi noţiunile expuse în unităţile 11, 12 şi 13 şi vor rezolva

temele de control.

Nivelul de pregătire al studenţilor se apreciază astfel:

Lucrare scrisă

o traduceri

o exerciţii de completare a spaţiilor libere

o exerciţii de reformulare (rephrasing)

o exerciţii de transformare (de la diateza activă la diateza pasivă

sau de la vorbirea directă la vorbirea indirectă)

o întrebări de verificare a cunoştinţelor acumulate

o exerciţii de parafrazare (rephrasing)

o eseu/referat/articol

Evaluarea temelor de control.

Ponderea referatelor şi lucrărilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scrisă

are o pondere de 70%.

12

UNIT I

ORDINEA CORECTĂ A CUVINTELOR ÎN LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

(Word Order)

1.1. Introducere Acest capitol expune regulile de organizare a cuvintelor în propoziţie, aplicate

în limba engleză. Studenţii ar trebui să acorde o atenţie sporită acestui capitol

deoarece necunoaşterea regulilor de organizare a cuvintelor în propoziţie atrage

după sine comiterea unui număr foarte mare de greşeli de topică în limba

engleză.

1.2. Obiectivele/competentele unităţii de învăţare

După studierea acestei unităţi, studentul trebuie să fie capabil:

să folosească în ordine corectă părţile de propoziţie în limba engleză,

semnalând diferenţele de topică existente între engleză şi română;

să sesiseze poziţia corectă a adverbelor de frecvenţă în propoziţie

(observând diferenţele care apar în funcţie de predicat şi de timpurile

folosite).

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei unităţi de

învăţare este de 1 oră.

CONŢINUTUL UNITĂŢII DE ÎNVĂŢARE

Folosirea corectă a ORDINII CUVINTELOR ÎN PROPOZIŢIE prezintă o importanţă

deosebită în limba engleză. Limba engleză este o limba analitică, având puţine forme

flexionare, de aceea, locul pe care-l ocupă cuvintele în propoziţie are un rol important în

identificarea funcţiilor lor sintactice.

Ordinea cuvintelor în propoziţie trebuie studiată şi datorită diferenţelor de topică dintre

română şi engleză.

În limba română, poziţia părţilor de propoziţie diferă de cea a cuvintelor englezeşti în două

privinţe:

a) Limba română are mai multe forme flexionare şi deci locul cuvintelor nu este atât de

important, iar subiectul nu este exprimat de obicei, verbul românesc fiind marcat

formal pentru persoană şi număr:

I never see him there (engl.)

Niciodată nu-l văd acolo (română)

(Eu) Nu-l văd niciodată acolo.

(Eu) Nu-l văd acolo niciodată.

b) Unele părţi de propoziţie în limba română ocupă de obicei alte locuri decât părţile de

propoziţie corespunzătoare din limba engleză.

Engleză: Română:

He speaks English well.

(Subiect + predicat + compl. direct +

circ. mod)

El vorbeşte bine englezeşte.

(Subiect + predicat + circ. mod.

+ compl. direct)

00:30

13

Exemple

1. Comparaţi topica propoziţiei englezeşti cu topica

propoziţiei româneşti, observând că în română

topica este mult mai flexibilă:

(Compl. circ. de timp)Subiect + Predicat + Compl. direct + Compl. indir. +

Compl. circ. de mod + Compl. circ. de loc + (Compl. circ. de timp).

(After dinner) She said good night to them quickly in the hall (after dinner).

(După cină) le-a spus noapte bună repede în hol (după cină) sau

(După cină) le-a spus repede noapte bună în hol (după cină).

2. Adverbele de frecvenţă (usually*, sometimes*, never, often, rarely/seldom, always) stau

înaintea predicatului dacă acesta este exprimat printr-un verb aflat la un timp simplu (deci

NU continuu** sau perfect***):

She never pleads in criminal cases.

Law students often simulate cases as part of their academic training.

* Usually and sometimes can be placed at the beginning/at the end of the sentence or

immediately before the predicate:

E.g. (Usually) We prepare our pleadings carefully (usually). sau

We usually prepare our pleadings carefully.

(Sometimes) she asks this senior counsel for advice (sometimes). sau

She sometimes asks this senior counsel for advice.

** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to be and the present participle (with

continuous tenses):

E.g. They are always asking me questions about the day of the crime because they suppose I

am the real offender!

*** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to have and the past participle (with

perfect tenses):

E.g. She has never agreed with such a clause in the contract!

!!! If adverbs of frequency are used with the verb to be, they are placed after this verb:

Mr. Johanson is always on time when he expects a client at the office.

Corectaţi greşelile din propoziţiile de mai jos:

I appreciate very much this internship period.

………………………………………………….

The witness testified yesterday without hesitation.

……………………………………………

She checks her knowledge in this law encyclopedia often.

……………………………………………

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Să ne reamintim Topica limbii engleze este diferită de cea din limba română într-o mare

măsură. Ca limbă sintetică, româna şi-a conservat formele flexionare, de aici

flexibilitatea topicii româneşti. În schimb, engleza, ca limbă analitică, a

pierdut foarte multe forme flexionare, ceea ce a dus la rigidizarea topicii ei.

1.3. Rezumat - În limba engleză, nu se pune niciodată un complement circumstanţial între

predicat şi complementul direct/ complementul indirect;

- Complementele circumstanţiale au o ordine strictă de folosire în limba

engleză: C.C.M + C.C.L + C.C.T(Adverbial of Manner + Adverbial of

Place + Adverbial of Time);

- Următoarele complemente circumstanţiale de timp pot sta la începutul sau la

sfârşitul propoziţiei: last week/month/year, next week/month/year, this

week/month/year, in 2010, at noon/at midnight/at weekend, in the future/in the

morning/in the afternoon, during the 1st semester, on Monday/Friday etc.

1.4. Test de evaluare a cunoştinţelor:

I. Schimbaţi ordinea complementelor. Folosiţi to sau for înaintea

complementului indirect.

Ex: Show us the album. Show the album to us.

1. Please, pass me the dictionary.

2. Fetch me a glass of water.

3. Please, send your parents my regards.

4. He didn’t forget to buy his sister a ticket.

5. Tell the children this funny story.

6. He offered everyone flowers.

7. Andrew owes Betty some money.

8. William handed her some pictures.

9. I have written John a letter.

10. They told us the news.

11. She offered everyone present a copy of the text.

II. Completaţi spatiile libere cu prepoziţiile care lipsesc pentru a forma complemente

prepoziţionale:

1. She never speaks………this subject.

2. He still depends….. his parents.

3. Do you agree …. me?

4. She waited…. you for half an hour.

5. The boy insisted… doing it himself.

6. Please, look …. the book I’ve bought.

00:30

15

1.5. Test de autoevaluare a cunoştinţelor:

I. Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba engleză:

1. Descrie-ne tot ce ai văzut ieri la locul faptei, te rog.

2. Te rog, citeşte-mi declaraţia martorului.

3. Comunică-ne rezultatul procesului imediat ce-l afli!

4. I-am cumpărat săptămâna trecută asistentei noastre un dicţionar explicativ de termeni

juridici.

5. Medalia de aur a fost acordată echipei române pentru performanţa ei extraordinară la

concursul de procese simulate.

6. Nu este nevoie să-mi înapoiezi cursul de drept constituţional. Ţi-l fac cadou.

II. Completaţi spaţiile libere cu termenii de mai jos (conform exemplului dat):

authority court to govern Judge

law enforcement agency lawyers legal action legal system

legislation Rule the judiciary tribunal

1. A body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry. tribunal

2. A country’s body of judges.

3. An act or acts passed by a law-making body.

4. Legal proceedings.

5. An official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve disputes, or make other legal

decisions.

6. An organization responsible for enforcing the law especially the police.

7. A senior official in a court law.

8. The body or system of rules recognized by a community that are enforceable by

established process.

9. The control resulting from following a community’s system of rules.

10. Members of the legal profession.

11. To rule a society and control the behavior of its members.

12. Behavior recognized by a community as binding or enforceable by authority.


I. Puneţi în ordinea corespunzătoare cuvintele de mai jos:

1. The/is/about/like/thing/I/this faculty/great/research department/its.

2. A/smuggling/building/man/apprehended/in/ was/who/this/dealt with.

3. We/read/the/before/file/must/and/about/forgotten/it/have.

4. Unfortunately/caused/year/are/crimes/juveniles/by/every/many.

5. An/by/injured/rescued/from/the/burning /a/dog/was/woman/building.

16

II. Puneţi complementele circumstanţiale din paranteze la locul potrivit în

propoziţie, precizând funcţia lor sintactică:

1. I am working on my graduation project (now).

2. He has had his dinner (already).

3. The last lesson was difficult (unusually); this one is easy (enough).

4. I have believed them (never).

5. His behavior cannot be explained (entirely).

6. You can excuse yourself for the reason (hardly).

7. He goes to the seaside (usually, in July).

8. Look at those sentences (tonight).

9. He speaks English (in the classroom, always).

10. He comes (sometimes, on Saturdays, to my place).


Bantaş, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993

Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte – cheie în Drept,

Ed. Compania, 2004.

1.8. Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare

I.

1.Describe to us everything you saw at the crime scene, please!

2.Please, read me the witness’ testimony!

3.Let us know the outcome of the trial as soon as you find it out!

4.Last week we bought our assistant a legal explanatory dictionary.

5.The golden medal was awarded to the Romanian team for its outstanding

performance at the moot competition.

6.You do not have to give me back the constitutional law coursebook. I’ll offer

it to you as a gift.

II.

1.- tribunal, 2. – the judiciary, 3. – legislation, 4. – legal action, 5. – court, 6. -

law enforcement agency, 7. Judge, 8. - legal system, 9. – authority, 10. –

lawyers, 11. – to govern, 12. – Rule.

17

UNIT II

THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

2.1. Introducere Studiind această unitate de învăţare, veţi dobândi noţiunile de bază privind

rolul şi structura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului în

conducerea Statului, atribuţiile Primului Ministru şi ale Cabinetului condus

de acesta, precum şi despre alegerile generale din Regatul Unit al Marii

Britanii.

2.2. Obiectivele/competențele unităţii de învăţare


să ofere informaţii generale despre puterea legislativă din Marea

Britanie;

să precizeze atribuţiile Monarhului Britanic în guvernarea

statului;

să ofere informaţii generale despre puterea executivă din Marea

Britanie.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei unităţi de învăţare este de 90

minute.

Conţinutul unităţii de învăţare

THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy and

a unitary state, which is made up of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and of

Northern Ireland. All four countries of the Kingdom are represented in Parliament at

Westminster, which is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom.

The three main powers in the British state are: the legislative power, the executive power and

the judiciary. The legislative power is the power of making, altering or repealing the laws and

it belongs to Parliament.

The Parliament is the legislative body, which is constitutionally composed of the Monarch,

the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The judiciary is represented by the Supreme

Court and all the other courts of law in the UK.

The Queen represents the people as the Head of State, but the real power lies in Parliament.

The House of Commons or the Lower House consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs)

who each represent a constituency. They are salaried members elected by universal adult

suffrage. Members of the House of Commons are elected at a General Election, which must

be held every five years, but it is often held at more frequent intervals.

00:30

18

The House of Lords or the Upper House has around 1,200 members and is made up of

hereditary and life peers and peeresses, including the law lords appointed to undertake

judicial duties of the House, and the archbishops and bishops of the Church of England.

The Sovereign formally summons and dissolves Parliament and generally opens new sessions

of Parliament with a speech from the throne. The Queen reigns but does not rule.

The full duration of Parliament is five years. No bill can become law until it has been

sanctioned or “read” three times by both Houses and has finally received the royal assent.

The Constitutional principles, rules and practices of the United Kingdom have never been

codified; they derive from state law, from common law and from the conventions of the

constitution.

General Elections are held every five years, though the Prime Minister may call one earlier

and if a MP dies or retires a by-election is held in her or his constituency. MPs win their seats

in Parliament by a majority vote.

The Party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of

supporters in the House of Commons forms the Government; its leading members are chosen

by the Prime Minister (PM) who forms the Cabinet.

The Party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition.

Parliament’s main functions are debating, passing legislation and examining the actions of

the Government.

The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected from the members to preside over the

House immediately after each new Parliament is formed. He is required to be impartial over

parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the rights and privileges of the House

of Commons.

The Government consists of the ministers appointed directly by the Crown on the

recommendation of the Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister is the Head of the government and presides over meetings of the Cabinet.

He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises and, to some

extent, coordinates the work of the various ministries and departments and is the principal

spokesman for the Government in the House of Commons.

The Cabinet is the nucleus of government; its members consist of a small group of the most

important ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. The size of the Cabinet is about

23 and its main function is to determine, control and integrate the policies of the government

for submission to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor and the Law Officers of the Crown.

The Lord High Chancellor and the Law Officers of Great Britain presides over the House of

Lords both in legislative capacity and as a final court of appeal.

Corectaţi greşelile din propoziţiile de mai jos:

a. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers.

………………………………………………….

b. Norther Ireland is a part of Great Britain.

………………………………………………

19

c. The Speaker is the head of the House of Lords.

………………………………………

Să ne reamintim -Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituţională, ceea ce

înseamnă că Regele/Regina este şeful statului, dar acesta/aceasta nu poate

acţiona decât în limitele impuse de prevederile Constituţiei.

- În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, puterea legislativă a statului îi revine

exclusiv Parlamentului;

- În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Puterea executivă este reprezentată de

Primul Ministru (Şeful Guvernului) şi de Cabinetul de Miniştri (ale cărui

şedinţe sunt prezidate de Primul Ministru).

2.3.Rezumat - Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituţională;

- În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Parlamentul este bicameral (the House of

Lords & the House of Commons);

- The Lord Chacellor este Președintele Camerei Lorzilor, în timp ce the

Speaker este Președintele Camerei Comunelor;

- În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, alegerile generale se organizează o dată la 5

ani;

- pentru Camera Lorzilor nu se organizează alegeri, membrii acestei camere

fiind aleşi de Monarh la recomandarea Primului Ministru sau a Camerei

Lorzilor.

2.4. Test de evaluare a cunoştinţelor:

I. Completaţi spaţiile libere cu cuvintele corespunzătoare:

assent, Constitution, repealing, branches, duration, executive, that is,

altering, convoke, prorogue, power, law, sanctioned, retires, both, but,

earlier, held, elections, constituency

1. The British……. consists of two great ……. , the legislative … and the …. power.

2. The legislative power, ……. the power of making, ………. or ……. the laws, belongs to

Parliament.

3. The Queen alone can …… Parliament or ……. , or dissolve it.

4. The full ….. of an MP`s term of office is 5 years.

5. No bill can become …… until it has been …… or read three times by ….. Houses and has

received the royal ….

6. General ……. are held every five years, …. the Prime Minister may call one….., and if a

MP dies or …. a by-election is …. in her or his ……

II. Răspundeţi la următoarele întrebări:

1. What does Parliament consist of?

2. What does the Sovereign formally do?

3. Who are the members of the House of Lords?

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4. What do the terms peer and peeress mean?

5. What does the House of Commons consist of?

6. At what intervals must a General Election be held?

7. What is the Prime Minister’s first duty?

8. Who becomes the official Opposition?

9. What does the Speaker do during debates in Parliament?

10. What are the criteria that must be take into account in electing the Speaker?

2.5.Test de autoevaluare a cunoştinţelor:

I. Traduceţi în engleză următoarele propoziţii:

1. Camera Comunelor este formată din 630 membrii salariaţi aleşi prin

sufragiu universal de către populaţia adultă.

2. Primul Ministru alege membrii Guvernului din partidul care câştigă

majoritatea locurilor în Parlament.

3. Preşedintele Camerei Comunelor este propus de Guvern după

consultări cu opoziţia.

4. În Camera Lorzilor, autoritatea supremă – Lordul Cancelar – are

puteri mai mici ca Preşedintele Camerei Comunelor (The Speaker).

5. Membrii Camerei Comunelor reprezintă autoritatea finală în

emiterea legilor.

II. Traduceţi în limba română următorul text:

“Laws can be seen as a set of rules which are meant to govern behavior between people.

Law, the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions and

legislation, is used to govern society and to control the behavior of its members. In

modern societies, a body with authority, such as a court or the legislature, makes the law;

on the other hand the police must make sure the law is observed.

In addition to enforcement, a body of expert lawyers is needed to apply the law.

This is the role of the judiciary, the body of judges in a particular country”.


I. Completaţi spaţiile libere cu adverbele potrivite:

annually – mainly – impartially – dangerously – usually – fluently –

carefully.

1. He was fined because he was driving …..

2. You must cross the road…

3. He speaks English…..

4. An arrested person will … be granted bail if he cannot be brought before

the court within a day.

5. The Pleading competition is held …

6. Criminal law is … concerned with crimes against the community as a

whole.

7. Judges must act …

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II. Answer to the following questions (using, if necessary, information

from Wikipedia):

1. What is the difference between a constitutional monarchy and an absolute

monarchy?

2. Give examples of other constitutional monarchies.

What does it mean that the Queen reigns but does not rule?



Ed. Compania, 2004.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy

2.8. Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare

I.

1. The House of Commons is made up of 630 salaried members, elected by universal adult

suffrage.

2. The Prime Minister appoints the members of the Government from the party that won the

majority of seats in Parliament.

3. The Speaker is appointed by the Government after consulting with the opposition.

4. In the House of Lords, the supreme authority, the Lord Chancellor, has less authority in

comparison with the Speaker.

5. The members of the House of Commons represent the final authority in passing the laws.

II.

Putem considera că legile reprezintă un set de reguli menite să controleze comportamentul

oamenilor.

Legea, privită ca o sumă de reguli şi regulamente, este folosită pentru a guverna societatea şi

pentru a controla comportamentul membrilor acesteia. În societăţile moderne, un organ al

statului învestit cu autoritate, cum ar fi o instanţă judecătorească sau legislatura, emite legi;

pe de altă parte, poliţia trebuie să se asigure că legea este respectată.

Pentru ca legea să fie aplicată, este necesar să existe un grup de specialiști în drept. Acesta

este rolul sistemului judiciar, reprezentat de totalitatea judecătorilor dintr-o ţară.

22

UNIT III

VORBIREA DIRECTĂ ŞI INDIRECTĂ

(Direct and Indirect Speech)

3.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, veţi putea revizui/vă veți putea consolida

noţiunile de bază privind folosirea corectă a vorbirii indirecte în limba

engleză.

Vorbirea indirectă este folosită frecvent în limbajul de zi cu zi, iar buna

cunoaştere a acesteia este strâns legată de regulile concordanţei timpurilor,

specifice limbii engleze.

3.2. Obiectivele/competenţele unităţii de învăţare

După studierea acestei unităţi de învăţare, studentul trebuie să fie

capabil:

să folosească în mod corect vorbirea indirectă în limba engleză

să evite greşelile frecvente de concordanţă a timpurilor.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei unităţi de învăţare este de 90 minute.


VORBIREA DIRECTĂ ŞI INDIRECTĂ

Există două posibilităţi de redare a spuselor cuiva: prin vorbire directă şi indirectă.

În vorbirea directă (Direct speech) se reproduc întocmai cuvintele persoanei care le-a rostit:

He asked me: “Where is Dan?”

M-a întrebat: - Unde este Dan?

Folosirea timpurilor în vorbirea directă nu este afectată de timpul predicatului din propoziţia

principală:

He is saying,”I’ll see you tomorrow”.

He has said,”I met her last night”.

He said, “I’ve just arrived”.

În vorbirea indirectă (Indirect/Reported speech) o a treia persoană redă spusele cuiva, fără a

reproduce totdeauna întocmai cuvintele sale:

John said to Peter, ”Shall I meet you at the station tomorrow?”

John suggested that he should meet Peter at the station the next day.

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Transformarea vorbirii directe în vorbire indirectă (change from Direct to Indirect

Speech).

Când spusele cuiva sunt trecute de la vorbirea directă la cea indirectă, procedeu frecvent

utilizat în conversaţie, au loc anumite schimbări atât în propoziţia principală cât şi în

propoziția completivă directă:

Modificările sunt de două feluri:

A. Generale, care afectează orice fel de enunţ reprodus;

B. Specifice, caracteristice fiecărui tip de propoziţie: enunţiativă, interogativă,

exclamativă, imperativă.

A. Modificările generale

a. Pronumele personal, reflexiv si posesiv se schimbă după înţeles: persoana I şi

a II-a devin persoana III-a.

pronumele rămâne neschimbat când vorbitorul îşi reproduce propriile lui

cuvinte.

b. Pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative şi adverbele de loc şi timp sunt înlocuite

cu altele care exprimă depărtarea:

This – that Today - That day

These – those Yesterday - The day before

Here – there The day before yesterday - Two days before

Now – then Tomorrow - The next day/ following day

The day after tomorrow - In two days’ time

Next week - The next/following week

Last week - The previous week/ the week before

A year ago - A year before/ the previous year

c. Folosirea timpurilor în vorbirea indirectă

Present devine Past

Past Tense devine Past Perfect

Present Perfect Tense devine Past Perfect

Past Perfect rămâne neschimbat

Future devine Future-in-the-Past

Exemplu:

Mr. Brown said to his wife:”I’ve been very busy today”.

Mr. Brown told his wife that he had been very busy that day.

B. Modificările specifice se referă la verbele care trebuie folosite în fiecare fel de

propoziţie reprodusă (enunţiativă, interogativă, exclamativă, imperativă).

a. Propoziţiile enunţiative

Verbul to say când nu este urmat de complement indirect se păstrează;

În celelalte cazuri to say devine tell + complement indirect

Cathy said she didn’t understand the lesson.

Cathy told the teacher she didn’t understand the question.

b. Propoziţiile interogative

Verbul to say este înlocuit cu verbe ca: to ask, to wonder, to want, to know, to inquire.

“Why is Tom angry?”, Helen said to me.

24

Helen wondered why Tom was angry.

- Propoziţia secundară se va introduce cu conjuncţia if, whether, how, when, where.

”Would you attend our meeting?”, the students asked their professor.

The students wanted to know whether their professor would attend their meeting.

Schimbările de timp în propoziţiile interogative au loc la fel ca în cele enunţiative:

Where have you been?” He wanted to know where

we had been.

“What is Tom doing?” He wanted to know what

Tom was doing.

“When will you leave?” He wanted to know when

they would leave.

c. Propoziţiile exclamative

Ele devin propoziţii enunţiative în vorbirea indirectă.

Exclamaţiile cu what…, how…, Oh!, Ah! Devin completive directe introduse de that:

“How very kind of him to help us with our luggage!” mother said.

Mother exclaimed that it was very kind of him to help them with their luggage.

d. Propoziţiile imperative

Ele devin în vorbirea indirectă propoziţii infinitive

Afirmative:

He said, ”Sit down, Peter”.

He told Peter to sit down.

Negative:

He said,”Don’t interrupt the speaker please”.

He asked them not to interrupt the speaker.

Verbul la imperativ se transformă în verb la infinitiv cu to/not to.

Corectaţi greşelile în frazele de mai jos:

1. The witness swore he will say the truth.

2. The lawyer wondered how he has entered the room.

3. We will become good practitioners when we will start working in law firm

or in the Bar.

Să ne reamintim Vorbirea indirectă reproducere spusele unei persoane, folosind verbe specifice

(reporting verbs) în acest scop: to ask, to say, to comment, to exclaim, to wonder,

to order, to underline, to offer etc.

Vorbirea directă este marcată prin ghilimele, deoarece în limba engleză nu se

foloseşte linia de dialog. În schimb, vorbirea indirectă nu este marcată prin

ghilimele.

25

3.3. Rezumat Trecerea de la vorbirea directă la cea indirectă presupune efectuarea următoarelor

modificări:

- de persoană (pers.1 => pers. a 3-a);

- de timp (toate timpurile coboară cu o treaptă: prezentul devine trecut, iar trecutul

devine trecut perfect, în timp ce viitorul cu will se transformă în viitor-în-trecut);

- de compl.circ. de timp/loc (now => then, here => there etc.);

- de pronume demonstrativ (this => that, these => those)

3.4. Test de evaluare: I. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la vorbirea indirectă, făcând schimbările de

pronume necesare:

1. Our teacher says, “If you work hard, you will succeed”.

2. They always say, “These exercises are too difficult for us”.

3. Doris is saying, “Behave yourself, Peter.”

4. The teacher has said to the students, “I want to have a look at your homework”.

5. I always say, “I don’t like to be late”.

6. John and Tom are saying, “We haven’t done our homework”.

II. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la vorbirea indirectă operând schimbările de timp

şi adverbe, după un verb la Past Tense:

He said (That)…. sau He told me/us (that) …

1. “I read this book a long time ago”.

2. “They are having an English class now”.

3. “I’ll give you an answer as soon as I can”.

4. “We watched TV last night”.

5. “We’ve never been here before”.

6. “I know what the teacher will say”.

7. “I can’t answer this question; it’s too difficult for me”.

8. “I shall try to finish this today”.

9. “I talked to them yesterday”.

10. “I’ll be very busy next week”.

3.5. Test de autoevaluare: I. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii în vorbirea indirectă folosind în propoziţia

principală verbe la Past Tense (say, tell, ask, wonder, promise, order, advise):

1. “What are you studying?”

2. “Has Paul left any message for me?”

3. “Could you make up this prescription for me?”

4. “I don’t take sugar in my tea”.

5. “What a lovely day!”

6. “I’ll be back in half an hour”.

7. “Why should I do this?”

8. “Let’s play tennis, now!”

II. Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba engleză.

1. Voia să ştie de ce prietenii mei au plecat aşa devreme.

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26

2. Profesorul i-a întrebat pe studenţi dacă au înţeles lecţia sau nu.

3. Funcţionarul ne-a sfătuit să citim cu atenţie instrucţiunile înainte să deschidem

cutia.

4. Doctorul ne-a spus ca nimeni nu are voie sa vorbească cu pacientul până a doua

zi.

5. Ei au spus ca ar fi ajuns la timp dacă n-ar fi pierdut autobuzul.

3.6. Temă de control:

I. După ce aţi tradus propoziţiile de mai sus în limba engleză, treceţi

propoziţiile în vorbirea directă.

II. Daţi echivalentul românesc la fiecare din cuvintele de mai jos, apoi alcătuiţi câte o

propoziţie cu fiecare din ele:

1. Barrister 6. Minister of Justice

2. Solicitor 7. Attorney General

3. Prosecutor 8. Solicitor General

4. Judge 9. to pursue

5. To take an oath 10. Law graduates

3.7. Bibliografie:



Ed. Compania, 2004.

Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare:

I.

1. She asked me what I was studying.

2. She asked if Paul had left any message for her.

3. He asked whether I could make up that prescription for him.

4. He told me that he does not/did not take sugar in his tea.

5. She exclaimed what a lovely day it was.

6. He promised to be back in half an hour.

7. He asked why he should do that.

8. She suggested playing tennis then.

II.

1. He wanted to know why my friends had left so early.

2. The teacher asked the students whether they (had) understood the lessond or not.

3. The clerk advised us to carefully read the instructions before opening the box.

4. The doctor told us that no one was allowed to talk to the patient till the next day.

5. They said that they would have arrived on time unless they had missed the bus.

27

UNIT IV

THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW

4.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, veţi studia principalele surse ale legislaţiei din

Marea Britanie, dobândind o mai bună înţelegere a câtorva principii

fundamentale specifice pentru dreptul anglo-saxon, cunoscut sub numele de

common law.



să precizeze sursele principale ale legislaţiei britanice.


învăţare este de 90 minute.


From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories: they

may be written or unwritten. The expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally

enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all

unacted law.

In England unwritten law is predominant, for more of their law derives from judicial

precedents than from legislative enactment.

Two principal sources of law are worth to be mentioned: Legislation and Judicial Precedent.

Legislation is enacted law and it was studied at Constitutional Law (Constitution and

Government).

Judicial Precedent is the principle of justice enforced in English law by the rule of stare

decisis (keep to what has been decided previously).

English law is, to a large extent, based on case-law. The rules of common law have been

evolved inductively from decision to decision involving similar facts.

A distinctive feature of the English system is that, because the English judge has power to

make new law, his position in the legal system is central.

The judge may simply be obliged to consider the former decision as part of the material on

which his present could be based or he may be obliged to decide in the same way as that in

which the previous case was decided. In the latter case the precedent is said to be “binding”.

So another feature of the English system is the doctrine of the binding case.

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28

Cases of “first impression” are based upon facts, which bear no resemblance to the facts of

any previous case.

The administration of justice is not a simple process of matching precedents. The judges have

a field of choice in making their decisions. But they do not exercise their discretion in an

arbitrary way; they rest their judgments upon general principles.

Corectaţi greşelile în enunţurile de mai jos:

The common law system is specific for France and Belgium.

The judicial precedent does not ensure a homogenous jurisprudence in the UK.

Romanian law is primarily based on case-law.

Să ne reamintim În sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, dreptul cutumiar este un important izvor al

dreptului.

4.3. Rezumat In sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, jurisprudenta (case-law) este un important

izvor de drept. Common-law se constituie din: hotarârile judecatorești, cutume

și tradiții juridice. Judecatorul este un creator al legii, el nu doar interpretează

legea.

O cauză poate fi soluţionată pe baza unui precedent judiciar, care a fost

pronunţat cu mult timp în urmă.

4.4. Test de evaluare:

I. Puneţi cuvintele de mai jos în spaţiile libere ale textului :

Common Law Roman Law

Napoleonic Code The Ten Commandments

….. , which evolved in the 8th

century BC, was still largely a blend of custom and

interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods.

….. evolved from the tribal and local laws in England. It began with common

Customs, but over the time it involved the courts in law-making that was responsive

to changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of

centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced rules laid

down by earlier societies.

…. formed the basis of all Israelite legislation. They can also be found in the laws of

other ancient peoples.

…. refers to the entire body of French law, contained in five codes dealing with

civil, commercial, and criminal law.

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29

II. Completaţi spatiile libere cu verbele cu particulă separabilă de mai jos:

To break down To look down upon smb.

To put up To go down

To make up for To break up

To cut down To make up (a quarrel)

To turn down

1. You have to … with your new job.

2. I hear prices have already …

3. I’m sorry for being late but my car …

4. Many foreign tourists … at the hotel in Brasov.

5. He has missed for a month, so he has to … for his absence.

6. I don’t like her because she … on people.

7. You have to … your expenses.

8. You cannot … their invitation to dinner.

9. I’m happy that they … their quarrel.

10. School … in June.

4.5. Test de autoevaluare:

I. Explain the principle of the judicial precedent.

II. Alcătuiţi zece propoziţii folosind următorii termeni:

1. to deprive smb. of liberty = a priva pe cineva de libertate

2. to make an appeal = a face recurs

3. to give evidence = a depune mărturie

4. to comply with a decision = a se supune unei hotărâri

5. to impose a fine = a impune o amendă

6. to state the cause = a-şi apăra cauza

7. to punish with imprisonment = a pedepsi cu închisoarea

8. to plead not-guilty = a pleda pentru nevinovăţie

9. to discharge a defendant = a pune în libertate un acuzat

10. to pass a sentence = a pronunţa o sentinţă.


I. Descrieţi sistemul de guvernare din România în comparaţie cu cel din Anglia.

Urmăriţi în descrierea dumneavoastră următoarele puncte:

The Head of State: appointment, function and powers, relationship with

other state organs;

The Legislative: composition, function and powers, relationship with

other state organs;

The Executive: composition, function and powers, relationship with

other state organs;

II. Translate into Romanian, using, if necessary, a dictionary (you can check your answers by

reading the Romanian Constitution):

30

Art. 73

(1) Parliament passes constitutional, organic, and ordinary laws.

(2) Constitutional laws shall be pertaining to the revision of the Constitution.

(3) Organic laws shall regulate:

a) the electoral system; the organization and functioning of the Permanent Electoral

Authority;

b) the organization, functioning, and financing of political parties;

c) the statute of Deputies and Senators, the establishment of their emoluments and other

rights;

d) the organization and holding of referendum;

e) the organization of the Government and of the Supreme Council of National Defence;

f) the state of partial or total mobilization of the armed forces and the state of war;

g) the state of siege and emergency;

h) criminal offences, penalties, and the execution thereof;

i) the granting of amnesty or collective pardon;

j) the statute of public servants;

k) the contentious business falling within the competence of administrative courts;

l) the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the courts of law,

the Public Ministry, and the Court of Audit;

m) the general legal status of property and inheritance;

n) the general organization of education;

o) the organization of local public administration, territory, as well as the general rules on

local autonomy;

p) the general rules covering labour relations, trade unions, employers' associations, and

social protection;

r) the status of national minorities in Romania;

s) the general statutory rules of religious cults;

t) the other fields for which the Constitution stipulates the enactment of organic laws.

(Constitution of Romania)

4.7. Bibliografie:


Constituţia României, Regia autonomă „Monitorul Oficial”, Bucureşti, 2003

Dicţionar juridic englez-român şi român-englez, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureşti,

2003

Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte – cheie în Drept, Ed.

Compania, 2004.

4.8. Răspunsuri temă de autoevaluare:

I. A judicial precedent is a decision passed by the court and used as a source for future

decision making. Precedents are binding so they must be followed. The common law has

developed by each and every new precedent adopted by the courts of law. When delivering a

31

judgment, the judge presents the facts of the case, explains the law that is applicable to the

facts and then passes the sentence. The ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning or ground for the

judicial decision) is binding on later courts under the system of judicial precedent.

II.

He was deprived of liberty after having committed the murder.

The client decided to make an appeal at the advice of his lawyer.

You need to give evidence in order to support your accusations.

It is compulsory for the defendant to comply with the judge’s decision.

The policeman imposed a fine for driving under influence (DUI).

In order to state his cause, he decided to call several colleagues to testify in his favour.

Any murderer is punished with imprisonment.

He pleaded not-guilty because he knew he was innocent.

The defendant was discharged after the witness testified in his favour.

As soon as the verdict was returned, the judge passed the sentence.

32

UNIT V

VERBUL (THE VERB)

Timpurile verbului (Verb Tenses)

5.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, se vor revizui două timpuri folosite în mod

frecvent în limba engleză:

- prezentul simplu

- prezentul continuu.

5.2. Obiectivele/competențele unităţii de învăţare

După studierea acestei unităţi de învăţare, studentul trebuie să fie

capabil:

să deprindă folosirea corectă a prezentului simplu şi continuu

să evite confuziile dintre cele două timpuri, frecvente în cazul

vorbitorilor de română

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei unităţi de învăţare este de 90 de

minute.


Categoria gramaticală a timpului (Tense) se referă la ordinea evenimentelor în timp, aşa cum

este percepută aceasta de vorbitor. Este foarte important ca vorbitorul să sesizeze din ce

perspectivă este prezentată acțiunea sau, altfel spus, în ce segment de timp este plasată

acțiunea (prezent, trecut sau viitor).

TIMPUL PREZENT

Timpul prezent simplu (Present Tense Simple)

o Se foloseşte pentru acţiuni repetate, cu caracter obişnuit sau permanent;

adverbele cu care este cel mai des întâlnit sunt : usually, frequently, generally,

ever, never, often, seldom; every day/month/week/year; once/twice/three times

a week, etc;

o Pentru o stare sau acţiune permanentă.

o Pentru adevăruri general valabile.

E.g.: I always teach English.

He works in a bank.

For minor offences, the police normally fine the offender.

Timpul present continuu (Present Tense Continuous)

o Se foloseşte pentru acţiuni în desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii; adverbele

folosite sunt: now; at the moment; today.

o Pentru acţiuni care reflectă un proces, o dezvoltare, o evoluţie.

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33

o Se mai foloseşte cu valoare de viitor, când intervine voinţa vorbitorului.

o Format din:

E.g. : Look ! It is raining.

It is getting dark.

I’m studying, now.

“What are you doing tonight?”

I’m visiting my mother tomorrow.

N.B. Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu :

Verbe care arată percepţii senzoriale :

To feel, to hear, to see, to taste, to smell, to touch, to notice

Verbe care arată sentimente:

To love, to hate, to wish, to desire, to like, to dislike, to prefer

Verbe care arată posesia:

To own, to owe, to belong to, to keep, to possess, to hold, to have

Dar: To have se poate folosi la aspectul continuu dacă nu se referă la posesie:

I’m having lunch.

Verbe care arată procese mentale:

To know, to intend, to believe, to trust, to doubt, to forget, to find, to mean, to

remember, to think, to understand, to expect.

Verbele modale (can, must, may, shall, will, need, dare).

Să ne reamintim

Spre deosebire de limba română, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,

continuu, perfect şi perfect continuu.

Aspectul continuu al verbului indică faptul că o acţiune este în curs de

desfăşurare la un moment dat, în timp ce aspectul simplu face referire la

acţiuni care se petrec în mod obişnuit şi nu la un moment dat.

5.3. Rezumat Prezentul simplu se foloseşte pentru a exprima:

- acţiuni repetate, obişnuite

- adevăruri general-valabile

- acţiuni viitoare care sunt parte a unui program oficial (a se vedea mersul

trenurilor, de exemplu);

Prezentul continuu se foloseşte pentru a exprima:

- acţiuni care se află în curs de derulare în momentul de faţă

- acţiuni temporare

-acţiuni viitoare planificate.

To be (present) + vb. – ing

34

Corectaţi greşelile din enunţurile de mai jos:

The smuggler is thinking that no one has noticed him while crossing the border

with the stolen jewels.

The court clerk is hating to work for so many hours in court every day.

Do not disturb the manager now, he discusses with the secretary.


I. Alegeţi forma corectă a verbelor date în paranteză (prezentul simplu sau

continuu):

1. My passport (to expire) on 30th

of October this year.

2. I usually (to write) for an hour or two every evening.

3. Leave me alone, I (to work) now.

4. … this paper (to belong) to you?

5. I (to want) to know how to cross a check.

II. Mai jos aveţi câteva expresii tipice folosite în limbajul de drept. Ce prepoziţii

folosiţi cu aceste expresii ?

1. To accuse someone of something.

2. To be liable … something.

3. To sentence someone … a punishment.

4. To claim damages … something.

5. To be entitled … compensation.

6. To bring a case … someone.

7. To be guilty … an offence.

8. To fine someone … something.

9. To bring an action … somebody.

10. To comply … a decision.

- Folosiţi aceste expresii în propoziţii alcătuite de dumneavoastră.


I. Alegeţi forma corectă a verbelor date în paranteză (prezentul simplu sau

continuu):

1. I (to write) a letter now.

2. I (to drink) tea every morning.

3. … you (to understand) me now?

4. I (not to work) today.

5. He always (to work) at home on Saturdays.

6. We (to translate) the lesson now.

7. Where … you (to work) this week? In Bucharest or in New York?

8. What … you (to do) next week?

9. She (to like) swimming.

00:45

00:60

35

10. The telephone (to ring) at the moment.

II. Traduceţi în engleză:

1. Câte ore de engleză aveţi pe săptămână?

2. Casa aceasta îmi aparţine.

3. Mergeţi la birou în fiecare dimineaţă ?

4. In Anglia plouă destul de des.

5. Cresc preţurile. Luna aceasta totul este mai scump.

6. Cine este bărbatul cu care vorbeşte în acest moment ?

7. Mergem la teatru sau la opera o dată pe lună.

8. Verişoara mea lucrează la o firmă de publicitate.

9. Când se deschide banca ?


I.Traduceţi în engleză:

1. Îmi vizitez părinţii în fiecare săptămână.

2. Preţul acestei cărţi este foarte mare. Nu-mi permit să mi-o cumpăr.

3. Astăzi lansăm pe piaţă un nou produs.

4. Despre ce discutaţi acum? De ce nu sunteţi atenţi?

5. Calculatorul nu face niciodată greşeli.

6. Săptămâna aceasta lucrez numai după-amiază.

II. Traduceţi următorul text în română :

“The Law Course at Cambridge is intended to give a grounding in the principles of law

viewed from an academic rather than a vocational perspective. There are opportunities to

study the history of law and to consider the subject in its wider social context. The emphasis

is on principle and technique.

Skills of interpretation and logical reasoning are developed, and students are encouraged to

consider broader questions such as ethical judgement, political liberty and social control.

Although many undergraduates who read law do so with the intention of practicing, many do

not, preferring instead to go into administration, industrial management or accountancy.

Candidates intending to read law need not to have studied only particular subject at school. It

is as common for undergraduates to have a scientific or mathematical background at A-level

as it is for them to have studied history or languages.” (Cambridge University Prospectus, 1988-1989).

5.7. Bibliografie:


Dicţionar juridic englez-român şi român-englez, Editura Lumina Lex,

Bucureşti, 2003


Ed. Compania, 2004.

00:45

36

5.8. Răspunsuri tema de autoevaluare:

I. 1. I am writing a letter now.

2. I drink tea every morning.

3. Do you understand me now?

4. I am not working today.

5. He always works at home on Saturdays.

6. We are translating the lesson now.

7. Where are you working this week? In Bucharest or in New York?

8. What are you doing next week?

9. She likes swimming.

10. The telephone is ringing at the moment.

II. Traduceţi în engleză:

1. How many English classes do you have a week?

2. The house belongs to me.

3. Do you go to the office every morning?

4. It often rains in England.

5. Prices are higher and higher. This month everything is more expensive.

6. Who is the man she is talking to right now?

7. We go to the theatre or to the opera once a month.

8. My cousin works for an advertising company.

9. When does the bank open?

37

UNIT VI

THE JUDICIARY

6.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, veţi studia câteva noţiuni generale privind

sistemul judiciar din Marea Britanie.

Totodată, în setul de exerciţii de la sfârşitul unităţii de învăţare, veţi avea ca

temă de casă studierea a două articole din Constituţia României privind

statutul judecătorilor în ţara noastră.



să ofere informaţii generale cu privire la puterea judecătorească din

Marea Britanie

să expună modul de ierarhizare a instanţelor de judecată din ţara

noastră (judecătorii – courts of first instance, tribunale-tribunals,

curți de apel-courts of appeal și ICCJ- The High Court of Cassation

and Justice, precum și curți cu jurisdicție specială-special

courts/courts with special jurisdiction).



Responsibility for the administration of the juridical system lies with the Lord Chancellor and

with the Home Secretary, the Secretary of the State for Scotland, and the Minister of Home

Affairs for Northern Ireland.

Judges are appointed by the Crown, on the advice of the Prime Minister. A judge holds office

until he retires, and his judicial independence is guaranteed.

Magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor, the Secretary of

State for Scotland, or the Governor of Northern Ireland.

There is no single body of law in the U.K. There is, however, a similarity between the

separate systems of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland.

A feature common to all systems of law in Britain is that there is no complete code.

The sources of law include Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made under

powers conferred by Parliament and a large amount of “unwritten” or common law.

Another feature is the distinction between Criminal law concerned with the wrongs against

community and Civil law concerned with the rights, duties and obligations of individual

members of the community.

Most prosecutions in England and Wales are initiated and conducted by the police.

00:20

38

The police service in Great Britain is linked with the local government and subject to the

influence and control of the Home Secretary and the Secretary of State for Scotland. In

Northern Ireland it is controlled by an Inspector General. In Scotland, the police make the

preliminary investigations but the Public Prosecutor decides whether or not to prosecute.

Throughout the U.K. it is the law that as soon as anyone is arrested, he must be charged and

brought before the court with the least possible delay. If he cannot be brought before the

court within a day, he will usually be granted bail.

Să ne reaminitim

Numirea magistraţilor se face în Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii de către

Monarh, la recomandarea Primului Ministru. Judecătorii sunt independenţi şi

inamovibili (irremovable).

6.3. Rezumat

Lordul Cancelar împreună cu Miniştrii de interne ai Angliei, Scoţiei şi

Irlandei de Nord răspund de buna administrare a justiţiei în Regatul Unit al

Marii Britanii.

Judecătorii numiţi de Coroană, la sugestia Primului Ministru britanic, sunt

independenţi şi inamovibili.

Cercetarea penală este desfăşurată de organele de poliţie judiciară.

Corectaţi greşelile de mai jos:

In the UK magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Speaker.

…………………………………………………………………………

Acts of Parliament are not considered sources of law in the UK.

………………………………………………………………………….

The Prime Minister does not have any role in appointing judges in the UK.

……………………………………………………………………………

6.4. Temă propusă pentru evaluare:

I.Daţi echivalentele româneşti la următoarele cuvinte şi expresii apoi alcătuiţi

propoziţii cu ele:

Responsibility lies with;

To hold office;

To be concerned with;

Minister of Home Affairs;

Criminal law;

Civil law;

On behalf of;

Decisions of the courts;

To prosecute;

To be brought before the court;

To be charged;

To be granted bail.

00:60

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II. Alegeţi echivalentele româneşti pentru cuvintele şi expresiile englezeşti:

1. To be entitled to vote

2. By-elections

3. Suffrage

4. To resign

5. Constituency

6. House of Lords

7. To summon

8. Archbishop

9. Minister of Home Affairs

10. To appoint

a. Circumscripţie electorală

b. Sufragiu

c. Alegeri parţiale

d. A avea drept de vot

e. A demisiona

f. Ministru de interne

g. Camera lorzilor

h. A convoca

i. A numi (într-o funcţie)

j. Arhiepiscop

6.5. Temă propusă pentru autoevaluare:

I. Alegeţi cuvântul corect şi completaţi spatiile libere:

1. The….. met urgently at 10 Downing Street to decide Government policy on the

economic crisis.

a. civil service; b. ministries; c. Cabinet of Ministers

2. Generally, a Bill becomes an Act of Parliament when it has received the …. of

both Houses of Parliament and the Sovereign.

a. assent; b. ratification; c. consent; d, enactment

3.The President of the House of Lords is called the …

a. Speaker; b. Lord Chancellor; c. Prime Minister; d. peer

4. The House of Commons consists of 650 Members of Parliament who each

represent a ….

a. state; b. house; c. county; d. constituency

5. If an MP dies or retires or is given a peerage a … is held on his or her

constituency.

a. by-election; b. general election; c. electoral roll; d. election

6.The three parts of the Parliament are the monarch, lords and …

a. people; b. government; c. commons; d. bishops

7.No…. can become law until it has been sanctioned or “read” three times by both

houses and received the royal assent.

a. bill; b. act; c. code; d. ratification

II. Traduceţi în română:

“The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. The

Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime

Minister appoints about 100 ministers. About 20 ministers make up the Cabinet, the

senior group making the major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively

responsible for government decisions and individually responsible for de decisions

adopted by their own departments. The second largest party forms the official

Opposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'.”

(http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov4.html)

http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov3.html

40


Traduceţi în română următoarele fragmente din Constituţia României:

ARTICLE 124

(1) Justice shall be rendered in the name of the law.

(2) Justice shall be one, impartial, and equal for all.

(3) Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.

ARTICLE 125

(1) The judges appointed by the President of Romania shall be irremovable,

according to the law.

(2) The appointment proposals, as well as the promotion, transfer of, and sanctions

against judges shall only be within the competence of the Superior Council of

Magistracy, under the terms of its organic law.

(3) The office of a judge shall be incompatible with any other public or private

office, except for academic activities.

(The Romanian Constitution)

6.7. Bibliografie:



Bucureşti, 2003


Ed. Compania, 2004.


I.

1. - Cabinet of Ministers; 2. – assent ; 3. - Lord Chancellor; 4. – constituency; 5. - by-

elections; 6. – commons; 7. - bill.

II.

”Guvernul este constituit din membrii partidului care se bucură de cea mai mare susţinere în

Camera Comunelor. Liderul acestui partid este numit în funcţia de Prim-Ministru de Regină.

Ca şef al Guvernului, Primul Ministru numeşte în funcţie aproximativ 100 de miniştri.

Aproximativ 20 dintre aceştia formează Cabinetul de Miniştri, iar grupul constituit din cei

mai experimentaţi miniştri adoptă cele mai importante decizii politice. Miniştrii răspund în

mod colectiv de deciziile guvernamentale adoptate şi în mod individual de deciziile adoptate

de Ministerul pe care îl conduc. Al doilea partid ca mărime formează Opoziţia, care are

propriul ei lider şi în cadrul căruia se constituie un <<guvern din umbră>>.”

(http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov4.html)

41

UNIT VII

THE PAST TENSES

7.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, veţi recapitula trecutul simplu şi trecutul

continuu, două dintre cele cele mai importante timpuri ale limbii engleze.

7.2. Obiectivele/competențele unităţii de învăţare:


să folosească în mod corect trecutul simplu şi continuu

să evite confuziile care apar în momentul folosirii celor două timpuri,

confuzii frecvente în cazul vorbitorilor de română.



A.THE SIMPLE PAST

The Simple Past Tense in regular verbs is formed by adding ed to the infinitive.

Infinitive: to look Simple past: looked

Verbs ending in e add d only:

Infinitive: to love Simple past: loved

Irregular verbs vary in their simple past form:

Infinitive: to see, to speak, to leave, to eat

Past tense: saw spoke left ate

The simple past form of each irregular verb therefore must be learnt.

1. The same form is used for all persons in affirmative even if we have a regular or irregular

verb.

I worked We worked I spoke We spoke

You worked You worked You spoke You spoke

He/she worked They worked He/she spoke They spoke

2. The negative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with:

did + not (didn’t) + the infinitive

I did not work We did not work I did not speak We did not speak

You did not work You did not work You did not speak You did not speak

He/she/it did not work They did not work He/she/it did not speak They did not speak

00:60

42

3. The interrogative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with:

did + subject + infinitive

Did I work? Did we work? Did I speak? Did we speak?

Did you work? Did you work? Did you speak? Did you speak?

Did he/she/it work? Did they work? Did he/she/it speak? Did they speak?

4. Negative interrogative is formed with:

didn’t + subject + infinitive

Didn’t I work? Didn’t we work? Didn’t I speak? Didn’t we speak?

Didn’t you work? Didn’t you work? Didn’t you speak? Didn’t you speak?

Didn’t he/she/it work? Didn’t they work? Didn’t he/she/it speak? Didn’t they speak?

Past Tense is used for the relation of past events:

It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time:

e.g. I met him yesterday.

When did you meet him last?

I bought this car in London (here the action took place at a definite

time though this time is not mentioned).

It is also used for an action whose time is not given but which occupied a period of

time now terminated:

e.g. He worked in that bank for four years (but he doesn’t work there now).

Did you ever hear Maria Callas sing?

The simple past is also used for a past habit:

e.g. He always carried an umbrella.

She never drank wine.

The simple past is used in conditional sentences for the use of the unreal past:

e.g. If I lived near my office I’d be in time for work (but I don’t live near

my office).

If I were you I’d go to see a doctor (but I am not you).

B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is formed by:

The past tense of the verb to be (was, were) + the present participle (ing)

C. Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was speaking I was not speaking Was I speaking?

You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?

He/she/it was speaking He/she/it was not speaking Was he/she/it speaking?

We were speaking We were not speaking Were we speaking?

You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?

They were speaking They were not speaking Were they speaking?

Some of the verbs cannot be used in the continuous tenses:

Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe, look, taste, as link verbs.

Verbs expressing feelings and emotions: admire, adore, appreciate, desire, dislike,

fear, hate, like, love, want, wish.

43

Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe, assume, expect, forget, know, mean,

recognise, suppose, think, trust.

Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess.

Main uses of the past continuous tense:

The past continuous is used for past actions which continued for some time but whose

limits are not known;

Used without a time expression it can indicate a gradual development;

Used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that time and

probably continued after:

e.g. At eight he was having breakfast.

Used in descriptions:

e.g. A wood fire was burning, a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was

playing the piano.

It can be also used as a past equivalent of the present continuous:

Direct speech: He said: “I am living in London”.

Indirect speech: He said he was living in London.

We may also use past continuous for apparently parallel actions:

e.g. Between one and two I was doing the shopping and walking the dog.

o This tense is normally used in this way with a time expression such as today,

last night, in the afternoon, which could either be regarded as points in time or

as periods.

o In questions about how a period was spent, the continuous often appears more

polite than the simple past:

e.g. What were you doing before you came here? Sounds more polite than:

What did you do before you came here?

Să ne reaminitim

Spre deosebire de limba română, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,

continuu, perfect şi perfect continuu.

Aspectul continuu al verbului indică faptul că o acţiune este în curs de

desfăşurare la un moment dat, în timp ce aspectul simplu face referire la

acţiuni care se petrec în mod obişnuit şi nu la un moment dat.

7.3. Rezumat Trecutul simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:

- acţiuni încheiate într-o perioadă de timp trecută;

- acţiuni obişnuite, repetate din trecut (cu adverbe de frecvenţă);

- acţiuni care s-au desfăşurat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp încheiate (cu

prepoziţia for);

- o condiţie ireală (în Condiţionalele de tipul II).

Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru a exprima:

- o acţiune care se afla în continuă desfăşurare la un moment dat în trecut;

- o acţiune aflată în desfăşurare în trecut şi întreruptă de o altă acţiune;

- acţiuni care s-au aflat în desfăşurare în trecut, în acelaşi timp;

- descrierea unor secvenţe din trecut.

44


1. When we arrived at court, the witness testified so we could listen to his

testimony.

2. The muggers hid in the old building when the police officers approached the

scene of the crime.


Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense:

1. ”I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day.”

”Who (be) tried?”

”A man called Tom Brown.”

”Was he acquitted?”

”I don’t know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave).”

2. As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some

stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.

3. While he (make) his speech, the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone

(bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue.

4. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He

(wear) blue overalls and black shoes.

5. I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank.

6. At 3 a.m. Mrs. Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) she (think) that someone (try)

to get into the house.

7. When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where

she (go) and she (say), “London”, but I don’t think she (speak) the truth,

because there (not be) any train for London at that time.

8. The teacher (come) into the classroom unusually early and one of the boys,

who (smoke) a cigarette, (have) no time to put it out. So he (throw) it into the

desk and (hope) for the best.

9. A little later the teacher (notice) that smoke (rise) from this desk.

“You (smoke) when I (come) in?” he (ask).

10. I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.


I. Put the verbs in the following sentences into: a) the negative; b) the

interrogative:

1. They broadcast an appeal for money.

2. The police caught the thief.

3. We heard a terrible noise.

4. His son wrote a novel.

5. I read a chapter of that novel last night.

6. His wife came at 8.00 p.m.

7. The action of the play took place in Italy.

8. She found her watch.

9. I sent it to the laundry.

10. They lent you enough money.

45

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Which optional course did you choose for this semester?

2. Where did you write the homework task for today?

3. Did you lend the English course book to anyone last week?

4. How much did the books for the 1st year of study cost you?

5. When did this academic year begin?

6. How many options did you have when you decided to become a student at this

university?

7. When did you write this homework?

8. Where did you meet your best friend/colleague?

9. Who (m) did you consult with when you decided to take up studying law?

10. Where did you hear about our law faculty?


Choose the right answer:

1. What did you do when your husband called?

□ I put the book down.

□ I was reading a book.

2. What was Tom doing while Bill was fishing?

□ He sat on the bank and waited.

□ He was swimming in the river.

3. The door bell □ rang □ was ringing at about eight o’clock. It was Tom.

4. When he □ was calling □ called, I □ read □ was reading a book, but I □ put

down □ was putting down my book, and □ was going □ went to make a

cup of coffee for him.

5. Alice □ visited □ was visiting her mother at that time, and I never know

where □ she puts anything □ does she put anything.

6. First, I □ wasn’t finding □ couldn’t find the coffee and I spent ten minutes

looking □ at □ for it. Then □ I’ve □ I’d found it □ I couldn’t find □ wasn’t

finding the coffee-pot.

7. When I □ went back □ was going back into the lounge, it was half past

eight.

8. Tom looked □ at □ for the clock. “What □ did you do □ were you doing in

the kitchen □ at □ all that time?” he asked me. “I □ made □ was making

coffee for you”, I □ told □ said him.

7.7. Bibliografie:



Bucureşti, 2003


Ed. Compania, 2004.

46


I. Put the verbs in the following sentences into: a) the negative; b) the interrogative:

1. They did not broadcast an appeal for money. Did they broadcast an appeal for money?

2. The police did not catch the thief. Did the police catch the thief?

3. We did not hear a terrible noise. Did you hear a terrible noise?

4. His son did not write a novel. Did his son write a novel?

5. I did not read a chapter of that novel last night. Did you read a chapter of that novel last

night?

6. His wife did not come at 8.00 p.m. Did his wife come at 8.00 p.m.?

7. The action of the play did not take place in Italy. Did the action of the play take place in

Italy?

8. She did not find her watch. Did she find her watch?

9. I did not send it to the laundry. Did you send it to the laundry?

10. They did not lend you enough money. Did they lend you enough money?

II. (Possible answers):

1. I chose English as an optional course for this semester.

2. I wrote the homework task for today in the library.

3. Yes, I did. I lent it to my deskmate.

4. It cost me about 200 RON.

5. It began on the 3rd

of October.

6. I had two options.

7. I wrote it last evening.

8. I met him/her at the Informatics laboratory.

9. I discussed with my parents.

10. A friend of mine told me about it.

47

UNIT VIII

COURTS OF LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

8.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, vom analiza instanţele de judecată din Regatul

Unit al Marii Britanii.

Totodată, la sfârşitul capitolului, vom expune, în limba engleză, instanţele de

judecată din ţara noastră.



să dobândească informaţii generale cu privire la ierarhizarea instanţelor

de judecată din Marea Britanie

să expună modul de ierarhizare a instanţelor de judecată din ţara noastră.



In the English System three different types of institutions have been set up to resolve legal

problems. These institutions are: Criminal Courts, Civil Courts and Appelate Courts.

1. CRIMINAL COURTS are concerned with wrongs against community. In England and

Wales they include:

a. Magistrates Courts try less serious offences. They consist of two to seven unpaid or “lay”

magistrates known as Justices of the peace. The Jury is made up of twelve ordinary people

aged between 18 and 65. When they have heard the evidence and the judge’s summing-up,

they retire to a special room to decide whether to return a verdict of guilty or no guilty. If

they all agree, they have reached a unanimous verdict. If the accused is found guilty, he or

she has the right to appeal and ask for the case to be heard by a higher court.

b. Courts of Quarter Session try most of the serious offences. These Courts are presided

over by a bench of justices under a chairman. The Courts of Quarter Session sit at least four

times a year in the counties and boroughs.

c. Courts of Assize generally try the gravest offences. These Courts are branches of High

Court. They are presided over by High Court judges. There are such Courts of Assize in

London, at the Old Bailey, Central Criminal Court, at Liverpool and Manchester.

All trials at quarter session and assizes are held with a jury.

2. CIVIL COURTS are concerned with rights, duties and obligations of individual members

of the community between themselves. The courts concerned with civil jurisdiction in

England and Wales are:

00:30

48

a. Magistrates Courts are mainly related to domestic proceedings. They have limited civil

jurisdiction.

b. County Courts where the most ordinary civil actions are heard and tried.

c. The High Court is divided into: the Chancery Division, the Probate Division, the Divorce

Division, Admiralty Division and the Queen’s Bench Division.

The High Court forms part of the Supreme Court of Judicature.

In Scotland, civil cases of first instance are heard at the Sheriff Courts (they correspond to the

County Courts in England and Wales) and the Outer House of the Court of Session (this one

is the supreme court in Scotland).

3.APPEALS

They may be heard in the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal (the most

important appeals) and a few appeals are heard before the House of Lords, this one being the

ultimate court of appeal in civil cases.

There is also another classification of these institutions:

Courts of First Instance in which cases are heard for the first time.

Appelate Courts in which people appeal for reconsideration of the decisions of the Courts of

First Instance.

As to the latest legal journals there are many English Courts which exercise purely civil or

criminal cases and some others hear both criminal and civil cases, as for instance: the House

of Lords and the Court of Appeal.


1. In Courts of First Instance cases are heard again for a better judgment

thereof.

……………………………………………………………………………….

2. Magistrates Courts try very serious offences.

………………………………………………………………………………..

Să ne reaminitim

Modul de ierarhizare a instanţelor de judecată din Regatul Unit al Marii

Britanii este diferit de cel din ţara noastră.

În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele civile se judecă în următoarele

instanţe: Magistrates Courts, County Courts, Courts of Assize, iar cele penale,

în: Magistrates Courts, Courts of Quarter Session, Courts of Assize.

49

8.3. Rezumat

În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele penale se judecă în următoarele

instanţe:

- Magistrates Courts (pentru infracţiuni minore), în cadrul cărora lucrează

Judecătorii de pace (Justices of the Peace);

- Courts of Quarter Session (pentru majoritatea infracţiunilor grave)

- Courts of Assize (infracţiunile deosebit de grave).

Cauzele civile se judecă în următoarele instanţe:

-Magistrates Courts (conflicte familiale)

-County Courts (majoritatea litigiilor civile)

- The High Court.

Apelurile şi recursurile se judecă în: The High Court, the Civil Division of the

Court of Appeal şi The House of Lords.

”În România, Justiţia se realizează prin următoarele instanţe judecătoreşti:

a) Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie;

b) curţi de apel;

c) tribunale;

d) tribunale specializate;

e) instanţe militare;

f) judecătorii.” (v. Legea 304/2004)


I.Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main criminal courts in England and Wales and what do they

try?

2. What are the courts of civil jurisdiction in England, Wales and Scotland?

3. Where may appeals be heard?

II.Fill in the blanks with the missing words: try, branches, quarter, held, the gravest,

over, Assize Court, Supreme, part, heard, offences.

1.Courts of Assize try ……. offences.

2. Magistrates’ Courts ………… the less serious ………….. .

3. These Courts are ………. of the High Court presided ……… by High Court judges.

4. The High Court forms ……. of the …….. Court of Judicature.

5. The Central Criminal Court in London at the Old Bailey is an ………. .

6. All trials at ……….. sessions and assizes are ……….. with a jury.

7. Appeals may be ………. in the High Court.

III.One way of classifying and understanding the law is by subject matter. Lawyers

often divide the law and the legal system into two: criminal law and civil law. Classify

the following terms into the appropriate column below. Two terms can appear in both

columns:

00:50

50

compensation / contract/ crime / damages / family law /

intellectual property / plaintiff / police / private individual / prosecution /

the accused/ the defendant / theft / to bring a case /

to bring an action / to fine/ to charge someone with something

Criminal Civil

To charge someone with something

Plaintiff


I. Now complete the following text contrasting criminal and civil law by

choosing the words/phrases above.

Criminal Law vs. Civil Law

One category is the criminal law – the law dealing with crime.

A case is called a _________(1). The case is instituted by the prosecutor, who takes

over the case from the __________ (2) who have already decided _______ (3) the

defendant (or ________) (4) with specified crimes. The civil law is much more wide-

ranging. The civil law includes the law of _______ (5) and ______ (6).

In a civil case, the __________ (7), normally a _________ (8) or company,

________ (9) in order to win ______ (10). If the case is proven (on the balance of

probabilities, meaning that one is more sure than not), the defendant normally pays

the plaintiff __________ (money) (11).

II. Every jurisdiction organises the administration of justice in different ways.

In England, the basic division between criminal and civil law is reflected in the

court system. Choose from the following to complete the description that refers

to each Court:

Court of Justice of the European Communities

House of Lords

Court of Appeal

Magistrates Court

Crown Court

High Court, Criminal Division

High Court, Civil Division

County Court

1. Claims of lesser value will start in a County Court. There are 250 of these around

the country. They can also deal with divorce and bankruptcy matters.

2. Matters of important legal dispute arising in the Crown Court may be appealed to

the __________.

3. From the Court of Appeal, there can be an appeal to the ________ on fact or law,

but usually appeal is only allowed on matters of legal importance.

51

4. If the case involves a serious crime, it is heard in the ______.

5. In less serious criminal cases (which comprise over 90% of criminal cases), the

case is sent for trial in one of over 400 _______ .

6. More substantial civil claims (over around £ 25,000) are heard in the ________.

7. The __________ was set up under the Treaty of Rome 1957, by which the

European Community was established. The court can overrule all other courts on

matters of Community law.

8. Under the system of appeals in civil cases, it is possible to appeal from a County

Court or the High Court to the ______.


Translate into Romanian:

ARTICLE 126

(1) Justice shall be administered by the High Court of Cassation and Justice, and

the other courts of law set up by the law.

(2) The jurisdiction of the courts of law and the judging procedure shall only be

stipulated by law.

(3) The High Court of Cassation and Justice shall provide a unitary interpretation

and implementation of the law by the other courts of law, according to its

competence.

(4) The composition of the High Court of Cassation and Justice, and the regulation

for its functioning shall be set up in an organic law.

(5) It is prohibited to establish extraordinary courts of law. By means of an organic

law, courts of law specialized in certain matters may be set up, allowing the

participation, as the case may be, of persons outside the magistracy.

(6) The judicial control of administrative acts of the public authorities, by way of

the contentious business falling within the competence of administrative courts, is

guaranteed, except for those regarding relations with the Parliament, as well as the

military command acts. The administrative courts, judging contentious business

have jurisdiction to solve the applications filed by persons aggrieved by statutory

orders or, as the case may be, by provisions in statutory orders declared

unconstitutional.

(The Romanian Constitution)

8.7. Bibliografie:



2003

LEGEA Nr. 304 privind organizarea judiciară din 28 iunie 2004, republicată în

Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 827 din 13 septembrie 2005



Compania, 2004.

52


I.

1. - prosecution; 2. - police; 3. – to charge; 4. – the accused; 5. – intellectual property; 6. –

family law; 7. - plaintiff; 8. – private individual; 9. – brings an action; 10. - compensation; 11.

– damages.

II.

1. - County Court; 2. - Court of Appeal; 3. - High Court, Criminal Division; 4. - Crown

Court; 5. - Magistrates Courts; 6. - High Court, Civil Division; 7. - Court of Justice of the

European Communities; 8. - House of Lords.

53

UNIT IX

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

9.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, se recapitulează unul dintre cele mai uzuale

timpuri ale limbii engleze – presentul perfect simplu. Prin folosirea acestui

timp, vorbitorul stabileşte o legătură între trecut şi prezent în sensul generării

unui efect prezent de către o cauză trecută sau în sensul continuării unei

situaţii de fapt în viaţa cuiva/a unei comunităţi etc.

De asemenea, se remarcă un grad sporit de dificultate pe care îl presupune

folosirea corectă a acestui timp, dificultate care se datorează, în parte,

posibilității de a traduce în română prezentul perfect englezesc fie prin

prezentul simplu, fie prin perfectul compus.



să folosească în mod corect prezentul perfect simplu sesizând

particularităţile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la trecutul

simplu

să identifice situaţiile de folosire a prezentului perfect simplu în vorbirea

curentă.



The Present Perfect Tense is formed with:

The present tense of HAVE + the past participle of the verb to be conjugated

For the regular verbs the past participle has exactly the same form as the simple past.

In irregular verbs, the past participle varies.

The negative is formed by adding not to the auxiliary.

The interrogative is formed by inverting the auxiliary and the subject.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have looked I have not looked Have I looked?

You have looked You have not looked Have you looked?

He/she/it has looked He/she/it has not looked Has he/she/it looked?

We have looked We have not looked Have we looked?

You have looked You have not looked Have you looked?

They have looked They have not looked Have they looked?

00:45

54

Negative interrogative: has he/she it not looked? etc.

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It implies a strong

connection with the present and is mainly used in conversations, letters, newspapers and

television and radio reports.

The Use of Present Perfect

a) it is used with just for a recently completed action:

He has just gone out.

Just must be placed between the auxiliary and the main verb.

b) it is used for past actions whose time is not definite:

I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them.

Have you had breakfast? – No, I haven’t had it yet.

c) recent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present:

The lift has broken down (we have to use the stairs).

actions expressed by the present perfect + yet usually have results in the

present.

He hasn’t come yet (so we are still waiting for him).

d) it can also be used for actions which occur in the past, provided the connection with

the present is still maintained, that is that the action could be repeated in the present:

Ann Cox has written a number of short stories (that is she is still alive and can write

more).

e) it is used for actions occurring in an incomplete period:

the incomplete period may be indicated by today or this morning / afternoon /

evening / week / month / year / century, etc.

Have you seen him today? – Yes, I have.

Has the postman come this morning?

Note: the present perfect can be used with this morning, this afternoon only up to about one

o’clock or five o’clock, because after that this morning or this afternoon becomes a

completed period, and actions occurring in it must be put into the simple past.

lately, recently used with the present perfect also indicate an incomplete period of time:

He has recently bought this house.

He has had a lot of luck lately.

it can be used similarly with ever, never, always, occasionally, often, several times:

I have never been to London.

He has always answered my letters.

This is the worst book I have ever read.

f) it is used for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete period:

time expressions include for, since, all day/night/week/all the time.

He has been in the army for two years (He is still in the army).

I have smoked since I left school (I still smoke).

the action usually begins in the past and continues past the time of speaking in

the present;

sometimes, the action finishes at the time of speaking:

I haven’t seen you for ages (but I see you now).

It has been very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer.

for used with the simple past denotes a terminated period of time.

We lived here for ten years (but we don’t live there now).

for used with the present perfect denotes a period of time extending into the

present:

55

We have lived in London for ten years (and we still live there).

g) it is also used with the verbs to be, to see, to know, to believe:

I have been here for a quarter of an hour.

I have often thought that I should have emigrated.

h) note that a conversation about a past action often begins with a question and answer in

the present perfect:

Where have you been? ~ I’ve been to the pictures.

it is also used in letters:

I am so sorry I haven’t written to you but I’ve been very busy lately as my

husband has been away.


1. Did you win any important case recently?

2. Since 2009 she studies EU law at our university.

3. I never imagined that working in a law firm can be so tiring.

9.3. Să ne reamintim

Presentul perfect simplu este o combinaţie între trecut şi prezent, aşa cum arată

şi numele lui.

Spre deosebire de timpul trecut, prezentul perfect simplu nu va indica niciodată

cu precizie momentul în care loc o acţiune. Din contra, prezentul perfect

simplu foloseşte, de regulă, adverbe de timp de genul: recently, so far, ever,

never, always, today, this week, this month, this year, lately/of late etc.

Rezumat

Acţiunea exprimată prin prezentul simplu poate indica faptul că producerea

acesteia generează un efect prezent.

E.g. He has prepared his speech. (=> he is ready to speak)

The prisoner has fallen ill. (=> he cannot appear in court)

!!! prezentul perfect nu se foloseşte niciodată pe lângă un adverb de timp

trecut:

Wrong: He has met him yesterday.

Right: He met him yesterday

OR

Right: He has met him (=> they have talked etc.) – no information is given as to

when this happened, but only to the result of the action, i.e. the fact that they

saw each other.

Prezentul perfect simplu indică, adesea, faptul că o situaţie/stare de fapt durează

de un anumit timp:

We have been students for a few weeks.

They have had this business since 2008.

56


Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense

e.g. You (see) Mary on Monday? ~ Yes, I______

Did you see Mary on Monday? Yes, I did.

1.”Where is Tom?”

”I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he’d be in for dinner.”

2. He (serve) in the First World War.

3.”When that war (begin)?”

”It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years.”

4.”You (see) today’s paper?”

”No, anything interesting (happen)?”

”Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road.”

5.”How long you (know) your new assistant?”

”I (know) him for two years.”

”What he (do) before he (come) here?”

”I think he (be) in prison.”

6.”Who you (vote) for at the last election?”

”I (vote) for Mr. Pitt.”

”He (not be) elected, (be) he?”

”No, he (lose) elections.”

7.”That house (be) empty for a year.”

”But they just (take) down the “For sale” sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.”

8. What are all those people looking at?

There (be) an accident.

You (see) what (happen)?

Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.

9. I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.

10. ”I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it?”

”No, I_______. Is it like the book?”

”I (not read) the book.”

”I (read) it when I (be) at school.”

”When Tolstoy (write) it?”

”He (write) it in 1868.”

”He (write) anything else?”

11. She (say) that she’d phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not

phone) yet.

00:45

57


Insert the Past or the Present Perfect Tense:

A.

John: ______ you_____ (write) a letter to your friend at last?

Mike: Yes, I_______.

John: When ______you _____ it?

Mike: I ______it last night.

John: And why _______ you not _____(send) it yet?

Mike: I ______ (leave) it at home in the morning and I ______ (be) busy since I

________ (return) home.

B.

Father: ________Jane______(come) home?

Mother: Not yet.

Father: I am very anxious about her. When _____she_____ (leave)?

Mother: She ______ (leave) home at 6 o’clock and she _____(go) straight to the

dentist. Don’t worry. I’m sure the doctor _____ (detain) her.

Father: But it’s 9 o’clock now, so she ______ (be) away from home for three.

9.6. Choose the right answer:

1. When ________________ the firm?

a) have you joined b) did you joined c) did you join

2. ___________________ in Paris?

a) Did you ever worked b) Have you ever worked c) worked you

3. That's the best pleading ______________

a) I've ever heardb) I didn't hear c) I used to hear

4. This is the most difficult case _____________________

a) I ever had b) I have ever had c) I've ever had to do.

5. ___________________ to him last week.

a) I talked b) I've talked c) I didn't talked

6. ______________ a binding contract last year and it is still valid.

a) We have concluded b) We concluded c) We haven't concluded

7. The reason she looks so sad is that she _______________ proved guilty in

court.

a) has been b) was c) had been

8. The number of customers ________ in 2009 but then _____in 2010.

a) rised falled b) rose fell c) have risen have fallen

9. You ____________ to a question ____________, of course I am angry with

you!

a) listened, I haven't asked

b) didn't listen, I asked

c) haven't listened, I've asked.

10. It's obvious that ________________ this report.

a) you haven't written b) you didn't write c) you don't write.

00:30

58

9.7. Bibliografie:



A.

John: Have you written a letter to your friend at last?

Mike: Yes, I have.

John: When did you write it?

Mike: I wrote it last night.

John: And why have you not sent it yet?

Mike: I left it at home in the morning and I have been busy since I returned home.

B.

Father: Has Jane come home?

Mother: Not yet.

Father: I am very anxious about her. When did she leave?

Mother: She left home at 6 o’clock and she went straight to the dentist. Don’t worry. I’m

sure the doctor has detained her.

Father: But it’s 9 o’clock now, so she has been away from home for three.

59

UNIT X

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS

10.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, se recapitulează unul dintre cele mai uzuale

timpuri ale limbii engleze – prezentul perfect continuu. Acest timp

precizează durata de când se desfăşoară o acţiune începută în trecut, care

continuă în momentul vorbirii.

De asemenea, trebuie precizat faptul că prezentul perfect continuu se

foloseşte cu verbe care exprimă acţiuni propriu-zise şi nu stări/situaţii de

viaţă (aşa cum se întâmplă în cazul prezentului perfect simplu).



să folosească în mod corect prezentul perfect continuu sesizând

particularităţile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la prezentul

perfect simplu

să identifice situaţiile de folosire a prezentului perfect continuu în

vorbirea curentă.



FORM:

the present perfect of the verb to be + the present participle

Affirmative: I have been working We have been working

You have been working You have been working

He/she/it has been working They have been working

Negative: I have not been working We have not been working

You have not been working You have not been working

He/she/it has not been

working

They have not been working

Negative interrogative: Have I not been working?/ Haven’t I been working, etc

The Use of Present Perfect Continuous tense

This tense is used for an action, which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just

finished. The beginning of the action in the past is pointed out by since and the duration is

represented by for.

00:30

60

Note that the present perfect continuous expresses an action, which is apparently

uninterrupted; we do not use it when we mention the number of time a thing has been done.

There is, however, a difference between a single action in the simple present perfect and an

action in the present perfect continuous:

a) I’ve polished the car, means that the job has been completed.

b) I’ve been polishing the car, means: “this is how I’ve spent the last hour”, it does not

mean that the job is completed.

Verbs not normally used in continuous tenses are:

-Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe, listen, look, stare;

-Verbs expressing emotion: admire, adore, appreciate, dislike, fear, hate, love, respect;

-Verbs of mental activity: agree, assume, believe, expect, forget, know, realize, recognize.

Where have you been? ~ I’ve been downtown.

Have you known him for a long time?

I haven’t seen her for ages.


1. Have you been knowing your manager for a long time?

2. Your eyes look red, did you cry?

3. Look at the level of water in the bottle, it is clear that someone is drinking

from it for some time. The level is lower and lower day by day.

Să ne reamintim

Prezentul perfect continuu se foloseşte pentru a măsura de cât timp se petrece o

acţiune care a început în trecut şi care continuă în momentul de faţă.

10.3. Rezumat

Prezentul perfect simplu indică situaţii/stări care durează de ceva vreme în viaţa

cuiva, iar prezentul perfect continuu indică acţiuni propriu-zise care durează de

ceva vreme (ele continuând inclusive în momentul vorbirii).

Comparaţi:

She has been a prosecutor for 2 years. (the verb to be is a verb of state) – El

este procuror de 2 ani – pres.perf.simple

They have been working hard for drawing up the report for 2 days – De 2 zile,

ei lucrează intens la redactarea raportului (the verb to work indicates an action

and not a state) – pres. perf. cont.


Complete the sentences with the Simple or Continuous form of the Present

Perfect Tense of the verbs in brackets. The underlined adverbs should be put

in their correct position:

00:30

61

1.I already (to write) the letter, so perhaps you would post it for me.

2. A: How long (to know) you the truth?

B: I only just (to find out) but I (to find out) a lot of other things just recently.

3. You look very upset. What (to happen)?

4. A: What you (to do) for the last half hour?

B: I (to sit) here working at this problem.

5. I wonder if Tom (to forget) my number. I (expect) him to call for the past two

hours.

6. I’m sorry we’re late. You (to wait) long?

7. How you (to keep)? Well, I hope.

8. We always (to live) in a flat, so it will seem strange we move into a house with

a garden round it.

9. You (not to finish) that book yet? You (to read) it for more than a week.

10.We (to argue) about this for two hours now. Don’t you think we should stop?


Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense, Simple and

Continuous:

1.Eu n-am mai citit o povestire aşa de interesantă. Ar trebui s-o publici !

2.Încerc să iau legătura cu el de mai bine de o săptămână.

3.El a stat în închisoare timp de un an, nu-i aşa?

4.Sora ta s-a schimbat mult în ultima vreme.

5. Prietenul meu traduce legislaţia din 1999.

6. Am studiat dreptul timp de patru ani iar în prezent mă pregătesc pentru a obţine

o diplomă de masterat.

7. Nu l-am mai văzut de când a terminat facultatea.

8. În ultima vreme am fost atât de ocupat că am şi uitat ce m-ai rugat.

9. Unde ai mai fost de când ai sosit în Bucureşti?

10. Au plecat la facultate acum trei ore şi încă nu s-au întors.


Fill in the gaps with the right tense (past tense simple, present perfect simple)

Jane: Look! I ________just_____ (receive) a letter from mother.

Angela: _______anything______ (happen)?

Jane: Brother _______(fall) ill.

Angela: Ill again! He________(be) ill last month.

Jane: Yes. At first doctors ________(say) it was the flu. But then he ______

(feel) worse, and they ______(take) him to the hospital. Mother writes he

______(be) ill for more than a week already, but the doctors told her he would

soon be well again.

10.7. Bibliografie:


Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996.

62


1. I have never read such an interesting story. You should publish it!

2. I have been trying to get in touch with him for more than a week.

3. He stayed in prison for a year, didn’t he?

4. Your sister has changed a lot lately.

5. My friend has been translating legislation since 1999.

6. I studied law for four years and now I am preparing to obtain an LL.M degree.

7. I haven’t seen him since he graduated the faculty.

8. Recently I have been so busy that I have forgotten what you asked me to do.

9. Where have you been since you arrived in Bucharest?

10. They left the faculty 3 hours ago and they have not returned yet.

63

UNIT XI

THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM

11.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, vom studia atribuţiile profesionale care îi revin

unui avocat în Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.



să precizeze atribuţiile profesionale care îi revin unui avocat membru al

baroului (barrister) şi unui avocat consultant (solicitor)

să îşi însuşească în mod corect terminologia juridică necesară pentru a

descrie atribuţiile care îi revin fiecăreia din aceste profesii.



The Victorian prestige of the law is expressed in the Royal Courts of Justice, built in 1880.

The Law and the Church are powerfully interlocked with the History of Britain.

Both have been conservative and resistant to change as their votes in the House of Lords

showed.

The conservatism of English lawyers is reinforced by their strict division into solicitors and

barristers. Solicitors are allowed to deal directly with the public. They perform all routine

cases, but when they have to take a case to the central courts, they must employ a barrister to

plead.

A barrister is required to have reached an accepted educational standard and to have passed

the legal examinations conducted by the Council of Legal Education. Finally, he must

become a member of the Inns of Court. Half of the barristers in Britain work in one of the

four Inns of Court – Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, the Middle Temple and the Inner Temple.

The oldest one is the Inner Temple, which has produced the largest number of judges.

Lincoln’s Inn is entirely frequented by chancery lawyers, and Gray’s Inn, the newest of them,

is known for its number of provincial barristers.

A barrister who has a substantial junior practice may apply to the Lord Chancellor for a

patent appointing him Queen’s Counsel.

Most higher judicial appointments are made from common barristers who have become

Queen’s Counsels, a proceeding known as “taking the silk”. Their professional conduct is

subject to the scrutiny of the General Council of the Bar, but disciplinary powers are vested

exclusively in the Senate of the Inns of Court.

00:30

64

A prospective solicitor is considered suitable by the appropriate committee of the Law

Society, which is a professional organisation of solicitors. He/she must enter into “articles of

clerkship” with a practising solicitor of not less than five years standing before he can begin

his/her professional career. The articles last for three or five years and this depends upon the

educational qualifications of the student.

An articled clerk must pass the necessary examinations held by the Law Society and unless

he has been a barrister or is a law graduate of a university, he is required to attend a course of

studies at a recognised law school. Once a solicitor is qualified, he may become a member of

the Law Society.


A solicitor is a member of the Bar.

A barrister usually assists a solicitor in court.

A Queen’s Counsel is a lawyer with little practice in court.

Să ne reamintim

În Marea Britanie, există trei categorii de avocaţi:

- solicitor

- barrister

- Queen’s Counsel

11.3. Rezumat

Cele trei categorii de avocaţi existente În Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii

presupun parcurgerea unor etape profesionale de instruire şi stagiatură diferite.

Avocaţii consultanţi (solicitors) nu susţin examenul de intrare în Barou, spre

deosebire de avocaţii pledanţi (barristers).

Avocaţii consultanţi redactează contracte/testamente pentru clienţi sau rezolvă

sarcinile de rutină dintr-o firmă de avocatură. De asemenea, ei pot oferi sugestii

avocaţilor pledanţi în ceea ce priveşte soluţionarea anumitor litigii. Avocaţii

consultanţi pot, totodată, soluţiona în instanţă litigii minore.

Un avocat pledant (barrister) reprezintă clienţii în instanţele de judecată. Acesta

poate ţine cont de sugestiile avocaţilor consultanţi, dacă apreciază că ele sunt,

într-adevăr, utile şi pertinente.

Avocaţii emeriţi (Queen’s Counsels) reprezintă treapta profesională cea mai

înaltă la care poate ajunge un avocat în Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii. Procesul

prin care un avocat pledant devine avocat emerit poartă numele de taking the

silk.

65

11.4. Temă de evaluare:

I.Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Victorian prestige of the law expressed?

2. What is the conservatism of English lawyers reinforced by?

3. How are the English lawyers divided?

4. What lawyers are allowed to plead?

5. What educational standard is a barrister required to have reached?

6. Whom are the legal examinations conducted by?

7. Who may apply to the Lord Chancellor for a patent appointing him/her Queen’s

Counsel?

8. By whom must a prospective solicitor be considered suitable?

9. How many years standing must the practising solicitor have when entering into the

articles of clerkship?

10. What does the term article depend upon?

11. What authority holds the necessary examinations?

12. What is an articled clerk required to attend?

13. What does a solicitor become, once he/she is qualified?

14. Where do half of the barristers in Britain work?

15. What institution has produced the largest number of judges in Great Britain?

II.Choose one of the words or expressions in the following list to fill in the blanks in

the text:

a) advocacy b) articled clerks c) barristers’ chambers

d) called to the Bar e) gown f) graduated in law

g) practising solicitor h) professional training i) pupillage

j) Queen’s Counsel k) standing l) taking the silk

m) wig and pen folk n) wigs

After having (1)______________, a trainee lawyer usually serves a period of

(2)______________.

Two basic patterns emerge. The majority of lawyers work as (3)____________ before

becoming (4)________________.

Anyone wishing to specialize in (5)_____________ in order to become a barrister must

first undergo a period of (6)______________ in (7)____________ after being

(8)_________. If a junior barrister has several years’ (9)_________, he or she may

become a senior barrister, known (10) as ____________. This promotion is called

(11)_________, because of the silk (12)___________ they wear in court as well as their

(13)________. The traditional dress of barristers and judges has earned members of the

legal profession the generic term (14)__________.

11.5. Temă de autoevaluare:

I. Complete the terms (1-7) with the words or expression (A-G). Then match each

profession to its definition (I-VII).

1. Attorney A. to the justices

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66

2. Justice B. of the Peace

3. legal C. Counsel

4. Crown D. prosecutor

5. clerk E. General

6. duty F. solicitor

7. Queen’s G. adviser

I. A senior barrister appointed by the Crown.

II. Someone employed by a firm to help settle legal matters.

III. A lawyer with at least five years’ standing appointed to assist magistrates in court.

IV. Those responsible for prosecuting in the lower courts (Magistrates Courts).

V. A lawyer who appears in lower courts to assist defendants who should otherwise

be unrepresented.

VI. Someone whose principal function is to sit as a magistrate in the magistrates’

court.

VII. In Great Britain, the principal law officer of the Crown. In the USA, the Minister

of Justice.

II. Using the translations of the following Romanian words, make-up sentences in

Past tense (simple or continuous).

1. judecători de pace

2. a pronunţa o sentinţă

3. asistenţă juridică

4. drept constituţional

5. competenţa unui tribunal


Make-up sentences with the following words and phrases:

1. to deal with

2. prospective solicitor

3. standing

4. to enter into articles of clerkship

5. taking the silk

6. to depend upon

7. society

8. to conduct an examination

9. to apply to

10. to attend a course at a law school

11.7. Bibliografie:



2003


Compania, 2004.

67


I.

1. Attorney General – VII; 2. Justice of the Peace – VI; 3. legal adviser – II; 4. Crown

prosecutor – IV; 5. – clerk to the justices – III; 6. – duty solicitor – V; 7. Queen’s Counsel – I.

II. (possible examples)

1. Justices of the Peace work in Magistrates Courts. 2. The judge passed the sentence after a

careful analysis of the trial facts and circumstances. 3. Legal advice is offered to all

defendants, as provided by the law. 4. Constitutional law is studied in the 1st academic year.

5. This case is within the jurisdiction of this court.

68

UNIT XII

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

AND

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS

12.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, vom studia două timpuri: trecutul perfect simplu

(past perfect simple) şi trecutul perfect continuu (past perfect continuous).

Vom observa că trecutul perfect simplu (care corespunde mai-mult-ca-

perfectului românesc) se traduce în română fie printr-o formă de perfect

compus fie printr-o formă de mai-mult-ca-perfect fie printr-o formă de

imperfect.

Trecutul perfect continuu se traduce în română prin imperfect.



să folosească în mod corect trecutul perfect simplu sesizând


simplu

să identifice situaţiile de folosire a trecutului perfect simplu în

vorbirea curentă

să folosească în mod corect trecutul perfect continuu sesizând


perfect simplu

să identifice situaţiile de folosire a trecutului perfect continuu în

vorbirea curentă.


învăţare este de 100 minute.


PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

It is formed with:

Had + the past participle

Affirmative: I had looked We had looked

You had looked You had looked

He/she/it had looked They had looked

Negative: I had not looked/ hadn’t looked We had not looked

You had not looked You had not looked

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69

He/she/it had not looked They had not looked

Interrogative: Had I looked? Had we looked?

Had you looked? Had you looked?

Had he/she/it looked? Had they looked?

Negative-

interrogative: Had I not looked? / Hadn’t I looked? Etc.

The Past Perfect Tense is used to show that one action was completed before another action

in the past.

Let us take two examples:

Pedro learned English. – and – He came to England.

Both these actions took place in the past, so we use the Simple Past learned and came. But

suppose we want to show that one of these actions took place before the other one. Suppose

we want to say that Pedro learned English before he came to England. Then we use the Past

Perfect Tense for the action that took place first, and we use the Simple Past Tense for the

other action.

1. Pedro had learned English before he came to England.

2. Mrs. Thompson came to tell us she had made the coffee.

3. After she had chatted for a little time, Mrs. Beck went to see about the dinner.

4. The Past Perfect can be used with till, until and before to emphasize the completion of an

action.

5. He did not wait till we had finished our meal.

6. It was a very expensive town. Before we had been here a week we had spent all our

money.

7. He had stayed in his father’s firm till his father died. Then he had started his own business

and was now a very successful man.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS

FORM:

Had been + present participle

The form is the same for all persons:

Affirmative: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they had been working.

Negative: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they had not/ hadn’t been working

Interrogative: Had I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they been working?

Negative–interrogative: Had I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they not/hadn’t been working?

It is not used with verbs, which are not used in the continuous forms, except with want and

sometimes wish.

The boy was delighted with his new bike.

He had been wanting one for a long time.

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70

The Use of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

1. When the action began before the time of speaking in the past, and continued up to

that time, or stopped just before it, we can often use either form:

It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.

It is now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn

2. A repeated action in the past can sometimes be expressed as a continuous action by

the past perfect continuous:

He had been trying to get her on the phone.

3. But there is a difference between a single action in the simple past perfect and an

action in the past perfect continuous:

By six o’clock he had repaired the engine (this job had been completed).

He had been repairing the engine (tells us how he had spent the previous hour/half

hour, etc. It does not tell us whether or not the job was completed).


1. When we arrived, the jury already returned the verdict. (we arrived too

late)

………………………………………………………………………

2. The trial started at 9 a.m. At 11 a.m. the judge was hearing the witnesses’

testimonies for 2 hours.

………………………………………………………………………

Să ne reamintim

Trecutul perfect simplu se foloseşte mai ales pentru a exprima anterioritatea

unei acțiuni din trecut faţă de un moment trecut/altă acţiune din trecut.

Trecutul perfect continuu se foloseşte mai ales pentru a preciza de cât timp se

petrecea o acţiune la un moment dat în trecut.

12.3. Rezumat

Trecutul perfect simplu exprimă o acţiune care s-a petrecut înainte de altă

acţiune din trecut.

Trecutul perfect simplu măsoară de când dura/a durat o situaţie/o stare care a

început în trecut şi care a continuat până la un moment dat în trecut.

Trecutul perfect continuu măsoară de cât timp dura o acţiune propriu-zisă (nu

o stare/situaţie) care a început în trecut şi care a continuat până la un moment

dat în trecut.


I. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Tense:

1. He told me that he never (to meet) you.

2. The lights hardly (to go out) when a strange noise was heard.

3. They (to be married) for five years when they finally had a child.

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71

4. As we (not to eat) yet, we all felt very hungry.

5. The policeman wanted to know why she (to come) to that bank.

6. When he got to the airport, the plane already (to arrive).

7. She answered my question after I (to repeat) it four times.

8. At last my secretary handed me the letters she (to type).

9. She told me that they (to see) that film by Friday.

10. Although they (not to see) each other for a long time, Mary bought tickets for

the theatre that evening.

II. Rewrite the sentences, using the Past Simple or Past Perfect of the verbs in

brackets as appropriate:

1. We (get down) to business as soon as we (introduce – passive) to each other.

2. Nothing (move-passive) in the room until after the police (take) photographs.

3. None of his teachers (understand) how he (manage) to fail the examination.

4. The results last year (be) better than anyone (expect).

5. I (write) to the suppliers asking why the goods (not to arrive) yet. They

(reply) to say that they already (send – passive).

6. The motorist (discover) to his relief that he (not to take) the wrong road after

all.

7. I (call) at the manager’s office, but (discover) I just (miss) him. He (go) on

holidays.

8. The scientist suddenly (see) the answer to the problem that (occupy) his mind

for the last two months.

9. Once they (settle) the agenda, the committee (circulate) it to all members of

the company.

10. When Queen Victoria (die) in 1901, she (reign) for over 60 years.

12.5. Temă de autoevaluare :

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Noi am locuit la Cluj timp de doi ani înainte de a ne muta la Bucureşti.

2. Ne plimbam prin parc de o jumătate de oră, când i-am întâlnit pe prietenii

noştri.

3. Ieri pe vremea aceasta călătoream cu maşina de o oră.

4. Când am ajuns acasă, mi-a arătat traducerea pe care o făcea de la ora 5.

5. A predat franceza timp de un an înainte de a începe să predea engleza.


I. Read and retell:

“A woman is in a hurry and takes a taxi. The taxi goes at great speed and

narrowly misses some lamp posts, trams and policemen. The woman is

frightened and says to the taxi driver: “Please, be careful! This is the first time

I’ve been in a taxi. “That’s all right, ma’am” answers the taxi driver”. “This is

the first time I have driven one”.

72

II. Change the following sentences, as to the pattern below:

Model:

This time yesterday he was translating an article.

This time yesterday he had been translating an article for half an hour.

1. This time yesterday my grandfather was working in the garden.

2. This time yesterday she was practising in the language laboratory.

3. This time yesterday they were drawing up a report for that case.

4. This time yesterday we were getting about the city.

5. This time yesterday they were travelling by motor coach.

6. This time yesterday she was translating an article from Romanian into

English.

7. This time yesterday they were visiting the National Gallery of Art.

8. This time yesterday Mary was doing her morning exercises.

9. This time yesterday the secretary was typing the last page of the report.

10. This time yesterday they were making the arrangements for

accommodation.

11. Mi-a spus că tocmai s-a întors de la birou unde a avut o zi obositoare.

12.7. Bibliografie:


Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996.

12.8. Răspunsuri la tema de autoevaluare:

1. We had lived in Cluj for two years before we moved to Bucharest.

2. We had been walking in the park for half an hour when we met our friends.

3. This time yesterday I had been driving for 1 hour.

4. When I arrived home, he showed me translation which he had been writing since 5

o΄ clock.

5. She had taught French for 1 year before she started teaching English.

73

UNIT XIII

THE EUROPEAN UNION

13.1. Introducere

În această unitate de învăţare, vom studia un scurt istoric privind formarea

Uniunii Europene şi rolul principalelor instituţii din cadrul UE.



să furnizeze informaţii cu privire la istoricul UE şi al principalelor

instituţii din cadrul Uniunii Europene.



The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community (now

referred to as the European Union). It arose from the success of the European Coal and Steel

Community (ECSC), which sought to promote co-operation between Coal and Steel

companies in Europe. This programme succeeded in reducing tariffs and quotas in the coal

and steel markets between the participating countries.

Following the Treaty of Rome, the EU became a reality on January 1, 1958. The

founder members of the EU were France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux Countries

(Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg). It remained in this form until Britain, Ireland

and Denmark joined in 1972. The Union was extended further by admission of Greece in

1981 and then Spain, Portugal and Austria.

The objectives of the EU have changed over the years. Initially, the aims were to

abolish all internal quotas and tariffs and to impose a common external tariff on countries

outside the Union. These measures meant that as far as imports and exports went, the Union

acted as one country.

Components of the European Union The parallel of the Union acting as a single nation now extends beyond preliminary

objectives. It has its own executive, legislative, secretariat and judiciary.

The Executive of the EU is made up of the Council of Ministers. This is composed of

elected politicians from each of the member countries. When the Council of Ministers is

considering finance matters, it will be made up of all the Finance Ministers (in the UK, this is

the Chancellor of Exchequer). The Heads of State meet as the Council of Ministers when

particularly important items are under consideration. The Presidency of the Council rotates

between the 27 members of the Union every six months. Under this system, the head of state

of the country, which holds the presidency, also assumes the title President of the Council of

Ministers of the European Union. When the UK held presidency in the first six months of

1993, Prime Minister Major also held the office of President of the Council of Ministers of

00:30

74

the European Union. The Council of Ministers is the highest authority in the EU. It must

endorse and authorise EU policy and any applications for membership or significant change.

The Secretariat or Administration is based in Brussels and is called the European

Commission. Unlike the Council of Ministers, the employees of the Commission are not

elected – they are the European equivalent of civil servants. The Commission is also

responsible for drafting and proposing legislation for the Council of Ministers to vote and

approve, amend or reject. The Commission is controlled by a President and a number of

Commissioners. The larger countries send two Commissioners to Brussels and the smaller

ones, just one.

The legislative is in Strasbourg, France and is called the European Parliament.

This is composed of over 500 elected Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).

Like in the UK, MEPs sit in the Parliament according to their political leanings rather

than nationality. Because the EU is not a state as such, the Parliament does not assume the

same degree of power that a national Parliament does. The number of MEPs from each

member country depends upon its size. The UK, Germany, France and Italy each send over

80 MEPs to Strasbourg, whereas Luxembourg sends just 6. Because the Parliament has little

authority over the affairs of the EU (it does not control the finance budget or key political

areas), its role has been criticised. The longer term plans for EU include closer links between

the member countries and this will involve a more prominent role for Strasbourg.

The European judiciary is the European Court of Justice. It is presided over by 27

judges (at least one from each country) and an overall President, elected from among the

judges.


1. Following the Treaty of Rome, the EU became a reality on January 1,

1955.

............................................................................................................

2. The founder members of the EU were France, Germany, Italy, the UK, the

Netherlands and Spain.

............................................................................................................

3. The European Commission is the highest authority in the EU.

.............................................................................................................

Să ne reamintim

Prin Tratatul de la Roma (1957) a luat fiinţă Comunitatea Economică

Europeană (European Economic Community)

Comunitatea Europeană a Cărbunelui şi Oţelului (1951) a fost instituită

prin Tratatul de la Paris, pe care l-au semnat următoarele ţări: Franţa,

Germania de Vest, Italia, Belgia, Luxemburg şi Olanda. Rolul CECO este de a

partaja resursele de oţel şi cărbune ale statelor membre, în vederea prevenirii

unui nou război în zona europeană.

75

13.3. Rezumat

Uniunea Europeană nu este federaţie (cum este cazul SUA).

Ţările membre UE sunt naţiuni independente şi suverane. Ele îşi exercită o parte

din suveranitate în comun cu scopul de a deveni, pe plan internaţional, o putere

economic şi politică.

În UE, există trei instituţii principale:

Parlamentul European care reprezintă cetăţenii UE şi este ales direct de

către aceştia;

Consiliul Uniunii Europene care reprezintă statele membre

Comisia Europeană care susţine interesele Uniunii, în ansamblu.

Un rol esenţial îl joacă şi: Curtea de Justiţie şi Curtea de Conturi.

Cea dintâi veghează la respectarea dreptului european, iar cea de a doua verifică

modul în care se efectuează finanţarea activităţilor Uniunii.


I. Translate the following text into English:

Parlamentul European este format din peste 500 de parlamentari aleşi în funcţie de

orientările lor politice. Deoarece Uniunea Europeană nu are un statut propriu-zis

de stat, Parlamentul nu- şi asumă acelaşi grad de autoritate ca un parlament intern.

Numărul de parlamentari din fiecare ţară depinde de mărimea ţării respective:

astfel ţări ca Franţa, Germania, Italia, pot trimite chiar peste 80 de parlamentari, în

timp ce Luxemburgul are doar 6. Parlamentul îşi va mari rolul pe viitor, pe măsură

ce se vor dezvolta legături mai apropiate între ţările membre.

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false:

a. One of the first goals of the EU was to impose a common external tariff on countries,

which do not belong to the Union.

b. Ireland and Britain were among the founder members of the EU.

c. The head of State of the country holding the presidency automatically becomes

President of the Council of Ministers of the EU.

d. Each country sends one Commissioner to Brussels, where the Administration is based.

e. Criticism regarding the European Parliament has focussed on the way it handles

problems of finance and key policy areas.

13.5. Temă de autoevaluare

I. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. The text will help

you:

rotates authorise elected

Authority abolish as far as

domestic assume

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76

Initially, the aims of the EU were to a)………. all internal quotas and tariffs. These measures

meant that b) ………… imports and exports went, the Union acted as one country.

The Council of Ministers is composed of c)…………. politicians from each of the member

countries. The Presidency of the Council d) …………… between the fifteen members of the

Union every six months.

As in the case of the e)………….. executive, the Council of Ministers is the highest

f)…………….. in the EU. It must endorse and g)……………. EU policy and any

applications for membership.

Because the EU is not a state as such, the Parliament does not h)……………. the same

degree of power that a national Parliament does.

II. Use the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:

- to abolish

- to hold the presidency

- to hold office of

- to endorse the policy

- domestic executive

- to draft legislation

- to amend

- Civil servants

- political leanings

- internal quotas and tariffs.


Write an essay using the material in your text above with the following title:

“Romania on the way to full European Integration”.

13.7. Bibliografie:



2003

http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/index_ro.htm


Compania, 2004.

13.8. Răspunsuri la tema de autoevaluare:

I.

a. abolish; b. as far as; c. domestic; d. rotates; e. elected; f. authority; g. authorize; h. assume.

II. (possible examples)

- Death penalty was abolished in Romania in 1991.

- An elected candidate can hold the presidency for 5 years.

- This young man held office of the department for 2 years.

- The Queen endorses the policy of the Government.

- As the chief of domestic executive you are entitled to sign this document.

- The Parliament has the duty to debate and draft legislation.

- The American Constitution has been amended for 27 times so far.

77

- The statute of the civil servants is regulated by law.

- You can join our organization no matter what political leanings you have.

- The EEC tried to abolish internal quotas and tariffs.

78

IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION

INTO ROMANIAN

to arise arose arisen a se ridica

to awake awoke/awaked awaked a se trezi

to be was/were been a fi

to bear bore borne a purta

born a naşte

to beat beat beaten a bate

to become became become a deveni

to begin began begun a începe

to bend bent bent a îndoi

to bid bid bid a ruga

to bind bound bound a lega

to bite bit bitten a muşca

to bleed bled bled a sângera

to blow blew blown a sufla

to break broke broken a sparge

to breed bred bred a creşte

a educa

to bring brought brought a aduce

to build built built a clădi

to burn burnt burnt a arde

to burst burst burst a crăpa

to buy bought bought a cumpăra

to cast cast cast a arunca

to catch caught caught a prinde

to choose chose chosen a alege

to come came come a veni

to cost cost cost a costa

to creep crept crept a se târî

to cut cut cut a tăia

to know knew known a şti

to lay laid laid a pune

to lead led led a conduce

to leave left left a lăsa

to lend lent lent a împrumuta

to let let let a lăsa

to lie lay lain a zăcea

to lose lost lost a pierde

to make made made a face

to mean meant meant a însemna

to meet met met a întâlni

to pay paid paid a plăti

to put put put a pune

to read read read a citi

79

to ride rode ridden a călări

to ring rang rung a suna

to rise rose risen a răsări

to run ran run a alerga

to say said said a spune

to see saw seen a vedea

to seek sought sought a căuta

to sell sold sold a vinde

to send sent sent a trimite

to set set set a pune

to shake shook shaken a scutura

to shoot shot shot a împuşca

to show showed shown a arăta

to shrink shrank shrunk a se strânge

to shut shut shut a închide

to sing sang sung a cânta

to sink sank sunk a se scufunda

to sit sat sat a şedea

to sleep slept slept a dormi

to speak spoke spoken a vorbi

to spend spent spent a cheltui

to spring sprang sprung a izvorî

to stand stood stood a sta

to steal stole stolen a fura

to stick stuck stuck a lipi

to strike struck struck a lovi

to swear swore sworn a jura

to sweep swept swept a mătura

to swim swam swum a înota

to take took taken a lua

to teach taught taught a învăţa

to tear tore torn a rupe

to tell told told a spune

to think thought thought a se gândi

to throw threw thrown a arunca

to understand understood understood a înţelege

to wake woke woken a se trezi

to wear wore worn a purta

to weep wept wept a plânge

to win won won a câştiga

to wind wound wound a răsuci

to write wrote written a scrie

80

BIBLIOGRAPHY


LEGEA Nr. 304 privind organizarea judiciară din 28 iunie 2004, republicată în Monitorul

Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 827 din 13 septembrie 2005

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman, 1982

Bantaş, Andrei

Brookes, Michael,

Treutenaere, Christiane

Colectiv,

Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993

1000 de cuvinte - cheie în Drept, Ed. Compania, 2004

English for Business, co-ordinated by the British

Council, Romania, Covalliati Publishing House,

Bucureşti, 1999

Eckersley, C.E. Essential English, Foreign Languages, Press, Sofia,

1966

Gălăţeanu – Fărnoagă Giorgiana Exerciţii de gramatică engleză, Ed. Albatros, Bucureşti,

1979

Gălăţeanu – Fărnoagă Giorgiana Sinteze de gramatică engleză, Ed. * Bucureşti, 1990

Beizadea, Coziana Marina English for Law, Ed. Lumina, LEX, 2001.

Leviţchi, Leon Dicţionar român-englez, Ed. Thousib, Sibiu, 1994

Merealbe, Emanuel Limba engleză pentru jurişti, Ed. Eficient, Bucureşti,

1998

Niculescu, Adrian Să vorbim englezeşte, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 1964

Oprescu, Simona

Thomson, A.J.

Martinet, A.V.

Vianu, Lidia,

Limba engleză pentru studenţii facultăţilor de drept şi

pentru jurişti, Ed. Oscar Print, Bucureşti, 1999

A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press,

2003

English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996

Turcu, Fulvia,

Năstăsescu, Violeta

Engleza de afaceri, Ed. Uranus, Bucureşti.





81

http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=371 – for the online translation of the Romanian

Constitution


OPTIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brooks, Michael, Holden,

David, Hutchinson, Wesley,

Engleza pentru jurişti, Editura Teora, Bucureşti, 2003.

Hanga, Vladimir,

Dicţionar juridic englez-român şi român-englez, Editura

Lumina Lex, Bucureşti, 2003.

http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=371


Limba Engleza

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Transcript of Limba Engleza