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REVIEW

1. Complete the sentences with the fol lowing verbs using both the gerund and the passive inf ini tive after

the verb need:

cut replace retune fixa) The radio doesn't work, it needs................................................................................ .b)The fax machine is out of order, it needs ....................................................................... .c) The grass needs.......................................................................... .d) The batteries of this camera need ................................................................ .

2. Fill in the sentences with the corr ect tense of the verb in br ackets:

a) She'd arrive after the ceremony if the train...........................................(be) late.b) What .............................Ron .................................(do) if he got fired?c) I wish I .................................................(go) to Paris this summer.d) We..........................................................(not / agree) if he attended the meeting.e) Unless she ...........................................(speak) to me, I wouldn't come either.

f) If Tom ...................................................(not / buy) this ring, she'd get angry.g) If the children hid in the attic, Grannie .........................................(know) their whereabouts.h) If only he..............................................(not/ be) so sad!

3.Fill in with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:

a) The party ..................................................(not/ finish) if the DJ ...................................(play) good music.b) If the chairman ...........................................................(not / approve) his behaviour, the meeting........................................(unfold) normally.c) Unless you...........................................(write) for a living, ..............................you.........................(takeup) other jobs?d) If the medicine ..................................................(not / work), his dog ................................................(die).

4. Complete the sentences with the correct tense:

a. I (usually/visit) her once a year.b. I (not/ see)her since last July so it will be fun.c. I (have/never)a holiday on my own.d. (you/live) in Britain for a long time?e. What kind of music..(she/like)?f. Dana..(not/ realise) how clever she is.g. Mark (see)..Jenifer three days ago.h. Their plane (land).at 6.45 yesterday.

5. Translate the following into Romanian:

Cousin- To drive someone mad-Stepfather- To go on-Twin sister- To get on well withFoster parents- To go away-To get up-

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PART 11. A..takes care of sick people.a) doctor b) engineer c) firefighter d) policeman2. She.to music now.a) listen b) listens c) listening d) is listening3. I a bunch of roses to my mother.a) gived b) gives c) gave d) given4. How money do you have?a) many b) often c) much d) some5. What cant you wear?a) trousers b) coat c) genes d) shirt6. Where cant you go shopping? In a ..

a) supermarket b) shop c) magazine d) store7. Which is an uncountable noun?a) information b) book c) letter d) newspaper8. Which is not a pair of antonyms?a) big-small b) easy-difficult c) smart-clever d) light-dark9. There are sixteen children in the classroom. Each has three notebooks on the desk. How manynotebooks are there?a) forty-eight b) fourty-eight c) forty-nine d) fourty-nine10. I travel to school.a) on car b) in car c) by car d) with car11. Mother says: You must. Your hands!a) to wash b) wash c) washing d) washes

12. Which noun does not have an irregular plural?a) child b) man c) woman d) house13. Do you have.bananas?a) a lot b) much c) any d) lots14. Andrea has a bike. It is..a) shes b) her c) shes d) hers15. A vegetarian wouldnt eat this.a) cabbage b) sausage c) cereals d) pine-apple16. This is where the Queen of England lives.a) Piccadilly Circus b) Tower of London c) Big Ben d) Buckingham Palace17. This wouldnt make a good pet.a) crocodile b) parrot c) guinea pig d) cat

18. This fairy-tale character lost a shoe at midnight.a) Sleeping Beauty b) Thumbelina c) Cinderella d) Snow White19. What is the time? 10:45a) quarter to ten b) three quarters to ten c) quarter past ten d) quarter to eleven20. We celebrate Halloween on the..a) 30thOctober b) 31stOctober c) 30thNovember d) 1stDecember21. Give that jacket back to me. Its..a) me b) mine c) my d) of me22. My sister is thirty-seven years old. She was born in..

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a) 1971 b) 1970 c) 1973 d) 197223. What is not sweet?a) chocolate b) coke c) lemon d) banana24. Which pair doesnt rhyme?a) laugh-enough b) heart-start c) train-vain d) saw-sew25. I can ..very fast.

a) run b) to run c) ran d) running

PART 2I.Choose the most appropriate of the underlined words:

1. He looks very pale. I think hell faint/ he is going to faint.2. My brother will be/ is going to be a famous scientist when he grows up.3. Somebodys at the door. Ill/ Im goingto see who it is.4. They need to be home early today so they leave/ are leaving at six.5. Our guests will be in plenty of time providing the traffic is not/ will not be bad.6. Sue asked me if I would/ will be so kind as to give her a lift.7. What sort of job do you think he will do/ will be doing in a few years time?8. By the time our parents get back all the food will have gone/ will go.9. Ill do/ going to do that for you, she told me.10. The two politicians are to/ will discuss the current political affairs.II. Underline/circle the correct form:

Wake up, Alice dear! said her sister. Why, what a long sleep youve had/you had had!Oh, Ive had such a curious dream! says/said Alice. And she told her sister, as well as she can/couldremember them, all these strange Adventures of hers that you have/hadjust been reading about; and whenshe have/had finished, her sister kissed her, and said, It was/has beena curious dream dear, certainly; butnow run into your bed; its getting/it was getting late. So Alice got up and run/ran off,thinking whileshe ran, as well as she can/could, what a wonderful dream it has been/had been.

III. Underline the most suitable verb form:

1. He had been/was upset because he had lost his wallet.2. When I arrived home Tom has already left/ had already left.3. They were having/had dinner when the lights went off.4. He had been lying on the beach for two hours when his brother arrived/was arriving.5. The tourists left/had left the hotel before we arrived.6. When I opened/ was opening the door I found out that the flat has been/had been broken into.7. It was late when I arrived at the cinema so they didnt let /hadnt letme in.8. When the housekeeper opened the door, she saw that somebody was/were walking through the hallin muddy shoes.

9. His friends have already finished/ had already finished eating when the waiter brought them therefreshments.10. When the taxi arrived we have been waiting/had been waiting for twenty minutes.

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IV. Complete the following lines with the words given in the box:

send, learn, do, attend, work, drop, trust, survive, achieve, cope

Oliver Wilmore is just such a pupil. He is particularly lucky. His school..(1) on adventurecamp twice a year. He..(2) three scout camps each year with adventure activities. He..(3) even

more adventure skills as a voluntary trainee soldier. Most weekends, says Oliver, Im off..(4)something. Its great camping and canoeing and doing rope work in cliffs! Its the(5) t ogether, wehave to..(6) one another. Therefore, its us that .(7) it, not just me. Ive learned to..(8)You could ..(9) me in the mountains, with my kit, and Id be able to(10) really well.

V. Read the text and choose the best alternative to fill in the gaps:

He.(1) running at school and raced in school competitions from the age of eight, but not with anyplans to be an Olympic athlete. It(2) the late Sixties, early Seventies, remember. Sport was onlysomething you did when you.(3) nothing else to do. It wasnt something you(4) think ofmaking a living out of, except maybe as a PE teacher. I dont know of anyone who..(5) as a career,except perhaps kids who went to Eton.

Christie and his family..(6) from racial harassment on occasion at the hands of the police.He.(7) also been stopped more than once in order to explain why he(8) in possession of a newcar. But he says these experiences do not mean that when he(9), he is, or ever.(10)fuelled by a sense of grievance.

1. A. starting B. started C. have started2. A. was B. were C. has been

3. A. have B. had C. have had4. A. could B. were able to C. can5. A. think B. was thinking C. thought6. A. suffered B. have been suffering C. have suffered7. A. has B. have C. had

8. A will be B. is C. was9. A is running B. has run C. runs10. A is B. was C. has been

VI. Rephrase the following sentences so that they mean the same:

e.g. She hadnt seen her granny for three years.It was three years since she had seen her granny.

1. I havent seen him for ages.Its ages..2. Ive lived here since twenty-five years.How long3. Julie has visited Rome twice this year.How many times4. Father has read 200 pages up to now.How many.5. He hadnt phoned her for two weeks.How long6. When did you last have your car repaired?When was.

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7. While he was cleaning his room my brother spilt the ink.While8. First they had dinner, then watched TV.After9. She has never been given such a nice album.Its

10. After he had written his report he went for a walk.HavingVII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms:

I (enter), closed the door behind me at once, (turn) the key I found in the lock within, and (stand)with the candle (hold) aloft; there it was, the great red room of Lorraine Castle, in which the young duke(die). Or, rather, in which he (begin) his dying, for he (open) the door and fallen headlong down the steps Ijust (ascend). That (be) the end of his vigil, of his gallant attempt to conquer the ghostly tradition of theplace. And there (be) other and older stories that clung to the room; the tale of a timid wife and the tragicend the tragic end that (come) to her husbands jest of frightening her.

VIII. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. By the time she was 40, she will live in this town for ten years.2. Its a surprise party and her friends wont know anything about it until they got there.3. The other guests arrived before we arrived.4. We danced while you we playing cards.5. They have been learning for one hour when we called.6. When the train came to a standstill, get on and try to find your seats.7. I see the doctor tomorrow afternoon.8. We just left the house.9. Didnt you finish the test, yet?10. They usually come to school by bus, but today they will come by car.

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Subiecte propuse pentru olimpiada judeean

Clasa a VIII-aSUBIECTUL II A. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense. On your answer sheet write only the the number

and the corresponding verb in the right form.Dear Peter,Do you by any chance know where Bob is? Id like to find him out because I just 1 (hear)of a job thatwould suit him, but if he 2 (not apply) fairly soon he 3 (not get)it. I 4 (not see)him for two months,when he 5 (leave)his job with the film company. He6 (live)in Paris since then but I7 ( not know)whereexactly. If you 8 (know)his address I9 (be)very grateful if you 10 (phone)me.

YoursJake

(20points)I. B. fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word given in capitals.Are labels ___________ (1) CONSTANT going to give us that certain ________ (2) SATISFYthat we've always felt after buying them? It may seem that I'm against brands, which is simply

___________ (3), TRUEbut everyone wearing the same thing gets really boring, no? As much as I lovesome of the most popular labels it almost seems like ____________(4) BUY the same thing equalsgetting a nod of ______________(5) APPROVEfrom friends and community.

(10 points)I.C. Write sentences in the passive:1. Valuable jewellery / steel / from Forest Manor.2. A man / arrest / yesterday.3. The thief / question / police at the moment.4. we / must / offer / her / flowers.5. Why / he / not finish / the book / yet?

(10 points)SUBIECTUL II

Write a narrative composition begining like this:The other day I met Susan. She was the same girl I remembered from highschool, but yet there wassomething about her that drew my attention....................... .

(50 points)

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REVIEW 1

1.Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice:A bee stung my daughter this morning.Why didnt they repair the road?

They locked the door and no one can open it now.They are making a new film now.He will sing a new song at the school festival.He has introduced her to his mother.

2.Put the verbs in brackets into the right form:I (to go) to see him at once if I had known about the accident.If you wore your coat you (not/to fall) ill so often.What... you (to do) if you were in my situation?If I had had enough money I (to buy) that car at once.If they had found that person earlier they (to be able to save) his life.My mother (to buy) the pullover for me if they have the right colour.

3.Put into Reported Speech:The pilot said, ,,That was a near miss! I suddenly saw a plane right in front of me and there was nothing Icould do.The student asked me, ,,Can you help me please? Ive been trying to solve this problem for 20 minutes.Grandmother asked my mother, ,,Why do young people always speak so quickly?Sue told her little brother, ,,Dont be so rude!The photographer said, ,,When I took these photos I didnt know they were going to become such animportant proof.The vet told me, ,,See me again next Tuesday!

4.Put the verbs into the right tense:

a.The baby (cry) for half an hour before his mother (wake up).b.When Roger (come) home from school, his mother (wait) for him for almost 2 hours.c She asked him: Why (you/not /come) earlier? Dinner (be) ready for over an hour now.d. Roger replied: I (want) to be punctual, but we (must/stay) in school longer.e. What (you/do) that you (must/stay) so long? his mother asked.f. When the teacher (come in), we (jump) over the tables in our classroom.g. I (not/hear) such a stupid thing for years, exclaimed his mother.h.When Inspector Blockhead (arrive) at the hotel, he (find) that a terrible crime (be commited).i. He (not/stand) there long when suddenly one of the guests (want) to speak to him.j. He (say) that he (watch) TV when suddenly he (hear) a shot.

5.Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb:a.Eddie broke his leg last summer, so he swim.b.I didnt enjoy the play because I forgot my glasses. I see the stage properly.c. We really wanted to buy a house last year, but we just afford it.d. You wear a coat. Its cold outside.e. you some stamps when you go out?f. We were so short of money we sell our car.

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6. Complete the following sentences with one of the articles the, a/anor zero arti cle:1. Miss Williams is best teacher Ive ever had and I love ..History now.2. Id like to be nurse but I hate .hospitals.3. ..Seine flows through . centre of .Paris.4. I like. animals but I dont think that you should keep .rabbit in such . small flat.5. .. Browns, who moved in next door, are all keen on .. winter sports.

6. I prefer to play piano in the morning when ..neighbours are at . work and I dontdisturb them.

7. Complete the gaps by putting the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.A few days ago, I ______________ 1 go)home on the bus after school when suddenly this really crazy guy___________ 2 get)on and ______________ 3 sit)down next to me. He _____________ 4 start)talking tome, so I __________ 5 try)to read my book instead. Eventually, he _______________ 6 get)bored and______________ 7 give) up . About five minutes later, he _________________ 8 change) seats and_______________ 9 start)talking to someone else! I ______________ 10 be)really relieved.8. Fill in the paragraph using the words in the box.

documentaries x2) soap operas sitcoms cartoons game showstalk shows x2) news reality shows

Modern television offers lots of variety. In the past, (1) .................................. only had interviews with

famous people. Nowadays, many daytime (2) .................................. ask normal people to come into the

studio to talk about their problems. Ordinary people can also take part in television programmes in (3)

................................. .

These generally show people living their real lives. Sometimes they are even put into strange situations. Of

course, all television channels show more traditional programmes as well. For people who want to know

what is happening in the world, every channel has its daily (4) .................................. programmes. Then,

there are factual programmes. Many people think you can learn more from good (5) ..................................

than from a book.

These days, very popular (6) .................................. are those that talk about nature and wildlife. Television

though, for most people is about entertainment, rather than learning. Some people like to laugh at familiar

characters in (7) .................................. . Other people like to try to answer the questions in their favourite (8).................................. . Children can have fun watching (9) .................................. . However, the most

popular television shows nowadays are (10) .................................. . Everyone has their favourite one and the

best thing is that they never end. You can watch the stories about the main characters almost every day for

the rest of your life!

9. Choose the correct answer for each question.1 When do you spend most of your time learning? a) parenthood b) childhood c) romance 2 What is the time when you first come into the world? a) birth b) childhood c) adolescence3 At what point in life do your parents look after you most? a) adulthood b) marriage c) childhood4 At what point in life do you look after your children most? a) parenthood b) childhood c) work 5 At what life stage do you change from being a child to an adult? a) childhood b) birth c) adolescence 6 When do you spend most of your days trying to earn money? a) work b) education c) romance 7 What do you call the time when a couple falls in love? a) work b) education c) romance8 And what does romance often lead to? a) education b) marriage c) work9 When do you have the most responsibilities? a) parenthood b) adolescence c) romance10. Translate the following sentences:

1. El locuieste in acest oras din 1989.2. Doar ce am terminat de luat cina.3. Avionul va decola la 8 p.m.

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4. El vorbeste fluent doua limbi.5. O sa varuiesc camera fiicei mele la primavara.6. Este primul lucru pe care mi l-ai spus toata ziua.

11. Turn the sentences into indirect speech:1. Open the window!2. Why did you change your job?3. Why didnt you go to Marys party yesterday?4. Where will you go tomorrow after the classes?5. Are you going to her office?6. Do you like living in the country?

12. Turn the sentences into the passive voice:1. They are building the bridge now.2. He gave his mother a flower.3. She brought the news to her friends.4. They didnt inform us.5. She looks after the children very well.

13. Choose the suitable word in brackets:1. (pleasant, pleasantly) We had a time in Mamaia.2. (clearly, clear) Jim spoke very when he told us about that.3. (hard, hardly) He works for his children.4. (slow, slowly) We drove along the narrow road.5. (sad, sadly) His eyes cleared when he heard the news.

14. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.

A new addiction 1) ..(recently/emerge) to soap operas- and the worlds first clinic to treatpeople obsessed with the soaps 2) ..(open) next week. Victims 3) (come) from every

walk of life from company directors to cleaners. Symptoms of addiction 4). (include)refusing to miss an episode and watching recorded episodes again and again. One victim5)(explain) how he 6)..(become) addicted five years ago. His obsession7)..(be) so bad that he 8)(be) unable to keep a steady relationship. When myfriends 9)(come around), I was more interested in the soaps. It was almost as if the people onTV 10)..(become) my friends instead.

15. Use the words in capitals at the end of each sentence to form another word that fits in each blankspace.1. Im afraid he is the most unpleasant, most ....... person I know. agree2. They packed their ....... and left. belong3. They were poor but their small house was always ....... clean and tidy. urprise

4. They sat down to dinner round a large ....... table. circle5. The boy was so ....... that he broke almost everything he touched. care

16. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals, and so that the meaningstays the same. The word cant bechanged in any way.1. Its a two-hour drive to the seaside. TAKES

2. Id prefer you to see it personally. RATHER

..

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3. Its pointless to argue about it any more. WORTH

4. Im sorry I spoilt your plans, he said FOR.

5. He found the film boring. BORED.......................................................................................

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Articolul (The Article)

Definiie.Articolul este partea de vorbire care:a) constituie un mijloac de individualiza a obiectelor i fenomenelor ntr-un context lingvistic sau situaional;

b) nu are forme flexionare, fiind neflexibil din punct de vedere morfologic;c) ndeplinete funcia de determinant.Articolul ocup un loc central n cadrul determinanilor, fiind considerat determinantul propriu-zis. Aceasta se datoreaz faptuluic articolul nu poate fi o parte de vorbire independent, el contribuind doar la determinarea unic sau individual a substantivului

pe care l nsoete.Articolul este redat prin articolul hotrt the, articolul nehotrt asau ansau prin articolul zero. Aceste articole se folosesc pentrua realiza: 1) referina unic (unique reference) i 2) referina individual (individual reference).

1) Articolul se folosete pentru referin unicatunci cnd se identific cu un membru anume al unei clase: Theboy was runningvery fast. Biatul alerga foarte repede.2) Articolul se folosete pentru referin individualcnd referirea se face la orice membru al unei clase, fr ca acesta s fieidentificat n mod unic.Pentru referina unic, se folosete articolul hotrt pentru substantive numrabile i nenumrabile:Where isthebookI gave you?Wherearethebooks I gave you?WhereisthechalkI gave you ?

Pentru referin individual, se folosesc:- articolul nehotrt a(n), cu substantive numrabile la singular:There isa bookon the table.Thereisanorange on the table.- articolul zero sausome/any, cu substantive numrabile la plural i substantive nenumrabile:There are(some) books on the table.There is(some)salt on the table.

Atenie! Articolul se folosete genericcnd unei clase de elemente i se atribuie o proprietate; folosirea generic are n vedereclasa i nu anumii membri ai clasei: Boyslike to play football. Bieilor le place s joace fotbal. Aboy runs faster thanagirl. Un

biat alearg mai repede dect o fat. The tigerlives in the jungle. Tigrul triete n jungl.Substantivele folosite generic nu au distincia de numr deoarece ele denumesc ceea ce este tipic, general pentru membrii uneiclase. De aceea, folosirea generic apare cu cele trei articole:

a) articolul hotrt the, articolul nehotrt a(n) sau articolul zero pentru substantivele numrabile:

The cowgivesus milk.A cowgivesus milk.Cowsgiveus milk.

b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenumrabile: Milkis good for our health.

Numele proprii i referina unic. Numele proprii sunt substantivele cu referin unic prin excelen, deoarece ele suntconsiderate membri unici ai clasei din care fac parte:Helen, Mount Everest, the Danube, France, Monday.Prin aceasta, numele proprii se deosebesc de substantivele comune:a) se scriu cu liter mare: Mr. Thomson, the English Channel, the Haque.

b) nu au contrastul articulat-nearticulat: unele nume proprii sunt folosite cu articolul zero, altele sunt folosite cu articolul the, frs existe o opoziie ntre ele: Australia, Italy, Bucharest, Windsor Castle.c) numele proprii nearticulate primesc articol cnd se intenioneaz restrngerea referinei la un anumit timp sau loc careidentific, numele printr-o propoziie relativ restrictiv, o construcie prepoziional cu of sau una provenit dintr-o propoziierelativ restrictiv:

in Romaniain the Romania of todayBucharestthe Bucharest I likeEminescuthe young Eminescuin Victorian Englandin the England of Queen Victoria

Articolul hotrt (The Definite Article)Forma articolului hotrt. Articolul hotrt are forma unic the.

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Funciile articolului hotrt.Articolul hotrt este folosit pentru a exprima referina unic. El ndeplinete mai multe funcii.Acestea sunt:1) funcia deictic, cu substantive a cror referin este imediat neleas de vorbitorii limbii, ea fiind specific n contextulsituaional al comunicrii.Anumite substantive au determinare deictic n contexte situaionale.De exemplu:

a) ntr-o ncpere: the door, the window, the table, the radiator.Close the window, will you ? nchide fereastra, te rog.b) ntr-o pdure: the wind, the sky, the ground etc.The ground is covered with dry leaves. Pmntul este acoperit cu frunze uscate.c) ntr-un ora: the townhall, the police station, the railway station, the hospital: Can you tell me how to get to the townhall ?Putei s-mi spunei cum s ajung la primrie ?d) ntr-o ar: the radio, the press, the telephone: Whats on the radio at eight oclock ? Ce program este la radio la ora 8 ?e) n univers: the sun, the moon, the earth:The earth moves round the sun. Pmntul se nvrtete n jurul soarelui.2) funcia anaforic, cu substantive determinate definitiv prin menionarea anterioar: I bought a book yesterday. The book isintersting. Am cumprat o carte ieri. Cartea este interesant.3) funcia cataforic, cnd determinarea definit apare dup substantiv, fiind exprimat printr-o propoziie relativ restrictiv sau

printr-o construcie prepoziional provenit dintr-o propoziie relativ restrictiv: The man who is driving the red car is ourEnglish teacher. Omul care conduce maina roie este profesorul nostru de englez. The man (who is) in the red car is our Englishteacher. Omul din maina roie este profesorul nostru de englez.

4) funcia generic, cnd substantivul este folosit n sensul su cel mai general, ca reprezentant al unei clase. n aceast funcie thensoete substantive numrabile la numrul singular: The horse is a useful animal. Calul este un animal folositor. The wildelephant can be found in some parts of Africa. Elefantul slbatic poate fi gsit n unele zone din Africa.5) cu nume proprii:

Numele proprii suntprecedate de obicei de articolul hotrt cnd structura lor intr i un adjectiv sau substantiv folosit adjectival:The United Kingdom, the United States, the Art Gallery;sau o construcie prepoziional postpus (cu of): The University of Bucharest , the Houses of Parliament;n aceste cazuri, articolul the este folosit chiar dac unul dintre cele dou elemente este omis: the (river) Thames, the Tat e(Gallery), the Pacific (Ocean), the Mediterranean (Sea), the Intercontinental (Hotel).Articolul hotrt se folosete cu urmtoarele clase de nume proprii:a) substantive la plural: the Browns - familia Brown; the Nertherlands - Olanda the Alps - Alpii.

b) denumiri geografice:- nume de ruri: The Danube, the Olt;- nume de mri i oceane: the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean;- nume de canaluri: the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal;

- nume de deerturi, golfuri, capuri: The Sahara, The persian Gulf, the Cape of Good Hope.c) nume de instituii:- hoteluri i restaurante: the Lido, the Berlin Restaurant;- teatre, cinematografe, cluburi: The National Theatre, the Capitol Cinema;- muzee, bliblioteci:The British Museum, the National History Museum;d) nume de ziare: The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian. Numele de reviste au de obicei articolul zero: Life, EnglishLanguage Teaching Journal.e) nume de vase: The Transylvania.

ara sau continentul Adjectiv SubstantivFolosire individual Folosire genericSingular Plural Plural

China Chinese a Chinese Chinese the ChineseJapan Japanase a Japanese Japanese the JapanesePortugal Portuguese a Portuguese Portuguese the Portuguese

Switzerland Swiss a Swiss Swiss the SwissVietnam Vietnamese a Vietnamese Vietnamese the VietnameseIsrael Israeli an Israeli Israelis the IsraelisPakistan Pakistani a Pakistani Pakistanis the PakistanisAfrica African an African Africans the AfricansAmerica American an American Americans the AmericansAsia Asian an Asian Asians the AsiansAustralia Australian an Australian Australians the AustraliansItaly Italian an Italian Italians the ItaliansBelgium Belgian a Belgian Belgians the Belgians

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Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian Brazilians the BraziliansEurope European a European Europeans the EuropeansGermany German a German Germans the GermansGreece Greek a Greek Greeks the GreeksHungary Hungarian a Hungarian Hungarians the Hungarians

Norway Norwegian a Norwegian Norwegians the NorwegiansDenmark Danish a Dane Danes the Danes (Danish)

Finland Finish a Finn Finns the Finns (Finish)Poland Polish a Pole Poles the Poles (Polish)Spain Spanish a Spaniard Spaniards the Spaniards

(Spanish)Sweden Swedish a Swede Swedes the Swedes

(Swedish)Arabia Arabic an Arab Arabs the ArabsEngland English an Englishman Englishmen the English

EnglishmenFrance French a Frenchman Frenchmen the French

FrenchmenHolland Dutch a Dutchman Dutchmen the Dutchthe Netherlands Dutch a Dutchman Dutchmen the Dutch

Dutchmen

Ireland Irish an Irishman Irishmen the Irish IrishmenWales Welsh a Welshman Welshmen the Welsh

WelshmenBritain British a Briton Britons the British BritonsScotland Scots a Scotsman Scotsmen ScotsmenScotland Scottish a Scot Scots the ScotsScotland Scotch a Scotchman Scotchmen the Scotch

Articolul nehotrt (The Indefinite Article)

Forma articolului nehotrtArticolul nehotrt are dou forme: a i an.

Funciile articolului nehotrt.Articolul nehotrt are mai multe valori. Acestea sunt:1) funcia epiforic, specific articolului nehotrt, folosit pentru introducerea n comunicare a unei noiuni care nu a fost

menionat anterior: There is a young boy waiting for you. Te ateapt un biat. I read an interesting novel last month. Am citit unroman interesant luna trecut.Funcia epiforic a articolului nehotrt este folosit n situaiile n care obiectul sau persoana menionat n comunicare estenecunoscut asculttorului: A man came and knocked at our door. A venit un om i a btut la u; sau n situaiile n carevorbitorul nu dorete s determine definit obiectul sau persoana respectiv ci se refer doar la un membru al unei clase: I saw a caton the stairs. Am vzut o pisic pe scar.2) funcia numeric, n situaiile n care forma a(n) are valoarea numeralului one.Pentru a reda aceast idee de numr gramatical (singularul), articolul nehotrt se folosete:- cu substantivele numrabile la singular, de obicei n serii numerice:She bought a dress, two blouses and an umbrella.A cumprat o rochie, dou bluze i o umbrel.- cu numeralele (n locul lui one): a/one hundred; a/one thousand.3) funcia genericArticolul nehotrt poate fi folosit i cu valoare generic, cu substantive numrabile la singular, pentru a reprezenta o ntreagclas:

A cow gives us milk. Vaca ne d lapte.4) articolul nehotrt este folosit i naintea numelui predicativ exprimat printr-un substantiv:He is a teacher. He was a headmaster.He is a teacher. He became a headmaster.He is a teacher. He remained a headmaster.Atenie! Articolul nehotrt nu se folosete:1) cu substantive nenumrabileComparai:a) substantiv numrabil. I bought an iron yesterday. Am cumprat un fier de clcat ieri.- substantiv nenumrabil. This fence is made of iron. Acest gard este din fier.

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2) cu substantive numrabile la pluralComparai:- substantiv numrabil la singular: I watched an interesting film on TV last night. Am vzut un film interesant la televizor asear.- substantiv numrabil la plural: You can watch (some) interesting films on TV. Poi s vezi (nite) filme interesante la televizor.n cazul substantivelor numrabile la plural, determinarea nedefinit se realizeaz:a) cu articolul zero: There are films on TV. Sunt filme la televizor.

b) cu ajutorul lui some sau any: There are some interesting films on TV. Sunt unele/nite filme interesante la televizor.

Articolul zero (The Zero Article)n unele cazuri, substantivele nenumrabile, substantivele numrabile la plural i numele proprii par nensoite de articol: Shedrinks tea every day. Clothes do not make the man. Bobby Charlton was a good football player.n astfel de cazuri, absena articolului echivaleaz ca funcia cu prezena unui articol. Acesta este de obicei numit articolul zero.Este necesar s distingem ntre existena unui articol zero i omisiunea articolului hotrt sau nehotrt, pentru c articol ul zeroapare n situaii opuse celor n care se folosesc celelalte articole: I like choc olate. (Articolul zero pentru folosirea generic). mi

place ciocolata. The chocolate you bought is nice. Ciocolata pe care ai cumprat-o este gustoas.

Funciile articolului zero1) articolul zero ndeplinete funcia generic cu:a) substantive nenumrabile

b) substantive numrabile la pluralI like milk / coffee.I like music / literature/ geography / traveling

I like long walks / good friends / games.a) articolul zero cu substantive nenumrabile indic o cantitate nedefinit, cantitatea n general: You can by sugar, flower, rice andoil at the grocers. Poi s cumperi zahr, orez i ulei la bcnie.Aceast ntrebuinare a articolului zero este des ntlnit n proverbe i n limbajul tiinific: Haste makes waste. Graba strictreaba. Light travels faster than sound. Lumina se deplaseaz mai repede dect sunetul.

b) cu substantivele numrabile la plural articolul zero se refer la toi membri unei clase: Children like to play. Copiilor le place sse joace.2) Articolul zero este ntrebuinat de regul pentru referina unic a numelor proprii i a unor substantive comune n anumitecontexte: Peter and Mary will go to school in autumn. La toamn Petre i Maria vor merge la coal.A. Urmtoarele clase de nume proprii se folosesc cu articolul zero:a) Numele de persoane, nsoite sau nu de apoziie: Peter, John Brown, Dr Smith.

b) diviziuni de timp:- zilele sptmnii: Monday, Friday.- lunile anului: april, may, june.- srbtorile: Liberation Day.

c) denumiri geografice:- continente: Europe, Asia.- ri: Romania, Bulgaria, Francia.- orae: Bucharest, Edinburgh.- lacuri: Lake Ontario, Loch Lomond.- muni: Ben Nevis, Mount Everest.d) numele proprii urmate de substantive comune, denumind cldiri, strzi, poduri, etc.: Bran Castle, Westminster Abbey, OxfordStreet.B. Unele substantive comune se folosesc cu articolul zero, avnd referin unic n anumite contexte situaionale, ntr-un modsimilar cu numele proprii. Majoritatea acestor cuvinte intr n componena unor expresii idiomatice, n care sunt folosite cuarticolul zero. Unele dintre ele ns pot fi folosite i cu articolul hotrt n alte contexte:

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PRACTICE

A, An, or (Nothing)

1. There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.2. Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.3. She is wearing ___ blue dress with red earrings4. Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.5. Christmas comes once ___ year.6. ___ ant is __ insect.7. The Nile is ___ river.8. I went to the shop to get ___ bread.9. He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.10.You should take ___ umbrella.

A, An, The, or (Nothing)

1. This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.2. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?3. ___ city museum is closed today.4. He is one of ___ smartest people I know.5. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.6. ___ milk is good for you.7. Would you like to see ___ movie?8. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.9. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!10.Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?

ARTICLES (a, an, the, or no article)Gap-fill exercise

DO WE REALLY NEED TO SLEEP?

Complete the text using the indefinite article ("a" or "an"), the definite article("the") or no article ("-").

Sleep is (1) powerful influence on all our lives, and a 60-year-old person has spentalmost twenty years asleep. The traditional theory about (2) sleep is that our brainneeds to rest for several hours to refresh itself and to 'file' in our memoryeverything that has happened to us during the day. We can put off sleeping for alimited period, for instance if we go to (3) all-night party, but sooner or later wehave to sleep. If we are not allowed to sleep, we suffer hallucinations, andeventually die.

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However, Dr Ray Meddis has a fascinating new theory. He suggests that we don'treally need to sleep at all. We sleep only because our brain is 'programmed' to makeus do so. He believes that (4) sleep instinct originates from prehistoric times.Primitive man was 'programmed' to sleep to protect himself from the darkness with

its many dangers. Animals seem to have been similarly programmed. (5) number ofhours they sleep does not depend on physical activity but on how much time theyneed to eat. Horses, cows and (6) elephants, for example, which spend many hourseating, sleep only 2 or 3 hours. Cats, on the other hand, who have (7) lot of sparetime, sleep for 14 hours (8) day, more than half their lives.

According to Dr Meddis, the 'tiredness' we feel at (9) end of (10) day is producedby a chemical mechanism in the brain which makes us sleep. We are 'programmed'to feel 'tired' or 'sleepy' at (11) midnight, even if we have spent the day relaxing onthe beach or doing nothing. Dr Meddis believes that the unpleasant symptoms wesuffer when we don't sleep enough are not because we have not rested but becausewe have disobeyed our brain's programming. (12) longer we don't sleep, (13) worse

we feel. But Dr Meddis believes that if scientists could locate and 'turn off' thesleep mechanism in our brain that produces tiredness, we could live completelynormal and healthy lives without sleeping.

So is sleeping (14) waste of time? Well, even Dr Meddis does not deny (15) greatpsychological value of sleep, and he asks us, "if scientists invented (16) pill which,if you took it, would keep you awake for ever, would you take it?"

Decided whether to use the definte article >the< or not. If you do not need the article >the

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PART II

EXERCISE(Pre-Intermediate)Fill in the gaps.

I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is .. city in ..United Kingdom. I live in town called .. Taunton which ison River Tone. I live in .. house in quiet street in thecountryside. street is called "Hudson Street" and house is old - more than 100 yearsold! I am English lecturer at college near centre of town. Ilike books, music and taking photographs. I usually have lunch atcollege. I usually go home by car. We have all kinds of food inEngland. I like Polish food very much. Sometimes, I go to Polish restaurant inBath. restaurant is called "Magda's". Polish food is delicious!

EXERCISE 2(Elementary / Pre-Intermediate)

a, an, the, zero

1. Robert and Jessica went to ___ party last night.2. Can you tell me how to get to ___ cinema from here?3. ___ college is closed today.4. Gregory is one of ___ strangest people I know.5. I recommend you try ___ tomato soup at this restaurant.6. ___ beer is good for you.7. Would you like to see ___ film?8. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.9. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!10.Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?

EXERCISE 3(Elementary / Pre-Intermediate)

1. There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.2. Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.3. Magda is wearing ___ blue dress with red shoes4. Bornholm is ___ island in the Baltic Sea.5. Christmas comes once ___ year.6. ___ owl is __ bird.7. The Severn is ___ river.8. Jane went to the shop to buy ___ bread.9. Hania broke ___ glass when she was washing-up.10.Tom took ___ umbrella as it was raining heavilly.

EXERCISE 41. This is ___ easy question.2. Stephen could you speak ___ little louder.3. May I have your ___ phone number?4. I have never seen ___ UFO.

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5. May I ask you ___ question?6. Astrid is ___ best teacher in our school.7. What is ___ name of the next station?8. My girlfriend has ___ my car today.9. I went to ___ sea during my summer holiday.10. Is there ___ cashmachine near here?

EXERCISE 5

1. This is Joanna. She's _____ doctor.a. ab. an

2. Simon is ____ engineer.a. ab. an

3. That's Sandra. She's ___ hairdresser.a. ab. an

4. Sean Connery is ___ actor.a. ab. an

5. John is ____ electrician.a. ab. an

6. Mr. Sako is ___ teacher.a. ab. an

7. This is Shirley. She's ___ housewife.a. ab. an

8. That's Mark. He's ___ police officer.a. ab. an

9. I'm ____ student.a. ab. an

10.Kate Winslet is ____ actress.a. ab. an

11.EXERCISE 6

Fill in each blank with the appropriate article. If no article is required, put a "0" in the blank. The nounsthat the articles go with are in italics.

1. _______(a)DeclineandFallof ______(b) RomanEmpire2. ________(a) complexityof _______(b)problemof ______(c) declineandfallof the Roman

Empire is made evident by _______(d) wide varietyof causes that are emphasized in varyingdegrees by _______ (e) different authors.

3. Fortunately, ________(a) conciseformulationof Edward Gibbon serves as _________(b) widelyaccepted basisfor _______(c) modern discussionof _________(d)problem.

4. According to Gibbon, _________(a) empirereached its peak during _______(b) administrationof________(c) twoAntonines.

5. After that, however, ________(a) extentof ________(b) Roman conquestbecame too great to bemanaged by _______(c) Romangovernment, and _______(d) declinebegan.

6. ______(a) militarygovernmentwas weakened and finally dissolved as ______(b) barbarianswere allowed to constitute ______(c) ever-growingpercentageof ______(d) Roman legions.

7. ______(a) victorious legionsbegan to dominate and corrupt _______(b)government, weakeningit at ______(c) timewhen it most needed ______(d)strengthto overcome _______(e) otherproblems

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

I. Much or many?

21. I dont eat______________.1. There is ___ ______work to do.2. There are___ _roses in the garden.

22. How__________________do you eat?

3. There is____ ____rain in England. 23. How______slices of toast do you eat?4. I dont drink____________wine. 24. There are_______windows in my room.5. Mary has _______ __________ dolls. 25. There is____________sand in a desert.6. I dont have_________________time. 26. I read _____________books.7. We have________ _____tests each year. 27. How_______________books do you read?

8. He doesnt like tv too ____ _________. 28. How_______________classes do you have?9. How__________brothers do you have? 29. Do you have______students in class?10. How_________________does it cost? 30. How_______rooms are in your house?11. I don't have too_______water. 31. Do you drive________________?12. How______apples are in the basket? 32. There are__________stairs to climb.13. How_______does the car sell for? 33. The table takes too__________space.14. How_________days are in a week? 34. Do you use____________electricity?15. How_____________time does it take? 35. There are________birds in the country.16. How_______sugar do you put in coffee? 36. Do you eat________________fruit?17. How____times a week do you go to the movies? 37. He doesnt do_______________exercise.18. How ______do you smoke? 38. How_______did Romeo love Juliette?19. How ___ cigarettes do you smoke per day? 39. He made____________________mistakes.

20. How _______________people are in your family? . He didnt make_________of a profit last year.II. Much and Many

Fill in the blanks with Much and Many

1. How___ __people were at the party? 21. How_________pounds do you weigh?2. How____ ___muffins do you eat everyday? 22. How______________was your car?3. How_____ __rice do you eat? 23. How____________pictures did you take?4. There wasnt_________traffic this morning. 24. How_______mistakes did Jane make?5. He doesnt have______hair. 25. How________parts did you use to fix the car?6. It doesnt make_________sense to me. 26. How__________________time is left?7. There are_ _____poor people in the world. 27. How________homework did you do?

8. I dont drink___________________milk. 28. How__________peaches did you eat?9. Thank you so_________for your help. 29. How_________food is in the fridge?10. I feel_____________better today. 30. How__________teams are in the game?11. I liked the movie very________. 31. I didnt make___________of afuss.12. There are so_______things to finish. 32. How______water do you drink each day?13. I have_________news to tell you. 33. How_________classes do you have?14. I have so________things to tell you. 34. We like shushi very_________.15. We didnthave__good weather this year. 35. John doesnt make__________money at his

job.

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16. I dont know___about science. 36. We dont swim_______________.17. How _________newspapers do you read? 37.Not _____________people win at sports.18. How_________ ____do you read? 38. We dont walk________________.

III. Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

1. The childrenare playing in the garden.2. I don't like milk.3. I prefer tea.4. Scientistssay that the environment is threatened by pollution.5. My mother uses butterto prepare cakes.6. There are a lot of windowsin our classroom.7. We need some glueto fix this vase.8. The waitersin this restaurant are very professional.9. My father drinks two big glassesof water every morning.10.The breadmy mother prepares is delicious.11.Driversmust be careful; the road is slippery.12.Some policemenare organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents.13. I bought three bottlesof mineral water for our picnic.14. I'd like somejuiceplease!15.Successful condidateswill join the camp later this year.16.A rise in oilprices is inevitable since there is more and more demand for energy.17.The exerciseson this website are interesting.18.Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water.19.Adult illiterates learn through a special government programme.20. I met some nice peoplewhen I was walking along the beach

IV. Choose the right answer (much, many, a lot, a lot of, lots)

1. We have oranges.2. We don't have bananas, and we don't have fruit juice.3. Do you have any cereal? Sure, there's in the kitchen."4. How is this? It's ten dollars.5. How do you want? Six, please.6. He's very busy; he has work.7. David has rice, but Tyler doesn't have .8. London has beautiful buildings.9. They eat apples.10. I wrote poems.11. I have got money.12. I visited European cities.13.Do you like soccer? Yes, .14.Were there guests in the wedding? Yes, there were .15.Leila is popular. She's got friends. Nancy does not have .16.She hasn't got patience.

V. Decide whether you have to use "a little" or "a few".

1. We had snow last winter.2. people were interested in the exhibition.3. I speak French.

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4. There are students in the classroom.5. She has relatives.6. There is water in the pond.7. The professor spends time playing tennis on Sundays.8. We have knowledge of this phenomenon.9. There are mushrooms in my mushroom soup.10. animals can survive in the desert.

VI. Choose the correct answers in the following dialogueCHRIS:Hi! What are you up to?PETE:Oh I'm just looking for (a)many (b)some (c)anyantiques at this sale.CHRIS:Have you found (a) something (b) anything (c) nothingyet?PETE:Well there seems to be (a) a few (b) few (c) littlethings of interest. It really is a shame.CHRIS:I can't believe that. I'm sure you can find (a) a thing (b) something (c) anything interesting if youlook in (a) all (b) each (c) somestall.PETE:You're probably right. It's just that there are (a) a few (b) a lot (c) a lot ofcollectors and they (a)every (b) each (c) all seem to be set on finding (a) a thing (b) anything (c) much of value. It's so stressful

competing with them!CHRIS:How (a) many (b) much (c) fewantique furniture do you think there is?PETE:Oh I'd say there must be (a) many (b) several (c) muchpieces. However only (a) a few (b) few (c)little are really worth (a) the high (b) a high (c) highprices they are asking.CHRIS:Why don't you take a break? Would you like to have (a) any (b) some (c) littlecoffee?PETE:Sure I'd love to have (a) any (b) little (c) one. I could use (a) some (b) a few (c) a littleminutes ofdowntime.CHRIS:Great, let's go over there. There're (a) a few (b) some (c) littleseats left.

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NOUNSI. Choose the correct word.

1. The glass / glasses is full.2. The pencil / pencils is short .3. He is a child /children .4. The men / man is in the park.5. His tooth / teeth are yellow.6. The women /woman are in the shop.7. The mouse / mice is in the hole.8. I have an apple / apples .9. We are a fireman /firemen .10. I see two box / boxes.

II. Change the sentences into the plural form.1. The man is tall.2. The woman is fat.3. The child is sad.4. The mouse is gray.5.

My tooth is white.III. Change the sentences into the singular form.

1. The geese are in the yard.2. The children are tired.3. The policemen are old.4. The mice are hungry.5. The sheep are ugly.

IV. Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns

chair star farmstorm door rockowner paper cup

dress brush hexwish class foxcross bench bushax grass mantis

V. Tell if the following nouns are singular or plural

box cats slipper forks bookschair desk houses paper wagonlamps shoes garden horses dressdog carts kitchen pony glass

VI. Write the plural of the following nounschair star pencil girl boyax bush coat tree benchsketch owner touch latch mug

VII. Write the singular/plural of the following nouns

bells churches wagons coals picturesclocks boxes kitchens basins chairs

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days houses pencils trees tablesfly baby pony injury cherrylady beauty story history berrycity sky duty study theory

day toy essay turkey chimneyplay joy valley alley volley

motto calico buffalo heropotato cargo volcano grottomosquito* tomato halo* tornado*

buffalo* portico* vetocalf self leaf sheaf lifeloaf shelf half wolf knifeelf half thief wife gulfchief dwarf* proof turf

VIII. Plurals and Count/Non-Count Nouns: Fill in the gaps

1. man

2. furniture3. experience4. Kennedy5. ski6. gas7. box8. peace9. cactus10. criterion11. baby12. memo13. work

14. self15. applause

16. dancing

17. 199018. aluminum19. fax20. roof21. fish22. child23. difficulty24. knowledge25. goose26. video27. curriculum28. biology

29. URL30. dish

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THE ADJECTIVE

DefiniieAdjectivul este partea de vorbire care: exprim o calitate a unui obiect (aninterestinglecture, on oldman)

Comparaia adjectivelor (The Comparison of Adjectives)Spre deosebire de limba romn, unde adjectivul are flexiune de gen, numr i caz i comparaie, adjectivuldin limba englez nu se schimb dup gen, numr i caz. Singurul mod de marcare formal este comparaia:un elev inteligent-a cleverschoolboyo elev inteligent - a cleverschoolgirlelevi inteligeni - cleverschoolchildrenLecia a doua este mai grea dect prima lecie. -Lesson 2 is moredifficultthan Lesson 1.

Categoria gramatical a comparaiei este concretizat n limba englez ca i n limba romn, n trei gradede comparaie:

Gradul pozitiv nemarcat arat prezena normal a unei caliti a obiectelor, fr a se face vreo comparaie:He is tall. She is beautiful.

Gradul comparativ compar dou obiecte, indicnd prezena calitii la obiectele comparate n msur egal(comparativul de egalitate: He is as tall as his sister) sau n msur inegal (I am younger than her) sau deinferioritate: This lesson is less interesting than the previous one).La gradul comparativ, termenul comparaiei poate fi exprimat:He is more punctual than the others.sau neexprimat:He is more punctual.

Gradul superlativ arat c un membru al unui grup posed calitatea comparat n cel mai nalt grad, prinintermediul unei comparaii directe (comparativul relativ: She is the cleverest of all) sau fr comparaie direct(superlativul absolut :She is very clever).Atenie! Atunci cnd se compar numai dou noiuni se folosete gradul comparativ precedat de articolul the n loculsuperlativului: She is the younger and the more beautiful of the two sisters.

Formarea comparativului i a superlativuluiAdjectivele scurte:

A) Adjectivele monosilabice formeaz comparativul i superlativul n mod sintetic. Ele primesc -(e)rla comparativi the -(e)st la superlativ:small - smaller - the smallest

short - shorter - the shortestOrtografie:

1) Adjectivele terminate ntr-o consoan precedat de o vocal scurt dubleaz consoan:big - bigger - the biggest hot - hotter - the hottest

fat - fatter - the fattest thin - thinner - the thinnest

2) Adjectivele terminate n -yprecedat de o consoan transform pe yn i: dry - drier - the driest3) Adjectivele terminate n -e sau -ee, pierd pe -e final naintea lui -er sau -est:nice - nicer - the nicest; free - freer -the freest;

B) i adjectivele bisilabice terminate n -y, -le, -er, -ow i -some:happy - happier - the happiest;

clever - cleverer - the cleverest

narrow - narrower - the narrowest

Excepii:eager, proper, fertile, hostile, fragile se compar numai cu morei the most.

Unele adjective pot avea mabele forme de comparativ i superlativ:- cu preferin pentru modul de formare al adjectivelor scurte:a) adjective monosilabice:calm, fot, huge, just, keencalm - calmer - the calmest

b) adjective bisilabice terminate n -y sau -ly:angry, clumsy, sleepy, musty;angry - angrier - the angriest

Adjectivele lungi

A) Adjectivele formate din dou sau mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul i superlativul analitic cu ajutorul luimoreithe most:careful - more careful - the most careful

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difficul - more difficult - the most difficult

B) Adjectivele compuse formeaz gradele de comparaie n felul urmtor:a) cnd primul element este un adjectiv care i pstreaz sensul, acesta se schimb la comparativ i superlativ:well-known - better=known - the best-known

ill-paid - worse-paid - tyhe worst-paid

intelligent-looking, - more intelligent-looking - the most intelligent-looking

b) cnd cele dou elemente formeaz un tot din punct de vedere al sensului comparaia se realizeaz cu ajutorul luimorei the most:heart-broken - more heart-broken - the heart-broken

far-fetched - more far-fetched - the most far-fetched

Formarea comparativului de egalitate i inferioaritate.Comparativul de egalitate se exprim prin adjectivul la gradul pozitiv precedat i urmat de conjuncia as:

My room is as large as hers. Camera mea este la fel de mare ca a ei.Comparativul de inferioritate se exprim prin adjectivul la gradul pozitiv precedat de not so/as i urmat de

assau prin less...than:My homework is not as easy as yours. Tema mea nu e la fel de uoar ca a ta. This lecture isless interesting than the previous one. Acest curs e mai puin interesant dect cursul anterior.Formarea superlativului absolut.

Superlativul absolut se construiete cu ajutorul adverbelor very, too, highly, extremely, utterly:The story he told us wasvery amusing.It is extremelly difficult to reach the top.

Comparaia neregulat a adjectivelorUnele adjective formeaz comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:

good = bun - better - the best

Eight is a goodmark.Nine isbetterthan eight. Ten is the best mark.

bad = ru worse-the worstill = bolnav worse-the worstThey are both bad boys, but Peter is worsethan Tom. Of all the bad boys I know Peter is the worst.

much = mult more - the most

many = muli more - the mostWe havent muchbutter left.I need morehelp. This plate has the most meat on itlate = trziu - later= mai trziu the lastest = cel mai trziu

recent mai recent cel mai recent- the latter = cel de-al doilea (dintre dou elemente) acesta din urm(opus luithe former)-the last = ultimul (dintre mai multe elemente) (opus lui the first)The late edition of this paper appears at 3 p.m. There is a later one at 5 p.m. John and Tom are tall boys: theformer is the catain of the basketball team and the later is a good footballer.Whats the lastest news? Care suntultimile tiri ? His last novel is still unpublished. Ultimul su roman este nc nepublicat. (nu a mai scris alteromane).

old= btrn/vechi- older= mai btrn/mai vechi- elder= mai n vrst (despre membrii aceleai familii folosit atributiv) (opus luiyounger)

- the oldest = cel mai btrn; cel mai vechi- the eldest = cel mai n vrst (despre membrii acelelai familii, folosit atributiv)My brother is olderthan me.Fratele meu este mai mare dect mine.My elderbrother is a doctor.Fratele meu maimare este doctor. She is my eldestsister. Ea este sora mea cea mai mare.

near= aproape - nearer= mai apropiat (n spaiu, rudenie)- the nearest= cel mai apropiat (n spaiu, rudenie)- thenext= urmtorul (n timp, ordine)Peter is a nearrelation of mine.Peter este o rud apropiat de-a mea.Can you show me the nearesttabacoconists ? mi putei arta tutungeria cea mai apropiat ?

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Mrs Green wasthe nextperson to arrive.Doamna Green a fost urmtoarea persoan care a sosit.

little= puin less= mai puin the least= cel mai puinI have littletime. My friend has lesstime than I have. Tom has the leastof all.

far= deprtat farther= mai deprtat (distan) the farthestfurther= mai deprtat (distan) suplimentar, adiional, n plus - the furthest

Locul adjectivelor n propoziie

a) Adjectivul folosit atributivpreced substantivul pe care l determin; a highmountain; a difficultproblem.b) n cteva cazuri adjectivul, atributiv este n mod obligatoriu aezat dup substantiv:- n grupuri de cuvinte: Ambassador Extraordinary, secretary general, postmaster general, attorney general, courtmartial, heir apparent, knight errant, poet laureate, from time immemorial;

- pronumele nehotrte care se termin n -body; -one; -thing sunt de obicei urmate de adjective: She boughtsomething nice. He said nothing interesting.c) Cnd mai multe adjective determin un substanativ, adjectivul al crui neles este cel mai legat de substantiv seaeaz n imediata lui apropiare, iar celelalte l preced n ordinea gradului de apropiere al nelesului lor de cel alsubstantivului. Nu exist reguli stricte privind ordinea adjectivelor, ele se succed n ordinea urmtoare: nsuire,dimensiune, form, vrst culoare, naionalitate, origine, adjectiv verbal: She bought a few large red apples. I met

three tall young French girl stundents. The small round ancient Chinese box was in the table.d) Cnd un substantiv este determinat de dou adjective la comparativ, unul mai scurt i cellalt mai lung, cel scurt l

precede pe cel lung: She was taller and more beautiful.e) Adjectivul cu determinare urmeaz substantivul: It was a house ugly with decay. Era o cas urt din cauzadegradrii.f) Adjectivul folosit predicativ urmeaz verbul copulativ: He is ill. She seems tired. You look pale.

PRACTICE

I. Punei adjectivele din parantez la forma corect:1. Summer is (good) season of the year. 2. In summer the days are (long)and the nights are (short)than inspring. 3. The 22nd of June is (long)day of the year. 4. In July the days become (warm)and (warm). 5.(Many)people play football in summer. 6. Football is (popular)game in Romania. 7. I think autumn is as(beautiful)as summer. 8. Thew weather isn't as (warm)as in summer, but the trees are (beautiful)than insummer. 9. Winter is (bad)season of the year. It is cold and wet. 10. Some people think it is (interesting)season of the year, because they can sky, skate or play with snow

II. Alegei forma corect a adjectivelor din parantez:1. From these two dresses the cheaper is (the best, the better). 2. Since she has retired, (less and less, fewerand fewer) friends have visited her. 3. Mike and Bob are students. The former studies medicine, (the

second, the latter) studies architecture. 4. Her (older, elder)sister did nt come to the party. 5. The doctorasked (the nearest, the next)person to come in.

III. Traducei n limba englez:

1. Ai citit ultimul roman al lui Marin Preda? 2. i s-a prut mai interesant dect celelalte romane ale lui?3. A fost pe departe cea mai plcut vacan pe care am petrecut-o vreodat pe mare. 4. Ei studiaz din cen ce mai mult i obin rezultate din ce n ce mai bune. 5. Cu ct era mai atent cu att mai puine greelifcea. 6. l cunoti pe fratele ei mai mare? 7. Rochia ta este mai modern dect a mea. 8. Care este planetacea mai ndeprtat?

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THE NUMERAL

DefiniieNumeralul este partea de vorbire care: exprim un numr, determinarea numeric a obiectelor(numeralul cardinal) sau ordinea obiectelor prin numrare (numeralul ordinal);

Numeralul cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)Numeralul cardinal exprim numrul (one, two, three) saudeterminarea numeric a obiectelor (four books, one hundred years).Forma numeralului cardinal.Numeralele cardinale de la 1 la 12 n limba englez sunt urmtoarele:1one2 two3 three4four5five6six

7seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve

Numeralele cardinale ntre 13 i 19 se formeaz cu ajutorul sufixului -teenadugat la numetele 3 - 9:13 thirteen14fourteen15fifteen16sixteen etc.

Numeralele 13 i 15 prezint deosebiri ortografice i depronunie fa de numeralele 3 i 5 de la care s-auformat:13 thirteen [_ts__:ti:n]15fifteen[fifti:n]

Numele zecilor se formeaz de la unitile 2 - 9, la care se adaug sufixul -ty:20 twenty30 thirty40forty50fiftyetc.

Numeralele 20, 30, 40 i 50 prezint particulariti ortografice i de pronunare fa de numele unitilor dela care s-au format:2 two - 20 twenty3 three - 30 thirty

4four- 40forty5five- 50fifty

Not: Numele zecilor la plural: twenties, thirties, forties, fifties etc., precedate de articolul the sau altdeterminant, sunt folosite pentru a exprima o perioad sau vrst:The literature of the thirties. Literatura anilor `30. She was a good-looking woman in her forties. Era o femeiefrumoas ntre 40 i 50 de ani.

n limba englez, numele zecilor se leag de uniti direct, cu ajutorul unei liniue de unire:68 sixty-eight79 seventy-nine

Numeralele care denumesc sute, mii sau milioane sunt legate prin and de cele care denumesc zeci i uniti:115 = a/one hundred and fifteen; 3,005 = three thousand and five.

Cnd sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand i million sunt ntotdeauna precedate dearticolul nehotrt sau de un numeral: 100 one/a hundred books, 141 a hundred an forty -one; 1,200 a thousand and

two hundred.Cnd sunt precedate de numrul unitilor i acesta este mai mare dect 1, numeralele hundred i thousandnu primesc s la plural: 300 three hundred; 5,000 five thousand.

Atenie! Aceste numerale primesc terminaia s cnd sunt folosite:a) ca substantive: Thousands have read this book

b) cnd sunt urmate de prepoziia of: The number of young people studying in our school amounts to hundred ofthounsandsntrebuinarea numeralului cardinal. n limba englez, numeralul cardinal este folosit:a) pentru exprimarea numelor numerelor abstracte: one, two, three, four etc. sau a determinrii numerice a obiectelor:three apples, one hundred pupils.

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b) pentru exprimarea datei (anilor). Anii se citesc: 1980 - one thousand nine hundred and eight sau nineteen hundredand eighty - n stilul oficial; 1980 - nineteen eighty - n engleza vorbit.c) pentru indicarea numrului unui anumit obiect (pagin, lecie, capitol, cas, autobuz): Lesson 10, Chapter 3, Flat11, bus no. 31 etc.d) n exprimarea timpului cronologic. n acest caz, propoziia ncepe de obicei cu pronumele it: It is two oclock. It isfive oclock sharp. Este ora cinci fix. Oclock se folosete numai cu ora fix i se poate omite: Whats the time ?Five.e) pentru a indica un numr de telefon

Numerele de telefon se citesc cifr cu cifr: 597216 = five nine seven two one six;Dac primele sau ultimele dou cifre sunt la fel, se folosete cuvntul double: 2238 - double two three eight;

Nu se folosete cuvntul double dac cifrele din mijloc sunt aceleai: 3002 - three oh oh one.f) n exprimarea operaiilor artimeticen acest caz verbul poate fi folosit la singular sau plural:2 + 5 = 7 Two plus five is/are seven.7 - 3 = 4 Seven minus three makes/make four.g) pentru exprimarea vrstei: How old are you ? Ci ani ai ? I am ten years old. Am zece ani.

Numeralul ordinal (The Ordinal Numeral) Numeral ordinal indic ordinea n timp sau n spaiu aobiectelor sau a aciunilor: He was the first to come. The second house roud the corner is mine.Forma numeralului ordinal. Numeralele ordinale sunt alctuite din urmtoarele elemente: numeralul cardinal, care

poate fi considerat radicalul, articolul hotrt the, care precede radicalul, i sufixul -th, care se adaug la radical: 4 -four - the fouth; 7 - seven - the seventh.

Numeralele ordinale de la 1 la 3 au forme care se abat parial de la aceast regul; the first, the second, thethird.

Cteva numerale ordinale prezint dificulti ortografice.5 - the fifth8 - the eighth9 - the ninth etc.

La numeralele compuse, numai ultimul numr primete -th: 27 - the twenty-seventh; 236 - the two hundredand thirty-sixth.

Numeralele ordinale cuprinznd cuvintele hundred, thousand, million pot fi precedate numai de one, nu ide a, iar articolul hotrt poate fi omis: the one hundred and thirty-second.

Abrevierea numeralelor ordinale se face prin adugarea ultimelor dou litere la cifr: 1st; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; 21st

etc.

1 the first the 1st 15 the fifteenth the 15th2 the second the 2nd 16 the sixteenth the 16th3 the third the 3rd 17 the seventeenth the 17th4 the fourth the 4th 18 the eighteenth the 18th5 the fifth the 5th 19 the nineteenth the 19th6 the sixth the 6th 20 the twentieth the 20th7 the seventh the 7th 21 the twenty-first the 21st8 the eighth the 8th 30 the thirtieth the 30th9 the ninth the 9th 31 the thirty-first the 31st10 the tenth the 10th 32 the thirty-second the 32nd11 the eleventh the 11th 40 the fortieth the 40th12 the twelfth the 12th 100 the hundreth the 100th13 the thirteenth the 13th 101 the hundred and

firstthe 101st

14 the fourteenth the 14th 1000 the onethousandth

the 1000th

ntrebuinarea numeralului ordinal.n limba englez, numeralul ordinal este folosit:a) la exprimarea datei: April 25th, the 25th of April.n exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi aezat nainte sau dup numele lunii.

Dac numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urma t de of: I was born on the 28th of April1965.

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Dac numeralul ordinal este aezat dup denumirea lunii, of este omis: Ann was born on April (the) 28th. n engleza american ordinea este luna - data - anul.: 05.02.1981 - May the 2nd1981.

b) pentru a indica ordinea ntr-o serie:the Second World Wasthe third actthe tenth floorc) pentru a exprima repetarea la intervale regulate: every second day = don dou n dou zile/la fiecare dou zile;every third month = din 3 n 3 luni, o dat la 3 luni.n aceste expresii articolul the este omis.

PRACTICE

I. Scrien limba englez urmtoarele:a) cifre: 195;248;352;2934;6855.b) ani: 1821; 1848; 1453; 1066; 1918c) ore: 11.5; 12.10; 1.30; 2.45; 3.25.d) numere de telefon: 91.95.61; 47.18.03; 66.16.44; 39.88.51.

II. Scrie urmtoarele date:20.X.1949; 10.II.1958; 1.V.1953; 23.VIII.1944

III. Tradu n limba englez:1. 24 Ianuarie i 1 Decembrie sunt srbtori naionale ale poporului nostru.2. Deschidei cartea la pagina 48 i citii capitolul 15 nc o dat.3. Locuiesc pe strada Spiru Haret nr. 40.4. Ci ani ai?Am 12 ani.5. La ora dou i jumtate iau autobuzul 331 i m duc s vizitez expoziia.6. Ct cost o pereche de pantofi?7. Am cumprat unt, o duzin de ou i 1 kg. de fin.8. ntre zece fr zece i zece i zece avempauza mare.9. Te atept de mai mult de o jumtate de or.10.Am format 55.79.79.25 i apoi am ateptat.11.Cred c a plecat cu trenul de 6.30IV. Traduntrebrile i rspunde pornind de la indiciile din paranteze:1. Cnd ai plecat? (20.30)2. La ce or decoleaz avionul? (14.55)3. La ce or va veni decanul la facultate mine? (8.00)4. La ce or ne-au chemat la facultate? (10.45)5. Cnd ai seminar de romn? (14.00)6. La ce or a fost ntlnirea cu rectorul? (17.00)7. La ce or sosete trenul n gar?(15.35)

8. Cnd a plecat ambasadorul Germaniei? (11.50)9. La ce or ncepe filmul? (19.30)10. La ce or vii acas dup concert? (23.00)

V. Tradu:1. Comisia examineaz cte cinci candidai pe zi.2. Propun s formm grupuri de lucru de cte patru.3. Decanul nu aprob dect cererile a cte trei din fiecare grup.4. Am distribuit materiale la cte trei din fiecare grup.

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5. Copii, mergei doi cte doi!6. Ca s obin acest rezultat a trebuit sdepun un efort de trei ori mai mare comparativ cu anul trecut.7. El susine c profitul de anul acesta a fost de cinci ori mai mare.8. Fratele meu ctig de dou ori mai mult fa de mine.9. Rezultatele strdaniilor lor de zece ori mai mari sunt vizibile.10. Proiectul prevede restaurarea a circa 20 de cldiri.

11. n sal sunt n jur de 50 de studeni.12. Ct am fost plecat? Nu mai tiu precis, cam patru luni.13. Trebuie s lum vreo dou kilograme de fursecuri pentru atta lume.14. Ia i tu dou-trei kilograme de mere, sa ne in pn luni.15. Stm la Sinaia o zi-dou i pe urm mergem la Braov.16. ntlnirea a durat puin peste dou ore.17. Aici trebuie s fie mult peste patru kilograme de fin.18. Sunt mai bine de opt kilometripn la caban!19. I-ai dat mai mult de un milion, ai grija cum numeri banii!20. Pn la caban sunt opt kilometri i mai bine!21. Nu e aa de mult de citit, textul sta are sub o sut de pagini.

VI. Tradu n romn:1. Translate the first page of this text into Romanian, please.2. My friends' daughter is in the first grade.3. The fifth one (masc.) is a very interesting guy.4. The fourth one (fem.) impressed me very much.5.Do they live on the first floor?No, they live on the third floor.6. At first I could not understand what he was saying. The second time he spoke to me, I understood

almost everything.7. I like the third part of this symphony very much.8. They did just one-third of their homework. They said they would have done it all, had they had more

time.

9. The 25th

exercise was very difficult.

10. Nobody read the 31st

story, because it was too long.

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REVISIONPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESDo you know . sister?a) me b) my c) mine d) this e) anAre these clothes .?

a) she b) hers c) her d) heers e) shesHes got an umbrella. Its . umbrella.a) his b) hes c) his d) here e) herJane is my best friend. . house is next to mine.a) she shes her hers shesFind the mistake: Sheila says the umbrella isnt hera) Sheila b) says c) umbrella d) isnt e) herPut the words into the correct order:Its / a / walls / its / white / house / are / and.QUESTION WORDSAnswer the following question: How are you?a) I am a doctor. b) I am fine, thank you. c) Im old.

d) Im your brother. e) I am angry.. do you live?a) What b) Where c) How d) Who e) WhenA: .?

B: Italiana) Who are you? b) Which are you? c) What country are you from?d) What language do you speak? e) Where do you live?A: Knock! Knock!

B: .?A: Its the postman.

a) Whats there? b) Whats that? c) Whos here? d) Whats it?e) Whos there?

A: . are those drawings over there ?B: Paulsa) Who b) How much c) Which d) Whose e) How manyA: . is this bag?

B: My sisters.a) What b) Who c) Whose d) Which e) To whomThe man . apartment is next to ours is an engineer.a) who b) which c) whose d) that e) whatTHE PLURALThe plural of sheep is:a) sheeps b) sheep c) sheps d) ships e) shipIts autumn. The . of the trees are falling down.

a) leafe b) leafes c) leaves d) leafs e) livesAnn is doing her .a) home works b) homeworks c) homework d) homes worke) homworkThe books on the table are mine and . on the bed are yours.a) this b) that c) those d) your e) theseCOMPARISONSThe coffee is . the ice tea.a) hotter then b) the hottest c) hotter than d) hoter than

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e) as hot asThe new English teacher is . the previous one.a) nicier than b) much nice than c) as nice as d) the niceste) more nice thanI need . Help with my homework. Can you lend me a hand, please?a) a little b) a few c) little d) many e) anyEnglish is . (little) difficult . Japanese.a) littler / than b) more little / than c) less / thatd) much little / than e) less / than

EXERCISES ON THE NOUN1. Explicai de ce s-a transformat sau nu s-a transformat y la urmtoarele substantive plurale:babybabies, keykeys, butterflybutterflies2. Traducei n limba romn:The sheep is a mild animal.Our sheep are in the mountains now.Where are your children?The child begins to speak.

The geese are near the lake.Our kids like the mice in the cartoons.3. Punei substantivele din parantez la numrul plural:There are hundreds of (book) .................. on the (shelf) ..................All his (toy) ............... are in his room.Those (man)................. are (tourist).......................(Child) ........................... like (story) .........................(Leaf) .................... fall in autumn.There are lots of (goose) ....................... on that farm.Did you buy any (potato) ..................... yesterday?Those (woman) .................... are (housewife) .........................There are some (mouse) ................... in the barn.

4. Trecei la plural urmtoarele substantive:class, month, piano, deer, advice, information, hobby, money, map, furniture, box.5. Care sunt corespondentele feminine ale urmtoarelor substantive masculine?son, nephew, uncle, father, friend, brother, boy, student, husband, man, king.6. Vorbii despre familia dumneavoastr n cel puin zece propoziii. Includei i cuvintele:uncle, aunt, cousin, sister, mother, father, grandmother, grandfather.7. Formulai propoziii cu substantive la genitiv, conform modelului:John has got a book. This is Johns book.My neighbour has got a car.Lily has got a doll.Dick has got a new bicycle.My cousin has got a new toy.

Mister White has got an umbrella.Lawrence and Paul have got an electric train.Peter has got a bicycle and Mary has got a bicycle too.8. Trecei urmtoarele substantive n cazul genitiv la numrul plural:My cousins house is large.The girls room is very pretty.The pupils uniform is blue.The womans work is very appreciated.The workers life is much better today.

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Where are the childs clothes?The babys food is in the fridge.

PRESENT SIMPLE vs. CONTINUOUS

PRACTICE:1.1. Complete the sentences with the verbs given, using negatives or questions where necessary. Use

the same verb for each sentence in the pair. Choose the present continuous if possible; if not, usethe present simple: attract, consist of, doubt, feel, fit, have, like, look, measure, sound:

1. a. I hear youre having your house repainted. How sitlooking?(or How doesit look)b. I bought this new dress today. How doesit look?2. a. A: What are you doing with that ruler? B: I...............the area of the kitchen.b. The garden...........................12 by 20 metres.

3. a. I........................whether Ill get another chance to retake the exam.b. I suppose she might be at home tonight, but I.................it.

4. a. The new science museum currently..........10,000 visitors a month.

b. Flowers........bees with their brightly coloured petals.5. a. Mike wont work at the top of the 20-storey building because he..........heights.b. A: Hows the new job? B: Well, at the moment, I ......................it at all.

6. a. My cars in the garage today. They ...... .......new brakes.b. I bought this jumper for Sue, but it.................her so Ill have to take it back.

7. a. Whats your shirt made from? It........like silk.b. I wont be coming to work today. I .................very well.

8. a. The roof of the house.............only plastic sheets nailed down in a few places.b. Their school uniform..........black trousers and a dark green jumper.

9. a. Simon has been practising the song for days. It ..........quite good, but he doesnt think hes ready yetto perform it in public.

b. A: Whats that noise? B: It.............like a bird stuck in the chimney.

10. a. I had a postcard from Joanne on holiday in Spain. It sounds like she.......a really good time.b. My sister ..................long blonde hair. Youre bound to recognise her.1.2 Cross out any improbably answers:1.Im understanding/ I understandbiology a lot better now that weve got a new teacher.2. I went to see a Formula One race last week, but I admit/ Im admitting that I dont know much aboutcars.3.Do you find/ Are you finding it difficult to concentrate on your work with this music on?4. Well do our best t o get the computer repaired by next week, but were not guaranteeing/ we dont

guarantee it.5. Ive just started to learn how to drive. Now Im knowing/ I knowhow difficult it is, Ill never criticiseyour driving again.6. She says that she wasnt in the kitchen when the bottle smashed, but I refuse/Im refusing to believe

her.7.Im certainly agreeing/ I certainly agreewith you that people shouldnt drink and drive.8. I know the company has made loss this year, butIm apologising/ I dont apologise for that.9. Its very difficult for us to get the jobs here, so were considering/ we consideremigrating to Canada.

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INFORMAL LETTER

scrisoarea familiar

1. Address and date

2. SalutationCel mai utilizat cuvnt pentru a ncepe o scrisoare este Dear.urmat de virgul.

3. BodyFii atent la:o Paragraphs:

Folosete paragrafe pentru a prezenta idei diferite. Asta face scrisoarea mai atractiv i mai uor de citit.o use informal language

n general primulparagraf conine o formul de salut i urri de bine. ine minte c-i scrii unei persoanepe care deja o cunoti aa c trebuie s foloseti un limbaj ct mai familiar posibil. Ask questions

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Este bine s adresezi ntrebri n cuprinsul scrisorii la care ai dori s afli rspuns n urmtoarea scrisoare aprietenului. Folosete, dac se poate, cuvinte interogative.4. Complimentary closeTake care,MichaelFormula de ncheiere trebuie s fie ct mai prietenoas posibil:

Love,Lots of love,Best wishes,Missing you lots,Yours forever,etceteraNu uita s foloseti virgul dup aceasta.5. P.S.este bine s adaugi un post scriptum.

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ADVERBUL

(the Adverb)

1. Formarea adverbelor

Adverbele pot fi fie cuvinte individuale(here=aici, soon=curnd, then=atunci, when=cnd), fie cuvintecompuse: formate din doua parti de vorbire diferite (anywhere = oriunde; somewhere = undeva) formate dintr-un adjectiv / substantiv + sufixully(badly=ru; suddenly= deodata; loudly=tare)

a) adjectivele terminate in e, pstreaz e si li se aduga ly: extreme extremely; large largely(excepie: true truly)

b) adjectivele terminate inle pierde si primesc terminaia y: capablecapably; gentlegently (blandcu blndee)

c) adjectivele terminate in l precedate de o vocala, pstreaz l si li se adaug terminaia ly: beautiful beautifully; finalfinally; usualusually (de obicei)

d) adjectivele terminate inll primesc doary : fullfullye) la adjectivele terminate iny, y final devine -i- si apoi se adaug ly: easyeasily; happy - happily

unele cuvinte pot avea in propoziie rolul de adjective (ex: fast, hard, late), dar si de adverbe fara sa-si schimbeforma.She is a fast typist. = ea este o dactilografa rapida

She types fast. = ea bate rapid la maina in cazul adjectivuluigood, adverbul corespunztor este well.

He is agoodstudent. He prepares his lessonswell.2.Tipuri de adverbe

a) adverbe de mod (circumstana) Exprima modul in care a fost executata o aciune.Ex: badly (=ru); carefully (=cu grija); carelessly (=neatent); correctly (=corect); dangerously (=periculos); delicately(=cu delicatee); differently (=in mod diferit); easily (=uor); professionally (=profesional); rapidly (=rapid); simply(=simplu); Unele exprima atat modul in care este executata aciunea, cat si sentimentele persoanei care o realizeazEx: angrily(=suprat); anxiously (=cu ngrijorare); calmly (=cu calm); cheerfully(=cu voioie); hopefully(=cusperanta); proudly(=cu mandrie); sadly(=cu tristee) Exprima circumstanele in care a avut loc un evenimentEx: accidently (=accidental); artificially (=artificial); illegally (=ilegal); indirectly (=indirect); logically (=in modlogic); Adverbele de mod rspund la intrebarile: how? = cum?

In what way/manner? = in ce fel/mod?b) adverbe de loc arata unde s-a facut actiunea; indica locul, pozitia, directia, destinatia adverbe care indica poziia: ahead (=in fata); anywhere (=oriunde); everywhere (=peste tot); somewhere

(=undeva); nowhere (=nicieri); here (=aici); there (=acolo); under (=sub); raspund la ntrebarea where? = unde? adverbe care indica destinaia: abroad (=peste hotare); downstairs (=jos); near (=langa); outdoors (=in aer liber);

outside (=in afara); there (=acolo); upstairs (=sus) adverbe care indica direcia: ahead (=in fata); along (=de-a lungul); around (=in jurul); back (=inapoi); backward

(=in spate); forward (=in fata); left (=stanga); right (=dreapta); sideways (=intr-o parte); east (=est);eastward;

eastwards (=catre est); south (=sud); southward; southwards (=catre sud); raspund la intrebarea where to?=incotro?

Where from? = de unde?c) adverbe de timp

arata fie cand este realizata o actiunea, raspunzand la intrebarea when?=cand?, fie durata actiunii, raspunzand laintrebarea since when? = de cand?

for how long?= pentru cat timp?

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adverbele de timp definit se refera la timpul curent sau la anumite zile,ani,etc: yesterday (=ieri); today(=azi);tomorrow (=maine); on Monday (=Luni); in the evening (=seara); at noon (=la pranz); last week (=saptamanatrecuta); at three oclock(=la ora trei)

cand apare mai multe adverbe de timp definit, acestea se succeda de la cel mai particular la cel mai general:time+day+date+year

Ex: Well have to meet them at 10 oclock in the morning on Wednesday May 21-st 2005. cnd punctul de referina este prezent se folosete adverbul ago.Ex: I wrote to him three days ago. =I-am scris cu trei zile in urma. Cand punctul de referinta este trecut sau viitor, se foloseste before.Ex: She said she had met him two days before. = ea a spus ca il intalnise cu doua zile in urma.

They will arrive here beforenoon. = ei vor ajunge aici pana la pranz. Adverbe de durata : always (=intotdeauna); all day long (=toata ziua); briefly (=pe scurt); for ever (=pentru

totdeauna); permanently (=permanent); for a week/month/year (=pentru o saptamana/luna/an); fromto.. (=delapana la); since (=de cand); ntil (=pana cand)

d) adverbe de grad

Indica extinderea unei actiuni sau gradul pana la care este realizata actiunea. Adverbe de grad frecvent intalnite: almost (=aproape); completely (=complet); enormously (=enorm); enough

(=destul); entirely (=in ntregime); excessively (=excesiv); extraordinarily (=extraordinar); half (=jumtate);little (=puin); much (=mult); very (=foarte); too (=de asemenea), rather (=oarecum); hardly/barely (~aproape canu)

Aceste adverbe pot modifica intensitatea cuvntului, facondu-l mai tare sau mai slabEx: - adjective : rather difficult = oarecum dificil

-adverbe: quite fluently = destul de fluent- verbe: I didnt quite understand = nu am prea inteles

e) adverbe interogative

Se folosesc la inceputul unei intrebari:How?=cum? When?=cand? Where?=unde? Why?=de ce?How often?=cat de des?How much?= cat de mult?How far?=cat de departe?

3. Compararea adverbelor

a) Adverbe monosilabicepozitiv comparativ superlativ traducere

fast faster fastest repedehard harder hardest tareearly earlier earliest devremesafe safer safest sigur

b) Adverbe plurisilabicepozitiv comparativ superlativ traducere

correctly more correctly the most correctly in mod corectwisely more wisely the most wisely in mod neleptopenly more openly the most openly in mod deschisslowly more slowly the most slowly incet

c) Adverbe neregulatepozitiv comparativ superlativ traducere

well better best binebadly worse worst raumuch more the most multlittle less least putin

d) Adverbe cu doua forme de comparatiepozitiv comparativ Superlativ+traducere

near nearer nearest = cel mai aproapenext = apoi, imediat dupa

far fartherfurther

farthest = cel mai deprtat ca spaiufurthest = cel mai deprtat si ca timp

late later latest = cel mai recentlast = ultima data

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PRACTICE

1. Adverb or Adjective?1. We worked [quick/quickly] because we had very little time.2. The worker was [quick/quickly], so he got a lot of work done.

3. He drove [careful/carefully], but he had an accident anyway.4. He was [careful/carefully] when he picked up the baby.5. He picked up the baby [careful/carefully].6. Eat [slow/slowly], or you'll get a stomachache.7. Don't be so [slow/slowly], or we'll never finish on time!8. I met a [beautiful/beautifully] woman at the party.9. She sang [beautiful/beautifully] at the concert.

10. That was a [beautiful/beautifully] song you sang last night!11. He read [quiet/quietly] by himself while the other kids played.12. He's a [quiet/quietly] boy who likes to read and think.13. Please do your work [quiet/quietly]. Stop making so much noise.14. The child played [noisy/noisily] and bothered everybody.

15. That is such a [noisy/noisily] child! Can you control him?16. Stop being so [noisy/noisily]! Can't you play [quiet/quietly]?17. He worked [careless/carelessly], so he made a lot of mistakes.18. You're too [careless/carelessly] with your work! Pay attention!19. Why was he so [careless/carelessly] on his grammar test?20. Be [honest/honestly] with me and tell me the truth.21. Can't you tell me [honest/honestly] what you're thinking?22. We can't find an [honest/honestly] politician in this city!23. Be [clear/clearly] about your plans. What do you want to do?24. Explain your plans very [clear/clearly].25. On a [clear/clearly] day, you can see twenty-five miles.2. Alege adjectivul sau adverbul din paranteza pentru a completa corect fiecare pereche de

propozitii:a. It's an ___ question. You should be able to answer it quite ___. (easy/ easily)b. I can type a bit but I'm very ___ . I'm afraid I can only type very ___. (slow/ slowly)c. Mr Robbins shouted ___ at the children. The children made Mr Robbins very ___. (angry/ angrily)d. Mary sang ___ at the concert last night. She sang a ____ song at the concert last night. (beautiful/beautifully)e. What was wrong with Bill? He looked very ___ . Bill shook his head ___. (sad/ sadly)3. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu ago, since, sau for:a. Columbus discovered America about six hundred years ___.b. Ghana has been an independent country ___ 1957.c. Russia has been a republic ___ over seventy years.d. Oxford has been a center of learning ___ more than a thousand years.

e. Most British universities were founded less than fifty years ___.4. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu: still, yet, already, any longer, a