Gorun Horatiu Tiberiu Raţionalitatea Participării

8/11/2019 Gorun Horatiu Tiberiu Raionalitatea Participrii

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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2009

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Letters an Social Sciences Series, Issue 1/2009

45

RAIONALITATEA PARTICIPRII

POLITICE

Conf.univ.dr. Horaiu Tiberiu GORUNUniversitatea Constantin Brncui din Tg-

Jiu

RezumatAcest articol incearca sa analizeze

motivatiile participarii politice si rationalitateaalegerii individuale de a participa. Preocupareaprincipala este de a raspunde la intrebari vizand

comportamentul unei persoane care merge laurne,motivele pentru care acesta este explicabil i

raional, n condiiile n care ansele pe care le are(ca de altfel, ansele fiecrui elector) de a modificasau influena rezultatul final sunt minime.

Cuvinte cheie: rationalitate, participare politica,motivatie, urna, scrutin, elector.

De ce comportamentul unei persoanecare merge la urne este explicabil i raional,n condiiile n care ansele pe care le are (cade altfel, ansele fiecrui elector) de amodifica sau influena rezultatul final suntminime?

De aici alte dountrebri:a. Care sunt motivaiile participrii

politice?

b. n ce const raionalitatea alegeriiindividuale de a participa?

Rspunsurile se ntemeiaz nobiectivul scrutinului, obiectiv la care seraporteaz participarea individual mediatde motivaii:

RATIONALITY OF POLITICAL

PARTICIPATION

Assoc. Prof. PhD. Horaiu Tiberiu GORUNConstantin Brncui University of Trgu-

Jiu

AbstractThis article tries to analyse the motivations of politicalparticipation and the rationality of the individualchoice of participation. My main concern is to answerquestions about the persons behavior going to the

ballot box, the reasons why this is explicable andrational, if the chances that it has (as the chances of

every elector) to alter or influence the final result areminimum.

Key words: rationality, political participation, motivation,ballot box, ballot, elector.

Why a persons behavior going to theballot box is explicable and rational, if thechances that it has (as the chances of everyelector) to alter or influence the final resultare minimum?

Hence another two questions:c. Which are the motivations of political

participation?

d. What does the rationality of individualchoice of participating consist in?

Answers are based on the ballotobjective to which individual participation

mediated by motivations is reported:

OBIECTIV SCRUTIN

OPOZIIE SUSINEREPUTERE

MOTIVAIIINSTRUMENTALE

EXPRESIVEPARTICIPAREINDIVIDUAL


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Schimbarea coaliieisau partidului aflat laguvernare

Meninerea intrirea celorcare guverneaz

NOT: diversitatea factorilorstatistici genereaz rezultate probabile, nucerte. Dacobiectivul ar fi acela de a da unvot decisiv, atunci comportamentul fiecruielector (al crui comportament are un rolminim, urmare a raportrii la obiectivulscrutinului), ar aprea inexplicabil iiraional.

Clarificarea dilemei privindparticiparea individual, presupuneexplicarea distinciei dintre cele doucategorii de motivaii: instrumental iexpresiv.

- Motivaia instrumental aparticiprii politice (deci, inclusiv aparticiprii electorale) presupune urmrireaunui obiectiv precis, specific (exemplu:alegerea unui candidat; victoria partidului

propriu);

- Motivaia expresiv vizeazreafirmarea apartenenei la un segmentsocial (categorie social), grup etnic, la oanumit biseric, la o anumit comunitateculturalsau asociaie profesional.

De reinut! n practica politic sepoate constata c n participare, motivaiainstrumental poate fi uneori subordonat

motivaiei expresive:

n cazul votului expresiv,activitatea de participare cuprinde, ntr-untot semnificativ, motivaiile de tip i . Pentru electoridevine perfect raionalnecesitatea de a-iafirma, prin vot, apartenena i adeziunealor, trecnd peste posibilitile efective dea influena reuita votului. Numai astfel se

poate explica de ce, n absena unei

perspective concrete de victorie i a

NOTE: the diversity of statisticfactors generates probable not cure results. Ifthe objective is to give a decisive vote, thenevery electors behavior (whose behavior hasa minimum role in relation to the relationwith the ballot), would appear inexplicableand irrational.

The clarification of thedilemma regarding individual participationsupposes the explanation of the distinction

between the two categories of motivations:instrumental and expressive.

- Instrumental motivation of politicalparticipation (therefore including of electoralparticipation) supposes the pursuit of a

precise, specific objective (example: thechoice of a candidate; victory of its ownparty);

- Expressive motivation refers to thereaffirmation of appurtenance to a certainsocial segment (social category), ethnicgroup, to a certain church, culturalcommunity or professional association.

Note! In the political practice we cansay that in participation, instrumentalmotivation can be sometimes subordinated toexpressive motivation:

in the case of expressive vote, theparticipation activity included themotivations of and. For electors it comes

perfectly rational the need to express by vote

their appurtenance and adhesion, passing


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posibilitii de a evalua efectul precis alpropriilor alegeri, un numr considerabilde ceteni i dedic timpul, i consumenergia, i cheltuiesc banii, i sacrifica

parial sau total viaa privat, pentru aparticipa. Se particip, deci, nu numai cuscopul de a lua parte, ci, n unele cazuri,mai ales pentru a se simi parte i pentru ademonstra prin acte c i gsesc o

preocupare i o gratificare n ele nsele.

G. Pasquino

Obieciile privind raionalitatea

participrii politice vizeaz:

1. Caracterul iluzoriu al oricreiforme de participare: participarea politicnu numai c ar putea schimba situaiaexistent, dar chiar ar consolida puterea

pentru cei ce o dein (manipularea, castrategie de demonstrare a consensului);obiecia scade n intensitate, urmare aconcomitenei celor dou categorii demotivaii (chiar dac motivaiile expresive

nu sunt n totalitate diferite de celeinstrumentale); este o obiecie cu caracterinstrumental;

2. Obiecia privind grupurile ibunurile (tot o obiecie cucaracter instrumental). Remediu: cine

particip i propune s influenezedistribuia bunurilor , ntr-omanierct mai favorabil, att pentru sine,ct i pentru grupurile la care se raporteaz.

Totui: este posibil ca, n unelecazuri, deci,rezultatul participrii s fie indivizibil(exemplu: cazul ameliorrii condiiilor demunc ntr-o structur economic de tip

productiv). n acest caz, nupoate fi dat n exclusivitate doar celui care aparticipat pentru obinerea lui, ci toi ceicare intr n contact cu indivizibilbeneficiazde el (nu beneficiaz,

de exemplu, doar muncitorii ce particip

over the actual possibilities of influencingthe vote success. This is the only way toexplain why, in the absence of actual victory

perspectives and the possibility to evaluate

the actual effect of their own choices, asignificant number of citizens dedicate theirtime, consume their energy, spend theirmoney in order to partially or totallysacrifice their private life to participate. Onecan only take part not just with the purposeof taking part and in order to rpove by actsthat they find a concern and gratification inthemselves.

G. Pasquino

Objections regarding therationality of political

participation refer to:

3. The illusory character of anyform of participation: political participation

not only can change the existing situation, butcan consolidate power for those holding it(manipulation as consensus strategy);objection decreases in intensity due to theconcomitance of the two categories ofmotivations (even if expressive motivationsare not entirely different from instrumentalones); it is aninstrumental objection;

4. Objection on the goods and groups (still aninstrumental objection). Remedy: who takes

part wants to influence the distribution of goods, in a favourablemanner, both for itself and for the groups itreports to.

Nonetheless: it is possible that, insome cases, thus, the

result of participation be indivisible


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efectiv la grev, cei ce pierd pentru o vremedin drepturile lor, ci toi muncitorii din aceastructurse bucurde rezultatul participriiunora).

Este legitim, n condiiile n care,avnd n vedere rezultatul dobndit oricumdatorit participanilor, ar fi fost mairaional snu fi participat?

R: trebuie inut cont c poate existo limit dincolo de care, lipsa

participanilor ar mpiedica realizareaobiectivului. Dac participarea estesuficient peste limita de care lipsa

participanilor ar mpiedica realizareaobiectivului cei ce nu particip au statutde

(free riders); ,,ei beneficiazde o cltoriepe valurile participrii politice a celorlali.

[participare suficientsemnificativ, edificatoare, demnde luatn seam n privina numrului, rezultatelor

poteniale].

Consecin: obiecia cu privire laraionalitatea participrii izvort dinbeneficiile estejustificatdoar pn la nivelul a ceea ce sepoate numi limit minim de participare,ntruct, sub aceast limit, rezultatul

participrii este negativ i participarea ardeveni inutilpentru toi.

Funcie de subiecii careparticip/nu particip i de efectele

participrii apar douaspecte suplimentare:- nu se poate afirma, cu certitudine, c

cei care au participat, investind timp ienergie pentru avantajele mprite n modcolectiv, sunt defavorizai comparativ cucei ce dobndesc aceleai avantaje, fr s

participe; participanii pot avea satisfaciaparticiprii n sine, din punct de vedereexpresiv: Pe parcursul participrii se potmaturiza, psihologic vorbind, n sectorul

relaiilor sociale i a deprinderii unor

(example: the case of work conditionsimprovement in a productive economicstructure). In this case, cannot

be given exclusively only to the one taking

part in its achievement but to all coming intocontact with the indivisible shall

benefit on it (not just the workers actuallytaking part in the strike, the ones losing theirrights for a while, but all the workers in thatstructure shall enjoy the result of participationof some of them).

It is legitimate, in the circumstances in

which, considering the result achievedanyway due to participants, would it havebeen more rational not to have taken part?

R: we have to consider that there is alimit beyond which, the lack of participantswould prevent the achievement of theobjective. If participation is enough abovethe limits that participants lack would

prevent the achievement of the objective

the ones not taking part have the status of >

(free riders); ,they benefit from a journey onthe waves of political participation of theothers.

[enough participation significant,edifying to be considered regarding thenumber and potential results].

Consequence: objection regarding therationality of participation resulted from the

benefits of is justified to theextent of what can be called minimum

participation limit, because, below this limit,the result of the participation is negative and

participation would become useless foreverybody.

Depending on the participating


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tehnici i nu este neaprat necesar s seplngdin cauza costurilor suportate;

- pot avea

statut contient sau incontient; Numai contieni carecalculeaz totul la rece, se pot bucura derezultate i pot aprecia avantajele cltorieigratuite, raportndu-se la costurile pe carear trebui s le suporte. Ceilali ar puteachiar s regrete c nu au putut/tiut s

participe

Raionamentul lui Olson:Individul raional, ntr-un grup numeros,ntr-un anume context socio-politic, nu ar fidispus s fac niciun sacrificiu pentru arealiza obiective pe care s le mpart cualii. Nu poate, deci, accepta ca grupurinumeroase s se organizeze cu scopul de aaciona n interesul lor comun. Numaiatunci cnd grupurile sunt mici sau cndansa de a dispune de o surs independentde avantaje selective ei vor organiza i voraciona pentru a-i atinge obiectivele.

Din asumpiile lui Olson pot fisurprinse trei aspecte privind participarea

politic:

a). motivaiile individuale;

b). raportul dintre aciuneaindividual i cea de grup i, deci, rolulgrupurilor n participarea politic;

c). natura i importana beneficiilorsau a stimulilor individuali sau colectivi.

Analiznd raportul dintrecomportamentul raional, motivat, deinteres personal i participarea politic,Olson susine c:

- ideea dup care grupurile araciona pentru un interes propriu ar firezultatul logic al premisei unuicomportament raional i motivat de interes

personal, nu este adevrat;

/non-participating subjects and the effects ofparticipation, two additional aspects occur:

- It cannot be said for sure that the ones

taking part, investing a lot of time and energyfor the collectively divided advantages, arenot favoured in comparison to the onesacquiring the same advantages, withouttaking part; participants can have thesatisfaction of actual participation, fromexpressive point of view: During the

participation, they can psychologically growup in the field of social relations and acquire

some techniques and it is not necessary tocomplain over the costs;

- can have a consciousor unconscious status; Only conscious that think everything coldlycan enjoy the results and appreciate theadvantages of free ride, in relation to thecosts they have to pay. The other may evenregret that they could not/ did not know to

take part

Olsons reason: The rationalindividual, in a numerous group, in a certainsocial and political context, would not makeany sacrifice for achieving the objectives thathe would share with others. Therefore, hecannot accept that numerous groups beorganized in order to act for their commoninterest. Only when groups are small or when

the chance of having an independent sourceof selective advantages, they shall organizeand act in order to achieve their objectives.

From Olsons assumptions, three aspectsresult regarding political participation:

a). individual motivations;

b). report between individual actions

and group action and therefore the role of


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- chiar dac realizarea obiectivuluide grup poate reprezenta un avantaj pentrutoi membrii grupului, nu reiese de aici canumii indivizi, chiar cnd au fost raionali

i motivai de propriul interes, acioneaznscopul de a obine un anume obiectiv;

- indivizii raionali i inspirai depropriul interes nu s-ar comporta (nrealitate) n aa fel nct s realizezeinteresul lor comun sau de grup, dect dacgrupul este restrns numeric sau dac s-arrecurge la constrngeri (sau alte msuri) nscopul determinrii indivizilor n a acionan interesul lor comun;

Motivaia individualeste una denatur psihologic i face ca participarea

politic s se manifeste sub form ciclic:perioadele de implicare intens pentruindivizi i grupurile de indivizi suntsuccedate de perioade de retragere (reflux,reflecie); faza de implicare n viaa publiceste urmat de faza de retragere n sfera

privat.

Albert O. Hirschman pune ndiscuie tema lui Olson: Din moment cerezultatul i obiectivul aciunii colectivesunt de obicei un bun public la dispoziiatuturor, singurul mod n care un individ

poate s-i sporeasc avantajul pe care elnsui l obine din aciunea colectivconstn mrirea propriei contribuii a efortuluisu pentru politica public pe care osusine. n loc sstea la pndi sncerces se comporte ca un , individul cu adevrat eficientva cuta s fie ct mai activ cu putin, infuncie de limitele pe care i le impunecelelalte activiti ale sale i obiectiveleeseniale.

Sfera public nu garanteazmplinirea dezideratelor, dar solicit

permanent consumul de energie i resurse;participarea conduce la deziluzie. Existdou experiene opuse numite de

Hirschman n orientarea

groups in political participation;

c). nature and significance of benefitsand individual or collective stimuli.

Analyzing the relation betweenrational, motivated behavior, of personalinterest and political participation, Olsonclaims that:

- The idea according to whichgroups act for a personal interest is the logicresult of the premise of a rational, motivated

behavior of personal interest is not true;

- Even if the objective achievementby the group has an advantage for all themembers of the group, it does not result thatcertain individuals, even when being rationaland motivated by their own interest, act inorder to achieve a certain objective;

- Rational individuals inspired bytheir own interest would not really behave in

such way to achieve their own interest or thegroups interest, unless the group is small orconstraints are performed (or other measures)in order to make individuals to act on theircommon interest;

Individual motivation ispsychological and makes politicalparticipation develop under cyclic form:intense involvement periods for individuals

and groups of individuals are succeeded byperiods of withdrawal (reflux, reflection); thephase of public life involvement is followedby the phase of withdrawal in private sphere.

Albert O. Hirschman discussesOlsons theme: Since the result andobjective of the collective action are usually a

public asset available for everybody, the onlyway in which a person can increase the


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indivizilor i grupurilor cu nclinaie nimplicarea n viaa public:

- o experien a implicrii excesive,

pentru cei capabili sparticipe activ;- o experien generat de trirea

deziluziilor subimplicrii, pentru cei ce nudoresc nimic mai mult, dar nici mai puindect s-i mrturiseasc cu putere noile

puncte de vedere ntr-o problem sau alta,dar care-i contientizeaz faptul c maimult dect svoteze, nu pot face.

Stimulentele participrii:

a).stimulente materiale - : sume de bani acordate subform de salariu i rambursri, servicii deasisten, obinerea unor funcii i demnitin organizarea politicetc.;

b). stimulente de solidaritate ncurajare a spiritului identitii ntremembrii organizaiei: prestigiul ce se obine

prin apartenena la organizaie, socializarea,spiritul de echipetc;

c). stimulente orientate ctre un scop caracter ideal sau ideologic: dobndireaunor obiective importante, cu caractergeneral precum: transformarea raporturilorsociale, egalitatea ntre grupuri, creareaunei societi drepte etc.

Funcie de stimulenteleparticiprii, poate fi analizat participareapolitic n cadrul partidelor i

organizaiilor.Argumente: stimulentele fac posibil

att o explorare a motivaiilor indivizilor cefac parte din partide i organizaii, ct iidentificarea naturii diverselor organizaii ia evoluiei lor n timp.

Studiu de caz Partidul ComunistItalian(Mannheimer,Sebastiani,

Pasquino):

advantage it has from collective action isincreasing its own contribution its effort forthe public policy it supports. Instead ofwatching and trying to behave as a , the actual efficient individual shallseek to be as active as possible, depending onthe limits imposed by its other activities andessential objectives.

The public circle does notguarantee the achievement of all desiderates,

but permanently demands consumption ofenergy and resources; participation leads to

disillusion. There are two oppositeexperiences named by Hirschman in individuals and groupsorientation that tend to be involved in publiclife:

- An experience of excessiveinvolvement, for the ones able toactively take part;

- An experience generated by livingthe disillusions of sub-involvement, for theones that want nothing more, nor less thatconfessing their new points of view in onematter or another but are aware of the factthat all they can do is vote.

Stimulants of participation:

a). material stimulants - : money given under the form ofwage and reimbursements, assistanceservices, getting function or high positions in

political organization etc.;

b). solidarity stimulants encouraging thespirit of identity between the members of theorganization: the prestige to be achieved from

belonging to the organization, socialization,team spirit etc;


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a) O concepie puternic i

totalizant a partidului, definit pe bazatrsturilor generale care se raporteaz la

tradiie (partidul - ideal);b) O concepie puternic

definit pe baza obiectivelor generaledirecionate ctre transformarea social(partidul - proiect);

c) O concepie sectorial,definit prin obiectul sau trsturi

particulare i/sau contigente (partidul -instrument).

Relaia activitate n partide instrumente poate fi sintetizatastfel:

- cei ce mprtescconcepia partidului-proiect sunt motivaindeosebi de stimulente orientate ctrescop;

- cei ce adoptconcepia partidului-ideal - sunt motivai

prin stimulente de solidaritate;

-

cei ce se orienteazspre concepia partidului-instrument suntcei mai stabili la stimulentele materiale.

n baza celor expuse, pot fi evaluateevoluia schimbrilor din interiorul

partidelor cu nucleu ideologic puternicconturat (inclusiv P.C.I.).

Conform Mannheimer, Sebastiani,Pasquino, Partidul Comunist Italian:

- i fondeaz iniial

nucleul ideologic pe stimulente alesolidaritii;

- prin schimbareapropagandei (orientat ctre interiorul iexteriorul partidului), se intenioneaz

pstrarea i recrutarea de noi membrii;

- propaganda reorientatpresupunere i recurgere la alt tip destimulente, preferndu-se stimulentele

orientate ctre scop, precum i cele

c). stimulants oriented towards a purpose ideal or ideological character: acquiringsignificant objectives, with general characterlike: transformation of social relations,

equality between groups, creating a rightsociety etc.

Depending on the stimulantsof participation, political participation can beanalyzed within parties and organizations.

Arguments: stimulants make itpossible both to explore the motivations ofindividuals that are part of parties andorganizations and to identify the nature ofvarious organizations and their evolution intime.

Case study Italian Communist Party(Mannheimer,Sebastiani,Pasquino):

d) A powerful and totalizingconception of the party, defined based on thegeneral features reported to tradition (party -

ideal);e) A powerful conception defined

based on general objectives directed towardssocial transformation (party - project);

f) A sectorial conception, definedthough its object or special and/or contingentfeature (party - instrument).

The activity in parties instrumentsrelation can be synthesized as follows:

-

The ones sharing theconception of party-project are especiallymotivated by stimulants oriented towards agoal;

- The ones adopting theconception of party-ideal are motivatedthrough stimulants of solidarity;

- The ones orientedtowards the conception of party- instrument


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materiale;

- reorientareastimulentelor a condus la transformarea PCI

n PSD (Partidul Democrat al Stngii);Consecin:

,,Aa se nelege mai bine dece alegerea participrii poate fi raional

pentru muli indivizi, dac raionalitateaaciunii n sine nu este evaluat simplu ireductiv, pe baza unor criterii ce urmrescavantajul economic. De aici apare ocoeziune mai nuanat i mai articulat acomplexului psihologic i social caremotiveaz participarea indivizilor i careconstruiete, face s funcioneze itransform nsei organizaiile i sistemele

politice de-a lungul timpului

G. Pasquino

Analiza participrii politiceeste incomplet n condiiile n care suntluate n considerare doar oportunitile deadeziune i identificare; eliminarea

incompletitudinii poate fi obinut prinsurprinderea oportunitilor de participare iinfluenale indivizilor n organizaii.

Abordarea extins a oportunitilorvizeaz rezolvarea unei alte probleme: ceaa democraiei la nivel de organizaii i

partide.

- Ilustrarea modalitilorn care democraia interneste practicat;

- Ilustrarea modalitilorn care aceastdemocraie este dezirabillanivelul partidului/organizaiei.

Sunt semnificative n analizaoportunitilor de participare dou

puncte de vedere:- Punctul de vedere

exprimat de cercettorul german RobertoMichels - ,

prin care susine caracterul imposibil alexistenei democraiei n organizaiile

are the most stable to material stimulants.

Based on what we mentioned before,we can evaluate the evolution of changes

inside the powerfully ideological nucleusparties (including P.C.I.).According to Mannheimer, Sebastiani,

Pasquino, Italian Communist Party:- Initially based its

ideological nucleus on stimulants ofsolidarity;

- Through the change ofpropaganda (oriented towards the interior andexterior of the party) new members areintended to be preserved and recruited;

- Reoriented propagandasupposes other types of stimulants, preferringgoal oriented stimulants and material ones;

- Stimulantsreorientation has lead to PCI transformationinto PSD (Left Democrat Party);

Consequence:,This is how we understand

better why the choice of participation can berational for many individuals, if therationality of the action per se is not simplyand reductively evaluated, based on somecriteria that follow the economic advantage.Hence a more modulated and articulatedcohesion of the psychological and socialcomplex that motivates individuals

participation and that builds, operates andtransforms organizations themselves and

political systems in time

G. Pasquino

The analysis of politicalparticipation is incomplete if we consideronly the opportunities of adhesion andidentification; incompleteness eliminationcan be achieved by noticing the participationand influence opportunities of individuals inorganizations.

The extended approach of


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complexe, ndeosebi n partidele politice;

Ambiguitate: partidelepolitice trebuie s devin suportul

regimurilor democratice, iar viabilitatearegimului democratic ntr-un sistem politiceste dependent de instaurarea imeninerea democraiei n partidele

politice;- Punctul de vedere

exprimat de Juan Liuz reformulare a tezeilui Michels. Reformularea vizeazevaluarea fenomenelor ce pot aprea norganizaii i pot da tendinelor oligarhice individualizate de

Michels:1. Formarea unei leadership;

2. Formarea unui leadershipprofesional i stabilizarea lui;

3. Formarea unei birocraii (aunui complex de funcionari cu sarcini

precise i pltii regulat);

4. Centralizarea autoritii;

5. nlocuirea scopurilor i maiales schimbarea scopurilor finale cu scopuriinstrumentale(organizaia nsi, caredevine un scop n sine);

6. Rigiditatea ideologic ncretere;

7. Diferena n cretere dintreinteresele i/sau punctele de vedere aleliderilor i cele ale membrilor, i prioritateaintereselor liderilor fa de cele alemembrilor;

8. Alegerea noilor lideri prinintermediul cooptrii din partea leadership-ului n funcie;

9. Diminuarea posibilitiimembrilor obinuii de a-i exercitainfluena asupra proceselor decizionale,chiar daci doresc aceasta;

opportunities refers to solving a problem: thatof democracy at the level of organizations

and parties.

- Illustrating the ways in

which internal democracy is practiced;- Illustrating the ways in

which this democracy is desirable at the levelof the party/ organization.

Two points of view are significant inthe analysis of the participationopportunities:

- The point of viewexpressed by the German researcher RobertoMichels - ,supporting the impossible character ofdemocracy in complex organizations,especially in political parties;

Ambiguity: politicalparties have to become the support ofdemocratic regimes, and the reliability of thedemocratic regime in a political systemdepends on democracy establishment and

preservation in political parties;- The point of view

expressed by Juan Liuz reformulation ofMichels thesis. Reformulation refers to theevaluation of phenomena that can occur inorganizations and can give tooligarchic tendencies individualized byMichels:

11. Leadership establishment;

12. Professional leadershipestablishment and its stabilization;

13. Bureaucracy establishment (agroup of officials with precise duties andregular payments);

14. Centralization of authority;

15. Replacing goals and especiallychanging final goals with instrumental goals(organization itself, that becomes a purpose

per se);


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10. Transpunerea bazei formatdin membri de partid ntr-o baz electoralextins.

Important!: Analiza gradului dedemocratizare la nivelul organizaiilor ipartidelor politice evideniaz caracterulcontextual al acestor atribute.Democratizarea este dependent de

participarea politic i, n mod direct, demodalitatea n care participarea politicinflueneaz leadership-ul i deciziileacestuia.

Albert Hirschman identifictrei modaliti prin care cei nscrii ntr-o

organizaie pot influena organizaiarespectiv (analiza este realizat prinanalogia ntre ntreprinderi partide i stati, prin urmare, vizeaz inclusiv influeneleconsemnatorilor unui produs asupra decizieila nivel de ntreprindere).

Modaliti:a). protestul (voice) cei

nscrii ntr-o organizaie pot sa-i

manifeste dezacordul explicit fa dealegerile nedorite i comportamenteleneacceptate prin mijloacele de care dispun(i necunoscute) i pot ncerca s schimbeconducerea i s formeze altecompartimente;

b). dezertarea (exit) membrii organizaiei pot s abandoneze organizaia respectiv nmomentul pierderii ncrederii n capacitateade a aciona asupra alegerilor i

comportamentului; aceasta se poate realizanumai n situaia existenei altor organizaiidisponibile, concurente, care-i atrag i care

promit s le ofere stimulente adecvate. Deobicei, dezertarea este costisitoare i ea

poate urma insuficienei protestului;c). loialitatea (loyalty)

neleas ca un comportament intrinsec almembrilor, constituit nu doar dintr-o puracceptare pasiv, ci i dintr-o reafirmare asusinerii n momente dificile, de alegeri

16. Increasing ideological rigidity;

17. The growing differencebetween leaders and members interests

and/or point of view and priority of leadersinterests compared to those of the members;

18. Choosing the new leadersthrough co-optation by the leadership;

19. Decreasing the possibility ofcommon members to exercise influence ondecisional processes, even if they want it;

20. Transposing the basisconsisting in members of party into an

extended electoral basis.

Important!: The analysis of thedemocratization degree at the level of

political parties reveal the contextualcharacter of these attributes. Democratizationdepends on political participation and directlyon the way in which political participationinfluences leadership and its decisions.

Albert Hirschman identifies

three ways by which the ones registered in anorganization can influence the respectiveorganization (analysis is made by analogy

between parties enterprises and state and,consequently, refers including to theinfluences of a product upon the decision atthe level of the enterprise).

Ways:a). protest (voice) the ones

registered in an organization can show theirexplicit disagreement in an organizationtowards unwanted choices and unaccepted

behavior through their available means (andunknown) and can try to change leadershipand establish other compartments;

b). desertion (exit) membersof the organization can abandon the organization when losing trust inthe ability to act upon the elections and

behavior; this can be made only in the case of

other available, competing organizations that


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controversate. n opinia lui Hirschman,loialitatea nu numai c nu este iraional,dar poate rspunde scopului util, din punctde vedere social acela de a mpiedica

progresia dezagregrii i/sau prbuiriiorganizaiei (fenomene cu impact negativasupra tuturor participanilor).

Clasificarea introdus deHirschman are un dublu rol:

Readuce n prim planparticiparea politic nmodaliti diverse;

Ilustreaz raportul dintrenatura organizaiilor (i tipul produsului sau

obiectului final) i alternativele participrii.Aceasta, n msura n care diversitateacaracterizeaz:

- Stimulente ce motiveaz indiviziisparticipe;

- Organizaiile spre care se canalizeazi prin care se exprimparticiparea;

- Alternativele posibile i remediile ceapar n urma constrngerilor asupraalegerilor i a liderilor ce nu mai suntdemni de ncredere.

draw them and promise to offer themadequate stimulants. Usually desertion isexpensive and can be the result of protestfailure;

c). loyalty) understood asintrinsic behavior of members, establishednot just as mere passive acceptance, but dueto a reaffirmation of support in difficulttimes, by controversial choices. InHirschmans opinion, loyalty is not irrationaland can answer the useful goal, from social

point of view that of preventing progressionof disaggregation/collapse of the organization(phenomena with negative impact on all the

participants).

The classification introducedby Hirschman has a double role:

It brings back the politicalparticipation in various ways;

It illustrates the relationbetween the nature of organizations (and thetype of final product or object) and thealternatives of participation. This, to extent towhich diversity characterizes:

-

Stimulants motivatingindividuals to take part;

- Organizations towardswhich participations is headed and expressed;

- Possible alternativesand solutions for the constraints on electionsand leaders that are not worthy of trust anylonger.

Gorun Horatiu Tiberiu Raţionalitatea Participării

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