Curs Id Unitatea 5

8/16/2019 Curs Id Unitatea 5

1/15

Curs id Unitatea 5

Unitatea de învăţare V.

Romanacieri: 3. The Brontes

Obiective:

- Evidenţierea trasaturiloor operei surorilor Bronte : Charlotte (1816-55), Emily

(1818-48), and Anne (1820-49)

- Draoste si ura in !Wuthering Hheights"# $ara%teri&ati persona'ele#

- Eleente roanti%e in * Jane Eyre * de $+arlotte Bronte# Eeplii%ati#

Timp alocat: 4 ore.

3. The Brontes

Their Lives


2/15

Charlotte (1816-55), mil! (1818-48), and "nne (1820-49) were the

daughters o an !rish "#erg$%an, &atri"' ronte, who he#d a #iving in

or'shire* +inan"ia# di"u#ties "o%e##ed Char#otte to .e"a%e a s"hoo#-

tea"her (18/5-18/8) and then a governess* #ong with %i#$ she visited

russe#s in 1842, and then returned ho%e, where a%i#$ "ares 'et her

"#ose#$ tied* Later her .oo's had %u"h su""ess, and she was re#eased ro%

%an$ o her nan"ia# worries* 3he was %arried in 1854, .ut died in the net

$ear* er two $ounger sisters had rede"eased her*

Their or's

Charlotte Bronte7s rst nove# The Professor ai#ed to nd a u.#isher

and on#$ aeared in 185 ater her death* +o##owing the eerien"es o her

own #ie in an uninsired %anner, the stor$ #a"'s interest, and the "hara"ters

are not "reated with the assionate insight whi"h distinguishes her #ater

ortraits*

:ane $re (184) is her greatest nove#* 3i%i#arities .etween :ane $re

and air$-ta#e have oten .een noted and on a ver$ si%#e #ot #eve# the

in;uen"e is o.vious* e shou#d thus not .e too worried .$ the %agi"a#

"oin"iden"es whi"h a##ow the heroine to gain her ends so se"ta"u#ar#$* n

e#e%ent o wish-u##%ent in the stor$ aea#ed to e#?* !t is "#ear that in Char#otte ronte7s ter%s the

e%inine >siritua#? e#e%ent is "ivi#i@ing the unreossessing %as"u#ine one,

guiding and ta%ing hi% unti# he is t or union with her*


3/15

:ane, however, is no "onventiona##$ rett$ $oung wo%an* er "reator

#in'ed :ane with herse# and a""ording to #isa.eth Aas'e## to#d her sistersB > !

wi## show $ou a heroine as #ain and s%a## as %$se#, who sha## .e as

interesting as an$ o $ours?*

s$"hoana#$ti" view o the .oth %ight see the %as"u#ine s$"he s#it

.etween the i%%ora# .ut good-hearted =o"hester and the ru#e-.ound air

r* ro"'#ehurst and 3t* :ohn =ivers* The #atter resents hi%se# to :ane7s

sense o dut$, and she is serious#$ in"#ined to %arr$ hi%, unti# an in"ororea#

voi"e (that o =o"hester "o%%uni"ating through te#eath$) "ha##enges her

"hoi"e and re"a##s her to her deeer e%otiona# "o%%it%ent*

The er$ ase"ts o the e%inine are #o"'ed .$ =o"hester in the atti" at

Thorne#d in the shae o his %ad wie ertha, who %a'es severa# eDorts to

revea# herse# and is na##$ dis"#osed on the o""asion o :ane7s wou#d-.e

%arriage to her #ega# hus.and* !t is no on#$ dut$ whi"h de%ands that :ane

shou#d #eave the house* The author "#ear#$ intends us to noti"e that

=o"hester has ai#ed to trust :ane as a e##ow hu%an her reusa# to sta$

shou#d not .e seen ure#$ as an a""etan"e o :ane $re? .e"a%e an industr$ soon ater

its u.#i"ation* Thus Lowood was Eui"'#$ dis"overed to reresent Cowan

ridge s"hoo#, where the author7s two $ounger sisters had "aught diseases

ro% whi"h the$ su.seEuent#$ died* ut =o"hester has no origina#, though he


4/15

%a$ ta'e so%e traits ro% r* Constantin eger, the e#gian s"hoo#%aster

she %et in 18/2* is des"ent ro% the $roni" hero i%aginations is "#ear*

Though the =ivers sisters %irror to so%e etent in an idea#i@ed ashion the

ho%e ersonas o the ronte sisters, the$ are not to .e "onused with the

rea# %i#$ and nn*

.+ere are an/ eleents o visual des%ription in !ane E/re", soe s+oin a%ute

oservation, li3e t+e lands%ape o t+e road to a/ on t+e anuar/ da/ +en ane irst eets

o%+ester# Bei%3*s ood%uts are not ar ro t+is s%ene# Bei%3 is also present in t+e ver/ irst

s%ene +en ane is +idin ro +er %ruel %ousins# .+e aut+or*s s+ort-si+tedness eant t+at s+e

studied lands%ape partl/ t+rou+ Bei%3 and ot+er enravers# .+e %oldness o t+e inter s%enes

in Bei%3 ep+asises t+e loneliness o soe +uans, and t+is %+ies it+ t+e Bronte*s interest

in orp+ans and t+e t/rann/ o t+e adult orld over t+e orld o %+ild+ood# .+e s%enes involvin

r# Bro%3le+urst, in%ludin t+ose at 7oood, eplore t+e nature o %+ild+ood resentent#

Ch* ronte was a.#e to use :ane $re as a "ritiEue o evange#i"a#

re#igion, whi"h eerted so%e attra"tion or her own ersona#it$ .ut whi"h she

reFe"ted here as heart#ess and %e"hani"a#, though the sense o dut$

ehi.ited .$ 3t* :ohn =ivers is not disaraged* e is aroved as a

"ons"ientious erson, .ut his in"on"#usive re#ationshi with =osa%und is

resented "riti"a##$* The e%t$ ritua# o i.#e reading at Lowood whi#e iss

3"at"herd tor%ent her vi"ti% rovides a .#a"' i%age*

>:ane $re? was on the who#e we##-re"eived .$ the ear#$ "riti"s, who

noted its assion and war%th* The rst erson narrative ena.#ed the% to

"o%e "#ose to the #ie eerien"e o the underrivi#eged heroine and

s$%ath$ was Eui"'#$ esta.#ished* !t is ossi.#e to see the .oo' as a e%inist

tet, .oth in the sense that the e%a#e rst erson is the e%otiona# "entre o

the stor$, and a#so sin"e =o"hester and the other %ade "hara"ters are shown

as inadeEuate* e #earns through suDering, .ut it is not "#ear whether 3t*

:ohn =ivers is "aa.#e o #earning, and ro'#ehurst is a stereot$e* 3u.sidiar$

e%a#e "hara"ters, >good? or >.ad? are genera##$ %ore "redi.#e than %a#e,

though ertha ason is see%ed eterna##$B deviant, outraged and


5/15

%ena"ing * :ane $re su""essu##$ raises the >wo%an Euestion? high on the

agenda, .ut it was erhas %ore i%ortant sti## to the author to ortra$ :ane

as a "ha%ion o the hu%an ra"e, irrese"tive o gender* 3he "#ear#$ stands

or the individua# against a deor%ing so"iet$, a "hi#d rather than a gir# on#$

against harsh edu"ation, a servant than rather %ere#$ a governess against

the .#and sueriorit$ o the gentr$, reresented .$ #an"he !ngra%, and

sin"erit$ against the .#andish%ents o wea#th whi"h "onsiders it "an .u$

an$thing*

owever, the traditiona# #ot, in whi"h an oressed orhan %agi"a##$

.ut deserved#$ over"o%es #one#iness and nds a strong artner who is na##$

t to .e her eEua# is "#ear#$ a %aFor reason or the su""ess o the .oo'* !tstands, a%ong other things, as the ar"het$a# ro%an"e, .$ whi"h %an$

su.seEuent nove#s have .een in;uen"ed* The "hara"ter o :ane is i%.ued

with so %u"h #ie that generations o readers have .e#ieved in her as the rea#

author o the .oo'*

The genuine#$ ou#ar nature o the nove# at one ti%e #ed "riti"s to

underesti%ate its artistr$, .ut in re"ent $ears its i%ortan"e has .een

readi#$ a"'now#edged*

mil! Bronte #$%$%&4%'

Though she wrote #ess than Char#otte, she is so%e wa$s the greatest o

the three sisters* er one nove# uthering eights (184) is uniEue in

ng#ish #iterature* !t .reathes the ver$ sirit o the wi#d, deso#ate %oors* !ts

"hie "hara"ters are "on"eived in giganti" roortions, and their assions

have an e#e%enta# or"e, whi"h "arries the% to the rea#% o oetr$* !n a

series o "#i%aes, the sustained intensit$ o the nove# is "arried to a#%ost

un.e#ieva.#e ea's o assion, des"ri.ed with a star', un;in"hing rea#is%*


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na#$sis o uthering eights

!t wi## .e he#u# in our stud$ o >uthering eights? to 'now the vita#

statisti"s o the "hara"ters* %i#$ ronte gives us this inor%ation throughout

a wor' whi"h dea#s with the #ives o eo#e in three generations* !t is

su%%ari@ed .$ ar' 3"horer in his !ntrodu"tion to the =inehart edition o

>uthering eights? (1950)*

The stor$ at >uthering eights? .egins with r* nd rs* arnshaw*

The$ have two "hi#dren, ind#e$ and Catherine* r* arnshaw adots a wai,

eath"#iD, who% he i"'ed u on a visit to Liveroo#* rs* arnshaw dies in

the sring o 1/ and r* arnshaw dies in G"to.er 1, #eaving eath"#iD

to the tender %er"ies o ind#e$, who hates hi% and %istreats hi%* t this

ti%e ind#e$, who was .orn in the su%%er o 15, is twent$ $ears o#d*

eath"#iD is thirteen, and Catherine, with who% eath"#iD is inseara.#e, is

twe#ve* !n 1 ind#e$ %arries +ran"es, and a ear #ater the$ have a son,

areton* +ran"es dies the o##owing $ear*

Catherine, .e#ieving she is in #ove with dgar Linton o Thrush"ross

Arange and thin'ing through this %arriage to .e a.#e to he# eath"#iD,

%arries dgar in ri#, 18/* eath"#iD had #et, and she did not 'now

whether he wou#d return* t this ti%e dgar is twent$-one and Catherine is

eighteen*

eath"#iD, who #et uthering eights when he overheard Catherine

te## He##$ Iean that she was #anning to %arr$ dgar, returns three $ears

#ater to nd Catherine i##* !n :anuar$ o 184 eath"#iD, .ent on revenge,

%arries !sa.e##a Linton, who is nineteen* Una.#e to .ear eath"#iD7s "rue#t$,

!sa.e##a #eaves hi% soon ater his %arriage and goes oD to London, where, in


7/15

3ete%.er, her son, Linton, is .orn* eanwhi#e, in ar"h 184, Catherine

has died ater giving .irth to a gir#, a#so na%ed Catherine*

ind#e$, wea'ened .$ drin', dies in 3ete%.er 184, si %onths ater

the death o his sister Catherine and the sa%e %onth in whi"h his nehew,

Linton eath"#iD, is .orn* ind#e$7s son, areton, is now in the "are o

eath"#iD, who treats hi% as a servant* !sa.e##a dies in :une 19 at the age

o thirt$-two, at whi"h ti%e her son is thirteen*

To urther his revenge, eath"#iD #ans to own Thrush"ross Arange .$

arranging a %arriage .etween his son Linton, a si"'#$ .o$, and his nie"e

Catherine* e %anages this .$ or"ing Linton to "o%e ho%e to uthering

eights, .$ arranging %eetings .etween Catherine and her "ousin, and

na##$ .$ #o"'ing u Catherine, awa$ ro% her ai#ing ather* The two $oung

eo#e are %arried in ugust 1801* oth are seventeen $ears o#d* !n

3ete%.er o that $ear dgar dies at the age o /9, and the o##owing %onth

$oung Linton dies* eath"#iD is now the owner o uthering eights and

Thrush"ross Arange* oung Cath$ is or"ed to #ive with hi%*

Lie at uthering eights is a dis%a# eisten"e* Cath$ and areton

Euarre#, .ut a ee#ing o "on"ern or one another .egins to grow in the%*

eath"#iD7s ur$ is sent* e rea#i@es that in death he "an reFoin his .e#oved

Catherine* e neg#e"ts his hea#th and dies in a$ 1802, at the age o thirt$-

eight* Love .etween Cath$ and areton grows, and the$ are %arried in

:anuar$ 180/* areton is twent$-ve and Catherine is nineteen* Ca#% is

restored to uthering eights*

This su%%ar$ is useu# or two reasons* +irst, it shows that uthering

eights is a "areu##$ #anned nove#, not a wi#d, a%orhous wor'* 3e"ond, it

he#s to visua#i@e the "hara"ters and to see the stor$ %ore "#ear#$* This is a

stor$ a.out $oung eo#e who #ive tortured and vio#ent #ives and who, e"et

or $oung Catherine and areton, and e"et or He##$ Iean and Lo"'wood,

who te## the stor$, die at a $oung age* The ones who die are su.Fe"t either to


8/15

the "rue#ties o the "#i%ate, the raging assions that .urn within the% and

destro$ the%, or the er"e "rue#t$ o the satani" eath"#iD*

The stor$ has two settings - Thrush"ross Arange and uthering

eights* Thrush"ross Arange re;e"ts the "hara"ter o dgar Linton* !t is a

Euiet, "ivi#i@ed #a"e were the a%enities are o.served and where the

assions o its inha.itants have .een dis"i#ined to %a'e ossi.#e a gentee#

eisten"e* uthering eights, on the other hand, re;e"ts the "hara"ters o

ind#e$ and eath"#iD* !t is a wi#d, deso#ate #a"e surrounded .$ how#ing

nature that "onstant#$ threatens the eo#e that dwe## there and i%.ues

the% with so%e o its er"eness* ithin uthering eights there is an

undis"i#ined energ$ and a star' %a#ignit$ that ine"ts its inha.itants and

#eads to vio#ent and destru"tive a"tions* !n a drun'en stuor, ind#e$

arnshaw dros his son areton over the .annister, and had eath"#iD not

"aught the "hi#d, areton wou#d have .een 'i##ed* !t is a #a"e o twi#ight and

night and o a .rooding and su.%erged anger that reEuent#$ .ursts into

ur$*

hen Catherine %oves into Thrush"ross Arange, she .rings %u"h o

the unrest o uthering eights into its ea"eu# interiors* hen !sa.e##a, as

eath"#iD7s wie, %oves into uthering eights, she is unnerved .$ the

"rue#t$ and ero"it$ o its at%oshere and %ust es"ae*

The nove# and its "enters re;e"t %etahori"a##$ the wor#d o nature as

%i#$ ronte eerien"ed it on the %oors* There see%s in nature a "onstant

strugg#e .etween the or"es o tur.u#en"e and the or"es o serenit$, the

or"es o destru"tiveness and the or"es o regeneration* Gne does not rea"t

in revu#sion against stor% and te%est* Gne is as"inated .$ it* t the sa%e

ti%e one $earns or the "a#%ness and ea"e o nature7s Euiet %o%ents*

uthering eights %etahori"a##$ transers into its "hara"ters and #a"es the

"on;i"t .etween the satani" or"es o vio#en"e and the .ene"ent or"es o


9/15

te%erateness whi"h one nds in nature* ith a deranged ind#e$ and a

de%oni" eath"#iD in "ontro# o uthering eights, the wor#d there is

ren@ied and inse"ure* hen the eo#e o this wor#d invade Thrush"ross

Arange, the gent#e, "ivi#i@ed #ie o the Linton is uset* There is a wi#d and

assionate #o$a#t$ in the #ove o eath"#iD and Catherine, a su.sura"e

tur.u#en"e in the %arriage o Catherine and dgar, a vo#"ano o de%oni"

tension when eath"#iD returns and u.raids the si"' Catherine or .etra$ing

hi%, and ur$, assion, and savage grie when Catherine dies*

There o##ow Euiet $ears whi#e the $ounger Catherine and $oung Linton

grow u* gain the ur$ .egins when eath"#iD s"he%es to ta'e over

Thrush"ross Arange, and Cath$ and Linton, #i'e areton, are traed .$ his%a#evo#en"e* ut eath"#iD7s ur$ is sent* e at #ast Foins his Catherine in

death, and "a#% is na##$ restored in the %arriage o Cath$ and areton*

The reader nds as"inating the intense #ove .etween Catherine and

eath"#iD, and ee#s dee s$%ath$ or the %istreated eath"#iD, ese"ia##$

when he ee#s reFe"ted .$ his .e#oved* The reader is ree##ed .$ eath"#iD7s

"rue#ties .ut is again won over .$ a eath"#iD ehausted .$ his uries o

revenge and a"hing or the death that wi## ena.#e hi% to reFoin Catherine* ! eath"#iD and Catherine reresent the de%oni" or"es o nature, and dgar,

!sa.e##a, and $oung Cath$ the .ene"ent or"es, then we "an understand the

s'i## o %i#$ ronte in .eing a.#e to invo#ve the reader in the anguish o the

#overs* The reader is rightened and as"inated .$ the ower o their assion,

as heJshe wou#d .e rightened and as"inated .$ the ower o te%estuous

nature* The reso#ution is a ea"e that o##ows the tension o "on;i"t*

The Harrators o uthering eights


10/15

%i#$ ronte "reates two narrators to te## the stor$ o >uthering

eights?B r* Lo"'wood, a visitor ro% the "it$, "o%es to the %oors to orget

that his "o#d %anner had rightened awa$ a gir# he had #oved and hoed to

%arr$ and iss He##$ Iean, a serving gir# in the arnshaw househo#d* He##$

is %ore than a servant* e"ause her %other, too, was a servant o the

arnshaws, she was .rought u with the arnshaw "hi#dren, was ro.a.#$

their #a$%ate, though she 'new her #a"e, and has, thereore, .e"o%e

"ondante, too* Catherine "ondes %an$ things to her, as does eath"#iD*

3he ta'es "are o $oung Cath$, .orn Fust .eore death o her %other* s a

servant so "#ose to the a%i#$, she "annot he# .ut interere in their #ives*

3he tries to en"ourage the "hi#d eath"#iD to run awa$ ro% uthering

eights she in"ites Catherine to vio#en"e in the resen"e o dgar she

arranges or eath"#iD to visit the si"' Catherine when dgar goes to "hur"h

she gives #itt#e Cath$ rovisions or a ride to uthering eights* 3he is, in

art, the "ata#$st o so%e o the tragi" events o the nove#*

ut He##$ serves a %ore i%ortant urose* 3he is a vigorous, hea#th$

$oung wo%an, untrou.#ed .$ an$ e%otiona# or s$"ho#ogi"a# drives .e$ond

her "ontro#* 3he is governed .$ strong %ora# rin"i#es, .ut her %ora#it$ is

not a harsh, rigid iet$* ers is a who#eso%e ersona#it$* 3he "an Foin with

#easure the entertain%ent and dan"es o the vi##ages* 3he .e"o%es the

ee%#ar o %ora#it$, o eEui#i.riu%* The intense, trou.#ed assion-ridden

.ehaviour o Catherine and eath"#iD, o ind#e$ and !sa.e##a, o oung

Cath$ and areton is %easured against her nor%a#it$* The reader is at rst

in"#ined to a""et her views, .ut as the stor$ rogresses, heJshe .egins to

re"ogni@e that He##$ is a oor Fudge o eo#e whose #ives are ashioned .$

overwrought %inds and un"ontro##a.#e e%otions* He##$ %a'es "riti"a#

Fudge%ents, whi"h the reader wi## not a""et the reader7s Fudge%ents go

.e$ond He##$7s, and, in o.Fe"tion to her "o%%ents, the reader %oves %ore

"#ose#$ into the heart, the "enter, o the stor$*


11/15

He##$ is, in short, an i%ortant "hara"ter in the stor$* 3he was "reated

.$ the author to guide the reader to the oint ro% whi"h heJshe is or"ed,

.e"ause o the need to "ha##enge He##$7s views, to share %ore dee#$ the

ain o dwe##ers o Thrush"ross Arange and uthering eights, and .$

sharing their ain to understand the% .etter, to .e %oved .$ their #ights,

and not to .e sho"'ed .$ their e"esses* The "atharsis o the reader is

i%e##ed .$ He##$*

Lo"'wood eror%s a diDerent un"tion, and $et an i%ortant one* e

rovides the reader with the view o an outsider, the "it$ dwe##er, una%i#iar

with the %ores o the eo#e o the %oors* e see's so#itude, he sa$s, .ut it

is a ose* 3o#itude is not what he wants* ven though he is oor#$ treated onhis rst visit to uthering eights, he %ust return or a se"ond visit and he

is not deterred .$ threatening weather* e is senti%enta# a.out

re#ationshis, though araid to %a'e a gesture that wi## invo#ve his #ie with

another7s* e is su"ient#$ sensitive to suggestion to drea% that the ghost

o Catherine 'no"'s on the window o his .edroo%, when he sends the

night at uthering eights, and tries to enter* Later he thin's that he %a$ .e

a.#e to "har% and to win as .ride the winso%e $oung Cath$*

e is, o "ourse, as"inated .$ the stor$ whi"h He##$ te##s hi% and

whi"h he re"ords or the reader in He##$7s words* e is in"#ined to a""et

He##$7s Fudge%ents .e"ause he, too, reresents a nor%a# view, a #itt#e

diDerent ro% He##$7s, and .e"ause his is the view o an outsider, a %a#e, and

a ro%anti"* e is erhas %ore s$%atheti" to the sura-nor%a# assions o

the dwe##ers at uthering eights, .ut his s$%athies are those o a

senti%enta# se"tator rather than, as in He##$7s "ase, those o an a"tive

arti"iant*

The stor$, thereore, #ters through two diDerent nor%a# %inds, one

hea#th$, one trou.#ed, and ta'es on added aea# as the reader resonds

art in agree%ent, art in rotest, to their views*


12/15

There is in the nove# a %$riad o views* There are the views o the

"hara"ters the%se#ves, or ea%#e, eath"#iD7s a""ount o how Catherine,

.itten .$ the Linton dogs, "a%e to sta$ at Thrush"ross Arange Catherine7s

assionate avowa# to He##$ o what eath"#iD %eans to her* !n addition, there

are He##$7s views and Lo"'wood7s views* +ina##$, there are the reader7s views,

"o%#e and varied, ashioned .$ the author through this intri"ate aroa"h*

nother


13/15

vio#ent nature, su.due the unrest and su.%it to the .eaut$ o %utua# rese"t

and %utua# he#* The$ are on the wa$, the stor$ suggests, to a good #ie on

the wi#d and rough %oor, read$ to %at"h their strengths as ree sirits and

as artners against an$thing the %oor "an oDer* This is the idea# and

ro%anti" ending o >uthering eights? and or%s a "o%anion adeout to

the hanto% aearan"es on the %oor o the ghosts o Catherine and

eath"#iD*

"nne Bronte

3he is, .$ ar, the #east i%ortant gure o the three* er two nove#s,

>gnes Are$? (184) and >The Tenant o i#de## a##? (1848) are %u"h

inerior to those o her sisters, or she #a"'s near#$ a## their ower and

intensit$*

Their !%ortan"e in the istor$ o the Hove#

ith the rontes the or"es whi"h have transor%ed ng#ish oetr$ at

the .eginning o the "entur$ were rst e#t in the nove#* The$ were the

ioneers in "tion o that ase"t o the ro%anti" %ove%ent whi"h "on"erned

itse# with the haring o the hu%an sou#* !n #a"e o the deta"hed o.servation

o a so"iet$ or a grou o eo#e, su"h as we nd in :ane usten and the

ear#ier nove#ists, the rontes ainted the suDerings o an individua#

ersona#it$, and resented a new "on"etion o the heroine as a wo%an o

vita# strength and assionate ee#ings* Their wor's are as %u"h the rodu"ts

o the i%agination and e%otions o the inte##e"t, and in their %ore oweru#

assages the$ .order on oetr$*


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!n their "on"ern with the hu%an sou# the$ were to .e o##owed .$

Aeorge #iot and eredith*

Bibliografie

##en a#ter, The English Novel K &hoeni ouse

The Pelican Guide to English Literature From Dickens to Hardy

riggs, *, ictorian Peo!le, 1954

"am#ridge History of English Literature C*U*&*

Ca@a%ian Legouis KHistory of English Literature

Ce"i# Iavid, Early ictorian Novelists K Co##ins 19/4 (1964)

Co%ton, =i"'ett, $ %hort History of English Literature

+avert$, +**, ed**, The ictorian Poets& $ Guide to 'esearch, 2nd edition,

1968

+o, =*, The Novel and the !eo!le

val(are:

&Cara"teri@ati re#etia intre ersonaFe#e :ane $re-=o"hester*

&ste eath"#iD un ersonaF de%oni"M Ia"a da, argu%entati*

& videntiati i%ortanta surori#or ronte in istoria ro%anu#ui eng#e@*


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Curs Id Unitatea 5

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