Curs Englincepatori

7/28/2019 Curs Englincepatori

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LUDMILA CIUMAC

E N G L I S H(From beginners or false beginners to

intermediates)

CHIINU 2001


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INTRODUCTIONS IN PHONETICSIntroducere in fonetica

Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale dinalfabetul latin.Totusi cu timpul, Engleza s-a transformat dintr-o limbafonetica, pronutarea careia a devenit o problema reala pentrustraini. Venind in ajutor studentului in pronuntarea corecta acuvintelor, mai intai vom descrie sunetele, iar apoi, cuvintele

vor fi descrise in Sistema Internationala de Semne, cunoscutadeasemenea ca Alfabetul Fonetic. Toate vocalele insotite de /:/arata lungimea vocalei respective.

Rules of Reading

In limba engleza sunt 26 de litere si 44 de sunete. Aceasta se

explica prin faptul ca vocalele a, e, i, o, u, y se citesc diferit inpozitii diferite. Tabelul de mai jos va va ajuta sa sistematizatisi sa memorizati citirea lor.

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Vocal Silab

(se terminn vocal)

Silab

(se termin nconsoan)

Vocala

a + r

Vocal

a + re

Excepii

A [ei]cake [keik]

plate [pleit]take [teik]make [meik]

[]bag [bg]man [mn]can [kn]map [mp]

[a:]car [ka:]bar [ba:]part [pa:t]card [ka:d]

[]care [k]hare [h]fare [f]rare [r ]

many

have [hvi]

E [i:] [e] [ :] [ i ]he [hi:]she [i:]we [wi:]

be [bi:]

egg[eg]pen [pen]hen [hen]lesson [lesn]

her [h:]Berlin [b :lin]

perfect[p:fikt]term [t:m]

here [hi]mere [mi]

English

seven [sevn]

I/Y [ai] [I] [ :] -I [ai]nine [nain]

pine [pain]my [mai]fly [flai]

pig [pig]sick [sik]tip [tip]fix [fiks]system [sistm]myth [mi ]

bird [ b:d]girl [g:l]circle [s:kl]kirk [k:k]-

(biserica scot)

live [liv]give [giv]

O [ou] [ ] [ :] -rose [rouz]close [klouz]nose [nouz]open [oupn]

box [boks]fox [foks]clock [klok]cock [kok]

fork [fo:k]horse [ho:s]

pork [po:k]form [fo:m]

do [du:]son [sn]who [hu:]two [tu:]one [wn]you [ju:]

U [ju:] [] [ :] -

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pupil [pju:pl]music[mju:zik]

pure [pju:]mute [mju:t]

student[stju:dnt]

cup [kp]duck [dk]duster[dst]

plus [pls]cut [kt]

fur [f:]turn [t :n]burn [b:n]curl [k: l]purpose

[p:pz]

put [put]

VOWELS [vaulz] description and pronunciation (descrierea sipronuntarea)

A

[] as ca in limba romana: cas, fat, mam.

a [] - un, osummer [sm] - varasister [sist] - sora

[:] ca aaromanescgirl [g:l] - fatafirst [f:st] - primul/primapurpose [p:ps] - scop/intentie

[] ca a/e: bere

man [mn] - om/barbatcat [ct] - pisicaflat [flt] - apartament

[] ca in l. romana: tac, zac, mac.son [sn] - fiubut [bt] - insa/dar/cinut [nt] - nuca

[a:] rostit din fundul gurii: ba, are.

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car [ka:] - automobilaunt [a:nt] - matusafar [fa:] - departe

[ai] [au] ca in l. romana: cai sau.I [ai] - eunow [nau] - acumeye [ai] - ochicow [cau] - vacabuy [bai] - a cumparamouse [maus] - soarece

[ai] numai in triftongi rostit aprox. Ca aca, cu ultimele douaelemente foarte scurte.fire [fai] - foctired [taid] - obosithire [hai] - a inchiria

[au] rostit aprox.. ca ao, cu ultimele doua elemente foartescurte:

flower [flau] - floaretower [tau] - turnsour [sau] - acru

E

[e] ca in l. romana: vers, neg, cred.

pen [pen] - stiloulesson [lesn] - lectiebed [bed] - pat

[ei]ca in l. romana: tei, lei, vrei.day [dei] - ziname [neim] - nume

stay [stei] - a sta/a locui

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[ei]in triftongiplayer [plei] - jucator/actorprayer [prei] - rugaciunelayer [lei] - strat

[e] o prelungire a lui e in hair [he] - parfair [fe] - blond/targ/onest/corectbear [be] - a purta/a suporta/ursrare [re] - rarcare [ke] - grija/atentie

I

[i] ca in l. romana: vin, lin, plin.pity [piti] - mila/compatimirefist [fist] - pumnit [it] - el/ea pentru obiecte, fenomene, etc.

[i:] rostit ca doi dei

eat [i:t] - a manca

meet [mi:t] - a /se/ intalni/ a face cunostintaniece [ni:s] - nepoata

[i] rostit ca isi romanesc impreuna i.near [ni] - langa/aproapedear [di] - draga/scumpafear [fi] - teama/spaima/risc

O

[o] rostit scurt si deschis, putin nazal.not [not] - nupot [pot] - oala/vas/cratita/ghivecifog [fog] - ceata

[o:] ca in l. romana: alcool, co-operativa.floor [flo:] - etaj/podea

storm [sto:m] - furtuna

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door [do:] - usa[oi] ca in l. romana: oi, noi, doi.

toilet [toilit] - toaleta, baie/WCboy [boi] - baiattoy [toi] - jucarie

U

[u] ca romaneste: drum, cum, fum.cook [cuk] - a gati/bucatarbook [buk] - carteput [put] - a pune

[u:]ca romaneste: vacuumsoon [su:n] - curand /indatanoon [nu:n] - amiazaspoon [spu:n] - lingura

[u]ca romaneste usi rostite impreunapoor [pu] - biet/sarman/saractour [tu] - tur/vizitarea unui orashour [au] - ora

[ou] [u] ambele sunt rostite in acelas mod ca in l. romana: cus

but, tu.

open [oupn] - a deschideold [ould] - vechi/batranno [nou] - nu

CONSONANTS [konsnnts] - descriptions and pronunciations

(descrierea si pronuntarea)Consonants are divided into two main groups (Consoanele suntdivizate in doua grupe principale): VOICED [voist] (sonore) b, d, g,v, z, m, n, n, r, l and UNVOICED [nvoist] (surde)p, t, k, f, O, s, , t, h; SEMIVOWELS [semivaulz] (semivocale)j, w.

[b] ball [bo:l] - mingebell [bel] - clopotel

big [big] - mare

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[d] dog [dog] - cainedirty [d:ti] - murdardeep [di:p] - adanc

[g] goose [gu:s] - gascagold [gould] - aurgood [gud] - bun/a/

[v] very [veri] - foartevoice [vois] - vocehave [hv] - a avea

[z] zip [zip] - fermoarzoo [zu:] - gradina zoologicadoes [dz] - face

[m] money [mni] - banimaybe [meibi] - probabilmust [mst] - a trebui

[n] nose [nouz] - nas

night [nait] - noaptenice [nais] - frumos

[l] live [liv] - a locuilove [lv] - a iubilight [lait] - lumina

[p] party [pa:ti] - partid/petrecerepillow [pilou] - pernapie [pai] - placinta

[r] crazy [creizi] - nebun red [red] - rosuscreen [skri:n] - ecran

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[t] time [taim] - ori/timp/oratea [ti:] - ceaitall [to:l] - inalt

[k] cake [keik] - pragiturakind [kaind] - fel/amabilcold [kould] - frig

f] fly [flai] - a zburafast [fast] - repedefeel [fi:l] - a simti

[s] see [si:] - a vedeacity [siti] - orasson [sn] - fecior

[h] he [hi:] - el

who [hu:] - cinehusbund [hzbnd] - sot

SPECIAL PHONETIC SYMBOLS CORRESPONDING TOGROUPS OF CONSONANTS (Simboluri special foneticecorespunzatoare grupurilor de consoane)

[] ca s romanesc: al, arpe.fish [fi] - pete/a pescuimushroom [mru:m] - ciuperci

[t] ca in cuvantul cinci: trecerea de la t la oarecare dintrevocale face fara intermediul lui Isa e, ca in l. romana; sunetult poate fi final (ca in zici)

picture [pikt] - tablouteach [ti:t] - a predachair [t] - scaun

[] ca ndin langa, lingura

sing [si] - a canta

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song [so] - cantecbring [bri] - a aduce

[d] ca g sau j romanesc (gi).

John - [don] - Ionjam - [dm] - gemjoy - [doi] - bucurie

[] ca jromanesc:jar, jaf, jale.pleasure [ple] - placeretreasure [tre] - comoarameasure [me] - masura[j]ca iromanesc din: ieri, iarna, iarba.yesterday [jestdi] - ieriyellow [jelou] - galbenyes [jes] - da

[]stands for letters th and is pronounced as if having a singingbee on the tip of the tongue. No similitudes between this sound andany their Romanian sound. (zsau drostit cu varful limbii intre

dinti)mother [m] - mamafather [fa:] - tatabrother [br] - frate

[] stands for letters th and is pronounced as if imitating thesound of snake: No similitudes between this sound and anyRomanian sound. (ssau trostit cu varful limbii intre dinti)

thanks [nks] - multumirithick [ik] - grosthink [ink] - a gandi

Citirea imbinarilor de litere

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ee ea eo

[i:]

see [si:] sea [si:] people [pi:pl]green [gri:n] meal [mi:l]feed [fi:d] mean [mi:n]teach [ti:t] speech [spi:t]meet [mi:t] meat [mi:t]

ai ay

[ei]

main [mein] day [dei]pain [pein] clay [klei] chain [tein] say [sei]faint [feint] may [mei]lain [lein] pay [pei]

oa [ou]

coat [kout]coal [koul]soap [soup]boat [bout]float [flout]

ou

[au] []

sound [saund] young [jng]count [kaunt] country [kntri]south [sau] cousin [kzn]pound [paund] touch [tt]

BUT: group [gru:p], soup [su:p]

oo oo

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[u] [u:]

book [buk] too [tu:]cook [kuk] fool [fu:l]good [gud] spoon [spu:n]mood [mud] cool [ku:l]took [tuk] moon [mu:n]

NOTE: [oo] before d, k is pronounced [u] ([oo] inainte de d si

k este rostit [u] scurt).

ow ew

[au] [ou] [ju:] ng

brown [braun] low [lou] new [nju:]crown [kraun] crow [krou] few [fju:]down [daun] yellow [jelou] dew [dju:]crowd [kraud] fellow [felou] chew [tju:]

Except now [nau], cow [kau], how [hau].

ng[]

ring [ri]sing [si]thing [i]

long [lo]

th

[] []

this [is] thank [nk]these [i:z] bath [ba:]

that [t] breath [bre]

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those [ouz] teeth [ti:]clothes [klouz] cloth [klo]

wh wa

[w] [wo]when [wen] was [woz]where [w] wash [wo]what [wot] watch [wot]which [wit] want [wont]why [wai] wander [wond]

NOTE: WH is pronounced [w] before all the vowels except thevowel o.(WH rostit [w] inaintea tuturor vocalelor cu exceptia lui

o). Example: who [hu:] cine?, whose [hu:z] al, a, ai, ale cui,whom [hu:m] cui, pe cine.

war wor

[wo:] [w:]

warm [wo:m] world [w:ld]war [wo:] word [w:d]warn [wo:n] worm [w:m]ward [wo:d] worse [w:s]wardrobe [wo:droub] worth [w:]

wr

[r]

wrist [rist]write [rait]wrong [ro]wrinkle [rikl]wrap [rp]

ch sh

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[t] []

child [taild] shake [eik]chill [til] shave [eiv]lunch [l nt] shelf [elf]check [tek] fish [fi]chief [tif] wash [wo:]

ture sure[t] []

picture pikt] pleasure [ple]structure [str kt] measure [me]mixture [mikst]lecture [lekt]signature [signit]

tion [n] (at the end of the word la sfarsit de cuvant)sionssion

station [stein]tension [tenn]session [sen]

sion [n] at the end of the word after vowels (la sfarsit de cuvantdupa vocale). Example: television [telivin]

a + ss [a:s] a + ll [o:l]a + st [a:st] a + lk [o:lk]

ask [a:sk] all [o:l]fast [fa:st] small [smo:l]grass [gra:s] talk [to:k]

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pass [pa:s] walk [wo:k]task [ta:sk] tall [to:l]

ear air[i] []

clear [kli] hair [h]dear [di] pair [p]tear [ti] fair [f ]near [ni] chair [t]hear [hi] air [e]

eer our

[i] [o:] [au]

beer [bi] four [fo:] sour [sau]deer [di:] your [jo:] flour [flau]cheer [ti] our [au]

BUT: hour [au]

qu + vowel i+ ld, nd

quite [kwait] kind [kaind]question [kwestn] mild [maild]quiet [kwait] bind [baind]queen [kwi:n] mind [maind]

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UNIT 1

Articolul nehotarat [Idefinite Article] din l. engleza este a, an,echivalentul articolului nehotarat din l. romana un, o[un om, o carte].

Inaintea vocalelor an [n] an animal, an egg, an hour, aneconomist, an eye, an agency.

Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor w si j a [] a lady, a boy, atable, a European [jurpin], a window, a university.

Intrebuintare:

a). Introduce o notiune noua. Example: There is a new shoppingcentre in the city. (In oras exista un nou centru comercial).

b). Inainte de un nume predicativ. Example: He is an artist. (El esteartist). She became a doctor. (A devenit medic).

c). In expresii: as a rule (de regula);for a time (pentru un timp);It isa pity (E pacat); to be in a hurry (a se grabi).

d). Numai cu substantive la singular si dispare odata cu trecereasubstantivului respectiv la plural. Exemple: a book books, an item items, a dog dogs, a computer computers.

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Articolul hotarat (Definite article) din l. engleza este the,echivalentul articolului hotarat din l. romana ul, (pomul, omul), - a(tabla, masa), ua (sacaua, daraua), - le (peretele, caietele) sau laplutal ii (pomii, merii), - le (femeile, florile) etc.

Inaintea vocalelor the [i]:the animal, the apple, the egg.Inaintea consoanelor the []: the lady, the man, the university, theteacher, the European[jurpi:n].

Articolu hotarat introduce o notiune cunoscuta sau amintitaanterior:

I like the recipe. (Imi place reteta).

Exista un numar de substantive proprii care se cer precedate dearticolul hotarat datorita dezvoltarii istorice a limbii engleze. Categoriide substantive proprii precedate de articolul hotart:

a). Nume de ape curgatoare (rauri, fluvii):

the Danube - Dunareathe Thames - Tamisa

b). Nume de oceane si mari:the Atlantic (ocean)the Black Sea

c). Nume de munti si dealuri:

the Alps - Alpiithe Carpathians - Carpatii

d). Nume de insule (grupe de insule) la plural:The British Isles - Insulele Britanice

e). Nume de stramtori, canaluri, golfuri, capuri:the Straits of Dover - Stramtoarea Doverthe English Channel - Canalul Maneciithe Cape Verde - Capul Verdethe Bay of Biscay - Golful Biscaia

f). Nume de intreprinderi, institutii, hoteluri etc:

the British Museumthe Savoy (Hotel)

g). Nume de vase:

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the Augustinathe Titanic

h). Nume de ziare si reviste engleze si americane:

the Times, the World, the Breezei). Nume de familii la plural:

the Browns, the Smiths.

Articolul hotarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fiunic: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the Lord, the Bible, theair, the universe etc.

Artocolul Zero inaintea unor substantive proprii. (TheZero Article before certain Proper Nouns).

a). Nume de oameni, animle, corpuri ceresti etc:

Michael, John Corbin, Venus Venera.b). Nume de continente, tari, provincii, regiuni, orase, sate etc:

Europe, Africa, Rome, France, Moldova.Dintre exceptii pot fi mentionate:

The Ukraine, the United States, the Hague.c). Denumirile lunilor anului, ale zilelor saptamanii:

March, June, Monday, Sunday etc.d). Denumirile limbilor:

Romanian, English, Russian.e). Cu nume de strazi, piete, parcuri, constructii, aeroporturi,metruri:

Oxford Street, Red Square, National Park, Windsor Castle,London Bridge.f). Cu nume de substantive (in sens general):

Oil floats on water.II. PRONUMELE PERSONAL (Personal Pronoun)

I = euYou = tu , dumneataHe, she = el, ea (pentru nume de persone)It = el, ea (pentru nume de animale si obiecte)We = noi

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You = voiThey = ei, eleI se scrie intotdeaune cu litera mare.

EXERCISES:

I. Put in a or an (Adaugati a sau an):

1. teacher: 4. worker; 7. book;2. English car; 5. farmer; 8. doctor;3. engineer; 6. nurse; 9. chair;

2. Put in a, an (Completati cu a, an):1. I have new car.2. Nick is manager.3. His teacher is American.4. She eats ice cream.5. I want apple.6. We have nice picture.7. This is interesting story.

8. He reads newspaper.9. Helen learns poem.10. My sister has black cat.11. Her brother writes letter.12. You sit in armchair.

A. Put the or nothinginto each gap.I like Coke.

1. meat is expensive.2. He likes to drink wine.3. wine in my glass is red.4. Heathrow is busiest airport in Europe.5. We arrive in Paris on third of April.6. I dont like milk.7. milk in my cup is not hot.8. textbook is old.

9. These are desks.

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10. desks are dark brown.11. Tom and Bill are students.

D. Put in articles where necessary.

1. This is nice street. It is Pushkin street.2. Mr. Brown lives near Hyde Park.3. They go to National Airport.4. She says that she loves sea.5. Mr. Wilson is professor at Oxford University.6. Greens come to London today.7. I like tea.8. They go to Black Sea for their holiday.9. We visit United States.10. Atlantic lies between Europe and America.11. They go to Travel Agency and book train tickets.12. Music Festival will take place in Moscow next year.

PRESENT SIMPLE of the verb TO BE

(Timpul present al verbului to be- a fi).

AFFIRMATIVE (Afirmativ)

SingularI am (Im) = eu suntyou are (Youre) = tu estihe/she/it is (hes/shes/its) = el, ea estePluralwe are (were) = noi suntem

you are (youre) = voi suntetithey are (theyre) = ei sunt

Verbul to be formeaza interogativul prin inversiune.

INTERROGATIVE (Interogativ) INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE

am I? am I not?

are you? are you not? etc.

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is he/she/it?are we?are you?are they?

Verbul to be formeaza negativul adaugand cuvantul not (nt) dupaverb.

NEGATIVE (Negativ)

I am not (Im) notYou are not (arent)He/she/it is not (isnt)We are not (arent)You are not (arent)They are not (arent)

Note: 1. You is singular and plural but the verb with you is alwaysplural, e.g.Are you a man? (singular)Are you all students? (plural)

2. Always write a capital letter forI, e.g.My friends and I are in the garden.

EXERCISES:

I. Put in I, you, he, she, it, we, they:

1. Paul is a worker. is a worker.

2. Jane is a girl. is a girl.3. Felix is my cat. is my cat.4. My friend is a teacher. is a teacher.5. This is an English book. is an English book.6. Toby is a dog. is a dog.7. Mary is a manager. is a manager.8. Tom and Bill are children. are children.9. The students are in the classroom. are in the classroom.

10. My friend and I are at the window. are at the window.11. The bag is on the chair. is on the chair.

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12. The children are at the door. are at the door.

II. Put in the interrogative (Puneti la forma interogativa):

1. He is an economist.2. You are doctors.3. She is a good woman.4. They are here.5. You are near the window.6. It is on the desk.7. Tom is in the classroom.8. They are at work.9. It is on the chair.10. The manager is in the office.

III. Put in the negative (Treceti la forma negativa).

1. They are there.2. You are at school.3. I am a good friend.

4. He is a businessman.5. We are in the classroom.6. She is a singer.7. It is hot.8. You are busy.9. He is a pilot.10. It is summer.

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UNIT 2

The PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)

In limba engleza pluralul substantvelor se formeaza de regulaadaugand literas, care se citeste [s], [z], sau es, care se citeste [iz]:[s] - dupa consoane surde:a book - booksa desk - desksa map - mapsa cat - cats

[z] - dupa vocale sau consoane sonore:

a pen pensa girl girlsa dog dogsa boy boys

[iz] - substantive terminate in literele s, sh, ch, tch, sau x adauga

es:a match matchesa glass glassesa church churchesa fox foxesa peach peachesa wish wishes

Substantivele terminate in consoana + y schimba la plural y in i siadauga es:

a lady ladiesa city citiesan agency agencies

Cele terminate in vocala + y adauga numai s:

a day daysa play playsa ray rays

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Cele care au mutatie vocalica:

a man mena woman women [wimin]a foot feeta tooth teetha mouse mice [mais]a goose [gu:s] geese [gi:s]

Plural in en + mutatie vocalica

an ox oxena child children

Unele substantive terminate la singular in o formeaza plural in es:a hero - heroesa potato potatoesa tomato tomatoes

Alte substantive terminate la singular in o formeaza pluralul in s:

a photo photosa piano pianosa radio radiosa studio studios

Plurale neregulate:

- sonorizarea consoanei finale:[] [z] path [pa:] paths [pa:z]

bath [ba: ] baths [ba:z]mouth [mau] mouths [mauz]

[f] [vz] a leaf leavesa half halvesa shelf shelvesa knife knivesa life - lives

a wife wives

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- Plurale straine:

a nucleus [nju:klis] nucleu (nuclei) [nju:kliai] (nuclei)a bacterium bacteriaan analysis [nlisis] analyses [nlisi:z]

The Adjective (Adjectivul)

In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen saunumar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului:A young womanA new flat

A handsome manAdjectivele derivate din nume proprii se scriu cu initiala majuscula:RomanianEnglishFrench

IV. Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ

Numar De aproape De departe

Sing. This [is] that [t](acesta/aceasta/acest/aceasta) (acela/aceea/acel/acea)

Plural these [i:z] those [ouz]

(acestea/acestea/acesti/aceste) (aceia/acelea/acei/acele)

Examples:This is a book. Its here.These are books. They are there.That is a picture.Those are pictures.

This is a pencil.Is this a pencil ?

Yes, it is.No, it isnt.

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PREPOZITII DE LOC.

1. ON se foloseste cu referire la:- o linieIts on the edge of the table (Este la marginea mesei)He lives on Oxford Street (Locuieste pe strada Oxford).Darin the street (= pe strada).- suprafata: Put it on the table (Pune-o pe masa).

2. IN se foloseste cu referire la o zona:Its in my bag (E in geanta mea)He lives in Paris (Locuieste la Paris).

3. UNDER: The cat is under the chair.

4. AT se foloseste cu referire la un anumit punct sau pozitie:Ill meet you at the station (Ne vom intalni la gara).

5. BETWEEN exprima pozitia fata de doua elementeMy house is between the school and the bank

(Casa mea este intre scoala si banca).

IV. INTREBARI GENERALE (General Questions)

Intrebarile generale presupun un enunt general (o propozitie intreaga)si un raspuns general, redus, de obicei, layes da sau no nu.

Example: She is a doctor.

Is she a doctor ?Yes, she is. No, she is not (isnt)We are managers.Are we managers ?Yes, we are. No, we are not (arent).

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The Construction THERE IS/ARE

There is = este, exista, se afla, se gaseste.

There are = sunt, exista, se afla, se gasesc.There is are forma prescurtata theresLa viteza normala de vorbire there is si there are sunt neaccentuate sicontin de regula forme slabe.There is a man at the door.La interogativ is si are sunt accentuate, iarthere are forma tare.Is there a cup of tea for me too?Are there many books on the table?

There is si there are cu accentul pe there, inseamna tot iata, pentrudistanta:

There is the bus = Iata autobusul.There it is. = Iata-l.There they are. = Iata-i.There are Mr. and Mrs. Stevens. Iata-i pe d-na si dl. Stevens.

Folosim there is, there are de a denumi lucruri care exista sau nuexista.Theres a childs picture but there arent any plants.Deseori folosim there cand vorbim despre ceva pentru prima data,si it cand descriem detaliile.There is a good office.Its dark.

There is a computer in the office.Its very modern.

EXAMPLES

There is a teacher at the table.There is a cat in the picture. Is there a cat in the pictureYes, there is.No, there isnt.Is there a train in the station? Yes, there is.There are flowers in this picture. Are there flowers in this picture?Yes, there are.Are there cups on the table? No, there arent.

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Intrebari disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (theres),

there are, there is not (there isnt, theres not), there are not (therearent) sunt:

There are some books on the desk, arent there?Yes, there are.Sunt cateva carti pe masa, nu-i asa?

There isnt much water in the cup, is there?No, there isnt.Nu este multa apa in ceasca, nu-i asa?

EXERCISES:

1. Give the plural of these words:

1. a star. 2. a mountain. 3. a tree. 4. a pound. 5. a knife. 6. a waiter. 7.a woman. 8. a man. 9. an eye. 10. a wife. 11. an airplane. 12. a box. 13.a bench. 14. a city. 15. a radio. 16. a tomato. 17. a girl. 18. a brush. 19.a peach. 20. an address.

2. Put these sentences in the plural (Treceti urmatoarele propozitiila plural)

Model:This is a book. That is a map. These are books. Those are maps.

1. This is a boy. 6. This is a desk.2. That is a teacher. 7. That is an armchair.3. This is a window. 8. This is a chair.4. That is a tree. 9. This is a table.5. That is a pencil. 10.That is a bed.

3. Exprimati dezacordul dumneavoastra (Express your discord).Model: This coat is green. (yellow)

This coat isnt green. Its yellow.1. That car is old. (new)2. These hats are black. (red)3. This apple is big. (small)

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4. Those texts are easy. (difficult)5. That office is bad. (good)6. This tie is nice. (plain)7. These books are thin. (thick)8. That room is dark. (light)9. This cat is white. (black)

11. Those days are good. (bad)

4. Make these sentences interrogative:

1. This is a train.2. That is a door.3. Those are planes.4. It is a cat.5. That is a clock.6. That egg is bad.7. This is an umbrella.8. The window is open.9. The man is in the car.10. The cat is under the table.11. The train is in the station.

12. The plate is on the table.13. The cigarette is on the desk.14. They are waiters.15. The pictures are on the wall.

5. Answer these questions affirmatively (with yes). Use he, she, it

or they in the answers:1. Is this a pencil?

2. Is this a train?3. Is that a window?4. Are the students in the classroom?5. Are the children in the garden?6. Is the woman a mother?7. Is a table a thing?

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6. Answer these questions negatively (with no). Use he, she, it, or

they in the answers:

1. Is this a tree?2. Are these trees?3. Is that a book?4. Are the girls in the office?5. Is the boy near the door?6. Are the flowers on the table?7. Is the door open?8. Are the books on the shelf?9. Is the piano in the corner of the room?10. Is the computer under the desk?

7. Put in on, in, between, at orunder:1. Tom and Mary are home.2. They arent school.3. The institute is hospital and the school.3. It is the floor.4. The doctor is the hospital.5. Peter is the blackboard.

6. Bill sits a chair.7. Father sits an armchair.8. The mouse is the floor.

8. Translate into English1. Cestile sunt pe masa.2. Camera este mare.3. Automobilul este nou.

4. Acea geanta este neagra. Este ea sub masa?5. Baiatul este la masa.6. Lectia este interesanta.7. Ei nu sunt la lectie.8. Textul nu este mare.9. Omul acela este sofer. Este el in masina?10. El si ea sunt medici. Sunt ei medici?11. Ei nu sunt medici. Ei sunt ingineri.

12. Este lampa pe masa? Da, este.

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Vocabulary:

picture tablou, pictura, fotografie, film

door usato close a inchidewindow fereastraclock ceas (de perete)wall peretetable masanear langaboy baiat

pen pixpencil creiondesk banca, birou, masa de scris, (ec.) casapay at the desk platiti la casabox cutiethick grosthin subtirebig mare

nice placut, dragutlarge mare, larg

TEXT: In the classroom

This is a classroom. The classroom is large. That is a teacher and theseare students. That is the door. The door is closed. Those are windows.One window is open. This is a nice picture. That is a map on the wall.

There is a table in the classroom. There are flowers on the table. Theteacher is near the table. These are desks. The pens and the pencils areon the desks. Are they thick? The pencils and the pens are thin. Theyare in the boxes. The clock is on the wall. Is the clock big? Yes, it is.

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UNIT 3The verb to have/ to have got(Present Tense)

Affirmative

I have / have got = eu amYou have / have got = tu aiHe has / has got = el areShe has / has got = ea areIt has /has got = el/ea are (pentru animale, obiecte)We have /have got = noi avem

You have / have got = voi avetiThey have / have got = ei au

Interrogative

Do I have? Have I got?Do you have? Have you got?Does he have? Has he got?

Does she have? Has she got?Does it have? Has it got?Do we have? Have we got?Do you have? Have you got?Do they have? Have they got?

Negative

I dont have I havent gotYou dont have You havent gotHe, she, it doesnt have He, she, it hasnt gotWe dont have We havent gotYou dont have You havent gotThey dont have They havent got

Note: In stilul vorbit, formelor verbului to haveli se adaugagotfara

nici o modificare a sensului.

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II. Pronumele personale la cazurile nominativ si obiectiv:

Nominative Objective

I me (mie, pe mine)You you (tie, pe tine)He him (lui, pe el)She her (ei, pe ea)It it (le el, pe ea)We us (noua, pe noi)You you (voua, pe voi)They them (lor, pe ei)

NOTE: La cazul nominativ pronumele personale se folosesc numai

in rolul de subiect:E.g. We are students.La cazul obiectiv (acuzativ) aceste pronume se folosesc in rolul decomplement a unui verb, dupa prepozitie.

Nominative Verb Objective Preposition

Objective

I know him and I write to him

You know me and you write to meHe knows her and he writes to her She knows us and she writes to usWe know them and we write to themThey know you and they write to you

E.g. Help me! = (Ajuta-ma). I see him every day. (Il vad pe el infiecare zi). Give them these books. (Dati-le lor cartile acestea.).

III. Ordinea obisnuita a cuvintelor in propozitie.

Pozitia subiectului si predicatuluiSubiectul este asezat inainteapredicatului:

E.g. Dan has a new car. (Dan are o masina noua).

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In propozitia interogativa verbul totdeauna preceda subiectul:

E.g. Does Dan have a new car? (Are Dan o masina noua?)Is he a teacher? (Este el profesor?)

Intrebarile, care se incep cu un verb se numesc generale. Ele se rostesccu un ton ascendent si raspunsul este scurt afirmativ si negativ.:

E.g. Is he a student? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.Have they got good marks? Yes, they have. No, they havent.

Intrebarile, care incep cu cuvintele interogative ca: who? (cine?),what? (ce?), where? (unde?), how? (cum?), how many? (cati,cate?), how much? (cati, cate?), how old? (ce varsta ai?) whatkind of? etc. se numesc speciale.

E.g. Who is she? (Cine este ea?). She is Jane. (Ea este Jane).What is Bill? (Ce este Bill?) He is an economist. (El este

economist).The word who is for people.

The word what is for things. Note: Who is he? He is Mr. X. What ishe? He is a driver.The students are in the classroom.Who are in the classroom?The students are in the classroom, or The students are, or Thestudents.Are the students in the classroom? Yes, they are.Where are the students? They are in the classroom.

The train is in the station.What is in the station?The train is in the station, orThe train is, orThe train.

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NUMERALS

(Cardinal Numerals) (Ordinal Numerals)

0- nought/zero [no:t] [zirou]1 one [wn] the first [f :st] 1st2 two [tu:] -- second [sek nd] 2nd3 three [ri:] third [:d] 3rd4 four [fo:] fourth [fo:] 4th5 five [faiv] fifth [fif ] 5th6 six [siks] sixth [sik ] 6th7 seven [sevn] seventh [sevn] 7th

8 eight [eit] eighth [eit] 8th9 nine [nain] ninth [nain] 9th10 - ten [ten] tenth [ten] 10th11- eleven [ilvn] eleventh [ilvn] 11th12- twelve [twelv] twelfth [twelf ] 12th13- thirteen [:ti:n] thirteenth [:ti:n] 13th14- fourteen [fo:ti:n] fourteenth [fo:ti:n] 14th15- fifteen [fifti:n] fifteenth [fifti:n] 15th

16- sixteen [siksti:n] sixteenth [siksti:n ]16th17- seventeen [sevnti:n] seventeenth [sevnti:n]17th18- eighteen [eiti:n] eighteenth [eiti:n] 18th19- nineteen [nainti:n] nineteenth [nainti:n]19th20- twenty [twenti] twentieth [twentii] 20th21- twenty-one [twenti wn] twenty first 21st30- thirty [:ti] thirtieth [:ti:] 30th40- forty [fo:ti] fortieth [fo:tii] 40th

50- fifty [fifti] fiftieth [fiftii] 50th60- sixty [siksti] sixtieth [sikstii] 60th70- seventy [seventi] seventieth [seventii] 70th80- eighty [eiti] eightieth [eitii] 80th90- ninety [nainti] ninetieth [naintii] 90th100-one (a) hundred [h ndrd] hundredth [h ndrd] 100th101- one (a) hundred and one (the) hundred and first 101st1000- one (a) thousand [auznd] thousandth [auznd] 1000th

1000000 one (a) million [milin] the millionth [miljn]1000000th

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Numeralele ordinale, cu exceptia primelor trei, se formeaza dinnumeralele cardinale corespunzatoare, cu ajutorul sufixului -th:Grupul de litere ve din five si twelve devine f in numeralelecorespunzatoare (thefifth,the twelfth).Eightprimeste doar un h (theeighth).

Vocala e din nine cade (the ninth).De la twenty la ninety, y se transforma in ie, la care se adauga th.

Exprimarea datei: September 12, 1999 September the twelfth,nineteen ninety nine.12th September, 1999 the 12th of September, nineteen ninety nine.She was born on the 12th of September. Ea s-a nascut la 12 septembrie.

Exercises:

1. Put in have orhas (Completati cu have sau has).1. I an English book. 5. You a little cat.2. She a nice dress. 6. We a new company.3. He a little dog. 7. They a clean house.4. They a new chief. 8. Dan an interesting book.

2. Make these sentences (I) interrogative, (2) negative:

I. I have a book.8. You have an exercise book.9. Mr. Corbin has a new car.10. The students on my left have a computer.11. Miss Helen has a reading book.12. Peter has bad pronunciation.13. I have bad pronunciation.14. You have a lot of money.15. The children have funny toys.16. She has a nice picture.

3. Give true answers (Dati raspusuri adevarate):Model: Has Tom got a little dog?Has your father got an English book?

Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

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1. Do you have you a new pencil? 5. Does your father have a newhat?

2. Has your teacher got a new bag? 6. Does your sister have a redblouse?3. Do you have a cat? 7. Do they have good friends?4. Has Mary got a big family? 8. Has Tom got a big flat?

4. Cross out the wrong pronoun (Stergeti pronumele gresit):1.I write to (he, him) and you write (I, me).2. Mary goes to a dance, and Bill goes with (her, she).3.We know (them, they) very well, and they know (we, us).4. I see (she, her) in the office and she sees (me, I).5. He telephones (she, her) every day and tells the news.6. He speaks English to (we, us), and (we, us) speak English to (he,

him).7. He teaches (us, we).8. They help (me, I).

5. Make special questions (Puneti intrebari speciale la cuvinteleevidentiate):

1. Mr. Smith has a new team.2. I have an old car.3. We go home after lessons.4. You have five French books.5. Tom has two sisters and one brother.6. He is a good father.

6. Do these sums (Faceti aceste adunari):Model: 3 + 5 = 8

Three and five is eight.

8 + 4 = 1 + 11 = 4 + 7 =2 + 5 = 10 + 1 = 2 + 8 =4 + 3 = 5 + 5 = 7 + 1 =3 + 9 = 6 + 3 = 6 + 6 =

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7. Translate into English

Aceasta este familia mea. Ea este mare. Aceastea sunt parintii mei.Tatal meu este inalt. El este doctor. Cati ani are tatal tau? Mama meaeste tanara si frumoasa. Ea este invatatoare. Aveti frati, surori? Da, amdoi frati si trei surori. Fratii sunt studenti si surorile eleve. Cine suntaceia? Acei sunt bunei mei. Ei nu sunt prea invarsta. Bunelul estemuncitor si bunica contabil. Cati ani au ei? Noi suntem nepotii lui.Avem un unchi si o matusa. Ei locuesc nu departe de noi. Cati copii auei? Ei nu au copii.

Vocabulary

family familieaverage mediehusband sotwife sotieparents parintifather tatamother mamagrandparents bunicigrandfather bunelgrandmother bunicachildren copiischool-children elevison fecior daughter fiicasister sorabrother frategrandson nepot (de bunic)granddaughter nepoata (de bunic)uncle unchiaunt matusanephew [nefju:] nepot (de unchi)niece [ni:s] nepoata (de unchi)cousin verisor(a)godfather nasgodmother nasabride mireasa

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bridegroom mirewedding cununieparents-in-law socrisubject obiect de studiuto work a lucrato play a se jucasummer varafarmer fermier, agricultor usually de obiceinursery cresaevery fiecarefriend prietenin-laws cuscri

Text: My friends family

My friend has an average family. His name is Paul Brown. He lives inLondon. Whats his job? He is an engineer. Paul works in a company.How old is he? He is thirty. He has got a wife and two children. Hiswifes name is Mary and his childrens names are Jane and Nick.Mary is a young woman. She is twenty- nine. Shes a doctor in ahospital. Mr. Browns son is a school-boy. He is ten. He takes a lot ofsubjects at school. Nick has many friends. He likes playing tennis. Hisdaughter Jane is five. Her father takes her to a nursery school everymorning. Jane has two little friends: Toby, the dog and Felix, the cat.Mr. Brown has parents. They arent very old. They live in the village.His father is a farmer and his mother is a housewife. Pauls wifeusually takes the children to the country in summer to stay with theirgrandfather and grandmother. They love their grandchildren verymuch. Mr. Brown has parents-in-law. They live in the country, too. Hehas an uncle and an aunt. They are farmers. Have they got children?No, they havent. Mr. Browns family is very friendly.

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MEETING PEOPLE

How do you do! Buna ziuaHello! Noroc/Salut!Who are you? Cum va numiti?/Cum te numesti?I am /My name is Sunt/Ma numesc Glad/Nice to meet you! Sunt incantat de cunostinta!She is , my wife. Ea este , sotia mea.He is , my husband. El este , sotul meu.

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UNIT 4

1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, need

sunt verbe defectiv-modale, cu urmatoarele caracteristici:- Nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Au o forma

pentru present, iar o parte din ele si pentru trecut.- Au aceeasi forma la toate persoanele:I can We canYou can You canHe, she, it can They can

Formeaza predicatul numai insotite de alt verb (la infinitiv fara to).Formeaza interogativul prin inversare:

Can I ? Can we?Can you? Can you?Can he? Can they?Can she?Can it?-

Formeaza negativul prin adaugarea lui not:Cannot forma prescurtata cant

Must not mustntMay not may not

Sensurile verbelor modale:

Can a putea, a sti sa

Can you help me?Yes, I can. No, I cant.I cant swim.May a putea (a-i fi permis); a se putea, a fi posibil, poate ca

May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra?It may be true. Poate sa fie adevarat.He may be handsome, but he is not clever.

O fi el frumos, dar destept nu e.

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Must a trebuiYou must go home. Tu trebuie sa mergi acasa.

Need forma de present, se foloseste numai in propozitiileinterogative, negative si are sensul de este nevoie, este cazul,trebuie, este necesar.You neednt ask him. (Nu e nevoie/nu e cazul sa-l rogi/intrebi).Need I repeat that? E nevoie/trebuie sa repet asta)Yes, you must. No, you neednt.

La intrebarile cu need, raspunsul afirmativ se formeaza cu must, iarcel negativ cu neednt.

2. Indefinite Pronouns (Pronumele nehotarate)(some, any, not any, no)

Some unii, unele, ceva, catva, cativa, cateva, niste, oarecare Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative:Some houses are high and some are low.

Any ceva, catva, catava, cativa, cateva, unii, unele, vreun(ul), vreo,vreuna, vreunii, vreunele, putin(a) Se foloseste in propozitii interogative in locul lui some:

Are there any books on the table?Is there any milk in the bottle?Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative cu sensul de oarecare:

You may take any of these books. Poti lua oarecare din aceste carti.Some poate fi folosit in propozitii interogative cand intrebarea nu se

refera la some:May I have some water? Pot sa beau putina apa?Yes, you may.Comparati cu:Is there any sugar in the cup?Yes, there is (some).Any se foloseste in propozitii negative si se traduce prin nu, nici un,nici o:

I havent any chocolates on the table.

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There isnt any mistake in my work. (Nu exista nici o greseala inlucrarea mea).No inlocuieste pe not any.There is no mistake in my work.

3. Much, many, a lot of, lots of.

Much [m t] mult, multa se foloseste cu singularul.Much water/ sugar/information/tea/coffee/milk/work/rice/money/time.I havent got much time. - Nu am (prea) mult timp.

Many [meni] multi, multe se foloseste cu pluralul.Many cars/computers/desks/books/lamps/dictionaries.There are many books in the library.In propozitiile afirmative se prefera folosirea expresiei a lot of (maifamiliarlots of).There are a lot offlowers in the garden.There are lots oftrees in the park.

4. a little, little, a few, fewa little putin, putina, ceva, niste (pentru singular)a few cativa, cateva, niste (pentru plural) au conotatii pozitive:

I have a little time. Am putin (ceva) timp. Dispun de oarecare timp.We have a few friends in this town. Avem cativa prieteni in acest oras.

Little putin, prea putin, mai deloc.Few (prea) putini, (prea) putine, mai deloc au conotatii negative:

Im afraid I have little time for reading. Ma tem ca am prea putin timppentru citit.There are few birds left in Moldova. Au ramas (foarte) putin e pasariin Moldova.

4. Alternative Questions (Intrebari alternative)

Intrebarile de tipul: Is he a teacher or a doctor? (Este el profesor saumedic?) se numesc alternative. Se formeaza cu ajutorul conjuctiei or

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[o:] sau, si se rostesc cu urmatoarea intonatie: prima parte a intrebarii(pana la conjunctia or) se rosteste cu un ton ascendent, iar parteacare urmeaza dupa or cu un ton descendent:

Is this a table or a desk?

Spre deosebire de intrebarea generala, care se pune la intreagapropozitie, intrebarea alternativa se pune la diferite parti alepropozitiei:Is he a doctor or is she? (la subiect)Is he an engineer or manager? (la predicativ)Is he in London or in Paris? (la complement circumstantial de loc)Is the competition in summer or in spring? (la complementcircumstantial de timp)

The Seasons of the Year. (Anotimpurile)

Spring [spri] primavaraSummer [sm] varaAutumn [o:tm] toamnaWinter [wint] iarna

Ca subiect, anotimpurile nu primesc articolul hotarat:

In Moldova summer is a warm season.Se spune in winter, in autumn , etc. cand exprimam o generalitate:In winter the trees are bare. (Iarna copacii sunt golasi).

Cand ne referim la un anotimp dintr-un anume an, folosimarticolul hotarat:

In the spring of 1999. (In primavara anului 1999).We will see you in the summer. (Te vom vedea la vara.)What can they do? Put in the verbs:1. He can play football. 4. I can drink milk.2. She can read a book. 5. We can study English.3. They can play in the park. 6. You can write on theblackboard.

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Make sentences:

Model: I can play football. (tennis)I can play football, but I cant play tennis.

1. I can drink tea. (milk)2. They can play chess. (rugby)3. We can read books. (novels)4. You can clean the blackboard. (the window)5. She can speak Romanian. (English)6. He can draw my dining-room. (classroom)7. He can open the door. (the window)8. I can write exercise 3. (exercise 5)

Text: The Seasons in Moldova

Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year.December, January and February are winter months. The weather iscold. Usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. Youcan see snow everywhere. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can goskating and skiing.

March, April, May are spring months. Its a very nice season.Theweather is fine and it is warm. There are many green trees in thestreets and in the parks. Sometimes it rains but as usually the sunshines brightly.June, July and August are summer months. It is hot or warm. The daysare long and the nights are short. There are many green trees and niceflowers in the parks in summer.September, October, November are autumn months.It is cool. The

weather is changeable. It often rains. The days become shorter and thenights longer. You can see yellow, red and brown leaves everywhere.It is time for gathering harvest.

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Exercises:

1. Put in mustor mustnt1. Children run in the street.2. You do your homework.3. We learn our lessons.4. You sit on the table.5. We read in bed.6. You eat breakfast in the morning.7. They answer these questions.

8. He smoke in the office.

2. Read and translate these sentences. (Cititi si traduceti aceste

propozitii)1. I have very little sugar at home.2. Peter hasfew friends at the university.3. Have they many children?4. Is there much orlittle coffee in your cup?

5. There is a little tea in her cup.6. There are a few books on the shelf.7. There are a lot of English and French books in the university

library.8. He usually has a lot ofwork to do in his office.

3. Put in many, much, few, a few, little, a little and a lot of.1. There are not books on the desk.

2. Mr. Brown receives very visitors on Tuesday.3. She types letters every day.4. There are students in the canteen.5. I want coffee, please.6. There is not bread at home.7. There are students at the lesson.8. I have cigarettes at home.

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4. Make up alternative questions

1. He is a worker. 2. They have many friends. 3. She is a goodmanager. 4. I have much work. 5. Paris is the capital ofFrance. 6.The bagis under the table.Vocabulary

Drawing room/living room/sitting room camera de ziBed room dormitor Bath room baieDining room sufragerieKitchen bucatarieBalcony balconEntrance hall hol de intrare1. Bed room 1. Dormitorul

bed patcarpet covor wardrobe sifonier window fereastracurtain perdea, draperie

dressing-table masa de toaleta2. Drawing room 2. Camera de zi

sofa canapeaarmchair fotoliuchair scaunTV-set televizor picture tabloudoor usa

furniture mobilamirror oglindapiano pian3. Dining room 3. Sufragerie

table masastool taburetlamp lampabuffet bufet

glass-case vitrina

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4. Kitchen 4. Bucatarie

oven/cooker/stove aragazfridge frigider cupboard dulapsink chiuvetavacuum-cleaner aspirator 5. Room 5. Camera

wall peretefloor dusumea/podeaceiling tavanblinds jaluzele6. Entrance hall 6. Holul de intrare

peg cuierclothes imbracamintekey cheiewallpaper tapet7. Bathroom 7.(Camera de)baie

basin chiuvetawater-closet closet, WCsoap sapun

towel prosopVerbs Verbe

to open a deschideto shut/close a inchideto eat a mancato drink a beato sit a sedeato watch a privi

to look (at) a privi (la)to dry a (se) stergeto wash a (se) spalato dress a (se) imbracato make-up a (se) machiato go to bed a merge la culcareto get up a se sculato sleep a dormi

to cook a gati

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to come in a intra into go out/to leave a iesi/a plecato live a locui/a traito put a pune

Text: My Flat

I have a large flat in a new block of flats. There are ten floors in ourhouse. Our house has all modern conveniences such as: centralheating, electricity, gas, running water, and a telephone. Our flat isvery confortable. There are four rooms in it: a dining room, a bed

room, a bath room and a kitchen. In the bed room we have a bed nearthe window and a wardrobe near the door. There is a lamp above thebed. There is a green carpet on the floor. The walls are white, thecurtains are white, too and the blinds are green. Its a nice bedroom.The living room is large and light. The walls in this room are yellow.The ceiling is white and the floor is brown. There is a square table inthe middle of the room. There is a vase of flowers on it. There are twoarm-chairs and a standard-lamp in the corner. We sit down in the arm-

chairs and watch TV. There is also a piano in the room. My sisterplays the piano very well. She loves music. To the right of the pianothere is a writing-table. There are some books on it.Our dining room is a large room. In the middle of it there is a biground table and some chairs.The bedroom is not large. There are two beds, a night table(commode), a telephone, a wardrobe and a mirror.The study is large. There is a large writing-table in front of the

window. There are many things in it. There are a sofa and a bookcasein the corner.The kitchen is not very large. There is a window and on the sill I havemany flower pots. There are a cupboard, a table, some stools, a sinkand a fridge. In the kitchen we have breakfast, dinner and supper. I likemy flat very much.

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Dialogue

Ted: Do you have a nice flat, John?

John: Yes, I do. My flat is not large but comfortable.Ted: How many rooms do you have, John?John: I have two bedrooms, a dining-room, a kitchen, a bathroom anda living-room.Ted: Do you eat in the living-room?John: No, we dont. My mother cooks in the kitchen and we eat in thedining-room.Mary: Is the entrance-hall large?

John: Well, not very large.Mary: Is the fridge in the dining room or in the kitchen?John: The fridge and the freezer are in the kitchen near the window.Ted: Thank you.

Better slowly, but surely.Take your time ang get it right.

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UNIT 5

The Present Indefinite (Prezent simplu)

The Present Indefinite exprima actiuni obisnuite, repetate nu neaparatlegate de momentul vorbirii, de ex.: She is a very good doctor; Theyliketo travel. Acest tip de propozitii include adesea informatia despreanumite capacitati (calitati). He reads very quickly. Tom speaks

French fluently.Aceasta repetare este indicata prin adverbele de frecventa si imbinaride cuvinte ca: often deseori, always [olweiz, olwz]-intotdeauna,

mereu, vesnic, usually de obicei, never niciodata, rarely rar,once a week odata pe saptamana/saptamanal, every day infiecare zi, every year in fiecare an, seldom rar.

Exemplu: I never drink milk. Eu niciodata nu beau lapte; He goes tothe theatre twice a month El merge la teatru de doua ori pe luna.

Adverbele de timp nedefinit si frecventa se asaza de regula intre

subiect si predicat.I always get up early.They often forget to brush their teeth.Theyseldom come to the lessons.

Exceptie: Intre verbul to be si numele predicativ:Helen is always dressed well. (Helen este intotdeauna bine

imbracata)

Kathy is neverlate for school.

La interogativ: Do you often go to concerts? (Mergi des la concerte?)La negativ: I dont always enjoy his plays.La interogativ-negativ: Dont you ever read detective stories? (Nucitesti niciodata romane politiste?)O propozitie englezeasca neputand contine doua negatii, in exemplulde mai sus nevera fost inlocuit cu ever.

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Sometimes uneori, cateodata are loc variabil in propozitie: Isometimes have news from him. Sometimes we go for a walk. She sayssometimes that she loves him. (Uneori ea spune ca-l iubeste).Terminatia Prezentului Indefinit la persoana a 3-a singular se conducedupa aceleasi reguli ortografice si fonetice ca si pluralul substantivelor.Verbele terminate in consoana, e, w sau y precedate de o vocala (evorba de litere), adauga terminatia s:he knows,she forgets,it changes,she plays.Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana formeaza persoana a 3-asingular in ies:To cry-cries,to fly-flies,to hurry-hurries.Cele trminate in ss, -s, ch, -tch, sh, -x = es:She teaches,He fixesHe watches,

She passes,it washes.

Verbele to go si to do= es: she goes [gouz], he does [dz]

Terminatia s sau es a persoanei a 3-a singular se pronunta z dupavocale si dupa consoane sonore = b, d, g, m, l ,n, v ,, .Plays, descriobes, reads, calls, comes, learns, lives, bathes, says [sez].- s dupa consoane surde = f, k, p, t, : laughs [la:fs], cooks, hopes,meets, baths.- s dupa consoanele sueratoare iz:rises [raiziz] se redica, rouges [ru:iz] rujeaza, changes [teidiz].

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Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I know Do I know? I dont knowYou know Do you know? You dont knowHe, she,(it) knows Does he,she,it know? He, she, it doesnt knowWe know Do we know? We dont knowYou know Do you know? You dont knowThey know Do they know? They dont know

Interogativul Prezentului Nedefinit se formeaza exclusiv cu ajutorulauxiliarului do urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Caauxiliar verbul to do isi pierde total sensul de a face:Do you know me?Does he know English?Does she know how to cook? (Se pricepe sa gateasca?)Verbul to do, cu sensul de a face, se conjuga cu el insusi ca auxiliarpentru a forma interogativul:What do you do? (Ce faci?)What does he do? (Ce face el?)How do you do? (formula de salut).

Where do you work? (Unde lucrezi?)When do you go home? (Cand mergi acasa?)

Daca intrebarea este adresata subiectului propozitiei, atunci verbul

auxiliar nu se intrebuinteaza:

Who works in the garden? (Cine lucreaza in gradina?)

Cand in calitate de predicat se foloseste verbul to be, formele

interogativa si negativa nu include auxiliarul do:He isa farmer. He is not a farmer.Is he a farmer?

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The Days of the Week (Zilele saptamanii)

Monday [m ndei] luniTuesday [tju:zdei] martiWednesday [wenzdei] miercuriThursday [:zdei] joiFriday [fraidei] vineriSaturday [stdei] sambataSunday [sndei] duminica

Denumirile zilelor saptamanii provin din timpurile vechilor credinte,cand fiecare zi era consacrata unui zeu sau unui eveniment sacru.

Monday provine din anglosaxonul day of the moon, adica zeullunii.Tuesday provine de la Tiu, fiul Zeului Odin.Wednesday provine de la Odin, numit in engleza Odin sau Woden.Thursday Zeul Thor era venerat joia.Friday provine de la Zeita Frei sau Frigg.Saturday provine de la Saturn.Sunday provine de la anglosaxonul day of the Sun, adica ZiuaSoarelui.In limba engleza zilele saptamanii se scriu cu litera mare. Pentru aspune: (in ziua de) luni sau (in ziua de) marti, se foloseste particula

on, de ex.: on Monday, on Tuesday.

Expresii in legatura cu zilele saptamanii:(on) Monday lunilast Thursday - joia trecutanext Sunday duminica viitoareon Fridays vinerea, vinerile(on) Wednesday morning miercuri de dimineataon Saturday afternoon intr-o dupa ameaza de sambata

The Meals of the Day

Mesele zilei:

Breakfast micul dejun

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Lunch 1. masa de pranz2. gustarea de pranz

luncheon dejun

tea ceaiul (de dupa-ameaza)

dinner 1. Masa (principala a zilei)2. masa de seara3. dineu

supper 1. cina2. supeu

In mod obisnuit, mesele zilei nu se articuleaza:

We have dinner at 2 oclock in the afternoon.What time is breakfast?Supper is a light meal. Cina este o masa usoara.

The Months of the Year. (Lunile anului)January [dnjuri] July [dulai]February [februri] August [o:gst]March [ma:t] September [septemb]April [eiprl] October [oktoub]May [mei] November [nouvemb]June [du:n] December [disemb]

The 1st of January sau January the 1stThe 8th of March sau March the 8th

Exercises:

1. Make sentences:

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HeShe

gets up

washesgoes to schoolwatches TVplays in the park

goes to bed

in the mornig.the afternoon.the evening.

at noon.night.eight oclock.

on

Monday.Thursday.Sunday.

2. Put in on,ator in:1. Nick goes to the university onin the morning.2. He has lunch at noon.3. He does his homework in the afternoon.4. She has English on Monday and Friday.5. He has dinner at seven oclock.6. He goes for a walk on Sunday.7. He goes to bed at night.

3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct form.

(Deschideti parantezele si folositi verbul respectiv la formacorecta).

1. We (study) very much.2. She (speak) English very well.3. They (work) hard.4. He (read) many books.

5. Peter (walk) very fast.6. This pen (write) well.7. He (like) coffee.8. She (drink) tea.9. We (get up) at 6 oclock.10. He (watch) TV in the evening.4. Change these sentences.Model: He opens the window in the morning. (always)

He always opens the window in the morning.

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1. I have coffee in the morning. (often)2. Peter has tea in the morning.(usually)3. She watches TV in the afternoon. (never)4. My friend and I play chess on Sunday. (sometimes)5. He goes to the cinema on Saturday. (often)6. She listens to the music in the evening. (seldom)7. He runs in the park every morning. (usually)8. Mother cleans the rooms every Saturday. (always)

5. Trasform these sentences. Give short answers to the questions.

(Transformati aceste propozitiile. Dati raspunsuri scurte la

intrebari.)Model: He often watches TV on Friday.

Does he often watch TV on Friday? Yes, he does.1. I always have dinner at home.2. We usually play chess in the morning.3. She sometimes has dinner at seven oclock in the evening.4. They seldom write letters to her mother on Friday.5. He often has English class on Tuesday.

6. She usually has lunch on Sunday.7. My sister goes to college every day.8. Our father washes his car every week.

6. Transform these sentences into negative.Model: Nick does his homework every week.

Nick doesnt do his homework every week.

1. My brother works very much.2. I usually get up at 6 oclock in the morning.3. Tom often reads books in the evening.4. We sometimes go for a walk at weekends.5. He is busy all day.6. Her grandparents live in the country.7. He meets me every day.8. You like French very much.

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7. Put in the interrogative:

1. He goes to work every day. (who, where, when, what)2. She has two brothers and three sisters. (who, what, how many)3. My parents live in a small town near Paris.(who, what, where, what

kind of)4. They have a three-room flat in a new house in the centre of London.

(who, what, how many, what kind of, where)5. He comes to the factory at eight oclock in the morning. (who,

what, where, when)

8. Complete these sentences with respective articles. (Completati

golurile din urmatoarele propozitii cu articolul respectiv)

1. He is a student.2. They study at the University.3. We live in a good flat.4. We have two-room flat in new block of flats.5. Our flat is on the ninth floor.6. He works in a.. big company.7. There are many things in their flat. the things are good.8. There is a nice picture on the wall.

9. Translate into English

1.In Washington sunt multi studenti. there are a lot of studets inWashington. 2. Ei isi fac studiile in universitati si colegii. They studyat universities and coledgies 3. Studentii universitatilor lucreaza intens.4. Ei citesc multe carti. 5. Duminica parintii nu lucreaza. 6. Copiii numerg la scoala. 7. Duminica noi ne plimbam in parc. 8. Feciorului meuii place sa se plimbe cu mine. 9. Dumneata faci studii la Universitate?

10. Cine va preda limba engleza? 11. Unde locuieste d-l Smith? 12. Elnu locuieste in Chisinau, el locuieste in Londra. 12. El este managerulunei mari companii.

Vocabulary

to walk [wo:k] a merge (pe jos)week [wi:k] saptamanato receive [risi:v] a primi (in vizita)

to stay [stei] a sta, a ramane

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to want [wont] a dori, a vreato study [stdi] a studiaonly [ounli] numaito rest [rest] a se odihniyoung [j] tanar(a)to go [gou] a merge, a pleca, a se duceboy [boi] baitgirl [g:l] fatafactory [fktori] fabricato listen [lisn] to a ascultato [tu:] (prep.) la, spre, catreto discuss [disks] a discutato return [rit:n] a se intoarcehard [ha:d] intensafter [a:ft] dupaquestions [kwestnz] intrebarito read [ri:d] a citihome [houm] acasanewspaper [nju:speip] ziaruniversity [ju:niv:siti] universitate

Text: Rob FellowsRob Fellows works in a company. He lives near the company. Heusually walks there. He only works five days a week. He works onMonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. He doesntwork on Saturday and Sunday. He often receives visitors from

factories in the afternoon. They discuss a lot of questions with him. Heusually finishes work at six oclock in the evening.Rob learns French. He works hard at his French. He sometimes staysin the office after work for his French lessons. After classes he returnshome.Mr. Fellows has a family. His family is not large. He has a wife andtwo children, a boy and a girl. The boy goes to school. The girl doesntgo to school. She is very young. She is only three. She goes to a

nursery. His wife is a student at the University. She wants to be adoctor. She works very hard every day.

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On Saturday we clean the house and cook breakfast, lunch and dinnerfor our family.On Sundays we rest from work. We walk in the park with our children.They play and we read some newspapers. We go home at 7 oclock.The children go to bed at 9 oclock, but we dont. We watch TV andlisten to the radio.

Its hard, but its worth trying.

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UNIT 6 The form of the Possessive/Genitive Case (cazulposesiv/genitivul in s)The declension of nouns (Declinarea substantivelor)

Nominativ

(the/a)

The waiter wears white gloves.(Chelnerulpoartamanusi albe)

Genitiv (ofthe/a)

s

The gloves of the waiterare white./Thewaiters gloves are white. (Manuselechelnerului sunt albe)

Dativ (tothe/a)

Dont forget to give a tip to the waiter.(Nu uita sa-i dai chelnerului un bacsis)

Acuzativ(the/a)

Lets call the waiter. (Sa chemamchelnerul)

Vocativ (-) Waiter! The bill, please. (Chelner! Nota,te rog)

The Genitive Case

Genitivul in limba engleza se exprima cu prepozitia of pentrulucruri si cu s, numai cu apostrof in general pentru persoane sialte fiinte:The boys name numele baiatuluiToms father tatal lui Tom.

La plural, apostroful se asaza dupa s:The boysbooks cartile baietilor.

Daca pluralul substanivelor (neregulate) nu se termina in s, seadauga s:The mens club clubul barbatilorThe childrens parents parintii copiilor.Mike and Marys children. (Copiii amandurora.)Tom, Bill and Janes parents. (Parintii comuni ai celor trei copii.)In cazul acesta s se aseaza numai dupa ultimul substantiv lagenetiv.

Elenas and Jerrys parents. (Parintii fiecaruia in parte).In cazul acesta s se asaza dupa fiecare substantiv la genetiv.

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Genitivul sinteticse foloseste de asemenea:

(the) bakers (shop) brutariebutchers macelarieflorists florariegrocers bacaniegreengrocers zarzavagerietobacconists - tutungeriedoctors, dentists (office)mothers (house) Lets go to mothers tonight.

Pentru a exprima distanta, durata si greutatea:

A miles walk cale de o mila pe jos.A two hours journey o calatorie de 2 ore.A three pounds cake un tort de trei lire.A 3 pound cake (Am.v.)

Cu adverbe, ca: today, yesterday, tonight, sau cu substantive ce

exprima timpul,spatiul sau greutatea- yesterdays newspaper (ziarul de ieri)- tonights programme (propramul din aceasta seara)- a months holiday (o vacanta de o luna.)

Genetivul analitic of

Se foloseste:- cu substantive comune:

the colour of the sky culoarea ceruluithe author of the book- autorul cartiithe difficulty of the problem- dificultatea problemei.

- cu denumiri geografice:

the city of London orasul Londra.

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Personal Pronouns Pronumele Posesive

(Pronumele personale) (Pronumele posesive)

Dependente Independente

I my mineYou your yoursHe his hisShe her hersIt its itsWe our oursYou your yoursThey their theirs

This is mybook. Mine is on the desk.This is his car.That is hers.The place of direct and indirect object in the sentence. (Locul

complementului direct si indirect in propozitie):

In limba engleza complementul indirect, de obicei, preceda pe celdirect:

He gives hermany materials.El i-a dat ei multe materiale.Daca complementul direct il preceda oe cel indirect, atunci ultimuleste precedat de prepozitia to, devenind complementprepozitional:He gives many materials to her.El ii da eimulte materiale.

Disjunctive Questions (Intrebari disjunctive)

- Se traduce in limba romana prin nu-i asa? sau Nu? sau Asa-i?

- Dupa o propozitie afirmativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are formainterogativ-negativa:

Fred is a student, isnt he?Mr. Smith has got a car, hasnt he?

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- Dupa o propozitie negativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are formainterogativa simpla:

He is not a student, is he?She cant speak English, can she?

- In intrebarile disjunctive se folosesc pronumele personale si, deregula, formele prescurtate ale verbelor.

Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (theres),there are, there is not(there isnt, theres not), there are not (therearent) sunt:There are some flowers in the garden, arent there?There isnt much time left, is there? (n-a mai ramas mult timp, nu-iasa?)

Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand Prezentul Nedefinit seformeaza dupa regulile cunoscute, cu precizarea ca verbul notional nuapare in asemenea intrebari ci este inlocuit cu do, does, dont,doesnt:

You know me, dont you?You dont know me, do you?

She goes to bed early, doesnt she?She doesnt go to bed late, does she?

The Adjective (Adjectivul)

In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen saunumar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului:A young woman

A new flatA handsome manAdjectivele derivate din nume proprii se sriu cu initiala majuscula:RomanianEnglishFrench

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Exercises:

1. Model: The teacher has a good book.

The teachers book is good1. Mr. Robinson has a new car.2. The boy has an old computer.3. The pupil has a clean notebook.4. Our ather has a white shirt.5. The woman has a new dress.6. My sister has a new bag.7. The man has a blue uniform.

8. His brother has a dirty suit.2. Put in the plural:

Model: The students composition is interesting.The students compositions are interesting.

1. The girls blouse is beautiful.2. The boys shirt is white.3. The teachers pen is black.4. The doctors room is clean.5. The girls hair is nice.6. The students problem is difficult.

3. Complete the sentences with possessive pronouns. (Completati

propozitiile de mai jos cu pronumele posesive respective:1. Sylvia lives in London with her parents. 2. Your pipe is in place. 3. Jeff and Tom are at the cinema with sister. 4. brothersteacher is a man, but is a woman. Is that coat ? Yes, it is . 5. mother is at home. Where is ? 6. We have a new TV set in bedroom. 7. Mike and wife are at the theatre. 8. Dont show me report, show me . . 9. How old is father? 10. Our house is new,but is old.

4. Change the places of direct and indirect objects. (Schimbati culocurile complementele direct si indirect):

1. He lends me his pen. 2. He sends the letter to her. 3. They show us

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their new car. 4. She brings me a cup of coffee. 5. He demonstrates hisproject to them.

5. Read these disjunctive questions and answer them.1. Peter goes to the cinema, doesnt he? 2. John has some friends atschool, hasnt he? 3. Your friends family isnt large, is it? 4. There areten students in the classroom, arent there? 5. There arent any pictureson the walls, are there? 6. You always listen to the radio in theevening, dont you? 7. He opens the window every day, doesnt he? 8.His brothers dont play chess every weekend, do they? 9. He hascoffee in the morning, hasnt he? 10. They can speak English verywell, cant they?

6. Completati spatiile goale cu corespondentul romanesc al luinu-i asa?

1. Its a tasty cake, ? 2. Sally is your sister, ? 3. Mr. andMrs.Lee are your parents, ? 4. It isnt late, ? 5. Youhave got a car, ? 6. You arent very busy, ? 7. There isan English newspaper on the desk, ? 8. She cant work, ? 9. She watches TV, ? 10. He isnt happy, ?

7. Translate into English.

1.Tu ai multe greseli, nu-i asa?. 2. Apartamentul prietenului meu estefoarte confortabil. 3. Eu nu pot sa merg la petrecere in seara aceasta.4. Ei trebuie sa traduca acest text. 5. Ti-ai cumparat carti noi, nu-i asa?6. Noi cumparam paine de la bacanie. 7. Aceasta este cartea mea, daaceea a ta. 8. Pot sa deschid fereastra? 9. Culoare cerului. 10.Profesoarea de pian a lui Tom. 11. Lectia profesorului. 12. Marca

acestui automobil. 13. Primele capitole ale romanului. 14. Usa cameriilui Bill si Jane. 15. Noua prietena a Lizei. 16. Numele strazii noastre.17. Numarul casei lor.

Vocabularycapital capitalaold vechicity oras (mare)huge urias, imens

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bridge podacross pesteriver raunarrow ingustpavements trotuar, pavajfinancial financiar sights punct turistic de atractiebell clopotto weigh a cantariresidence residentaqueen reginacars automobilebuses autobusetube (underground)/subway (Am.v) metrounice frumos

TEXT: LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain. It is a very old city. It is twothousand years old. London is not only the capital of the country, it isa huge port.London is situated on both banks of the Thames. There are 17 bridgesacross the river. The population of London is about 9 million people.London has three parts: the City of London, the West End, the EastEnd.The City of London is the oldest part of London. You can see narrow

streets and pavements there. There are many offices, firms and banksin this part of London. The City of London is the financial centre ofthe United Kingdom.The West End is the centre of London. There are many sights in theWest End. They are, for example, the Houses of Parliament with BigBen which is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons.The official London residence of the Queen is Buckingham Palace.There are many museums, libraries and galleries in London. There are

many cars and buses. There is a tube (an underground) in London, too.It is a nice one.

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UNIT 7

The Present Participle (Participiul prezent)

The Present Participle, in general, are un sens activ, ex: I see himpainting.Functii:1. Impreuna cu verbul auxiliar to be, formeaza aspectulcontinuu la diferite timpuri.

2. Are o valoare adjectivala, determinand un substantiv.

Poate fi folosit atat atributiv (ex.:an interesting story = o poveste

interesanta),cat si predicativ(ex.:The story is interesting = Povestea este interesanta.)

The Present Participle se formeaza cu ajutorul sufixului ing, care seataseaza la infinitivul verbului fara partica to: to read reading, tostay - staying, to take taking, to get getting.

The Present Continuous Tense (Prezentul continuu)

The Present Continuous se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar tobe la Presentul Simplu si Participiul I al verbului de conjugat.

Affirmative

I am (Im) reading a bookYou are (Youre) reading a bookHe is (Hes) reading a book

She is (Shes) reading a bookWe are (Were) reading a bookYou are (Youre) reading a bookThey are (Theyre) reading a book

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Interrogative

Am I reading ?Are you reading a book ?Is he reading a book ?Is she reading a book ?Are we reading a book ?Are you reading a book ?Are they reading a book ?

NegativeI am not (Im) not reading a bookYou are not (arent) reading a bookHe is not (isnt) reading a bookShe is not (isnt) reading a bookWe are not (arent) reading a bookYou are not (arent) reading a bookThey are not (arent) reading a book

The Present Continuous exprima:

a). o actiune, care se petrece in momentul vorbirii:Ex.: Look! Its raining. (Priveste! Ploua)

b). o actiune, care are loc pentru o perioada limitata de timp inprezent:

Ex.: What are you reading these days?Im taking driving lessons. (Iau lectii de conducere auto)

c) - poate avea o valoare de viitor, exprimand o actiune ce va avealoc conform unui program stabilit inainte, si anume verbele, care

exprima miscarea, ca to go, to come, to leave denota o actiune carese va efectua in viitorul apropiat:

Ex.: He is coming tomorrow. (El vine miine)

Unele verbe nu se pot folosi la forma continua:

- verbe care exprima o activitate mintala(know, remember, believe,mean, understand, forget, doubt [daut], agree, appreciate, expect,

assume, feel (=think), realize, recognize)

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- verbe care exprima sentimente sau stari sufletesti (love, regret,prefer, want, like, to etc.)

- verbe care exprima o perceptie senzoriala(see, hear, smell etc)- verbe care exprimaposesia(have, belong (to) a apartine, to own-

a poseda, catsi verbul to be)

- verbe modale(can, must, may )

The Adverb (Adverbul)

Adverbul poate determina un verb (She sings beautifully), un adjectiv(She has an extremely beautiful voice) sau un alt adverb (very late).

Modul de formareMajoritatea adverbelor de mod se formeaza prin adaugarea sufuxuluily la un adjectiv.Ex.: Adjectiv Adverb

Useful usefullyEasy easilyTrue trulySlow slowlyFull fully

Adjectivele terminate inic primesc terminatiaallyFantastic fantasticallyDiplomatic diplomatically

Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma cu adjectivele corespunzatoare:Friendly friendlyEarly earlyLovely lovelyFast fastLate lateHard hardOnly (singur,unic) only (numai, doar)

Tipuri de adverbe:

1. Adverbe de timp si frecventa:Yesturday (ieri), today (astazi), tomorrow (maine), soon(curand),often (deseori), always (intotdeauna), now (acum)

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- She comes today (Vine astazi)- We often have dinner at home. (Noi deseori luam pranzul acasa)2. Adverbe de mod:

Slowly (lent), bravely (cu curaj), angrily (suparat)- He is workingslowly.- She replies angrily. (Ea raspunde pe un ton suparat)

3. Adverbe de loc:Here (aici), there (acolo), near (aproape), below (dedesubt), down(jos), up (sus) etc.They stop here. (Ei sau oprit aici)

4. Adverbe care indica gradul:Absolutely/completely (complet), incredibly (incredibil de),perfectly (perfect), simply (pur si simplu), very (foarte) etc.Its incrediblyboring (E incredibil de plicticos)I absolutely agree (sunt complet de acord).

Pozitia adverbelor in propozitie

Cand in propozitie exista mai multe adverbe, ordinea este:MOD LOC TIMP

Ex.: He arrives safely in Washington today.(1) (2) (3)

(Ajunge in siguranta la Washington astazi)1 2 3

Nota: Unele verbe ca become/ turn/keep/remain/stay/, look, seem,taste,smellsunt urmate de adjective si nu adverbe (Ex: It smellsgood= Miroase bine), He looks happy (Pare fericit), He was born rich. (S-a

nascut bogat).

Exercises:

1. Make sentences negative and interrogative:

Model: They are reading now.They arent reading now.

Are they reading now?1. The sun is shining.

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2. The men and the women are standing.3. The students are drinking cups of tea.4. The dog is sleeping.5. You are playing football.6. I am staying at that hotel.7. She is looking for her.8. We are looking after the children.9. He is smoking a cigarette.10.The birds are flying over the sea.

2. Answer these questions using the model:

Is Tom reading a book? (watch TV)No, he isnt. Hes watching TV.

1.Is she opening the window? (to close the window). 2. Is Jane askingquestions? (to answer questions). 3. Is he reading text 2? (to read text3). 4. Are they playing chess? (to watch TV). 5. Is Bill showing hisnew project to Peter? (to show it to Nick). 6. Are they listening tomusic ? (to listen to the latest news).

3. Use the present continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. Mary (to arrive) home now.2. Look, the sun (to rise). It (to rain)? Yes, it (to rain) very hard.3. The delegation (to leave) Moldova tomorrow.4. Peter (to smoke) a cigarette.5. Why you (to speak) so fast.6. They (not to work), they (to watch) TV.7. The weather is fine. The sun (to shine) and the birds (to sing).8. I cant hear what they (to talk) about.

9. She (not to work), she (swim) in the river.10.Why Ann (not to wear) her new dress?11.What Tom (to do) now? He (to clean) his shoes.11. He (to teach) his boy to ride.

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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present

continuous.

1. We (to study) at university. We (to study) English and French there.Now we (to be) in the classroom, we (to read) an English text. We (notmake) mistakes.2. We (to speak) Romanian at home, but we (to speak) Englishat the university.

3. You (to speak) Romanian now? We (to speak) Englishbecause we (to be) at the English lesson.4. He (to go) to the university in the evening. Where he (to go)now?He always (to go) to the office at 9.

5. Form adverbs from these adjectives and translate them:Occasional, real, bad, fruitful, happy, useful, helpful, beautiful,bright, slow, nice.

6. Complete the sentences. Choose from:

1. Father is tall. He isnt fat2. My friend Nick is thin. He isnt short

3. Our office is clean. It isnt old4. We get up early. We dont get up dirty5. I like my new dress. I dont like my dress. late6. Felix is a white cat. It isnt bad7. The window of the classroom is open. It isnt black8. Tom is a good student. He isnt young9. Grandmother is old. She isnt shut10. The grass is wet in the rain. It isnt dry

7. Put the adverbs of time in the right place:

1. I go to bed late (never). 2. We havent English lessons (every day).3.

Lets go to the theatre (tonight). 4. Do you smoke (ever)? 5. Im goingto mothers (next Sunday). 6. We see each other (very often). 7. We gofor a walk (sometimes). 8. I get up early (always). 9. They comb andbrush their hair (seldom). 10. He can tell lies (never). 11. You can tell

(never). (Nu se stie nici odata).

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8. Translate into English1. Cand te duci la culcare? 2. Ce asculti? 3. Unde luati pranzul?4. Ei va viziteaza des? 5. Unde va petreci vacanta de vara? 6. Eaculege flori. 7. Aceasta floare miroase frumos. 8. El e prietenul tau,nu-i asa ? 9. Imi place painea foarte mult. - 10. Si parintelor mei. 11.Trebuie sa pleci, nu-i asa? 12. Omul acela este fratele cumnatei mele.

Text: At the English lesson

The students are in a classroom. The classroom is a big room. They are

in the English class. They are having an English lesson. They aresitting on chairs in front of their desks. The teacher is standing at theblackboard. She is speaking to the students and she is writing the newEnglish words on the blackboard. The students are writing them intheir notebooks. They are also repeating the new words. The studentsare looking at their teacher and they are listening to what she is tellingthem. She has a pleasant voice. She is teaching them many new wordsand grammar rules.The students are making good progress in English and say thatlearning English is a great pleasure for them. They usually do all theirexercises and all their homework. They always say that they have toomuch to do.The students like to learn English and they say that English is notdifficult. They work hard and they learn many new English words inevery new lesson. They have a lot of work to do at home for theirEnglish lessons. They are hard-working students and their teacher likesthem.

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If you want to attain something,you have to fight like a lion.

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UNIT 8

The Past Simple (Trecutul Simplu)

Verbele limbii engleze la Trecutul Simplu se impart in doua grupe:regulate si neregulate.Mare majoritate a verbelor din limba engleza formeaza Trecutuladaugand terminatia ed:

a) Terminatia ed se pronunta d.To open opened [oupnd]To play played [pleid]

b) Terminatia ed se pronunta t.To look looked [lukt]To ask asked [a:skt]

c) Terminatia ed se pronunta id.To want wanted [wontid]

To need needed [ni:did]

d) Verbele terminate in e adauga numaid:To live lived [livd]To love loved [lvd]

e) Verbele terminate in y precedat de o vocala adauga ed:To play played [pleid]

To stay stayed [steid]

Nota: Exista numai trei exceptii:To say a spune, a zice - said [sed]To pay - a plati - paid [peid]To lay a pune, a aseza laid [leid]

f) Cele terminate in yprecedat de o consoana schimba y in i si adauga

ed:

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To try tried [traid]To cry cried [kraid]

j) Verbele monosilabice terminate intr-o singura consoana precedatade o singura vocala dubleaza consoana finala inaintea terminatiei ed:

to stop stopped [stopt]to plan planned [plnd]

Affitmative Interrogative

I played tennis Did I play tennis ?You played tennis Did you play tennis ?He,she (it) played tennis Did he, she,(it) play tennis?You played tennis Did you play tennis ?We played tennis Did we play tennis ?They played tennis Did they play tennis ?

Negative

I did not (didnt) play tennis

You did not (didnt) play tennisHe, she, (it) did not (didnt) play tennisWe did not (didnt) play tennisYou did not (didnt) play tennisThey did not (didnt) play tennis

Trecutul Simplu al verbelor neregulate se formeaza prin diferiteprocedee:

- schimbarea vocalei de baza: to get got;- schimbarea consoanei finale to spend - spent;- schimbarea verbului in intregime: to go went;- pastrarea formei initiale: to put put;- pastrarea formei initiale, in rostirea diferita: to read [ri:d]

read [red].

Conjugarea verbului to be la Trecutul Simplu:

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Afirmative Interrogative

I, he, she, it was Was I, he, she, it?We, you, they were Were we, you, they?

Negative

I, he, she, it was not(wasnt)We,you,they were not(werent)Conjugarea verbului to have la Trecutul Simplu:

Afirmative InterrogativeI, he, she, it, Did I, he, she, it, we,You, they had you, they have?

NegativeI, he, she, it, we, did not (didnt)You, they did not (didnt)

Nota: Formele interogativa si negativa ale verbului to have pot deasemenea fi construite cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to do (la trecutdid):Did you have free time yesterday?A-ti avut timp liber ieri?She did not (didnt) enjoy this film.Ei nu i-a placut acest film.

Intrebuintare: Trecutul Simplu exprima o actiune care a avut loc laun moment dat in trecut iar perioada de timp s-a incheiat.Verbele la acest timp sunt determinate de adverbe si expresii de timp

ca: yesterday (ieri), last year (anul trecut), last month (lunatrecuta), two hours ago(doua ore in urma), two years ago (doi aniin urma), in 1999 (in 1999), etc.

Relative Pronouns (Pronumele Relative)

Pronumele relative WHO, WHOM, WHOSE se folosesc la stabilirealegaturii dintre propozitia principala, sau un element al acesteia, sipropozitia secundara atributiva. Aceste pronume se folosesc cand

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elementul din propozitia principala determinat de ele este exprimatprin substantiv animat:The boy who is playing in the yard is my son.Baiatul, care se joaca in ograda, este feciorul meu.The girl whom you see in that room is my daughter.Fata,pe care o vezi in odaia ceea, este fiica mea.The writerwhose book you are reading lives in Canada.Scriitorul, a carui carte o cititi acum, locuieste in Canada.

Pronumele relativ WHICH se intrebuinteaza cand substantivuldeterminat este inanimat:I dont like the bookwhich you are reading now.Nu-mi place cartea pe care o citesti acum.Asemenea functie o are si conjunctia THAT, insa ea urmeaza atatdupa substantivele inanimate, cat si cele animate:I know the young man thatyou talked to an hour ago.I-l cunosc pe tanarul cu care ai vorbit o ora in urma.The bookthatI am reading is very interesting.Cartea,pe care o citesc, este foarte interesanta.

Exercises:

1. a). Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following regularverbs. Transcribe and pronounce them.

to close-closed, to open-opened, to listen-listened, to live-lived, toreceive-received, to shave-shaved, to play-played, to stay-stayd, tocollect-collected, to dictate-dictated, to translate-translated, to start-started, to help-helped, to like-liked, to look-looked, to pass-passed, tosmoke-smoked, to thank-thanked, to work-worked, to wash-washed, towatch-watched, to rain-rained, to snow-snowed, to finish-finished.

b) Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following irregularverb. Transcribe and pronounce them.

to be, to have, to do, to teach, to buy, to pay, to come, to go, togive, to get, to hear, to leave, to know, to make, to take, to tell, to say,to see, to put, to read, to write, to wake, to drive, to eat, to drink, tolearn, to forget, to fall, to feel, to fly, to sit, to sleep, to send,to sing.

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2. Put the following into the past tense:

1. He comes to the class every day.2. You do that work very well.3. John thinks a lot about his work.4. Peter buys his suit this week.5. I know the answer to your question.6. I believe what you tell me.7. Jane pays ten pounds and she gets a good dress.8. We speak English every day.9. He likes your picture.10.We have lunch at 12 oclock today.

3. Make the following negative:1. Tom answered all the questions.2. The boys and the girls bathed in the sea every day.3. Lucy bought a n

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