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UNIVERSITATEA ANDREI AGUNA DIN CONSTANA

FACULTATEA DE TIINE ECONOMICE

ANUL UNIVERSITAR: 2012 2013

AN II SEMESTRUL I

CURS PRACTIC LIMBA ENGLEZ

A!"# $%! '('# A)*+,%'(,-L,&!%!, M,.,(/&

CONSTANA 2012

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CONTENTS

1. DETERMINERS.................................................................................................................4

1.1. The Articles..................................................................................................................4

1.1.1. The indefinite article..............................................................................................4

1.1.2. The definite article.................................................................................................4

1.1.3. The zero article......................................................................................................5

1.2. Demonstratie determiners..........................................................................................!

1.3. "#antif$in% Determiners..............................................................................................!

1.4. Interro%atie Determiners.............................................................................................&

1.5. 'ossessie Determiners..............................................................................................&

1.!. N#merals..................................................................................................................... &

1.&. The #se of more than one determiner..........................................................................&

2. 'RE'(SITI(NS AND 'RE'(SITI(NA) '*RASES........................................................+

2.1. 're,osition or Ader-.................................................................................................+

2.2. 're,ositions of 'lace...................................................................................................+

2.3. 're,ositions of Time.................................................................................................... +

2.4. 're,ositions of Direction..............................................................................................+

2.5. 're,ositions /ith Ad0ecties er-s or No#ns..............................................................+

3. N(NS..............................................................................................................................

3.1. ommon no#ns............................................................................................................

3.2. 'ro,er no#ns.............................................................................................................16

3.3. The n#m-er of no#ns.................................................................................................16

3.4. ollectie no#ns.........................................................................................................11

3.5 7ender in En%lish.......................................................................................................12

3.!. ommon %ender no#ns..............................................................................................13

3.&. The ,ossessie form of no#ns...................................................................................13

4. 'R(N(NS.....................................................................................................................14

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4.1. 'ersonal ,rono#ns.....................................................................................................14

4.2. Refle8ie ,rono#ns.................................................................................................... 14

4.3. 'ossessie 'rono#ns.................................................................................................15

4.4. Demonstratie ,rono#ns............................................................................................15

4.5. Interro%atie ,rono#ns...............................................................................................15

4.!. Indefinite ,rono#ns.................................................................................................... 1!

5. AD9ETIES...................................................................................................................1&

5.1. The order of ad0ecties...............................................................................................1&

5.2. Ad0ectie endin%s.......................................................................................................1+

5.3. The com,arison of ad0ecties.....................................................................................1+

5.4. Ad0ectie ,hrases.......................................................................................................1

!. ADER:S AND ADER: '*RASES..............................................................................26

&. (N9NTI(NS.............................................................................................................22

+. ER:S.............................................................................................................................24

+.1. Transitie and intransitie er-s.................................................................................24

+.2. A#8iliar$ er-s............................................................................................................24

+.2.1. :e do and hae.................................................................................................24

+.2.2. Modal er-s.........................................................................................................25

. 'RESENT SIM')E 'RESENT (NTIN(S...............................................................2&

.1. 'resent sim,le...........................................................................................................2&

.2. 'resent contin#o#s.................................................................................................... 2+

16. ;TRE TENSE............................................................................................................2

16.1. ;#t#re sim,le...........................................................................................................2

16.2. ;#t#re /ith %oin% to..................................................................................................36

:I:)I(7RA'*

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1# DETERMINERS

Determiners or no#n si%nals are #sed -efore no#ns.

1.1. The Articles

The /ords a anand theare called the articles.

1.1.1. The indefinite article

The /ords aand anare indefinite articles. The$ are #sed /ith sin%#lar no#ns /henmentionin% somethin% for the first time.

A is #sed /ith no#ns -e%innin% /ithconsonants.

= a -oo> a ho#se a cat a do% etc.

An is #sed /ith no#ns -e%innin% /ith a vowelsound.

= an a,,le an entrance an island ano,erator an #m-rella

Some o/els hae a consonant so#nd as

/ell as a o/el so#nd. se a/ith these

/ords?

= a #niersit$ a #niform a E#ro,eanacation

Some /ords -e%in /ith a silent h. se an/ith

no#ns that -e%in /ith a silent h?

= an ho#r an hono#r

1.1.2. The definite article

The /ord theis called the definite article. @e #se the-efore a no#n /hen it is clear /hich,erson or thin% /e mean or /hen referrin% to somethin% in a %eneral rather than s,ecific/a$.

Ill /ait for $o# in the car.

The Internet has chan%ed o#r /a$ of life.

@e also #se the?

= /hen there is onl$ one of somethin%? the s#n the -i%%est ,iece

= -efore BsameC? the same

= /ith cinema o,era theatre /itho#treferrin% to a ,artic#lar cinema o,era theatre

%oin% to the cinema o,era theatre

= the ad0ectie to refer to %ro#,s of,eo,le.

the $o#n% old elderl$ ,oor #nem,lo$edetc.

= ,l#ral names of ,eo,le and ,laces? 'eo,le? the ;lintstones

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o#ntries? the Netherlands the 'hili,,inesthe nited States

7ro#,s of islands? the anaries the :ahamasthe :ritish Isles

Mo#ntain ran%es? the ar,athians the Andesthe Al,s

= cardinal ,oints? the north of Romania northernRomania

the so#th=east of E%$,t so#th=easternE%$,t

= /ith BRe,#-licC BFin%domC BStatesC The Dominican Re,#-lic the nited Fin%domthe nited States of America

= oceans seas riers and canals the 'acific the :lac> Sea the Dan#-e

@e do not #se the/ith?

= the names of meals @hat do /e hae for -rea>fast l#nch dinner -r#nch

= GoftenH /ith -ed /or> home schoolch#rch

%o to /or> start finish /or>

7o to -ed its late

-#t

Sit on the -ed #ntil $o# feel -etter.

= continents? E#ro,e A#stralia North America

= co#ntries? Romania hina Ar%entina

= re%ions or states? alifornia entral E#ro,e

= cities? :#charest @ashin%ton D..

= Islands? rete :erm#da

= mo#ntains? Eerest

= streets roads sJ#ares ,ar>s? ;ifth Aen#e :road/a$ 'iccadill$ irc#s)ondn :rid%e

1.1.3. The zero article

@hen tal>in% a-o#t somethin% in %eneral not a ,artic#lar thin% /e #se a no#n /itho#t anarticle. @e can also #se ,l#ral no#ns /itho#t an article.

:a-ies cr$ a lot.

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No#ns that donKt sho/ J#antit$ are normall$ #sed /itho#t aor an. The article the ho/eerma$ -e #sed /ith no#ns that donKt sho/ J#antit$.

I li>e s#nshine.

I need time to thin>.

@hen a sentence lin>s t/o ,arallel ad0ectial ,hrases the article sho#ld -e omitted from thesecond ,hrase.

The 0#d%e r#led that loa>#s )td /as a alidl$ re%istered and an e8istin% com,an$.

In addition /hen #sin% certain a-stract no#ns in a %eneral conce,t#al sense it is notnecessar$ to #se an article to ,recede the no#n.

In the eent of a conflict -et/een the definitions %ien in a,,endi8 1 and thedefinitions %ien in the contract the contract shall ,reail.

1.2. Demonstrative determiners

The /ords this, that, theseand thoseare ,rono#ns calleddemonstrative determiners. The$ are#sed to ,oint o#t /hich thin% or ,erson the s,ea>er is referrin% to.

@ith thin%s that are near the s,ea>er @ith thin%s that are a/a$ from the s,ea>er

= this /ith sin%#lar no#ns

This -oo> Goer hereH belongs to me.

= that /ith sin%#lar no#ns

That coat Goer thereH is 0ohns.

= these /ith ,l#ral no#nsThese clothes Goer hereH are amess.

= those /ith ,l#ral no#ns

Those ,eo,le are from Asia.

1.3. Quantifying Determiners

@ords s#ch as many, much and severaltell a-o#t J#antit$ /itho#t %iin% an e8act n#m-er.The$ are called J#antif$in% determiners.

Sin%#l

ar

'l#r

al

nco#nta-l

e

T/

o

fe/ a fe/ fe/er man$ seeral and -oth. 8

all half some eno#%h a lot of lots of more mostother and ,lent$ of

8 8

are little Gmeanin% not m#chH a little Gmeanin% someHm#ch and less

8

either and neither 8

an$ no no other and the other 8 8 8

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1.4. Interrogative Determiners

The /ords what, whichand whoseare #sed -efore no#ns to as> J#estions. Interro%atiedeterminers a,,ear 0#st -efore no#ns.

@hattime is it

1.5. ossessive Determiners

The /ords my, your, his, her, its, ourand theirare #sed -efore no#ns to sho/ o/nershi,.

1.!. "umerals

N#m-ers are determiners too. N#m-ers are often #sed -efore no#ns to indicate e8actl$ ho/man$ ,eo,le or thin%s there are.

There are t/ele months in the $ear.

1.#. The use of more than one determiner

ind of determiner.

Some of the st#dents hae neer st#died En%lish.

The J#antif$in% determiner allma$ -e #sed /ith or /itho#t of. ;or e8am,le $o# can sa$?

She /ants to motiate all GofH the st#dents.

EERCISES:

'#t an article /here necessar$?

1. 'arties si%ned contract toda$ after hain% disc#ssed ,rice.

2. )a/$er a-o#t /hom I s,o>e arried at meetin% too late to adise a-o#tamo#nt of dama%es com,an$ co#ld %et.

3. If there is tele,hone call for me a-o#t case ,#t it thro#%h.

4. lient said that Ro%%ins /as inefficientl$ r#n and #n,rofita-le com,an$.

5. Mo-ile ,hone has reol#tionised /a$ in /hich firm does -#siness.

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2# PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PRASES

're,ositions are /ords #sed /ith a no#n or ,rono#n /hich sho/ ,lace ,osition time ormethod. Most ,re,ositions are little /ords li>e at, in, of, for, with, except, like, as, thanandon. 're,ositional ,hrases are %ro#,s of /ords s#ch as out ofand on top of andinstead of.

The ,re,osition betweensho#ld -e follo/ed -$ an o-0ect ,rono#n li>e me him or #s insteadof a s#-0ect ,rono#n s#ch I she and /e. It is therefore correct to sa$ Lthis matter is -et/een$o# and me and /ron% to sa$ Lthis matter is -et/een $o# and I.

2.1. re$osition or Adver%&

Some /ords s#ch as inside, past, across or down can -e #sed either as ,re,ositions or asader-s. If the /ord is follo/ed -$ a no#n or a ,rono#n it is a ,re,osition. This no#n or,rono#n is called the o-0ect of the ,re,osition

She ,#t her hand inside ,re,osition m$ -a% no#n =O o-0ect of the ,re,osition.

It /as rainin% so the$ decided to sta$ inside ader-.

2.2. re$ositions of lace

Some ,re,ositions sho/ /here somethin% ha,,ens? under, underneath, over, inside,beside, in, in front of, on top of, in the middle of.

2.3. re$ositions of Time

Some ,re,ositions sho/ /hen somethin% ha,,ens? at nine ocloc> in the mornin% atni%ht on Sat#rda$ ,ast $o#r -edtime d#rin% -$ ;rida$ -efore #ntil.

2.4. re$ositions of Direction

Some ,re,ositions sho/ /here somethin% is %oin%? aftereach other downthe hill alongthrough, towards, past, away from, out of.

2.5. re$ositions 'ith Ad(ectives) *er%s or "ouns

're,ositions are #sed /ith some ad0ecties? an%r$ /ith afraid of interested in %ood at.

're,ositions are #sed /ith some er-s? loo> for thin> of -elon% to listen to a%ree /ithlend to tell a-o#t c#t into -orro/ from.

're,ositions are #sed /ith some no#ns? ans/er to reason for the matter /ith e8am,le ofcon%rat#lations on =in% dama%e to.

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EERCISES

1. ;ill in the -lan>s /ith the a,,ro,riate ,re,ositions?

1. Ten #nits m#st -e deliered P the -#$er P 36 Noem-er.

2. This a%reement can -e terminated P %iin% not less than 14 da$s notice P/ritin%.

3. Rent /ill -e ,aid P accordance P this a%reement.

4. This is an a%reement P the ,arties to the contract.

5. The %oods are to -e moed P the defendants /areho#se no later P 2+A#%#st.

2. om,lete the follo/in% sentences /ith the %ien ,re,ositions. The t$,e of ,re,osition $o#need is in ,arentheses? after #nder to/ard d#rin% on in -efore at a/a$ from across

1. A cat /as sittin% the roof of m$ car. G,laceH

2. Some ,eo,le /ere tal>in% the moie. GtimeH

3. A man /as comin% #s on his -i>e. GdirectionH

4. The ,art$ starts si8 ocloc>. GtimeH

5. She ,#t the -oo> her -a%. G,laceH

!. @e /al>ed the street to the ,ar>. G,laceH

&. Ill -e late for school Its nine ocloc> alread$ GtimeH

+. She >ee,s her sli,,ers her -ed. G,laceH

. @e al/a$s /ash o#r hands meals. GtimeH

16. She ran the do% -eca#se she /as fri%htened. GdirectionH

3# NOUNS

The no#n is the ,art of s,eech desi%natin% a ,erson or a thin%. There are t/o main t$,es ofno#ns? common no#ns and ,ro,er no#ns.

3.1. +ommon nouns

ommon no#ns indicate o-0ects of the same >ind.

Thin%s hair hammer tr#th lo$alt$

Animals and their$o#n%

do% Q ,#,,$ cat Q >itten co/ Q calf

'laces -an> air,ort hotel %as station li-rar$ ,ar>

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m#se#m

(cc#,ations sin%er mana%er sailor %ardener teacher doctor

3.2. ro$er nouns

The names of ,artic#lar ,eo,le ,laces and thin%s are ,ro,er no#ns. The$ al/a$s -e%in /itha ca,ital letter.

'eo,les names 7eor%e @ashin%ton Mr. ham 'rofessor 9ohnson

The da$s of the/ee> and themonths of the $ear

S#nda$ Monda$ ... Sat#rda$

9an#ar$ ;e-r#ar$ ... Decem-er

S,ecial da$s andcele-rations

Ne/ s%iin% alentines Da$*allo/een )a-o#r Da$ hristmas

;amo#s ,laces-#ildin%s andmon#ments

:i% :en the Em,ire State :#ildin% the S,hin8 the Ta0 Mahal theEiffel To/er the 7rand an$on the 7olden 7ate :rid%e theS$dne$ (,era *o#se the 7reat @all of hina :#c>in%ham the)eanin% To/er of 'isa the Stat#e of )i-ert$

o#ntries Romania ;rance 7erman$

'eo,le /ho lie in a,artic#lar co#ntr$

Af%hans the :ritish the hinese the ;rench the 9a,aneseMala$sians Ne/ ealanders 'a>istanis ;ili,inos S,aniards theS/iss Thais the ietnamese

3.3. The num%er of nouns

;ormin% the ,l#ral from the sin%#lar?

Most no#ns s ,ar>s ideas mo#ntains

Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or

x

es -#s Q -#ses Gor -#ssesH dress Q dresses -ranchQ -ranches flash Q flashes -o8 Q-o8es

Nouns that end in y change the y

to i and add es.

$ =O ies

-a-$ Q -a-ies famil$ Q families cit$ = cities

Nouns ending in y, preceded by

a vowel

s >e$ Q >e$s da$ Q da$s alle$ = alle$s

Nouns ending in f f =O es

half Q hales leaf Q leaes /olf Q /oles thief Qthiees

(ther no#ns endin% in f es chief Q chiefs roof Q roofs cliff Q cliffs

Some no#ns endin% in f f =O es ores

hoof = hoofs or hooes d/arf = d/arfs ord/ares /harf = /harfs or /hares

Most no#ns that end in fe are f =O >nife Q >nies /ife Q /ies life = lies

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s

Most no#ns that end in o s ideo Q ideos hi,,o Q hi,,os zoo Q zoos

(ther no#ns endin% in o es Tomato Q tomatoes hero Q heroes olcano Qolcanoes

Irre%#lar ,l#rals irre%#lar man=men /oman=/omen child=children foot=feet tooth=teeth o8=o8en %oose=%eese mo#se=mice Gor mo#ses for the com,#ter deiceH lo#se=lice -rother=-rethren

The ,l#ral form same as thesin%#lar form

sameassin%#lar

Shee, deer fish Gfishes for different s,ecies offishH aircraft salmon

Al/a$s ,l#ral al/a$s,l#ral

:od$ ,arts? loins -o/els

Diseases? measles m#m,s rhe#matics

lothin%? tro#sers shorts s,ectacles 0eans%o%%les ,ants ti%hts a ,air of

Tools? scissors -inoc#lars %lasses t/eezers a,air of

7ames? -illiards darts dominoes

Sciences? ciics economics mathematics,h$sics ,olitics statistics

7eo%ra,hical names? the Al,s the *i%hlandsThe Netherlands the S

s#all$ ,l#ral #s#all$,l#ral

shoes cho,stic>s sandals %loes sli,,ersclo%s -oots soc>s a ,air of

Sin%#lar /itho#t ,l#ralG#nco#nta-le no#nsH

no,l#ral

adice information f#rnit#re -read a ,iece of

data eJ#i,ment liti%ation machiner$ soft/aretrainin% le%islation real estate

-#siness income mone$ ,eace cotton co,,errice ha,,iness sand

)atin ,l#rals )atin,l#rals

al%a Q al%ae al#mn#s Q al#mni stim#l#s Qstim#li code8 Q codices

7ree> ,l#rals 7ree>,l#rals

anal$sis Q anal$ses crisis Q crises oasis Qoases h$,othesis Q h$,otheses

3.4. +ollective nouns

The$ hae one sin%le form desi%natin% a %ro#, of identical thin%s? a famil$ a cre/ a team

a comm#nit$ a choir the arm$ a 0#r$ the %oernment a committee.

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ollectie no#ns ma$ -e #sed /ith a sin%#lar er- or /ith a ,l#ral er-. If the %ro#, is actin%as a sin%le #nit #se a sin%#lar er-. If %ro#, mem-ers are actin% as indiid#als #se a ,l#raler-.

It sho#ld -e remem-ered that if the er- is sin%#lar an$ follo/in% ,rono#ns G/ords s#ch ashe she it or the$H m#st also -e sin%#lar e.%. Lthe firm is ,re,ared to act -#t not #ntil it

>no/s the o#tcome of the ne%otiations Gnot L. . . #ntil the$ >no/ the o#tcomeH.

Al/a$s #se a ,l#ral er- /ith the collectie no#ns ,eo,le and the ,olice. ;or e8am,le?

Those ,eo,le lie Gnot liesH in Asia.

The ,olice hae ca#%ht Gnot has ca#%htH the thief.

S,ecialized no#ns?

7ro#,s ofanimals

a herd of cattle a ,ac> of /oles a litter of ,#,,ies a floc> of -irds a ,ride oflions a troo, of mon>e$s a droe of shee, a ,od of dol,hins a -rood ofchic>ens a %a%%le of %eese a school of fish a s/arm of -ees

7ro#,s ofthin%s

a -#nch of -ananas a dec> of cards a cl#ster of %ra,es a fli%ht of ste,s a-#nch of flo/ers a s#ite of rooms a -o#J#et of flo/ers a s#ite of f#rnit#re aran%e of mo#ntains a set of tools a fleet of shi,s a strin% of -eads a fleet ofehicles a %roe of trees

Some no#ns name the amo#nt or form of somethin%? a loaf of -read a -ar of soa, a -all ofstrin% a -ar of chocolate.

The /ords a piece ofmean a sin%le serin% or ,art of somethin%? a slice,iece of -read a

slice,iece of cheese a ,iecesJ#are of chocolate a slice,iece of ca>e a sheet,iece of,a,er a ,iece of chal> a ,iece of information a ,iece of adice

3.5 ,ender in -nglish

7ender can -e sho/n?

=/ith s#ffi8es actor Qactress cond#ctor=cond#ctress co#nt=co#ntess master=mistress ,rince Q ,rincess em,eror em,ress ,oliceman =,loice/oman

=/ith different/ords -achelor Q s,inster -o$ = %irl Q child father = mother = ,arenth#s-and = /ife = s,o#se ne,he/ = niece

=/ords indicatin%the se8

-o$friend = %irlfriend = friend

manserant = maidserant = serant

=/ords indicatin%nationalit$?

an En%lishman = an En%lish/oman

a D#tchman = a D#tch/oman

@ith animals there is one %eneral /ord for the animal and s,ecial /ords for the male andthe female. Sometimes the /ord for the male animal is the same as the %eneral /ord.

Sometimes the /ord for the female animal is the same as the %eneral /ord.

animal masc#line feminine

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ra--it -#c> doe

horse stallion mare

shee, ram e/e

,i% -oar so/

chic>en rooster hen

d#c> dra>e d#c>

%oose %ander %oose

fo8 fo8 i8en

ti%er ti%er ti%ress

lion lion lioness

cattle -#ll co/

3.!. +ommon gender nouns

No#ns that hae the same form for -oth %enders? teacher -a-$ doctor scientist ,#,il,arent astrona#t ,resident child co#sin dancer mana%er

3.#. The $ossessive form of nouns

@ith a sin%#lar no#n Ls 9ohns the cats

,l#ral no#ns that dont end in s Ls childrens ,eo,les mices

,l#ral no#ns that end in s L -o$s ,#,ils

A name andin% in s Ls 9ames 9amess

t/o names lin>ed -$ and Ls after the second no#n Fat$ and Mi>es

EERCISES:

1. Read the sentences. Does the collectie no#n indicate a %ro#, actin% to%ether as a sin%le#nit If so circle the sin%#lar er-. Does the collectie no#n indicate a %ro#, in /hich eachmem-er acts indiid#all$ ircle the ,l#ral no#n.

1. The 0#r$ G/ere/asH ar%#in% a-o#t the im,ortance of eidence.

2. A /hole com,an$ of soldiers GisareH marchin% in the ,arade.

3. A %a%%le of %eese GisareH r#nnin% eer$ /hich /a$ in the -arn$ard.

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4. Those ,eo,le GlieliesH in North America.

5. The ,olice GhashaeH arrested the s#s,ect.

!. That tro#,e of actors al/a$s Gsta$sta$sH at the 7rand *otel.

&. The committee GisareH handin% in their -allots.

+. (#r school -and G,la$,la$sH man$ liel$ marches.

. A -i% colon$ of ants GlieslieH #nder the front ,orch.

16. The %oernment GareisH entitled to collect ta8es.

2. om,lete each ,hrase /ith a no#n from the -o8 that names a ,art or an amo#nt ofsomethin%.

-#shel scoo, ream ,air dro, %rain ,inch %ala8$

a ... of stars

a ... of ,otatoes

a ... of sand

a ... of -oo>ends

a ... of ,a,er

a ... of ice cream

a ... of salt

a ... of rain

# PRONOUNS

A ,rono#n is a ,art of s,eech that ta>es the ,lace of a no#n.

4.1. ersonal $ronouns

'ersonal ,rono#ns ma$ -e #sed as the s#-0ect or o-0ect of a er-.

The ,ersonal ,rono#ns I, you, he, she, it, weand theycan all -e #sed as the s#-0ect of aer- Gthe$ ,erform the action or stateH.

I li>e s,orts.

The ,ersonal ,rono#ns me, you, him, her, it, usand themcan all -e #sed as the o-0ect of a

er- Gthe$ receie the action of the er-H.

The$ /arned them not to interfere.

4.2. efle/ive $ronouns

Refle8ie ,rono#ns are /ords that refer -ac> to the no#n or ,rono#n that is the s#-0ect of

the er-. The /ords myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves andthemselvesare refle8ie ,rono#ns.

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I -#ilt this tree ho#se m$self.

:e caref#l not to c#t $o#rself /ith that >nife.

4.3. ossessive ronouns

'ossessie ,rono#ns are #sed to tal> a-o#t thin%s that -elon% to ,eo,le. The /ords mine$o#rs his hers o#rs and theirs are ,ossessie ,rono#ns.

This -oo> is mine. *ae $o# lost $o#rs

S#-0ect,rono#n

(-0ect,rono#n

Refle8ie,rono#n

'ossessie,rono#ns

Sin%#lar

1st,erson

I me m$self mine

2nd,erson

$o# $o# $o#rself $o#rs

3rd,erson

he

she

it

him

her

it

himself

herself

itself

his

hers

'l#ral 1st,erson

/e #s o#rseles o#rs

2

nd

,erson $o# $o# $o#rseles $o#rs

3rd,erson

the$ them themseles theirs

'rono#ns s$nthesis ta-le

4.4. Demonstrative $ronouns

Demonstratie ,rono#ns are #sed for ,ointin% o#t thin%s. The /ords this, that, these and

thoseare demonstratie ,rono#ns.

;or more details see cha,ter 1.2. Demonstratie determiners

4.5. Interrogative $ronouns

Interro%atie ,rono#ns are #sed to as> J#estions. The /ords who, whose, what, which andwhomare interro%atie ,rono#ns. In addition these ,rono#ns ma$ ta>e the s#ffi8es =eerand =soeer. The$ do not distin%#ish -et/een sin%#lar and ,l#ral so the$ onl$ hae oneform. Interro%atie ,rono#ns ,rod#ce information J#estions that reJ#ire more than a $es or

no ans/er.

;orms?

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S#-0ect (-0ect 'ossessie

/ho /hom /hose

/hich

that

Whatand whichcan -e #sed to as> a-o#t o-0ects or ,eo,le.

@hat time is it @hat is $o#r name

@hich chair are $o# tal>in% a-o#t @hich is $o#r mother

Whocan -e #sed to as> a-o#t ,eo,le? @ho are $o#

Whosecan -e #sed to as> a-o#t a ,ossession relation? @hose is this -oo>

Whomcan -e #sed to as> a-o#t ,eo,le. It is less #s#al and more formal than who?

@hom did $o# ,hone o-0ect of the er- ;or /hom /ill $o# ote o-0ect of the,re,osition

Which andwhatcan also -e #sed as interro%atie ad0ecties and who, whom, andwhichcan also -e #sed as a relatie ,rono#ns? The man /hom she chose /ill do a /onderf#l 0o-.

4.!. Indefinite $ronouns

An indefinite ,rono#n does not refer directl$ to an$ other /ord. Most indefinite ,rono#nse8,ress he idea of J#antit$.

Eer$-od$ is /elcome at the meetin%.

Man$ ,refer their coffee /ith s#%ar.

Indefinite 'rono#ns? all each most other another either neither seeral an$ eer$-od$

no-od$ some an$-od$ eer$one none some-od$ an$one fe/ no one someone -oth

man$ one s#ch.

The ,rono#n theyis considered an indefinite ,rono#n /hen it ma>es an indefinite reference.

The$ ,rod#ce a lot of coal in $o#r state.

EERCISES

1. Read the follo/in% ,assa%e. @rite the missin% demonstratie ,rono#ns in the -lan>s,aces.

*enr$ and I /ent for a /al> on the -each. B@hats oer thereC I as>ed. BItloo>s li>e -ro>en %lassC said *enr$. *e %ae me a -a%. B'#t it in C he said. I,#t the -ro>en %lass into the -a%. B@ed -etter ,#t in the trashC I said. *e

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too> the -a% from me. Be C said *enr$ Bso that $o# dontc#t $o#r hand.C

2. @rite the missin% ,ossessie ,rono#ns in the -lan> s,aces to com,lete the sentences.

1. I chose this seat first so its .

2. an /e -orro/ $o#r colo#rin% ,ens @ee lost .

3. @e lie in the cit$ and the$ lie in the co#ntr$side. (#r ho#se is smaller than .

4. 9ohn is this ,encil

5. Sall$ is loo>in% for her %loes. Are these %loes

!. an 9#lie #se $o#r -i>e is -ro>en.

&. Tom %ot the -oo>s mi8ed #,. *e tho#%ht mine /as and his /as .

4# AD5ECTIVES

Ad0ecties descri-e no#ns and ,rono#ns.

Size of ,eo,le and thin%s a -i% ho#se a lon% -rid%e tin$ feet a lar%e arm$ a hi%hmo#ntain -i% hands a h#%e shi, a short man a short s>irt atall -#ildin% a thin -o$ lon% tro#sers

olo#r of thin%s a red car,et a %ra$ s#it a -ro/n -ear -lac> shoes

"#alif$in% ad0ecties a -ea#tif#l /oman a $o#n% soldier a flat s#rface a handsome-o$ an old #ncle a hot drin> a ,oor famil$ a >ind lad$ a cold/inter

S#-stances a ,lastic folder a stone /all a cla$ ,ot a ,a,er -a% a metal-o8 a %lass door

Ad0ecties of ori%in Gmadefrom ,ro,er no#ns of,laceH

a Me8ican hat a :ritish ,olice officer the ;rench fla% a ;ili,inodress an American c#stom

5.1. The order of ad(ectives

@hen t/o or more ad0ecties are #sed to%ether the #s#al order is? size J#alit$ colo#rori%in s#-stance.

a small %reen ,lastic -o8

Ad0ecties of J#alit$ sometimes come -efore ad0ecties of size.

-ea#tif#l lon% hair

:#t ad0ecties of size al/a$s come -efore ad0ecties of colo#r.

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-ea#tif#l lon% -lac> hair

If $o# #se an$ ad0ectie of s#-stance it comes after the colo#r ad0ectie.

a -ea#tif#l lon% -lac> sil> dress

5.2. Ad(ective endings

=f#l descri-e no#n or ,rono#ns that aref#ll of somethin% or hae a lot ofsomethin%

a -ea#tif#l face a ,ainf#l in0#r$ acaref#l st#dent a cheerf#l -a-$

=o#s a famo#s /riter a co#ra%eo#ssoldier

a mo#ntaino#s area an adent#ro#se8,lorer a dan%ero#s 0o-

=$ a mess$ room a nois$ car dirt$hands a slee,$ do% a clo#d$ s>$

=less a ,erson or thin% that does nothae somethin%

a clo#dless s>$ a meanin%less /orda sleeeless dress a fearless fi%htera careless drier

=al a national fla% ,ersonal ,ossessionsm#sical instr#ments a traditionalcost#me electrical %oods

-ic, -ish, -i-le,-a-le, -ie and-l$

a fantastic sin%er a terri-le mess anima%inatie stor$ a selfish act ali>ea-le child friendl$ teachers

=in% @ords li>e smilin% carin% andflashin% are ,resent ,artici,les ofer-s. The$ are formed -$ addin%in% to the er-s. Man$ ,resent,artici,les can also -e #sed asad0ecties.

loin% ,arents an interestin% -oo> adisa,,ointin% res#lt a carin% n#rse

=ed @ords li>e closed /asted and

esca,ed are ,ast ,artici,les ofer-s. Man$ ,ast ,artici,les canalso -e #sed as ad0ecties.

a closed door satisfied c#stomers

-oiled e%%s /orried ,assen%ers/asted time esca,ed ,risoners

=en @hat somethin% is made of a /ooden door a /oollen 0#m,er

= en =$ @hat somethin% is li>e a %olden s#nrise GU -ri%ht $ello/ li>e%oldH sil>$ s>in GU as soft as sil>H

5.3. The com$arison of ad(ectives

The com$arative The su$erlative

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To com,are t/o ,eo,le or thin%s #se thecom,aratie form of an ad0ectie. Thecom,aratie form is #s#all$ made -$ addin%erto the ad0ectie.

dar> Q dar>er hard Q harder li%ht Q

li%hter /arm Q /armer hi%h = hi%her

The /ord thanis often #sed to com,are t/othin%s or ,eo,le.

A car is fasterthana -i>e.

@hen $o# com,are three or more ,eo,le orthin%s #se the s#,erlatie form of anad0ectie. The s#,erlatie form is #s#all$made -$ addin% estto the ad0ectie.

dar> Q dar>est /arm Q /armest li%ht

Q li%htest cold coldest hi%h = hi%hest

The /ord theis often #sed -efore thes#,erlatie form.

A -ee is a small insect. A lad$-ird issmaller -#t an ant is the smallest.

;ormin% the de%rees of com,arison?

Ad0ecties endin% in =e r st nice Q nicer Q nicest close Q closerQclosest lar%e = lar%er Q lar%est

short /ord that ends in a consonant andhas a sin%le o/el in the middle

Do#-le theconsonant

er est

sad =sadder Q saddest /et =/etter Q /ettest slim Q slimmer Qslimmest

the ad0ectie has t/o s$lla-les and endsin $

$=O i

er est

eas$ = easier Q easiest hea$ =heaier Q heaiest f#nn$ = f#nnier= f#nniest = loel$ loelier Qloeliest

@e #se moreand mostto com,are mostother t/o=s$lla-le ad0ecties. @e also#se more and most /ith ad0ecties thathae more than t/o s$lla-les.

more most famo#s = more famo#s = mostfamo#s ,recio#s = more ,recio#s =most ,recio#s handsome = morehandsome = most handsome

Irre%#lar com,aratie and s#,erlatie Irre%#lar %ood Q -etter Q -est -ad= /orse Q/orst little Q less Q least man$ Qmore Q most far Q farther orf#rther farthest or f#rthest

5.4. Ad(ective $hrases

Ad0ectie ,hrases are ,hrases #sed li>e sin%le ad0ecties to descri-e no#ns and ,rono#ns.

Most ad0ectie ,hrases come after the /ord the$ descri-e.

M$ friend lies in the ho#seacross the street.

Some ad0ectie ,hrases come -efore the /ord the$ descri-e. The /ords in these ,hrasesare often 0oined /ith h$,hens.

a lon%=le%%ed -ird an ei%ht=$ear=old child a /ell=dressed lad$ a ten=cent coin a#ser=friendl$ eJ#i,ment

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EERCISES

1. The follo/in% sentences contain ad0ecties made -$ addin% endin%s to no#ns. @rite theno#n that each ad0ectie comes from on the line after each sentence. Remem-er that someno#ns m#st -e chan%ed sli%htl$ -efore the endin% is added.

1. Shes al/a$s ma>in% careless mista>es.

2. It /as a er$ ,ainf#l in0#r$.

3. @itches and /izards hae ma%ical ,o/ers.

4. These oran%es are er$ 0#ic$.

5. Do%s are #s#all$ more ener%etic than cats.

!. (#r nei%h-ors are not er$ friendl$.

&. She >ee,s her to$s in a lar%e /ooden -o8.

+. Ta>e off $o#r m#dd$ shoes -efore $o# come in.

. Ma$ I -orro/ $o#r ,encil shar,ener Mine is #seless.

16. @hat a -ea#tif#ldress

Exercise 42. ;ill in the -lan> s,aces /ith ad0ecties made from the er-s in ,arentheses. Remem-erthat -oth ,resent ,artici,les and ,ast ,artici,les can -e #sed as ad0ecties. hoose thead0ectie that s#its the sentence -est.

1. It /asnt a er$ GinterestH moie.

2. @e co#ld hear the Ge8citeH fans screamin%.

3. I ho,e the ,#,ils dont thin> that m$ classes are G-oreH.

4. M$ dad had a er$ G/orr$H loo> on his face.

5. *ae the ,olice fo#nd the GstealH car $et

!. The s#,ermar>et sells lots of GfreezeH food.

&. The ,la$ers on the G/inH team dont loo> tired at all.

+. Some of the old ho#ses had G-rea>H /indo/s.

6# ADVERBS AND ADVERB PRASES

Ader-s are /ords that tell $o# more a-o#t er-s ad0ecties and other ader-s. Man$

ader-s end in ly. e these ader-s -$ addin% lyto ad0ecties.

The traffic /as moin% slo/l$. @e /aited ,atientl$ to see the doctor.

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Ader- ,hrases are %ro#,s of /ords that f#nctions as sin%le ader-s to descri-e the actionof the er-.

Are $o# sittin% in a comfortable chair Mr. Dic>son al/a$s dresses in fashionableclothes.

T$,es of ader-s?

Ader-s ofmanner

*o/ correctl$ carelessl$ s>ilf#ll$ li>e a-a-$ in a clear oice

Ader-s oftime

@hen tomorro/ alread$ last /ee> in thea#t#mn in a fe/ da$s time as soonas ,ossi-le ne8t $ear this mornin%

Ader-s of,lace

@here o#tside #,stairs there in the ,ar> toNe/ it$ on the northern sideof the island

Ader-s offreJ#enc$

*o/ often re%#larl$ al/a$s neer eer dail$eer$ da$ t/ice a /ee> once eer$si8 months

Ader-s ofd#ration

*o/ lon% tem,oraril$ oer ni%ht -riefl$ forthree da$s for a moment for oer anho#r

Ader-s ofem,hasis

Most ader-s descri-e er-s -#tsome ader-s also descri-ead0ecties or other ader-s. The$ are

#s#all$ #sed to add em,hasis.

0#st com,letel$ totall$ J#ite reall$er$ too

Anna can r#n reall$ fast.

Thats a er$ %ood dra/in%.

M$ rice is too hot.

EERCISES

1. hoose one of the %ien ad0ecties and t#rn it into an ader- to com,lete the sentences-elo/? close firm -ri%ht neat caref#l J#ic> sad re%#lar J#iet clear

1. She /rites er$ .

2. /hen $o#re in the li-rar$.

3. arr$ the %lass so $o# dont dro, it.

4. $ /as -l#e and the s#n /as shinin% .

&. If $o# follo/ #s $o# /ont %et lost.

+. I cant #nderstand $o#. 'lease s,ea> more .

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. )ets /al> so /e %et home -efore it starts to rain.

16. Attach the si%n to the /all.

2. Are the -old /ords in the follo/in% sentences ader-s or ad0ecties @rite ader- orad0ectie on the line after each sentence.

1. The teacher smiled >indl$.

2. She has a loel$ smile.

3. The children in m$ class are er$ friendl$.

4. 9ohn had no friends and felt er$ lonel$.

5. It /as rainin% so the$ /isel$ decided to sta$ in.

!. M$ dad -#$s a dail$ ne/s,a,er.

&. Some sna>es are deadl$.

+. Ie nearl$ finished m$ home/or>.

. I shoo> hands ,olitel$ /ith the head teacher.

16. The$ ,la$ed some er$ liel$ %ames.

7# CON5UNCTIONS

on0#nctions are /ords #sed to lin> /ords ,hrases or cla#ses. Some common con0#nctionsare and butand or.

se andto lin> /ords that are similar? The ,resident isited to/ns and cities across the

co#ntr$.

se butto lin> /ords that are different and do not normall$ %o to%ether? Ai>ido is tirin% -#t

f#n.

se orto tal> a-o#t choices? ?

@ords @e /ant a acation thatKs interesting-#t relaxing.

'hrases The car is very old-#t still very reliable.

)ists In the mornin% I get up, take a shower, eat breakfastand brush my

teeth.Sentences Sam is ,la$in% foot-all and Eric is readin% a -oo>.

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A lon% sentence /itht/o ,arts that arelin>ed -$ and butororis called acom,o#nd sentence.

I s/itched on the T -#t there /ere no interestin% ,ro%rams on.

@o#ld $o# li>e to %o to the moies or shall /e %o for a -#r%er

There are other constr#cts for and butand or?

And not onl$... -#t alsoV not onl$ ... -#t as /ellV as /ell asV -oth ... and

:#t altho#%h een tho#%h /hile tho#%h

(r neither ... norV either ... or or else

T$,es of con0#nctions

on0#nctions of time -efore after since #ntil /hen /hile as as soonas

on0#nctions of ,lace /here /hereer

@here the road is narro/ -i% tr#c>s cant %etthro#%h.

The do% follo/s Andre/ /hereer he %oes.

on0#nctions ofreason

-eca#se since as in case

on0#nctions of,#r,ose so so that in order to

EERCISES

1. om,lete the follo/in% sentences -$ addin% and, but oror.

1. Mrs. Ta$lor is tall ... slim.

2. )earnin% %eo%ra,h$ is hard ... interestin%.

3. I dont li>e foot-all ... soccer.

4. Do $o# ,#ll the handle ... ,#sh it

5. These tools are old ... still #sef#l.

!. @e isited lots of castles ... ,alaces in En%land.

&. The classes are J#ite diffic#lt ... Im doin% /ell.

+. I didnt >no/ /hether to t#rn left ... ri%ht.

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8# VERBS

er-s descri-e actions or states.

The s#-0ect and the er- match each other or a%ree. This a%reement is most o-io#s in the

case of the ,resent sim,le tense third ,erson sin%#lar /hen most er-s ta>e the endin% Qs.

Mom /al>s to /or> eer$ da$.

The third ,erson sin%#lar form of some er-s is made -$ addin% =es at the end. Some

e8am,les are er-s that end in sh ch ss 8 zz and o? -r#shes /atches >isses fi8es %oes

does.

;or most er-s that end in $ the $ chan%es to an i and then Qes is added? carr$ Q carries

h#rr$ Q h#rries co,$ Q co,ies cr$ Q cries fl$ Q flies.

@hen the er- ends /ith Q$ ,receded -$ a o/el /e 0#st add Qs at the end? -#$ Q-#$s sa$

Q sa$s ,la$ Q ,la$s anno$ Q anno$s.

;or more information on a%reement see cha,ter 3.4. ollectie no#ns.

0.1. Transitive and intransitive ver%s

Some er-s hae an o-0ect. The o-0ect of a er- is the ,erson or thin% that is affected -$ the

action of the er-? Alice eats -isc#its for -rea>fast. er-s that hae o-0ects are called

transitie er-s.

Some er-s can -e either transitie or intransitie. Notice that the transitie meanin% and the

intransitie meanin% are sometimes different.

transitive ver%s intransitive ver%s

The ,ilot flies the ,lane er$ /ell. Ea%les fl$ hi%h in the s>$.

The -o$s ,la$ foot-all on /ee>ends. The -o$s ,la$ in the $ard on /ee>ends.

M$ mom r#ns her o/n com,an$. M$ mom r#ns in the ,ar> for f#n.

@e /al> the do% eer$ eenin%. @e /al> on the -each eer$ eenin%.

0.2. Au/iliary ver%s

0.2.1. e) do) and have

A#8iliar$ er-s are #sed to%ether /ith a main er- to %ie %rammatical information andtherefore add e8tra meanin% to a sentence. Information that is not %ien -$ the main er-.

= The$ are #sed to form the ,assie oice? The -oo> /as /ritten -$ an #n>no/na#thor.

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= The$ are #sed to form the contin#o#s tense? *e is comin% to/ard #s.

= The$ are #sed to form the ,erfect tense? *ae $o# seen Mar>

= The$ are #sed to form J#estions and for em,hasis? Did $o# %o to school $eaterda$

She does loo> nice so sto, sa$in% she doesnt.

Be, Do andHaveare a#8iliar$ er-s the$ are irre%#lar er-s and can -e #sed as mainer-s. The er-s Kto -eK and Kto haeK are the most commonl$ #sed a#8iliar$ er-s and /or>alon%side the main er-s in an$ statement.

Beis the most common er- in the En%lish lan%#a%e. It can -e #sed as an a#8iliar$ and amain er-. It is #sed a lot in its other forms.

The er- dois one of the most common er-s in En%lish. It can -e #sed as an a#8iliar$ anda main er-. It is often #sed in J#estions. The a#8iliar$ er- KdoK is al/a$s follo/ed -$ the-ase form GinfinitieH.

0.2.2. odal ver%s

nli>e other a#8iliar$ er-s modals onl$ e8ist in their hel,in% formV the$ cannot act alone asthe main er- in a sentence. The$ are #sed -efore infinities to add a different meanin%. ;ore8am,le $o# #se a#8iliar$ er-s to sa$?

= that someone is a-le to do somethin%

= that someone is allo/ed to do somethin% or

= that someone has to do somethin%.

The hel,in% er-s are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might andmust.

+an and could

se can and co#ld to sa$ that someone is a-le to do somethin%. o#ld is the sim,le ,asttense form of can.

an $o# ride a -i>e I ran as fast as I co#ld.

@hen $o# ,#t not after can /rite it as one /ord? cannot. The contraction of cannot is cantand the contraction of co#ld not is co#ldnt.

The$ cannot cantfindtheir /a$ home.

Sarah co#ld not co#ldnt come to the ,art$ -eca#se she /as ill.

in% for information or hel, for offerin% somethin% andfor s#%%estin% somethin%.

o#ld $o# sho/ me /here the accident ha,,ened

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o#ld $o# o,en that /indo/ ,lease

e.

ill and 'ould

se will andwould/hen $o# are as>in% someone to do somethin%.

@ill $o# ,lease sto, ma>in% that noise @o#ld $o# ,ass me that -oo> ,lease

e another drin>

The contraction of /ill not is /ont and the contraction of /o#ld not is /o#ldnt?

@ont $o# sta$ and eat /ith #s @o#ldnt it -e -etter to /ait

hall and should

for adice offer somethin% and s#%%est somethin%.

Sho#ld I -rin% /ater,roof clothes Sho#ld I ,hone the ,olice Shall /e %o homeno/

ught to

e stron% s#%%estions and tal> a-o#t someones d#t$.

I o#%ht to %et more ,h$sical e8ercise.

a-o#t thin%s that $o# hae to do. ust>ee,s the same form in the ,asttense.

I m#st mail this letter toda$.

The contraction of m#st not is m#stnt? She m#stnt let the do% slee, on her -ed.

ay and might

se ma$ to as> if $o# are allo/ed to do somethin% and to tell someone that the$ are allo/edto do somethin%.

BMa$ I %o o#t to ,la$ no/C B a-o#t thin%s that are ,ossi-le or li>el$.

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Ta>e an #m-rella. It mi%ht rain. I ma$ not hae time to %o s/immin% toni%ht.

odal -/am$le 6ses

an The$ can control their o/n -#d%ets.@e cant fi8 it.an I smo>e herean $o# hel, me

A-ilit$ 'ossi-ilit$Ina-ilit$ Im,ossi-ilit$As>in% for ,ermissionReJ#est

o#ld o#ld I -orro/ $o#r dictionar$o#ld $o# sa$ it a%ain more slo/l$@e co#ld tr$ to fi8 it o#rseles.I thin> /e co#ld hae another 7#lf @ar.*e %ae #, his old 0o- so he co#ld /or> for #s.

As>in% for ,ermission.ReJ#estS#%%estion;#t#re ,ossi-ilit$A-ilit$ in the ,ast

Ma$ Ma$ I hae another c#, of coffeehina ma$ -ecome a ma0or economic ,o/er.

As>in% for ,ermission;#t#re ,ossi-ilit$

Mi%ht @eKd -etter ,hone tomorro/ the$ mi%ht -e eatin% theirdinner no/.The$ mi%ht %ie #s a 16W disco#nt.

'resent ,ossi-ilit$

;#t#re ,ossi-ilit$

M#st @e m#st sa$ %ood=-$e no/.The$ m#stnt disr#,t the /or> more than necessar$.

Necessit$ (-li%ation'rohi-ition

(#%ht to @e o#%ht to em,lo$ a ,rofessional /riter. Sa$in% /hats ri%ht orcorrect

Shall Shall I hel, $o# /ith $o#r l#%%a%eShall /e sa$ 2.36 thenShall I do that or /ill $o#

(fferS#%%estionAs>in% /hat to do

Sho#ld @e sho#ld sort o#t this ,ro-lem at once.

I thin> /e sho#ld chec> eer$thin% a%ain.'rofits sho#ld increase ne8t $ear.

Sa$in% /hats ri%ht orcorrectRecommendin%action

ncertain ,rediction@ill I cant see an$ ta8is so Ill /al>.

IKll do that for $o# if $o# li>e.Ill %et -ac> to $o# first thin% on Monda$.'rofits /ill increase ne8t $ear.

Instant decisions(ffer'romiseertain ,rediction

@o#ld @o#ld $o# mind if I -ro#%ht a collea%#e /ith me@o#ld $o# ,ass the salt ,lease@o#ld $o# mind /aitin% a moment@o#ld three oXcloc> s#it $o# = Thatd -e fine.@o#ld $o# li>e to ,la$ %olf this ;rida$@o#ld $o# ,refer tea or coffee = Id li>e tea ,lease.

As>in% for ,ermissionReJ#estReJ#estMa>in% arran%ementsInitation'references

Modal er-s s$nthesis ta-le

9# PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

7.1. resent sim$le

@e #se this tense for ?

=facts and ,ermanent states? I /or> for an adertisin% com,an$.

=%eneral tr#ths and la/s of nat#re? The moon reoles aro#nd the Earth.

=ha-its and ro#tines G/ith al/a$s #s#all$..H? @e #s#all$ ,la$ foot-all on S#nda$.

=timeta-les and ,ro%rammes Gin the f#t#reH? The train de,arts at 5.

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=s,ortin% commentaries reie/s and narrations? )ee s/in%s his -at and scores a home r#n.

=li>es and disli>es I loe Romania. Its s#ch a -ea#tif#l /eather.

'(SITIE

I $o# /e $o# the$ /or> in anoffice

*e she it ,la$s

NE7ATIE

I $o# /e $o# the$ do not GdontH /or> in anoffice

*e she it does not ,la$

INTERR(7ATIE

Do I $o# /e $o# the$ /or> in anoffice

Does he she it ,la$

Do $o# /e $o# the$ not /or> in an office

Dont I $o# /e $o# the$ /or> in an office

Does he she it not ,la$

Doesnt he she it ,la$

Time e8,ressions #sed /ith ,resent sim,le?

=#s#all$ often al/a$s eer$ da$eer$ /ee> in the mornin% at ni%ht on ;rida$s

7.2. resent continuous

=T( :E : IN7

=for actions ta>in% ,lace at or aro#nd the moment of s,ea>in%? Dont -other him he is doin%his home/or>.

=for fi8ed arran%ements in the near f#t#re? @ere si%nin% #, for an En%lish class ne8t /ee>.

=for c#rrentl$ chan%in% and deelo,in% sit#ations? The da$s are -ecomin% shorter andshorter.

=/ith ader-s s#ch as alwaysto e8,ress an%er or irritation at a re,eated action?

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Is he she it Is he she it not

Time e8,ressions #sed /ith ,resent contin#o#s?

=no/ at the moment at ,resent these da$s no/ada$s still toda$ toni%ht

EERCISES

om,lete the follo/in% sentences /ith either 1H the sim,le ,resent form of the er- or 2H the,resent ,ro%ressie form of the er-.

1. The teacher al/a$s G%ieH #s interestin% ,ro0ect /or>.

2. The /ind G-lo/H er$ stron%l$ toda$.

3. I Gli>eH chocolate ice cream.

4. :e J#iet @e Gtr$H to listen to the radio.

5. )ets %o inside no/. It G-e%inH to rain.

!. 'en%#ins GeatH fish.

&. Dad neer GletH #s ,la$ in the street /hen its dar>.

+. The children G%oH s/immin% eer$ da$.

. @ere tr$in% to catch the -all that GrollH do/n the hill.

16. M$ teacher G>no/H a lot a-o#t ,lants and animals.

10# FUTURE TENSE

18.1. 9uture sim$le

@e #se it for?

=decisions made at the moment of s,ea>in%? Ill do the /ashin% #, later.

=,redictions a-o#t the f#t#re -ased on /hat /e thin> -eliee or ima%ine #sin% the er-s tothink, to believe, to expect the e8,ressions be sure, be afraidand the ader-s probably,certainly, perhaps? I e8,ect she /ill -e offered the mana%er ,osition.

=,romises threats /arnin%s reJ#ests ho,es and offers? @ill $o# lend me some mone$ tillne8t /ee>end

=actions eents sit#ations /hich /ill definitel$ ha,,en in the f#t#re and /hich /e cannotcontrol? (#r oldest son /ill -e thirt$ ne8t Ma$.

;orms?

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9ull form +ontraction

I shall I /ill Ill

$o# /ill $o#ll

*e she it /ill *e she it Lll

@e shall /e /ill @ell

The$ /ill The$ll

Ne%atie? I $o# he she it /e $o# the$ /ill not /ont.

18.2. 9uture 'ith going to

@e #se this tense for?

=,lans intentions or am-itions for the f#t#re? I am %oin% to -e a doctor /hen I %ro/ #,.

=actions /e hae alread$ decided to do in the near f#t#re? I am %oin% to isit m$ co#sintomorro/.

=,redictions -ased on /hat /e can see or /hat /e >no/ es,eciall$ /hen there is eidencethat somethin% /ill ha,,en? It is %oin% to rain. )oo> at those clo#ds

Time e8,ression /ith these tenses? tomorro/ the da$ after tomorro/ toni%ht soon ne8t/ee>month$ears#mmer in a /ee>month

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BIBLIOGRAP

1. :arnard Ro%er and 9eff add$ Business !enture " (8ford niersit$ 'ress

(8ford 13

2. *ai%h R#,ert #egal $nglish second edition Ro#tled%e Q aendish )ondon andNe/ 266

3. Sar%eant *o/ard Basic $nglish %rammar Book " Saddle-ac> Ed#cational'#-lishin% Irine A 266&

4. htt,?///.en%lishlan%#a%e%#ide.comen%lish%rammarinterro%atie=,rono#n.as,

5. htt,?///.learnen%lish.de%rammarer-a#8.htm

http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htmhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/interrogative-pronoun.asphttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htm