Curs Limba Engleza 2012

7/27/2019 Curs Limba Engleza 2012

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UNIVERSITATEA GEORGE BACOVIA DIN BACU

CURS DE LIMBA ENGLEZ

Lect. univ. drd. Nicoleta BOTEZ

AN UNIVERSITAR 2012/2013


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CONTENTS

UNIT I .................................................................................... 9Vocabulary Practice I ....................................................... 11Vocabulary Practice II ..................................................... 13Groups of words expressing time: ................................... 15Exercises .......................................................................... 16Numbers ........................................................................... 21The use of some prepositions. .......................................... 27Accounting (2) ................................................................. 31

Focus on grammar. The Use of Articles in English ......... 32

UNIT II Market economy and the business cycle ............... 47Vocabulary Practice ......................................................... 48Collocations: .................................................................... 49

UNIT III Parts of a Company .............................................. 58Vocabulary practice ......................................................... 59

UNIT IV Types of companies and company structure ........ 65Vocabulary practice ......................................................... 67Abbreviations ................................................................... 70Focus on grammar. The Noun ......................................... 76Quantifiers ........................................................................ 82

UNIT V Work and jobs ........................................................ 88Vocabulary practice: ........................................................ 88Focus on grammar. Present simple and present .............. 91continuous tense ............................................................... 91Present continuous tense .................................................. 92

UNIT VI The Managers Role ............................................. 97Vocabulary practice ......................................................... 98Focus on grammar (I). The past simple tense .................. 98

The past simple tense ................................................... 98Focus on grammar (III). The present perfect continuous.................................................................................... 102


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tense ........................................................................... 102Focus on grammar (IV).Present perfect simple ......... 104or continuous tense .................................................... 104

UNIT VII Motivation ......................................................... 116Vocabulary practice ....................................................... 117Focus on grammar. Past tense continuous ..................... 117Past tense continuous ..................................................... 117Past tense simple or continuous ..................................... 118Vocabulary practice ....................................................... 123One word may be used more than once ......................... 125

The use of the preposition in trade vocabulary .............. 125Offers. Negotiations. Trade............................................ 127Greetings, phrases used in conversation ........................ 127Focus on grammar. The past perfect tense..................... 128

The past perfect continuous ....................................... 129UNIT IX Types of banks and their structure ..................... 136

Focus on grammar (I). Will - future............................... 139Will - other uses ............................................................. 140Focus on grammar (II). Shall ......................................... 142Focus on grammar (III). Present forms for the future .... 143Focus on grammar (IV). The Future - Going to ............ 144Focus on grammar (V). Going to or will ....................... 145

UNIT IX The globalization of trade Major trading blocstoday ................................................................................... 152

Focus on grammar (I). The Passive ............................... 155Focus on grammar (II). Modal verbs ............................. 156

UNIT X The Globalization of Financial Markets .............. 172Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 173Focus on grammar. Sequence of tenses in the past: ...... 174

UNIT XI Business firms going global ............................... 179Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 180Focus on grammar. The conditional mood .................... 181


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UNIT XII New economic sectors ...................................... 194Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 196

UNIT XIII New trends in retailing .................................... 202Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 203Focus on grammar. The subjunctive .............................. 203The Synthetically Subjunctive ....................................... 204

UNIT XIV International trade The growth of internationaltrade .................................................................................... 217

Vocabulary practice ....................................................... 220Focus on grammar (I). The imperative .......................... 221

Focus on grammar(II). The infinitive ............................ 222Focus on grammar (III). Accusative + Infinitive .......... 224Focus on grammar (IV). Nominative + Infinitive .......... 224Focus on grammar (V). The Gerund .............................. 225Focus on grammar (VI). The -ing form ......................... 226Asking questions 1 ......................................................... 229Asking questions 2 ......................................................... 230Question tags .................................................................. 232UNIT XV Common law, equity and statue law ............. 241Focus on grammar. Reported speech ............................. 244Reported speech 2 .......................................................... 246

Annex 1. Common Phrases ................................................ 248Annex 2. Phrasal verbs ...................................................... 251Annex 3. Abbreviations ..................................................... 332Abbreviations ..................................................................... 332

Choose the correct answer ............................................. 332A. as soon as possible ................................................ 332

40. PTO .......................................................................... 340Annex 4. Business expressions .......................................... 342

Business expressions 1. .............................................. 342Choose the correct answer: ........................................ 342

Annex 5. Evaluation test .................................................... 351


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Annex 6. IRREGULAR VERBS ....................................... 356ENGLISH - ROMANIAN VOCABULARY .................... 361References .......................................................................... 385


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UNIT I

Accounting (1)

Whereas the French accounting was initially geared toadministrative and fiscal requirements, Anglo-Saxonaccounting, especially in the U.S., aims mainly at informingshareholders and investors about the economic situation ofthe firm.

Another difference is that there does not exit in Britain or theU.S. a detailed accounting plan similar to the French one.This, however, should not be constructed as evidence that theAnglo-Saxon accounting is less precise and strict then Frenchaccounting itself.

The prevailing norms and rules edited by official bodies orthe profession (Institute of Chartered Accountants in

Britain; American Institute of certified PublicAccountants in the U.S.) are quite as stringent, and thepractice of auditors quite as formal and reliable.All accounts and financial statements should be presented inconformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP) which are as follows.

Going concern (continuarea exploatarii): the basicassumption is that the concern has no intention or obligationto liquidate or curtail operations.

True and fair view, or air presentation (fidelitateaconturilor saucorectitudinea conturilor; imagine fidela): theword fair goes beyond the simple notion of accuracy, sinceaccounts may be accurate while concealing some facts orfailing to disclose some aspects of a firms economic andfinancial position.


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Prudence (pruden): caution and circumspection, sothat there should not be any extrapolation, or over or

under estimation of results. In particular, only profitsrealized at the date of financial statements should beincluded, and losses which have arisen, or are likely to arisein respect of the financial year concerned, should bementioned.

Consistency (principiul consecvenei; principiulpermanenteimetodelor): this implies that similar operations

should be dealt with in the same manner (consistency) fromfiscal year to fiscal year.

Matching principle (principiul armonizarii costurilorsi veniturilor din aceeai perioad): charges and revenuesmust be correctly matched with the accounting periods towhich they belong.

Historical cost (costul istoric): recording assets in thebooks at their initial cost, at the time of acquisition, as

opposed to replacement cost. Accruals basis (principiul de anualitate; contabilitateabazata pe angajamente): this means taking into accountincome and expenses when earned and incurred(commitments) regardless of cash is actually received ordisbursed.

Materiality (important relativa)An item should be regarded as material if there the reason tobelieve that knowledge of it would influence the decision ofan informed investor.

If the event of any departure from the above principles, thereasons for it and its effects on the accounts must be set out


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clearly in the notes to the financial statement (there are oftennumerous notes to a balance sheet).

Today, given the multiplication of international operations,mergers, takeovers and consolidations involving companiesof different nationalities- and the interlocking structure ofmultinationals- there is a strong movement towards thehomogenization of accounting practices, and the profession isactive in promoting this trend through its international norm-

and standard- setting institutes.The European Union is also issuing directives for theharmonization of Company Law.

Vocabulary Practice I

Accounts, accounting, accountancy (conturi, contabilitate)- The three words may sometimes be synonymous (Accounts

Department, Accounting Department, AccountancyDepartment) but of course, accounts corresponds to thestatements or book entries themselves, accounting to themethods and procedures and accountancy to the professionitself.Assets (active, e) - Is used in the plural to denote the assets(activele), in a balance sheet, in the singular to denote onespecific item (un active).Bookkeeper ( functionar contabil ) - Clerk in chargerecording business transactions and entering them in theaccounts books, but nor a chartered or certified publicaccountant.Bottom line (linia de rezultat net) - The last line of anincome statement, that indicates the net results (profit or loss)


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of the firm. In ordinary parlance, it has come to mean theend result, the last word on something.

Break- even point (prag de rentabilitate )- The break-evenpoint is the point at which the margin from the sales issufficient to cover a firms expenses without either profit orloss.Cash flow (flux de numerar ) - This term used in capitalbudgeting represents the cash coming in less cash going outduring a given period.

- Pre-tax cash flow is the sum of pre-tax profits(profits before tax) and depreciation allowances plus certainreserves.

- Net cash flow is the sum of after- profit anddepreciation allowances plus certain reserves.Earnings report: income statement ( declaratie de venituri) - The British still use the phrase Profit and Loss accounts(P&L).

Fixed cost (expenses) variable costs (expenses)(costurifixe ... costuri variabile)

Gross profit (or Gross margin or margin ) ( profit brut ,marja bruta )Net profit or income (profit net)Notes to the account (anexa la bilant)Overhead expenses ( or overhead) ( cheltuieli generale )Priceearning ratio ( P.E.R.) (coefficient de capitalizare arezultatelor)It is calculated as follows:

Market price____Earning per share

Profit and revenuesProfit and revenues (revenue = gains venituri din schimbvalutar; earnings: beneficiu net;Incomesi Profitsunt termini


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generali ).Profit represents the income that a business hasearned after certain deductions have been made from

revenues. Revenue is one component that permits therecognition of profit.Provisions ( provizioane )Turnover (cifra de afaceri )Working capital / operating capital (fond de rulment)

Vocabulary Practice II

accounts

payable

(receivable)

conturi depli ( dencasat)

intangibles activenecorporale

accrued

dividends

dividenteaccumulate

inventory a) stocuri;b)inventar

accrued

interest

dobndintermedia-

racumulat

irredeemable nerambursabil

act as

principal

(to)

a acionape contpropriu

issue price pre de emisiune

advanced

payment

plianticipate

ledger registru contabil

balancesheet bilan liabilities pasiv; datorii

bearer

security

titlu lapurttor

lien drept desechestru

break-even

point

prag de

rentabilita-te

merge (to) a fuziona

call loan Imprumut nominee candidat propus;


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rambursa-

bil la cerere

persoan propus

call price pre derscump-rare

operating

capital

fond de rulment

capital gains

tax

impozit deplus

valoare

outflow scurgere decapital

collectioncharges taxe;recuperare;

ncasare

overheads cheltuieligenerale

call loan Imprumut

rambursa-bil la cerere

prepaid pltit n avans

common

stock

aciuneordinar

ready money bani lichizi

CPA(Certified Public

Accountant)

(US)

expertcontabil

receivables creane

current

assets

activecirculante;

active

curente

redeemable rambursabil

due date data

scadeneiseed money capital iniial

equity

capital

active

reale;resurseproprii

statement declaraie

fall due a fi venture intreprindere;


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scadent; a

ajunge la

scaden

societate

Groups of words expressing time:

Every two minutes - din dou n dou minute(days, months etc.) (zile, luni etc.)now and then - cnd si cnd

from now on - de acum naintein the same time - n acelai timpwithin this week- n limita acestei sptmni(month, year etc) (lun, an, etc.)all of a sudden - dintr-odatall the year round - tot anulall day long - toat ziuaplenty of time - o mulime de timp

spare time - timp liber (prin economisirea lui)free time - timp liber (prin ingaduinta cuiva)in due time - la timpul fixatfor a while -pentru un rstimpfor a long time - timp ndelungatshort time after-puin dupa aceeain the course of time - n cursul timpuluiall this time - n tot acest timpafter some time - dup oarecare timpfrom time to time - din cnd n cndfor the time being - deocamdatto spend ones time - a-i petrece timpulyears ago - cu ani n urmafter some time - dup oarecare timpthe right time - ora exact


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at the last moment - n ultima clipin no time, presently - imediat

today a week- de azi ntr-o sptmnwithout delay -fr ntrzierehow many times? - de cte ori ?in the course of time - n cursul timpului

Exercises

Test your vocabulary1. The generally accepted method of valuation of the iscost of market.

a) repertory

b) inventoryc) joint-stockd) warehouse

2. Mining and oil companies set up reserves to compensate

for the natural wealth the company no longer owns.a) depression

b) repletionc) depletiond) completion

3. As it would not be reasonable to charge off the fullexpenditure in the present year, the cost incurred willgradually over the next few years.

a) writtenb) written in

c) written awayd) written off

4. Bondholders have a claim or before other creditors onsuch assets as may be sold.

a) lien


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b) link

c) proceed

d) slip5. A stock is said to have high leverage if the company thatissued it has a large proportion of outstanding in relation tothe amount of common stock.

a) ordinary sharesb) bonds and preferred stock

c)fixed assets

d) blue chips6. The decline in useful value of a fixed asset due to wear andtear from use and passage of time is called

a) dereliction

b) disparagementc) redemptiond) depreciation

7. Common stock is a synonym for

a) ordinary sharesb) government bonds

c) bearer sharesd) inventories on hand

8. The first item on the liability side of a balance sheet isusually

a) immediate liabilities

b) current liabilitiesc) current debts

d) direct liabilities9. The point at which volume of sales or production enablesan enterprise to cover related costs and expenses withoutprofit and without losses is the

a) breakdown point


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b) dead-end

c) breakaway point

d) break-even point10. The part of authorized capital already contributed by thecompanys shareholders constitutes the

a) paid up capitalb) called up capitalc) issued capital

d) registered capital

11. This entry should have been transferred from the daybook to the.a) directoryb) wager

c) ledgerd) badger

12. Many firms draw up a at the end of each month with aview to testing the accuracy of their accounting.

a) control balanceb) controlling balance

c) trial balanced) checking balance

13. C.P.C. stands fora) Certified Public Accountant (US)b) Certified Public Accountant (GB)c) Controller of Programs Achievements

d) Costs Programming and Accounting14.Accrued interest means

a) the interest is earned since last settlement date but notyet due or payable

b) additional interestc) increased interest


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d) an additional interest yielded by external sources to be

paid separately

Key to the test:

1.b; 2.c; 3.d; 4.a; 5.b; 6.d; 7.a; 8.b; 9.d; 10.a; 11.c; 12.c;13a;14.a.

Read and translate:

1.

We draw up each invoice in triplicate.2. It would be worth your while to have your tax-returndrawn-up by a tax consultant (adviser).

3. I am not sure I can translate such expressions as single ordouble entry bookkeeping, straight line depreciation or ona reducing balance, fair wear and tear, balance broughtforward, etc.

4. Ask the chief accountant whether he has received theirtransfer of funds.

5. We have checked all the entries without discovering asingle error.

6. He has a lot of experience on bookkeeping and currentlyattends a course on corporate accounting.

7. What tax deductions are we entitled to?8. The retiring (outgoing) auditors have been re-elected

(reappointed).9. The working capital is obtained by subtracting current

liabilities from current assets.10.The Profit and Loss Account (Income Statement, Earning

Report) shows a net profit of $ 365,000.11.Fixed assets (tied up capital) include(s) notably land,

buildings, machinery and vehicles (trucks).


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12.The parent company owns more than 60% of the assts ofthe subsidiary (of the subsidiarys assets).

13.Net operating profit equals gross profit on sales minustotal operating expenses.

14.Please find enclosed the statement of your account as ofMay 5 the, showing a credit balance of $ 86.

15.The balance sheet is a detailed statement at a given dategiving information about the financial status andsolvency of the firm.

16.I am familiar with both long-term and short-termfinancing operations.

17.There is not enough money coming in (revenue isinsufficient) to cover expenses falling due at the end ofthe quarter.

18.I wonder how long they will manage to stave off thebankruptcy.

19.The error must have been made when the item was postedto the ledger.

20.These expenses will be written off over a period ofseveral years.

21.How much working capital do they operate with?22.How much do the loans from the parent company amount

to?23.Our junior accountant has erroneously entered this

expense in the 2004 income statement.24.The auditors had certified the accounts, although we

know that they had been falsified.25.In Anglo-Saxon balance sheet assets are listed in a

decreasing order of liquidity / from the most liquid to theleast liquid.


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Numbers

1. Zero, oh and nought

For the number 0 on its own, we say zero. Before a decimalpoint we say eitherzero ornought:

0.5zero point five or nought point five.

After a decimal point we say oh:

0.01nought point oh oh one.We also say oh in telephone numbers, years, hotel roomnumbers, bus numbers etc.

01216020402Her number is oh one two one, six oh two,

oh four oh five.

1805The Battle of Trafalgar was in eighteen oh five.

Room 602I am on the top floor, in roomsix oh two.For football scores we say nil: Real Madrid three, AjaxAmsterdam nil(30);For tennis we say love: 150,fifteenlove.

2. Points and commas

In English we use a point (.) and not only a comma (,) fordecimals. We only use commas when writing numbersgreater than 999:15.001fifteen point oh oh one.


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15,001fifteen thousand and one.

3. Decimals

In English, we usually read all the numbers (digits) after adecimal point separately, especially if there are more thantwo decimal places:

0.125nought point one two five.

5.44five point four four.3.14159three point one four one five nine.0.001nought point oh oh one

Another way of saying 0.001 is 10-3 ten to the power minusthree.If you say 0.125 as zero point a hundred and twenty five,an English speaker will instinctively hear 125, and ignore the

zero point, thinking that you have made a mistake, orchanged your mind while speaking. If you are doing deals onthe telephone, you could quickly lose a lot of money bygetting this wrong. But if the number after a decimal pointrepresents a unit (of money, etc.) it is read like a normalnumber: 1.50one pound fifty$ 3.15three dollars fifteen2 m 18 - two metres eighteen

4. Telephone and fax numbers

We usually say telephone and fax numbers (and carsregistration numbers, bank account numbers, and so on) as


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individual digits: 010 41 01273 315052 oh one oh, fourone, oh one two seven three, three one five, oh five two.

An exception is doubles:0171 225 3466 oh one seven one, double two five, threefour double six.

5. Hundreds, thousands, millions and billions

100a hundred200two hundred (not two hundreds)1,000a thousand100,000a hundred thousand (not thousands)1,000,000a million (or 106, ten to the power six)1,000,000,000a billion (or 109)One difference between British and American English is thatAmericans do not use an andbetween thousands and tens.

For the British, 134,457 is:A hundred and thirtyfour thousand, four hundred and fiftyseven.In the singular, the words hundred, thousand or million arepreceded by a orone:We hired a hundred new workers.There are over one million potential customers.In imprecise numbers, hundreds, thousands or millions takethe plural.Were selling thousands a month.They are earning millions of pounds.

In precise numbers, or after several and a few, hundred,thousand or million do not take the plural:


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To be precise, we have sold eight thousand four hundred and

twenty.

Several thousand people have bought the new model.We expect to sell a few hundred a week from now on.

6. Years

The number 1,996 is:One thousand nine hundred (and) ninetysix.

The year 1996 is:Nineteen ninetyeight.

7. Square, cube and root

102 ten squared103 ten cubedV 5 ten squared root of 5

8. Fractions

Apart from (a half), (a quarter) and 2/3 (three quarters,sometimes three fourths in the US), fractions are mostlylike ordinal numbers (fifth, sixth, seventh, twenty first,thirtysecond et.):1/3, 1/5, 1/6 etc. a third, a fifth, a sixth etc.3 - three and a half2 - two and threequarters

9. Calculating

10 + 6 = 16 ten plus six is sixteen104 = 6 ten minus six equals sixteen


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10 x 6 = 60 ten times six is (or equals) sixty10 : 6 = 1.666 ten divided by six is one points six recurring

! Remember to pronounce thes in fact [z] in equals. Itis singular: the total of everything on the left side equalseverything on the right side.The verbs are to add, subtract (or deduct, but not deduce),multiply and divide.Other ways of saying divide are per:$ / dollar per pound

10 % p.a. ten percent per annumand over:(xy) / z x-minus-y, over zXy / z x minus y-over-zThe per in percent is never stressed: we say per CENT.

10. Numbers as adjectives

When a number is used before a noun, like an adjective, it isalways singular:

a fifty- minute lesson a twelveweek terma twentyminute walk a ten thousand pound cara ninetyfive dollar price cut a six- month waiting lista one and a half litter bottle a twenty degree fall intemperature

Exercise 1. Match the figures and the words on the right.

1. 2,400 A two hundred and fifty six

2. -18C B eleven point five percent3. 256 C fifteen square metres


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4. 16th D twenty four point three six5. 15m2 E between thirty four and thirty seven

percent6. 34 -37% F two thousand four hundred7. 10.55am G three and a half million8. 2.987 H sixteenth9. 11.5% I forty seventh10.3,500,000 J oh eight one three four seven two nine

eight

11. tel. 081 347 298 K minus eighteen degrees centigrade12. 15 m3 L fifteen cubic metres13. 24.36 M twelve pounds fifty14. 6 x 7 = 42 N five to eleven in the morning15. 12.50 O six times seven equals forty two16. 47th P two point nine eight seven

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Exercise 2. Can you give the following answers in full:

1. The unemployment rate in your country.2. Your countrys current inflation rate.3. The number of people working in your company.4. Interest rates in your country at the moment.5. The average temperature in July.6. The population of your town/city.7. The cost of a kilo of coffee.8. The average rent of a small flat in your country per month.9. The population of your country.10.The telephone number of the Fire Brigade in yourcountry.


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The use of some prepositions.

In the morningthe afternoonthe eveningthe summerthe middle ofthe sky

in the fieldthe streetthe armchairJanuary, ..1998the darkthe rain

At noon

midnightdawnsunset9 oclockChristmasEasterthe weekend

On Monday, .June 26thChristmas EveEaster Monday


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Read and learn!

Here are ten common business word partnerships and theaccompanying preposition:

1. in the red 6. on a trial period2. by courier 7. in full3. out of order 8. under a lot of pressure4. just in time 9. out of stock

5. in trouble 10. in perfect condition

Now use the phrases above to complete the following

sentences:

1. When the goods left our warehouse they were.2. The bank has just rung to say that our no. 2 account is

still..3. Since she took over marketing, Sarah has been4. Im afraid the goods cannot be dispatched until paymenthas been received.5. Dontworry, Ill send you the contract .... Youll haveit in two hours.6. Well let you have the software .of two weeks.7. The photocopier has been all day.8. I thought I was going to be late for Tessas presentation,but I arrived ..9. Im afraid the parts you ordered are temporarily10.The company is losing money fast. They really are


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(Source: John Morrison Milne, Business Language Practice,

p.82)

The Preposition (1): at, by, for

1. to askfor a glass of water2. to be surprised / astonished / amazed at3. to be a candidate for

4. to sell by the kilo5. at the university6. to laugh at7. by plane8. to be good atmathematics9. (somebody's) support for somebody10. at somebody's request11. to marryfor love

12. she is older than me by five years13. to travel by night14. medicine for a disease15. to glance at somebody16. I give you my fountain - pen for this watch17. bythe end of the month18. for a joke19. to buy / to sell at a certain price20. to go by

The Preposition (2): in, of, on:

1. to depend on2. to make a fool ofoneself3. to approve ofsomebody's attitude4. in the morning


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5. to make a joke on somebody6. to complainofsomething

7. in the middle ofthe house / road8. a packet ofcigarettes9. written in ink10. typical ofsomebody11. on somebody's initiative12. in the end13. in the rain

14. in the dark15. to remind somebody ofsomething16. on board of a ship17. written in somebody's handwriting18. to bite somebodyin the leg19. on the whole20. to get rid ofsomething21. on the phone / the radio

22. in the first person23. on the contrary24. to be on good terms with somebody25. in my opinion26. onpurpose27. to congratulate somebody onsomething28.in leather29. on duty30. he is inthe committee

The Preposition (3): over, to, with:

1. to explain to somebody2. to meet with an accident3. to be married to somebody


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4. a dispute over something5. to be polite to somebody

6. to stay with somebody7. to apologize to somebody8. advantage over somebody9. to be angry with somebody10.from placetoplace11. duty / debt to somebody12. over 100,000

13. the right to something14.to help oneselftofruit15. withall one's heart16. to die with hunger17. over the dinner18. to my surprise19. to reproach somebody with something20. to fall to the ground

Accounting (2)

Regulating acts and bodies

Great Britain

* The Companies Actsof 1948 and 1985* The I nland Revenue (fiscul)

* The Secur ities and I nvestments Board (S.I .B.)

* The profession: The I nsti tute of chartered Accountants

(I.C.A.)

* The F inancial Standards Board (F .S.B.) that issuesstatement ofStandard Accounting Practice (SSAP)

United States


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* Federal and State Corporate Laws

* The I nternal Revenue Service (I RS) (fiscul)

* The Secur ities and Exchange Commission (SEC)* The profession: The American I nsti tute of Certi f ied

Public Accountants (AI CPA)

* The financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)thatissues statements of Financial Accounting Standards

(SFAS)

** An international committee representing the profession,

theIASC

(I nternational Accounting Standards Committee) issuesrecommendations with a view to homogenizing internationalpractices.

Focus on grammar. The Use of Articles in English

The Definite Articlethe

It is always used before a noun;It has the same form for the masculine or feminine, singular

or plural;Use : 1. to refer to nouns that have already been mentioned:

We visited a company in the UK.Thecompany wasbased in Bath.

2. when it is obvious what particular thing is beingreferred to:

Thesuggestion she made in her report were highlyrelevant.

3. to refer to organizations:Thepolice; thearmy; theFire Brigade.

4. to refer to unique organizations:TheEuropean Union; TheWorld Bank; TheStock

Exchange; TheBritish Council.


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5. with abbreviations that have to be pronounced assingle letters: TheBBC; TheEU.

Thein geography:

- chain of mountains e.g. theCarpathians; theAlps ( butnot

peaks : Mount Everest)- hills e.g. theKentish Hills;

- gorges e.g.the

Bicaz Gorges;- canyons e.g. theGrand canyon;- plains e.g. theGreat Plains;- valleys e.g. theSun Valley;- rivers (but not lakes) e.g. theDanube; theMississippi;Lake

Michigan- seas and oceans e.g. theBlack Sea; theAtlantic

Ocean;- channels (canals forthose created by man) e.g. theEnglish Channel; theSuez

Canal; thePanama Canal;- bays e.g. theBay of Biscay (but notHarbours:

New York Harbour);- islands (only in the plural) e.g. theHebrides;- deserts e.g. theSahara;

Theis not used before:- continents e.g. Europe, Australia;- countries and states e.g. Romania, Canada, France;- counties e.g. Transylvania, Moldavia;- cities e.g. Bucharest, Rome, Paris;


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Excepts: theArgentina; theCongo; theSudan; theUnitedStates; theUK; theHague.

Thein different other situations:

1.before some proper nouns showing:- a family - TheBrownsare our new neighbours.- a ship - TheQueen Mary was an old ship.- a newspaper - TheTimes was his favourite newspaper.- an important building - theBritish Museum; the

Intercontinental Hotel.2. before a unique noun - thesun ;themoon; theEarth; thepublic.3. before a noun showing an idea - thegood; thebeautiful

(Source: Mariana ranu, Limba englez, probleme degramatic i exerciii pentru elevip.25)

The indefini te arti cle:A /An

Use : 1. before a singular noun which is countable;Example :I needavisa.

2. when the noun is mentioned for the first time;Example: He boughtacomputer.

3 . when the noun represents no particular person orthing;

Example : They work in anoffice.4. when the noun is used as an example of a class of

things;Example : A car must be insured.

5. before a noun showing nationality ( used only forthe singular ) ;

Example : Thomas is anAmerican pilot.


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Sylvie is aFrench singer.

Natalia is aRussian student.

6. before a noun showing a profession ( used onlyfor the singular );

Example :I am ateacher.Nick is adriver.She is anaccountant.

A / Anis always placed after:

-such - att de; e.g. Sucha

pretty girl!-what - ce (exclamativ); e.g.Whatagood car!- half - jumatate; e.g. halfanhour;- quite - ct se poate de; e.g. quite anice song;- rather - destul de; e.g. ratheranexpensive lunch- without- fr; e.g withoutamistake

- a noun accompanied by an adjective preceded by so (att

de) ; as (tot att de); too (prea); how(ct de):

E.g. So witty awriterHe has as cleveradog as you have.Its too pooramarket.How beautiful aphoto

(Source: Mariana ranu, Limba englez, probleme degramatic i exerciii pentru elevi, p. 19)

Groups of words including the indefinite articleA / An :

a lot of - mult ,muli;a little more -puin mai mult;a great many friends - muli prieteni;


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of a size - de aceeai msur;twice a day , a month etc. - de dou ori pe zi , pe

lun etc.two hundred an hour - dou sute pe or;

seventy miles an hour -aptezece de mile pe or;to have a care - a se ngriji;to take a fancy - a urma o fantezie, un chef

de ceva;

at a blow - dintr-o lovitur;

to keep an eye on - a supraveghea;for a time - pentru un timp;two at a time - doi n acelai timp;all of a sudden - deodat;it is a pity - e pcat;in a hurry - n grab;at a loss - n ncurctur;for a change - pentru schimbare;

for a while -pentru un rstimp;at a speed of - la viteza de;for a short / long time - pentru scurt / lung timp;as a result - ca rezultat;as a matter of fact - de fapt;to have a good time - a petrece bine;to take a rest - a se odihni;to go for a walk - a se plimba.

(Source: Mariana ranu, Limba englez, probleme degramatic i exerciii pentru elevi,p.19)

Articles are not used in the following situations:

1. before plural countable nouns in general contexts;


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e.g. Shareholders are invited to express their opinion.2. before uncountable nouns;

e.g. There is sugar on the table.3. before names of meals;

e.g. We have breakfast at nine.We were all invited to dinner.

4.before nouns denoting seasons, months of the year, days ofthe week;

e.g.spring , March , Monday , etc.

5. before nouns denoting ideas , abstract nouns;e.g. We struggle for happiness.Life is wonderful.

6. before nouns denoting names of materials, substances ;e.g. Chalk is white.

7. before names given to languages and studying objects ;e.g.English is easy.

I am learning Geography with much pleasure.

This year they are studying German too.8. before nouns denoting colours;

e.g.Blue is my favourite colour.

Notice that all these nouns use thebefore them if they are

determined, there is a certain specification mentioned:

i.e. Do you remember theSunday we spent in the woods ?Thehappiness we struggle for is not to be found easily. The

chalk I got is not hard enough. Theblue I prefer is the lightblue of the sky. The dinner he is looking forward to is goingto be at 8 oclock. TheEnglish you know is quite good.

(Source: Mariana ranu, Limba englez, probleme degramatic i exerciii pentru elevi)


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Groups of words without article:

at dawn n zori by heart pe de rostat noon la prnz from morning

till nightde dimineaapn noaptea

at sunset la apusulsoarelui

from top tobottom

de sus i pnjos

at night la vreme denoapte

in bed n pat (cu v.to lie)

at home acas in debt n situaie dedatornicat school la coal in doubt n stare de

dubiuat table la mas in love ndrgostitat liberty n stare de

libertatein memory(of)

n memoria

by

accident

din ntmplare

(nefericit)

on business cu scopul de a

face cevaby chance din ntamplare

(fericit)to attend a

school

a frecventa ocoal

by ear dup ureche without doubt fara ndoialby good

fortune

datoritnorocului

side by side alturi

bymistake

din greeal hand in hand de mn (aine)

by phone prin telefon arm in arm bra la braby land pe uscat day after day zi dup ziby air prin aer week after

week

sptmndupsptmn

by sea pe mare year afteryear

an dup an


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by train cu trenulby coach cu diligenta; cu

autocarul

But :

by car cu masina atthetableby boat cu barca to theschoolby plane cu avionul to themarketby post prin pot on thebedby name pe numeby sight din vedere

(Source: Mariana ranu, Limba englez, probleme degramatic i exerciii pentru elevi, p.25)

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentencespaying attention to the article used in the underlinedphrases:

1. We were picnicking when all of a sudden big drops of rainbegan to fall down. 2. The news of her marriage did create astir. 3. He took a fancyto my child; Im afraid hell spoil her.4. He takes a pride in his sons success. 5. Dont be sodepressed, Ill put in agood wordfor you. 6. Its a pity youcouldnt attend the performance. 7. Their success was in agreat measure/to a great extentthe result of perseverance. 8.A drowning man catching at a straw is an expressionmeaning the same thing both in Romanian and in English. 9.I couldnt sleep a wink all night. 10. She wont tell a soulabout it. 11. We dont give a damn on what he says. 12. Shewent to them for help, but they refused to lift a finger.13.Why is she alone? Because she doesnt know a single personin this town. 14. Shes singing all the time. I think shedoesnt have a care in the world.


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Exercise 2.Fill in the blanks with the indefinite article:

1. This child was great comfort to her in her misfortune. 2.Our leader has strong will.3. A coward is known to have weak will. 4. It is .great hardship to spend a night ininter in the open. 5. She seldom catches cold, but when shecatches it, it is bad cold. 6. It was unexpected stroke ofgood luck. 7. We have never enjoyed such spell of fine

weather. 8. The man had suspicion that the servant wasunfaithful. 9. That was unbearable illness. 10. We didntexpect him to put in appearance at the time. 11. It is pretty sight to see children playing.

Exercise 3.Fill in the article wherever necessary:

No one in New York had so accomplished cook, such

smoothly running service, dinner-table so softly yetbrightly lit, or such skill in grouping about it persons not onlyeminent in wealth or fashion, but likely to find pleasure ineach others society. intimate reunion, of not-more-than-the-Muses kind, was not Paulines affair. She was awareof this seldom made attempt though when she did, shewas never able to discover why it was not success. But in organizing and administering of big dinner she wasconscious of mastery. Not stupid dinners of old days when crowned heads used to be treated like caste apart,and everlastingly invited to meet each other thorough whole monotonous season: Pauline was too modern for that.She excelled in judicious blending of Wall Street andBohemia, and her particular art lay in the selection of latter element. Of course there were Bohemians and


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Bohemians: as she had once remarked to Nona, peoplewerent always amusing just because they were clever, or

dull just because they were rich though at last clauseNona had screwed up her nose incredulously.

(Edith Wharton, Twilight Sleep)

Exercise 4.Fill in the necessary article where necessary:

They advanced into hall, went from table to table,

scooping each plate clean, gathering up cold chips, tasty cod-shells of yellow batter, or crusts of bread and butter. Neitherspoke, and whole operation went on in silence mandigging into pile of steaming fish and chips stared at Bert,who was composed enough to take up vinegar bottle andsprinkle it over what was in his hand, giving impressioneither that he worked in place collecting scraps like this,or that this was form of supper-cheap meal served by

caf to unobtrusive waifs and tramps. Bert cleared anothertable, glancing now and again at chatting waitressesnearby blonde-dyed heavily painted woman passed Brianhalf cup down, and man who had seen him drink teacovered his meal protectively. Brian had never done thisbefore, might normally have been afraid to come into cafand play locust to its cast-off food, but he was too surprisedat finding such edible nutriment set out plainly for gettingto worry about who was looking on.

(Allan Sillitoe,Key to the Door)

Exercise 5.Insert the definite article or the zero article:1. He ran into house and shut door.2. milk is good for children.3. food in restaurant near me is very good.


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4. Please, put butter, bread, and eggs in refrigerator.

5. lions are wild animals.6. One of Mark Twains works is Life on Mississippi.7. In Asia elephants are used for carrying goods.8. man on her right is English.9. We often go to Manchester by train.10. How many rockets have been sent to moon?11. He came to his room late at night and told uncle

Theo how he had spent evening at theatre.12. We have breakfast rather early.13. Lizzie, cook, left Chapmans three weeks ago.14. All the people in village go to church on Sunday.15. In some houses dinner is biggest meal of day.

Exercise 6.Insert the indefinite article or the zero article:

1. He made mistake in his addition.2. Would you do me favour?3. The electric light was important invention.4. Where theres smoke, theres fire.5. Meeting you has been great pleasure.6. He is studying religion.7. They asked him difficult question.8. She wants to become nurse.9. The lawyer gave his client very good advice.10. She likes to eat good food.11. honesty and loyalty are rare virtues.12. Eggs are 50 p. dozen.13. What bad weather we are having today!14. She bought yellow dress and pair of shoes.15. Glasgow is city in Scotland.


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Exercise 7. Supply the required articles:

1. He speaks with great authority on the subject. He isconsulting with authority on urban development.2. water used in this beer comes from a special spring. Inorder to survive, we must have water.3. bread has been called the staff of life. bread youbaked isdelicious.

4. silver in this ring is of inferior quality. silver is usedfor money and jewellery.5. genius is 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration. genius ofEdison is universally recognized.6. fresh milk tastes good. milk which I boughtyesterday should still be good.7. Everyone was impressed by sincerity with which he

spoke. We all admire sincerity.8. After several attempts, he lost courage. He showed courage that surprised me.

Exercise 8.Fill in the blanks with the required articles:Last year I stayed in little town in England called Stratford-on-Avon. I wanted to go to theatre to see someof plays of Shakespeare. theatre is near RiverAvon, beautiful river in which you can bathe and sail boats. When I arrived in Stratford, I was told to stay at hotel called Dirty Duck, but I couldnt find it. I askedmany people where itwas, but no one knew it. I saw policeman at corner of main street. I spoke to him and asked him if he knew ...Dirty Duck. He laughed and told me that he knew it all


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right. It was just at bottom of street near Plazacinema. I walked to bottom of street, saw hotel and

read name above door. It was called Black Swan!

Exercise 9.Fill in the blanks with the indefinite article a/an,before singular countable nouns, or the indefinite pronounsome, before uncountable nouns or plural nouns:1. He needs hammer and nails to fix the table.2. They have bought furniture.

3. For breakfast I had only bread and cup of tea.4. They are building house in my street.5. Could you give me information about this school?6. people are fond of telling stories.7. There was snow on the high mountain.8. That little town lies in lovely valley.9. I have very severe headache.10. words are never used in the plural.

11. passengers were in a hurry to catch train.12. I can give you advice, but I cant do the work for you.

Exercise 10. Complete the spaces using the correct article: a,an, orthe.a) Good morning. Let me introduce myself: My name isTessa Lane, Im accountant and I work for. medium - sized industrial finance company inLondon. My company, Ajax Enterprises is one of the most important manufacturers in country. Weproduce ..wide range of goods including plastics for..automobile industry. I enjoy my job because it givesme the opportunity to meet lots of interesting people and totravel abroad. only thing I dislike about my job ishaving to work at weekend.


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b) I got fax from Sigrid in Copenhagen this

morning. She says shed like to arrange ..meetingwith some us some time in ..next two months. Wouldyou like me to give her ..ring and fix .time?

c) Im writing to ask if anyone in your company is interestedin attending .marketing conference in July.conference will be held in a beautiful location near

Paris. It will give your staff ..excellent opportunity tolook at current state of some key Europeanmarkets. We need to have ...firm decision by 30thMarch at ..latest.

d) Claymore is ..luxury hotel located closeto Edinburghs business centre. We provide everything youneed for .comfortable and successful stay in

Scotlands capital. You need ..fax machine? We caninstall one in your room. You need importantdocument typed or copied? No problem. We havepool oftrained secretaries ready to assist. You have.important meeting? Dont worry. Our internationalconference centre is equipped with .luxuryboardroom where business becomes pleasure.Claymore is Scotlands premier businessdestination. Give usring today.

e) According to..recent study, Swiss executives arestill .highest paid in Europe. .report publishedby Simon Hartner Consultancy also puts Spanishexecutives among ..top earners. However,


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.figures did not take into account perks* likecompany cars and free medical insurance.

* perks = beneficii suplimentare

(Source: John Morisson Milne, Business LanguagePractice,p.58,)


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UNIT II

Market economy and the business cycle

A market economy is based on private ownership in contrastto planned economy where state ownership prevails. In a freemarket economy efficiency is the key word, while on theother hand command economy most likely leads toinefficiency. In a free market economy inefficient businessesgo bankrupt, where as in a command economy businesses are

subsidized, thus allowing them to survive in spite of theirnon-satisfactory economic performance. This enables thelatter type of economy to resort to overstaffing that isemploying more personnel than actually required. Marketeconomy leads to high quality of goods and services, whileon the other hand planned economy will not focus onoffering high quality of goods and services to customers.This is due to the fact that in the latter type of economy there

is actually no competition, as there are state monopolies andtherefore the options of customers are severely restricted. Onthe other hand in market economy companies freely competefor a larger market share, and are thus forced to be efficientand employ staff according to real necessities and managetheir resources with utmost care.

A business cycle, also called a trade cycle is the fluctuatingmovement of a countrys economy. So if at the momentproduction has reached a peak, employment rates, wages andsalaries are high, this stage of the cycle is called a boom.Sooner or later, sales of goods will decline, and so willoutput, as well as the rate of employment. This means arecession has set in. If the decline becomes very severe, thedemand for goods reaches a minimum, unemployment rises


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dramatically, while output is falling, the cycle has reachedthe moment of depression, also called a slump. This does not

happen very often, as economies do not always reach theminimum level before starting up again. Depressions areusually accompanied by a general fall in the level of prices, aphenomenon termed deflation.

When the increase in output and demand for commoditieshas started and unemployment goes down, we say we havereached the point in the cycle called recovery.

(Source: Alexander Hollinger, Test your Business EnglishVocabulary,p.8, 10)

Vocabulary Practice

subsidy - a payment by a government to producers of certaingoods to enable them to sell their products at a low price.overstaffing- employment of personnel in excess of the real

necessities.unemployment - inability to find a job.supply - a component of the market forces which when itprevails makes prices of goods fall.demand- a component of the market which when it prevailsmakes prices of goods rise.ownership - rights over property.

bankruptcy - the state of a company which enable to pay itsdebts and has to be wound up.boom - the point in the business cycle when prices andemployment reach a peak.slump - the point in the business cycle when prices andemployment are at lowest.recovery - an intermediate stage in the trade cycle when theupward movement has started but not reached its maximum.


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recession - a slowdown in the growth rate during the tradecycle with falling levels of investment and employment.

Inflation - a persistent rise in the level of prices and wages ina national economy.

Collocations:

1. a bear market = a market in which a dealer is morelikely to sell securities;foreign exchange;

2. a bull market = in which a dealer is more likely to

be a buyer than a seller.3. a fall ing market = where prices are expected to fall.4. a rising market = where prices are expected to rise;5. a firm market = where prices do not drop and

possibly are about to rise;6. a depressed market= a market where there are few

transactions and prices go down;7. a sluggish market = where there is a slow rate of

activity.

Focus on grammar.Adjectives. Degrees of comparison

Antonyms: Good / bad; tall / short; fat / thin; long / short;

large / small, little; wide / narrow; cold / hot; clean / dirty;cheap/ expensive; sweet/ bitter; fast / slow; thick / thin;happy / unhappy; merry / sad; easy / difficult; full / empty;

beautiful / ugly; clever / stupid; dark / bright; heavy / light;kind / unkind, rude; high / low; hard / soft ; etc.

Adjectives. Degrees of comparison

A.Short adjectives


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The positive The comparative The superlative

long longer (than) thelongestlarge larger thelargestclean cleaner thecleanestsmall smaller thesmallestetc.

big bigger (than) thebiggest

fat fatter thefattestthin thinner thethinnesthot hotter thehottest

funny funnier (than) thefunniesthappy happier thehappiesteasy easier theeasiestetc.

good better (than) the bestbad worse the worst

B. Long adjectives

The positive The comparative The superlative

beautiful morebeautiful (than) the mostbeautifulimportant moreimportant the mostimportantinteresting moreinteresting the mostinteresting


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comfortable morecomfortable the mostcomfortable

etc.

The comparative of equality: asas

e.g. John is astall ashis brother.She is asbeautiful asher mother.

The comparative of infer iori ty: less

e.g. John is lesstall thanhis father.The film is lessinteresting thanthe novel.

Adjective intensifiers

There are some words which can be used to 'intensify' manyadjectives ' very' ' really' ' totally' 'absolutely' 'completely'

'utterl y' 'entir ely'.

o It's very tall.o We're really happy.o She's totally exhausted.o I'm absolutely horrified.o He's completely hopeless.o

You lookutterly miserable.o I'm entirely satisfied.

Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers whichare often used with them. Here are some common ones:

blind drunk


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o He was blind drunkand behaved really badly.bone dry

o I must have a drink. I'm bone dry.brand new

o I've just bought a brand new car.crystal clear

o The sea near Rhodes is crystal clear.dead easy

o That exam was dead easy. I've certainlypassed.

dead lucky

o He's won three lottery prizes this year. He'sdead lucky.

dead right

o I agree entirely. You are dead right.dir t cheap

o I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from anold lady who had hardly driven it.


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fast asleep / sound asleep

o I was in bed andfast asleep by nine.o I wassound asleep and I didn't hear anything.

paper thin

o These office walls arepaper thin. You canhear everything said in the next office.

pitch black

o There's no moon. It'spitch blackout there.razor sharp

o Be careful with that knife- it's razor sharp.rock hard

o It's impossible to dig this soilit's rockhard.stark naked

o The hotel door slammed behind me and I wasleft standingstark nakedin the middle of thecorridor.

stone deaf

o He can't hear a thing. He'sstone deaf.


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wide awake

o I was wide awake by six.wide open

o Who left the doorwideopen?(Source: www.better-english.com)

Read and learn (I)

at the expense of - pe cheltuiala (cuiva); pe seama;in the nick of time - n ultima clip;to stand the chance - a avea ansa;to take the bull by the horns - a lua taurul de coarne;to beat around the bush - a bate cmpii; a nu vorbi la subiect;

on the other hand-pe de alt parte;to feel the pulse - a simi pulsul;to be in the habit- a-i fi in obinuin;to become the fashion - a fi la modunder the circumstances - n aceste mprejurrion the whole - n ntregime; n general vorbind; n linii marito give a cold shoulder- a face o primire rece; a fi distantto cost the earth - a costa o avereto be chicken - a fi lato be in the blues - a fi prost dispusto get the upper hand - a obine un avantaj; a ctiga (ointrecere)to give the creeps - a da fiorion the spur of the moment- sub impulsul momentuluiall to the good- odat pentru totdeauna


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Exercise 1. Change the nouns in the sentences below, into

adjectives according to the model:

It has no tasteIt is tastelessa tasteless cake(cake)

It has no life. ..(body)

It has no tree. (valley)It has no use. (rag)She has no job. She .(woman)She has no mother. (child)

She has no hat. (girl)

Exercise 2.Change the underlined phrases intocorresponding adjectives.

Model:

a. a matter of importancean importantmattera program of length a thing of beautya problem of urgency a man of honoura man of patience a feeling of comfort

Model:

b. the point ofboiling a text long of twoparagraphsthe boilingpoint a two-paragraph longtext


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the job of editing a tree old of two centuriesa pill for sleeping a child of three years old

a place for parking the rain of last weekModel:

c. behaviourlike that of a ladylady-likebehaviour

an animal like a cata pallor like that of death

an atmosphere like that of homeneck like that of a swanspeed like that of a rocketsmell like that of a forest

Exercise3. Make up sentences with the adjectives derivedfrom nouns.

Model:

A dusty road is a road that has much dust.A lucky man is a man who has good luck.

a hairy dog a stony roada salty soup a windy daya watery beer a foggy weather

Exercise 4. Attach the appropriate suffixes (b) to thefollowing words to form adjectives:

absorb cost doll ink nightbeard coward dust irk outragebeggar danger dwarf kitten powerbook defence fool leaf price


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bother defy grace lone talentconsist desire hill mud toil

b.ant, -ent, -ish, - ous, -ly, -some, -less, -y, -ed

Exercise 5. Underline the negative prefixes in the followinglist of derived adjectives:

disagreeable unrestrictive impassive

dissimilar un-compulsory incorrigibledispleased unobtainable illegaldisproportionate unreal irregular

Exercise 6. Form sentences with the compound adjectives inthe list below

Model:

Ashort-skirtedgirl means a girl who wears short skirts.A paper-backed book means a book that has soft papercovers.An ill-temperedman is a man who gets angry easily.

afair-hairedgirl afishy-eyedmana broad-shoulderedman an empty-headedgirla read-headedchild a lion-heartedpersona bald-headedperson asharp-eyedpersona three-corneredhouse a wooden-headedchapa many-colouredvase a quick-mindedchilda cloth-coveredtable a dark-skinnedpersonastony-headedmaster astraight-hairedchilda narrow-mindedpartner an open-mindedteacher


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UNIT III

Parts of a Company

OK, lets start here, in research and development, or R&D.This department is responsible for thinking of ideas for newproducts and finding ways to improve our existing products

This department looks after our computer equipment. They

deal with any problems. This is information technology orIT

Purchasing buys all the things we need to make our products.They talk to our suppliers and try to get the best price

This is the main factory area, the production department.Here we make our products. Its the biggest part of the

company

Here in the finance department, they check how much thecompany is making and decide how much to spend. Theyalso pay employees salaries

This department looks after the people who work here.Human resources is responsible for recruiting newemployees, organizing training and helping with anyproblems

Sales and marketing is very important. The marketing peoplethink up the ideas for selling our products. The sales peoplego out and sell our products to our customers


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Customer services processes orders from customers. Itorganizes transportation, checks that customers have received

their orders and deals with complaints

Finally, distribution is responsible for transporting ourproducts. They receive orders from customer services, andplan how and when to transport the products so thecustomers receive them at the right time

(Source: Neil Wood, Business and Commerce, OxfordUniversity Press, 2003, p.4)

Vocabulary practice

Read and learn:

Read what three people say about their jobs. Pay attention tothe words written in italics!

Anna, 18

I work in a factory. My working hours are 8.00 a.m. to 5.00p.m., Monday to Friday. I have a one hour lunch break at12.30. The routine is the same every day. My job is veryboring but the pay is quite good. My colleaguesand I dontreally talk to each other, but I have a lot of friends outsidework. My job is just a way to earn money.

Tony, 23

Im a computer programmer. I work a 40 hour week. Wehave flexible hours so I can start and finish when I want. Ifwe are busy then I workovertimeI get paid extra for this.There are always problems to solve. This can be difficult, butit can also be quite creative. I earn agood salary, but my job


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doesnt rule my life. I like to do different things in my freetime.

Erika, 25

Im a doctor in a large hospital. I work very long hours60or 70 hours a weekoften in the evenings and at weekends.The work is really interesting but it can also be quitestressful. I love my job and my colleagues are also myfriends. I dont have time for asocial life. When I get home,

Im too tired to do anything except have dinner and watchTV.

Cindy, accountantI work in thefinance departmentof a large company. Thereare a lot of benefits. For example, if the company makes aprofit, all the employees get a bonus. Theres also a profitshare,but thats only for managers. I have a company car

and I also travel abroad quite a lot always business classand on expenses, of course. We also get a pension andprivate health insurance. The company pays for its staff togo on training courses to develop their professional skills.And we get free membership of the local gym. There are alsorewards: its hard work, but I get a lot of satisfaction from it.People recognize it if you do a good job, so there is goodprospects for promotion.

Benjamin, physiotherapistI work for the health service. There are a lot of rewards: themain one is the job satisfaction. I get a real sense ofachievement when someone says thank you. You knowyoure doing a worthwhile job. If you work hard, there areopportunities for promotion. I like the responsibility of


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making the difference to peoples lives. There are somebenefits. We dont get bonuses or anything like that, but

theres a very good pension. The health service pays for us togo on training courses, and people with children get helpwith paying forchildcare. If I visit patients at home, I get atravel allowance,but its not very much.

A. Match the underlined words in the quotes with thedefinitions (18).

1. the people you work with __________ .2. the number of hours in the week you spend doing yourjob____________ .3. the money you receive every month for the work you havedone___________4. the things you do, usually with other people, outsidework___________ .5. the time you have for eating in the middle of the working

day____________ .6. the time you spend at work after your normal workinghours___________7. a system where you can choose when to start and finishwork________ .8. the usual order and the way that you regularly dothings____________ .

B. Complete the sentences (1-6) with one of the followingadjectives: boring; busy; difficult; creative; interesting;stressful.1. If we have too much work and not enough time, it can bequite .2. In my job, I use my imagination and ideas a lot, so thework is


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4. We work in a sector where everyone works.but gets paid very well.

5. He has a very demanding job but he gets paid a6. Ive applied for a I want to become a manager.7. Supermarkets employ a lot of women who want to work8. In general, its an unskilled sector which isnt very.

9. When we are busy, I often choose to work andtake time off later.10.I dont pay for the doctor. The company provides verygood

(Source: www.better-english.com)

E. Complete the sentences with the expressions below.

Production, personnel, marketing, sales team, purchasing,logistics, research and development, quality control,

accounts, planning.1. I work in the department. Im responsible forbuying raw materials.2. Ive been in .for a few years. At the moment, Imin charge of advertising.3. I manage a team in . My staff is responsible forissuing invoices to our clients.4. As head of . I manage the distribution of ourproducts meet our very high standards.5. I am a technician in . At the moment, we are in thefinal stages of developing a new product unit.6. We have a large throughout the world selling ourproducts.


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7. I work in .dealing with the payroll of all ouremployees.

8. I manage a team in ..where we manufacture plasticparts for the medical sector.9. It is very challenging working in ..working on thestrategy for the company over the next ten to twenty years.

(Source: www.better-english.com)

F. Match the responsibilities with the department.

1.persuade people to buy thecompanys products or services;2. buys in products and services;3. looks for and develops newproducts;4. ensures that standards are met;

5. responsible for manufacturinggoods;6. recruits and looks after staff;7.deals with invoicing andpayments;8.distributes goods to differentplaces;9.deals with advertising andproduct launches;10.sets out future strategy

a. marketingb. sales teamc. purchasingdepartmentd. productione. accounts

f. planningg. personnelh. quality controli. research anddevelopmentj. logistics

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10


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UNIT IV

Types of companies and company structure

Businesses are organized in different ways. When there isonly one owner, the company is called a sole trader. If two ormore people associate to form a company they make up apartnership. In both sole trader organizations andpartnerships the owners supply the capital and as a rule theyassume the management of the organization. In partnerships

only the active partners take part in the management of thecompany, whereas the sleeping partners do not. Both formsof the business organizations discussed above have no legalobligation to make periodic statements of accounts availableto the public. The owners in both types of companies underconsideration have unlimited liability, that means they areliable to the full extent of their assets for the debts of thecompany. It is the owners who are entitled to take possession

of all the profits the company makes and all losses are borneby them.

On the other hand there are limited liability companies. Suchare the parts into either private or public. The former typeinvolves that the public has not access to company, the sharesare sold to a restricted number of people. Shares are the partsinto which the assets of a company are divided. The ownersof the company are shareholders and they hold shares inproportion with the capital they invested in the company.Thus there are minority shareholders and majorityshareholders. Public, limited companies (abbreviated plc) areaccessible to the public, as they are as a rule quoted on thestock exchange. The management of limited liabilitycompanies is entrusted to a board of directors elected by the


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shareholders in the Annual General Meeting (abbreviatedAGM). The shareholders are entitled to the profit made by

the company and therefore receive dividends. As for losses,they are borne by the shareholders, but only to the extent ofthe amount invested in the business, as this is the meaning oflimited liability. The shareholders have the right to receivethe annual financial statements of the company, accompaniedby an independently- audited report.

The capital of the company consists of shareholders capital (equity capital) as well as of capital obtained from long- termloans, from banks or other financial institutions. Companieshaving a high proportion of loan capital are said to be highlygeared. On the other hand, if loan capital represents a lowproportion in the capital of business, this is said to be lowlygeared. Companies are organized in a hierarchical orpyramidal structure. The chairman holds the highest

proportion in a board of directors. Sometimes he is the chiefexecutive officer (abbreviated CEO). The managing directoris the next in rank. Senior managers head the differentdepartments of a company such as: marketing, finance,public relations, human resources, research and development,etc. According to some sources, however, works managersand sales managers should be considered members of middlemanagement. The middle management consists of assistantmanagers who report to the senior managers. If someonereports to somebody else, he is the subordinate of the latter.Big companies have central offices or headquarters andbranches in the country or abroad. If decisions are taken atthe headquarters they are said to have a centralizedmanagement. If decisions are left to the competence of


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branch managers they are said to have a decentralizedmanagement.

In presenting a company as a rule reference is made to thelocation of the headquarters and branches or subsidiaries, theamount of business done, or turnover, size of labour force,type of products or services offered.

(Source: Alexander Hollinger, Test your Business English

Vocabulary, p.18, 19)

Vocabulary practice

limited liability - this means that no shareholder of such atype of company can be asked to pay more than the nominal

value of his shares or the amount of guarantee if thecompany goes bankrupt;sleeping partner - a person who has capital in a partnershipbut takes no part in its commercial and managerial activities;board of directors - the effective management committee ofa limited liability company;financial statement - any presentation of the accounts of acompany;chairman - the highest position on a companys board of

directorssole trader - a person who is the only owner of a businesswhose manager he also is;partnership - they are associations of persons; the relationwhich subsists between two or more people carrying onbusiness in common with a view to profit- the number ofpartners must not exceed 20;


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Pri vate L imited Company - SRL (Societate cu raspunderelimitata);

Publi c L imi ted Company- SA ( Societate pe actiuni);The Articles of Association - (statutes, US: by-laws) are theinternal regulations running the Company defining, amongother things, the rights and responsibilities of theshareholders and directors, how directors are elected, howmeetings are to be conducted;US Corporation - Companie/ Societate ( in SUA) ;

Company - Companie/ Societate (in UK);a public corporation - is a corporation the shares of whichare widely held and publicly traded, usually on a stockexchange;a private corporation - is one whose shares are not publiclytraded, but may be held by a number of persons;a close corporation - has only a few shareholders and itsstock is not normally traded;

a domestic corporation- is one formed in that state;a foreign corporation - is a corporation organized in anotherstate or country;winding-up - the winding-up of a company may becompulsory (or involuntary the company is wound up bycourt order, because it cannot meet its liabilities, or if itceases to carry on business for more than a year; thewinding-up may also be voluntary (or judicial): the companywinds up because it has reached, through age, the end of itslife fixed by the articles of association, or because a generalmeeting decides to appoint a liquidator who sells the firmsreal and personal property; when all debts have been met, theremaining assets are shared among the shareholders.


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Job titles :

Job titles matter, nowhere more than at the top of a big

company. Maybe that is why such confusion, about what topmanagers call themselves. A short guide through the maze:Chairman: if he is, American and/ or of the executivevariety, he/she is the boss. Non-executive chairmen are rarein America, but popular almost everywhere else. Theirspeciality is attending board meetings, and supervising thereal boss. Many big companies in continental Europe have

two chairmen, because they have two boards. One is thesupervisory board, which includes outsiders and workers, andoversees the management board, which actually runs thecompany. In Japan chairmen are most renowned for their golfskills.Vice-chairmanordeputy chairman. A title which can meanalmost anything from heir to the throne to a former heirheaded for retirement.

President. In Japan he is the boss, and sometimes thechairmans son-in-low. In America he is often number two,unless the chairman also wants to be called president.Sometimes the president is the chairman-elect. Sometimes heis being side-stepped.

In Britain the title is virtually unknown.Chief executive off ice (CEO). in America always the boss.

That is why the chairman is often also the CEO. In theory, heis held in check by the boards non-executive directors. Inpractice, many of these are CEOs of other companies andmany also be friends of the chairman, so they are loathe ( adetesta, a nu fi dispus sa) to upset the applecart.Chief operating off icer (COO). This is also used mostly inAmerica, where the COO (often the president) runs thecompany on a day to day basis reports to the CEO.


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Some big British Companies have recently begun adoptingthe title.

Managing director. In Britain this is usually a synonym forCEO in other words, the boss. In Japan there is either themanaging director with usual responsibilities (CEO) .Some Japanese firms have several managing directors.

Abbreviations

Bros. =brothers; often indicates a partnership;Ltd.

= follows the name of the firm in case of a PrivateLimited Company (UK)P.L.C., plc= Public Limited Company (UK);Inc. = incorporated. Follows the name of a USbusiness corporation;M.A = Memorandum of AssociationA.A. = articles of associationA.G.M. = Annual General Meeting

C.E.O. = Chief Executive OfficerC.O.O. = Chief Operating OfficerC.L.O. = Chief legal OfficerC.F.O. = Chief Financial Officer

Key sentences (read and learn).

1. This matter will have to be put on the agenda of our nextmeeting.2. The minutes the General Secretary has red to us do notmention that incident.3. The Articles of Association (US by-laws) list the internalregulations.


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20. We are assisted by a tax consultant (adviser) who drawsup our tax returns.

21. Their turnover is 5% down on last year.22. He started his enterprise with $ x in seed money.23. We wish to inform you that owing Mr. Taylorsresignation, the meeting of the Board of Directors is put offto Monday 27th April.24. A failing company cannot be wound up until all its assetshave been liquidated.

25. Mr. Smith resigned his Board chairmanship because theshareholders challenged his policy.26. In a general partnership, the partners are jointly andseverally liable for the debts of the firm.27. The style of the company has been modified.28. Members of the Board who cannot attend theextraordinary meeting on June are requested to send proxies.29. The results of the trading year/ financial year are

disappointing.30. He has been on the Board for two years and has just beenre-elected at the Annual General Meeting.31. The creditors have asked the receiver to put the companyback on its feet as quickly as possible.

Test. F ind the correct word:1 . The use of the word should be restricted to non-profitmaking organizations.

a) partnership;b) concern;c) society;d) corporation.

2 . Stockholder is a synonym fora) shareholder;


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b) stockbroker;c) bondholder;

d) sleeping partner.3 . Corporate tax is levied on

a) private persons;b) companies;c) personal property;d) professional organizations.

4 . The abbreviation Inc. , which follows the name of

U.S. corporations, stands fora) included;b) inclusive;c) incorporated;d) incapacitated.

5 . Limited partners are liable.a) only to the extent of the sum they have invested;b) for the whole of the debts of the firm;

c) for the full extent of their real property;d) only to the extent of the value of their bonds.

6 . Most statutes require an annual meeting of shareholders tobe

a) laid out;b) held;c) calling;d) pointed out.

7 . A Private Company is not allowed to appeal. the publicfor the subscription of its shares.

a) for;b) to;c) towards;d) into.


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8 . The Memorandum of Association states the amount of thefirms. capital.

a) regular;b) authorized;c) managing;d) working.

9 . The Annual General Meeting will be. by the Chairmanof the Board.

a) presided;

b) presided over;c) directed;d) managed.

10. The public is invited to apply shares.a) to;b) for;c) over;d) at.

11. A company must be, by court order if it stops tradingfor more than a year.

a) sued;b) wound up;c) adjudicated bankrupt;d)sold out.

Key to the test A: 1.c; 2.a; 3.b; 4.c; 5.a; 6.b; 7.b; 8.b; 9.b;

10.b; 11. b.

Focus on grammarThere is , there areconstructions

There is , there areconstructionsRule: these constructions are placed before the logicalsubject of the sentence anticipating it; these constructions


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have the same number and gender as the noun theyanticipate.

Affirmative Interrogative NegativeSing. There is Is there There isnt

Pl. There are Are there There arent

Models: 1. There is a desk in the corner of the room. 2. Thereare many cars in this parking area. 3. There is a dictionary onthe table. 4. There are many people in the corner shop.5.

There are a lot of roses in this garden. 6. Isthere a pen on thedesk? 7.Are there a lot of paintings on the wall? 8.Aretheremany students in the classroom? 9. There arentmany desksin this office.

Read and learn!

Personal

pronouns

Possessive

adjectives

Possessive

pronounsI my mine

You your yours

He his his

She her hers

It its its

We our ours

You your yoursThey their theirs

Read the sentences below and pay attention to the use of thepossessive adjectives and pronouns:1. This is my car. It is mine. 2. That purse is yours, Mrs.White, isnt it? Yes, it is. It is not hers.3. They have twochildren: a son and a daughterhavent they? Yes, they have.


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Those are theirballs. His is brown, and hers is red. 4. Ouroffice is large, theirs is small. 5.Herdress I new, mine is old.

6. This dog is very nice. Its fur is like brown velvet. 7. Myneighbours are very rude,yours are so kind! 8. Where isyourwatch?Mine is on my desk.

Focus on grammar. The Noun

Besides other classifications, nouns can be:

A. Countable nounsthey do have a plural form;B. Uncountable nounsthey do not have plural forms.

A. Countable nouns - the plural:

- general rule: singular+ -s = pluralbook - books

car - carsdoll - dollstree - treeshorse - horsesetc.

1) nouns ending intch, -sh, - ss, -s, -x, addesfor the plural

watchwatchesbush - bushesdress - dressesbus - busesbox - boxesetc.

2) nouns ending ino, addesfor the plural


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potatopotatoestomato - tomatoes

hero - heroesecho - echoesetc. but: pianopianos

photophotos

3) nouns ending in ypreceded by a consonant change itintoiand addes

lady - ladies

country - countriescity - citiescherry - cherriesberry - berriesetc. but: boy - boys

toy - toyskey - keysplayplays

etc.4) 12 nouns ending in-for-fechange it intov and addes

life lives elf elveswife - wives half - halvesleaf - leaves thief - thievesloaf - loaves calf - calvesshelf -shelves self - selves

wolf - wolves knifeknivesbut: roof - roofsstaff - staffs

5) irregular plurals: man - men (or: policemanpolicemen)woman - womenchild - children

tooth - teethfoot - feet (but: footprintfootprints)


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goose - geesemouse - mice

die - dice6) nouns having no plural forms:

deer - deer (caprioar - cprioare)sheep - sheep (oaieoi)trout - trout ( pstrv-pstrvi)series - seriesspecies - species

but:fruit: a) fruit(only apples)b) fruits (apples, pears, etc.)fish: a) fish (only carps)

b) fishes (carps, salmons, trout, etc.)

7) nouns having a singular form, a plural meaning, requiringa singular verb:

informationluggage

adviceknowledge + sing. Vb.furnituremachineryjewellery

(for the singular we use: a piece of)i.e. The information is good.

(Informaiile sunt bune)But: I need a piece ofinformation, please.(Am nevoie de o informaie, te rog.)

8) nouns having a plural form, a singular meaning, requiringa singular verb:

newsmumps (oreion)measles (pojar)


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mathematicsphysics + sing. Vb.

economicsstatisticsgymnasticsphoneticsetc.

i.e. Mathematics is a difficult subject.What news is this?

Measles is a catching disease.9) nouns having a plural form in English, a singular meaningin Romanian, requiring a plural verb in English:

trousers alms (poman)pants pyjamasscales spectaclestongs glassesscissors goggles (ochelari de scafandru)

surroundings outskirts (periferie)under-wears bellowsetc.

10) nouns having two plural forms:

cloth - cloths genius - geniuses- clothes = pl. vb. - genii (duhuri)

die - dies (stamp, matri) penny - pennies- dice - pence

11) nouns having two or several meanings in the plural:customcustoms a) obiceiuri

b) vama = pl. vb.colourcolours a) culori

b) steaguri militare


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groundgrounds a) terenuri

b) motive (pentru care)c) za (la cafea)

spiritspirits a) spirite, duhurib) buturi alcoolice

B. Uncountable nouns:

a) Names of materials: salt, sugar, water, wine, milk, coffee,tea, beer etc. but also: gold, silver, copper, coal, steel,aluminium etc.b) Abstract nouns:friendship humidityownership (proprietate) draught (secet)dictatorship sunshinecraftsmanship (miestrie, ndemnare) masterpiece

mankind homeland (patrie)humanity carelessnesstraffic selfishness (egoism)love pridehate lengthcowardice etc.

Note: Many uncountable nouns may become countable whenthey are used with the meaning a kind of..., different kindsof..., a variety of...

Pluralia tantum and summation plurals

colour= culoare; pl. colourscolours (pl. tantum) = drapel


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compass = busola; pl. compassescompasses (pl. tantum) = compas

custom = obicei; pl. customscustoms (pl. tantum) = vamadamage = avarie; pl. damagesdamages (pl. tantum) = despagubirieffect= effect; pl. effectseffects (pl. tantum) = efecte; haine

glass = pahar; pl.glasses

glasses (pl. tantum) = ochelariground=teren, parc n jurul unei cldiri; pl.groundsgrounds(pl. tantum) = motivele; za de cafea,letter= scrisoare; pl. lettersletters (pl. tantum) = literatur, litereminute = minut; pl. minutesminutes (pl. tantum) = process verbalmanner= mod; pl. manners

manners (pl. tantum) = maniere, purtarepremise = premise; pl. premisespremises (pl. tantum) = local; imobilpain = durere; pl.painspains (pl. tantum) = ostenealaquarter= sfert, cartier; pl. quartersquarters (pl. tantum) = locuinta; cantonament; sediureceipt= chitanta; pl. receiptsreceipts (pl. tantum) = incasariscale = gama muzicala; solz; pl.scalesscales (pl. tantum) = cntarspectacle = spectacol; pl.spectaclesspectacles (pl. tantum) = ochelariterm = perioada; termen; trimestru; pl. termsterms (pl. tantum) = termeni; conditii; raporturi

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Curs Limba Engleza 2012

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