GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJ

COMUNICARE

Hipocrate- 460 î.c.

“Creierul- cel mai puternic organ

al corpului...”

-Inima sediul mişcării si

vieţii psihice

-T.inexcitabilităţii cerebrale

Aristotel 384-322 î.c.

- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos

după 1300 scrie: “creierul este...

rece şi umed pt. a diminua

extrema căldură şi uscăciune a

inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabula

rasa şi a primi orice imagine, lax

şi moderat de vâscos pt. ca

lucrurile percepute să-l străbată

uşor...

limbaj

comunicare

gândire

forme de

manifestare a

INFORMAŢIEI

”O imagine științifică asupra

lumii care nu înglobează

problemele conștiinței nu poate

avea pretenții serioase de

completitudine. Conștiința este

parte a Universului nostru și deci

orice teorie fizică care nu-i face

loc, eșuează în încercarea de a

da o descriere fidelă a lumii”Încertitudinile rațiunii. Umbrele minții. R. Penrose. Ed. Tehnică. 1999

- amprentă a identității

Gândirea

- forță transformatoare

- factor de sănătate

Halobacteriumsalinarium

Sea squirt

amprentă a identității

Gândirea

”Poate, dacă suntem norocoși, roboții de mâine ne vor păstra ca pe niște animale răsfățate… sau dacă suntem destul de deștepți, am putea transfera roboților ”structurile noastre proprii de informație” R.P

The effects of laughter on post-

prandial glucose levels and gene

expression in type 2 diabetic

patients . Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life

Sciences 85

In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic information not encoded in DNA sequence is transmitted across generations. In germline-dependent mode, memory of environmental exposure inparental generation is transmitted through gametes, leading to appearance of phenotypes in the unexposed future generations. The memory is considered to be encoded in epigenetic factors like DNAmethylation, histone modifications and regulatory RNAs

Environmental exposure may cause epigenetic modifications in the germline either directly or indirectly through primarily affecting the soma. The latterpossibility is most intriguing because it contradicts the established dogma that hereditary information flows only from germline to soma, not in reverse. As such, identification of the factor(s) mediating soma to germline information transfer in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance would be pathbreaking

Factors such as RNAs and hormones, including neurohormones and europeptides, have previously been considered to potentially mediate soma to germline communication in epigenetic inheritance In last decade, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) have emerged as master regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes

It is in this context that we would liketo consider the genomic “darkmatter,”one of the major mysteries of the post-genome era. Perhaps no other topic incontemporary genomics has inspired such diverse viewpoints as the 95% ofthe genome,previously known as “junkDNA,” that does not code for proteins.

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline information transfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)

E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about human behavior by studying ants, termites, and bee

http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html

Language defines the very

structure of information.

This is more than an empirical

truth; it is a rational and

scientific necessity; the laws of

nature are a language.

The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the

Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.

Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.

Maintenance of cognitive control is a major concern for many human disease condition, therefore a major goal of human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate and/or recover cognitive function when such circumstances impair appropriate decision making.

Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive

Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that

Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012

A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)

enabled a real-time transfer of

behaviorally meaningful

sensorimotor information between

the brains of two rats.

A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor

Information. Scientific reports.2013

•Snsibilitate odoranta

•Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor

•Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolar-

câteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/

molecule sau grupari chimice

•Suportul genetic pentru receptori:

de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene

pseudogene

Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences

and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010

The studies show that the onset of the neural events associated with free decisions precede the reported onset of the awareness of intention, and suggest that conscious intention cannot be a causal factor for free decisions.

Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice. Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013

Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre

Jülich in Germany and her team

announced that they had done it last

month, when they published a three-

dimensional reconstruction of a human

brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,

they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65-

year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20

micrometres thick, stained them, imaged

them with a light microscope and then

used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers

to piece the terabyte of data together.

…Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk

are working with the German optics

company Carl Zeiss on a new

electron microscope that would

image even thinner slices- 25 nm

“Then you get to see every little

damn thing in the brain, from every

neuron to every subcellular

organelle, from every synapse to

every spine neck.

•The new machines will have 61

scanning beams operating in

parallel and will shrink this time

down to months. Denk estimates

that this will allow them to make a

computational reconstruction- “a

mouse brain in a box”

Denk’s lab scanned minuscule volumes of mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of the mammalian brain. But computing alone was not able to reconstruct the 300 gigabytes of image data the effort generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they meander through the slices. “We’ll have to develop algorithms to get machines to do the job as well as the human eye.”

Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. “The human brain produces in

30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.”

Neuroscience research provides basic discoveries about how the brain works and about how the brain controls behavior. These discoveries are then applied for the good of humankind.

Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.

From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013

”The individuals…having largely increased their needs according as the societies which they formed became larger, had to multiply their ideas to an equivalent extent, and thus felt the need for communicating them to theyr fellows. We may imagine that this will have compelled them to increase and vary in the same degree the signs which they used for communication these ideas…”

Lamarck J B. Philosophie Zoologique. I809

Comunicarea este liantul

Universului holistic

Using MRI scans, scientist can now

read thoughts circulating in our

brains. Scientist can also insert a

chip into the brain of patient who

is totally paralyzed and connect it

to a computer, so that through

thought alone that patient can surf

the web, read, and write e-mails,

play video games, control their

wheel chair, operate housholde

appliance, and manipulate

mechanical arms.

”The question of all questions for humanity, the problem which liesbehind all other and is more interesting than any of them, is of determination of man's place in Nature and his relation to the

Cosmos”. Th. Huxley

Computers are now powerful

enough to record the

electrical signals emanating

from the brain and partially

decode them into a familiar

digital language. This makes

it possible for the brain to

directly interface with

computers to control any

object around it.

Centuries from now, one can

imagine placing our entire

neural blueprint on a laser

beams, which will then sent

into deep space, perhaps the

most convenient way for our

consciousness to explore the

stars.

Scientists are going even

furthure, by connecting the brain

directly to exoskeleton that

these patient can wear around

their paralyzed limbs. One day,

our astronauts may even explore

the planets by mentally

controling mechanical

surrogates from the comfort of

their living rooms.

Part of this rapid progress

has occured because

physicists today have a good

understending of

electromagnetism, which

governs the electrical signal

racing through our neurons.

Maintenance of cognitive control is a major concern for many human disease condition, therefore a major goal of human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate and/or recover cognitive function when such circumstances impair appropriate decision making.

Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012

Neuroscience is awaiting for a

breakthrough: An essay bridging the

concepts of Descartes, Einstein,

Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the

explanatory formulations in this special

issue. E. Başar, Karakaş . Intern. J.

Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194–201

... understanding the brain/body–mind

complex is possible only when these

three are considered as a holistic

entity and not as discrete structures

or functions.

Câmpul electromagnetic este realitatea fizică cu care suntem în contact permanent şi nemijlocit, deşi nu avem simţuri pentru a o percepe. În odaia în care stăm, în parcurile în care ne plimbăm, în noi înşine, totul este plin de câmp electromagnetic, în fiecare moment, datorită câmpului electromagnetic, fiecare cută a fiinţei noastre este pătrunsă de toate melodiile care se cântă pe Pământ, ba şi de şoapte din afara lui, rostite poate cu miliarde de ani în urmă.

A.Ţugulea- Câmpul electromagnetic? Ed. Agir, 2011

- Canale ionice

- Pompe ionice

- Transportori ionici

Sistemul de transport ionic

membranar (STIM)

Molecule

hidrofobe Subst.

steroidice

O2

CO2N2

Apă

Glicerol

Uree

ZaharozăGlucoză

Na+, H+, K+

Ca2+, Mg2+

HCO3-, Cl-

Molecule

mici

nepolare

Molecule

mari

nepolare

Ioni

Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts

B. 2008)

Extracelular

Citosol

Bistrat

lipidic

(3nm)

Retinal

legat de

lizina

transport pasiv

transport membranar

difuzie

simpla

mediată

de canalemediată de

transportori

mediată de

pompe

transport activ

bistrat

lipidic

canal

proteic transportori

Gradient de

concentraţie

adaptat după MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008

Distribuţia sarcinilor electrice

Concentraţia intra- extracelulară a

principalilor ioni în celula mamiferelor

(mMol)

Ion Extracelular Intracelular

Na+ 145 12

K+ 4 155

Ca2+ 1.8 0.001(rep)– 0.1(activ.)

Cl– 123 4.2

Mg2+ 1.5 0.8

Potenţial de acţiune

50

0

m

V PA

Na+

K+

Transmiterea şi procesarea

semnalului în sistemul nervos

II. Transmiterea nonsinaptică

Transmiterea efaptică

Transmiterea auto- paracrină

Transmiterea hormonală

I.Transmiterea sinaptică

Transmiterea sinaptică electrică

Transmiterea sinaptică chimică

I. Date generale

SNC - 1011 neuroni;

Transmiterea şi procesarea

semnalului în sistemul nervos

- 1000 sinapse/neuron

- alte mecanisme de comunicare

- neuron=microprocesor ?

Transmiterea şi procesarea

semnalului în sistemul nervosRepere istorice

L.Galvani- electricitatea animală

A.Volta-bateria electrică 1800

1820H.C.Oersted-electromagnetism

1797

Sinapsa chimică

Segment

presinaptic

E

AGONIŞTI

ANTAGONIŞTI

Sinapsă excitatorie

Sinapsă inhibitorie

Celulă

glială

Segment

postsinaptic

Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor de biosinteză

Neurotransmiţător Enzime Activitate

ACETIL COLINĂ Colin acetiltransferază Specifică

AMINE BIOGENE

Dopamină Tirozin hidroxilază Specifică

Epinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şi dopamin b hidroxilază

Norepinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şi dopamin b hidroxilază

Specifică

Serotonină Triptofan hidroxilază Specifică

Histamină Histidin decarboxilază Specificitate incertă

AMINOACIZI

GABA Glutamat decarboxilază Specificitate probabilă

Glutamat Enzime din metabolismul general

Cale specifică nedeterminată

Glicină Enzime din metabolismul general

Cale specifică nedeterminată

Peptide cerebrale neuroactive clasificate după localizarea tisulară

Categoria Peptide

HORMONI ELIBERATORI HIPOTALAMICI

TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH

HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI Vasopresină, Oxitocină

PEPTIDE HIPOFIZAREACTH, B-endorfină, A-MSH, Prolactină, LH, GH, TSH

PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE

VIP, CCK, Gastrină, Neurotensină, Met-Enkefalină, Leu-Enkefalină, SP, Insulină, Glucagon, Bombezină, Secretină, SST, TRH, Motilină

PEPTIDE CARDIACE PAN

ALTELE

Angiotensina II, Bradikinină, Calcitonină, CGRP, NPYY, Galanină, Substanţa K (Neurokinina A), Peptide de somn

Transportor

de colina

Transportor

Transportor

vezicular de ACh

Muscarinici

carbachol

edrofoniu

Muscarinici

atropina

Sinapsa Colinergica

M.Gravis ?...

ACh

ACh

fizostigmina

vesamicol

hemicolinium

AChAch

AChE

Colina + Ac-Colina + Ac -

ACh

Colina

AcCoA

ChAT

Nicotinici nn.

lobelina

Nicotinici musc.

suxametoniu

Nicotinici nn.

hexametoniu

Nicotinici musc.

D-tubocurarina

BNCh 188

La nivelul cel mai

elementar, noi nu

suntem o reacţie

chimică ci o sarcină electrică...

Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for

Grandmother Scientific American. 2013

Membrane ATPases are capable

of absorbing energy from

oscillating electric fields of

defined frequency and amplitude

and using it to perform chemical

work. The concept of the

'electroconformational coupling'

is used to explain how an

electric signal can modulate the

activity of a membrane protein. Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989

A brilliant new scientific

landscape that will reshape

human destiny is now trully

opening up. We are now

entering a new golden age of

neuroscience.

Consciuosness is just another state

of matter, likea solid, liquid or gas

Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014

Suntem

ale Pământului,

Vlăstare

de Puterea

însufleţite

Gândului

Tinere