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Codul napoleonian - sau Codul Napolon (iniial, Codul civil des franais) - este francez codulcivil , stabilite n conformitate cu Napoleon I n 1804. Codul interzis drepturi pe baza naterii, libertatea dereligie a permis, i a precizat c guvernul de locuri de munc merge la cei mai calificai. Acesta a fostelaborat rapid de ctre o comisie de patru juriti emineni i a intrat n vigoare la 21 martie 1804. Codul

Napoleon nu a fost primul cod legal care urmeaz s fie stabilite ntr-o ar european cu un civil sistemjuridic - a fost precedat de Maximilianeus Codex bavaricus civilis ( Bavaria , 1756), a Landrecht

Allgemeines ( Prusia , 1794) i Vest galician Codul ( Galicia , apoi o parte din Austria , 1797). A fost, cutoate acestea, primul cod juridic modern care urmeaz s fie adoptate cu un domeniu de aplicare pan-europene i a influenat puternic legea multe ri au format n timpul i dup rzboaiele napoleoniene .Codul, cu accent pe dreptul scris clar i accesibil, a fost un pas important n locul mozaic anterioare alelegilor feudale. Istoricul Robert Holtman l consider ca fiind unul dintre puinele documente care auinfluenat ntreaga lume

Categoriile de Codul Napoleon au fost ntocmite nu mai devreme de la legile franceze, ci de laIustinian n secolul ase codificarea dreptului roman , a Corpus Juris Civilis i, n cadrul acestuia,

Institutele.Institutele mpart drept n dreptul de:1. persoane2. lucruri3. aciuni.

n mod similar, Codul Napoleon mprit legislaia n dreptul de:

1. persoane2. proprietate3. achiziionarea de bunuri4. procedur civil (scos ntr-un cod separat n 1806). Napoleon a propus s reformeze sistemul juridic francez, n conformitate cu ideile Revoluiei

Franceze , deoarece vechile legi feudale i regale prea confuze i contradictorii cu oamenii. nainte deCod, Frana nu a avut un singur set de legi : legea a constat n principal, de obiceiurile locale, care au fostuneori oficial compilate n "customals ( coutumes ) ", n special coutume de Paris, au existat, de asemenea,scutiri, prvilegii i cartele speciale acordate de ctre regii sau alte lorzii feudali. n timpul Revoluiei,ultimele vestigii ale feudalismului au fost desfiinate. Concret, dup cum a dreptului civil multe corpuri dedrept diferite utilizate n diferite pri ale Franei au fost s fie nlocuit printr-un cod juridic unic. Leadingacest proces de elaborare a fost Jean-Jacques Rgis de Cambacrs . Proiectele sale din 1793 (pe care el afost spus pentru a produce, imposibil, intr-o luna), 1794 i 1796, cu toate acestea, au fost adoptate numai

printr-o bucat cu bucat Convenia Naional mai mult n cauz cu turbulenelor care rezult din diverserzboaie i lupte cu alte puteri europene . Un nou nceput a fost fcut dup ce lui Napoleon venirea la

putere in 1799. O comisie de patru juriti emineni a fost numit n 1800, prezidat de Cambacrs, acumconsul al doilea rnd, i, uneori, de ctre Primul Consul Napoleon el nsui. Dup control intensiv de ctreConsiliul de Stat , prin 1801 Codul a fost complet, cu toate acestea, nu a fost publicat pn la 21 martie din1804. Promulgat n Codul Civil al franceze (Codul civil Franais des), a fost redenumit Codul Napoleon(cod Napoleon), in 1807.

Dezvoltat n principal, din customals diferite, acest proces a fost inspirat de ctre Iustinian a aseadin secolul codificareadreptului roman, Corpus iuris Civilis i, n cadrul c, Codul lui Iustinian (Codex).Cu toate acestea, Codul Napoleon diferit de cele ale lui Iustinian n moduri importante: a ncorporat toatetipurile de normele anterioare, i nu numai legislaia, nu a fost o colecie de extracte de editat, dar orescriere complet; structura acestuia a fost mult mai raional, ea nu a avut de exemplu religioase, cretin,coninut, i a fost scris n limba lor matern, limba francez.

Dezvoltarea din Codul Napoleon a fost o schimbare fundamental n natura legii civilesistemului; a fcut legi mult mai clar i mult mai accesibil. Este nlocuit, de asemenea, conflictul dintrefostul puterea legislativ regale i, mai ales n ultimii ani nainte de Revoluia, protestele de ctre

judectorii care reprezint punctele de vedere i privilegiile a claselor sociale la care au aparinut. Un astfelde conflict -, precum i un angajament fa de Raiune i, cu care, de generalitate la peste particularitate - acondus Revoluionarilor pentru a avea o viziune negativ a judectorilor elaborare a legilor. Acest lucru sereflect n Codul Napoleon interzice judectorilor s decid un caz de mod de a introduce o regul general(articolul 5), de la crearea de reguli generale este un exerciiu al puterii legislative i judectoreti nu a. nteorie, astfel, nu existjurispruden n Frana. Cu toate acestea, instanele au avut n continuare pentru a

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umple golurile din legi i regulamente i, ntr-adevr, s-au interzis de la refuzul de a face acest lucru(articolul 4). Mai mult dect att, att codurile i legislaia au necesitat interpretare judiciar. n acestemoduri, un corp vast de drept juridic creat (jurisprudenta) a intrat n existen, n timp ce nu exist nicioregul de decisis se holbeze(precedent obligatoriu), deciziile importante de ctre instanele judectoreti audevenit mai mult sau mai puin echivalente cujurisprudena(a se vedeajurisprudena Constante ).

Continutul din Codul

Articolul preliminar al Codului stabilite anumite prevederi importante n ceea ce privete statul dedrept. Legile ar putea fi aplicat numai n cazul n care acestea au fost promulgate n mod corespunztor,i numai dac acestea au fost publicate oficial (inclusiv dispoziii pentru ntrzierile de publicare, avnd nvedere mijloacele de comunicare disponibile n acel moment); prin urmare, nu legi secrete au fostautorizate. Este interzis ex post factoputere (de exemplu, legile care se aplic la evenimentele care auavut loc n faa lor). Codul interzice, de asemenea, judectorii de la refuzul de justiie pe motive deinsuficien a legii-, prin urmare, ncurajarea acestora de a interpreta legea. Pe de alt parte, se interzice

judectorilor de la trecerea hotrrilor judectoreti general, de o valoare legislative (a se vedea mai sus).n ceea ce privete familia, Codul a stabilit supremaia soului cu privire la soia i copiii, aceasta a fost

situaia juridic general n Europa, la momentul respectiv. Ea a fcut, totui, s permitdivorul pe bazaliberale n comparaie cu alte ri europene, inclusiv de divor prin consimmnt reciproc. [

Codul penaln 1791, Louis Michel Le Peletier de Saint-FARGEAU a prezentat un nou cod penal pentru

Adunarea Constituant naional.[3]El a explicat c aceasta scoas n afara legii doar "crimele adevrat" inu "infraciuni de fals creat de superstiie, feudalismului, sistemul fiscal , i [regal] despotism ". [4]El nu alista crimelor ", creat de superstiie" (adic Cretin religie), dar aceste blasfemie cu siguran incluse,erezie, sacrilegiu, i vrjitorie. Toate aceste infraciuni au fost rapid Fosta dezincriminat. n 1810, un noucod penal a fost emis n conformitate cu Napoleon. Ca i n cazul Codului Penal din 1791 , ea nu coninedispoziii mpotriva crimelor religioase sau de acelai sex acte sexuale. n 1808, un "cod de instruire penal"(cod d'instruciuni criminelle) a fost publicat. Acest cod prevzute de procedur penal . ParlementSistemul de dinainte de Revoluie a fost vinovat de abuz de mult, instanele penale stabilite de Revoluia afost un sistem complex i ineficiente, supus unor presiuni mai multe locale. Geneza acestui cod a dus lamulte dezbateri. Codul rezultat este baza moderne, aa-numitul "sistem inchizitorial"de instanele penale,utilizat n Frana i mai multede drept civil de ri - dei, desigur, le-a schimbat n mod semnificativ de lazi a lui Napoleon (n special, cu mbuntiri de dreptul de de aprare).

Revoluia francez de Declaraia drepturilor omului i ceteanului au declarat c suspecii au fostprezumat nevinovat pn cnd au fost declarate a fi vinovat de o instan . O preocupare a lui Bonaparte

a fost posibilitatea de arestarea arbitrar, sau excesiv preventiv (nainte de nchisoare de la un proces).Bonaparte a remarcat c trebuie avut grij s pstreze libertile personale, mai ales atunci cnd cazul a fostn faa Curii imperiale: "aceste instane ar avea o putere mare, ele ar trebui s fie interzis s abuzeze deaceast situaie mpotriva ceteanului slab, fr conexiuni." Cu toate acestea, nc arest preventiv a fost

procedura normal pentru suspecii de crime grave, cum ar ficrima .Posibilitatea de justiie s aprobe perioade lungi arest preventiv a fost unul dintre motivele pentru

Codul Napoleon a fost criticat pentru, de facto,prezumia de vinovie, n special ndrept comun de ri.Un alt motiv a fost o combinaie de magistrat i procuror ntr-o singur poziie. [6] Cu toate acestea,

procedurile legale cu siguran nu au avut de jureprezumie de vinovie, de exemplu, jurmntul jurat nmod explicit recomandat ca juriul nu a trda interesele inculpailor , i a luat atenia de mijloacele deaprare.

Normele care reglementeaz procedura n instan, dup standardele de astzi, a dat, probabil,prea mult putere la urmrirea penal; trebuie spus, totui, faptul c justiia penal n rile europene, n

acele zile au avut tendina de partea cu represiune. De exemplu, aceasta a fost numai n anul 1836 cprizonierii acuzat de o crims-aupermis s aib avocat(adic un avocat), n Anglia(Legea prizonierilor"Counsel).[5]n comparaie, articolul 294 din Codul Napoleon de procedur penal permis prta a avea unavocat n faa Curii de Assizes (judeca infraciuni), i a mandatat instana s numeasc inculpatului unavocat n cazul n care prtul nu au avut unul (eecul de a face prestate, astfel nul procedurilor).

Indiferent dac sunt sau nu instanele edin a tribunalului , a crei sarcin era de a judecacrimele grave, au fost s lucreze cu un juriu a fost un subiect de controverse considerabile; Bonaparte asprijinit jurii hotrre, i s-au adoptat definitiv. Pe de alt parte, Bonaparte a fost spre deosebire depuneresub acuzarejuriu (" marele juriu "ndrept comun ri) i a preferat s dau aceasta sarcina la secia penal a

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8/3/2019 Codul napoleonian

3/3

Curii de Apel. Unele instane au fost create special pentru hotrrea de infractori care ar putea intimidajuriului.

Bonaparte, de asemenea, a insistat c instanele judeca civile ipenalecazuri, ar trebui s fie aceeai, ncazul n care doar s le dea mai mult prestigiu.

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