157

At¥ymJym ˛ ae-¶c _‘w

Nne NcnX hkvXp-X-Iƒ

At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\hpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w F∂p

XpS-ßn-b-XmWv? AXn-\p≈ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\w F¥mWv?

B _‘w GXp-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p? ˛ Cu coXn-bn-ep-≈ kwi-b-

߃ C∂p ]e¿°pw D≠v. F∂m¬ Cu hkvX-pXI-fn-te°v shfn®w

hoip∂ A[n-Im-cnI tcJ-Iƒ A[n-I-sam∂pw Ct∂-hsc e`n-®n-´n√.

D≈-h-Xs∂ hntZ-iob `mj-I-fn-emWp Xm\pw. k`m-N-cnX-Im-c-∑m-

cmb aoJm-tb¬ dmt_m-bpw, _m¿-F-_m-bbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X\ tcJ-I-fn¬ Nneh \ΩpsS ]T\sØ klm-bn-°p-

∂-h-bm-Wv. ]kw-K-I-\mb kJ-dn-bm-bp-sSbpw (Zachariah, the Rhetor)Bky-bnse bqlm-t\m-s‚bpw (John of Asia) NcnXKŸ-ß-fm-Wv

G‰w ]pcm-X-\-hpw, A[n-Im-cn-I-hp-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ahsb°pdn®p Kth-

jWw \S-Ønb Nne ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS ]T-\-߃ \ap°p hfsc klm-

b-I-am-Wv.

1. ]pcm-X\ sXfnhv

C¥y-bnse k` ]pcm-X\Imew apX¬X-s∂ At¥ymJym ]mXn-

b¿°okn\p Ingvs∏-´n-cp-∂p F∂mWv ]ecpw [cn®p h®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ ta¬∏-d™ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS B[n-Im-cnI tcJ-I-fnepw

]T-\-ß-fnepw Ah¿ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv 16˛mw \q‰m-≠p- h-sc-

sb-¶n-epw, Ah XΩn¬ bmsXmcp _‘hpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv.

F∂m¬ \ΩpsS C¥y-bp-ambn At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p≈

_‘-sØ-∏‰n \n w-ibw km£n-°p∂ Hcp tcJsb kw_-‘n®p

Nne ]T-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. Hcp ]t£

Ct∂-hsc e`y-am-bn-´p≈ tcJ-I-fn¬ h®v, At¥ymJym ae-¶-c-

_‘sØ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ G‰w ]pcm-X\ tcJ CXm-bn-cn°pw F∂p

Icp-Xp-∂p. C∂v hØn-°m≥ sse_-dn-bn¬ kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂-

Xmbn GWÃv tlmWnKv am≥ (Ernest Honing Man) F∂ Kth-jI≥

km£n-°p∂ Cu tcJ (P. 177, Ernest Honing Man, The Convant of BarSauma and the Jacobite Patriarchate of Antioch in Syria, CSCO Tome 7)1581˛¬ IqSnb Hcp kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ an\n-‰vkmWv. ]mXn-b¿°okv,

C·m-Øn-bqkv ZmhqZvimbpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-tbm-K-Øns‚ Cu

an\n‰vkn¬, AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®h-cpw, H∏n-´-h-cp-amb 12 F∏n-kvtIm-

∏-∑m-cpsS t]cp ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw BZy-ambns´gp-Xn-bn-cn-

158

°p∂ t]cv Xmsgs°mSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]Im-c-amWv:˛ ""Ing-°ns‚-bpw,

C≥Uy-bp-sS AXm-bXv ]cn-ip-≤-\mb tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-

k-\-Øn-s‚bpw ImtXm-en-t°m-kmb _tk-en-tbm-kv.''

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse Ncn-X-tc-J-bnse B£cn-I-amb taev]-d™

]cm-a¿i-߃ Xmsg∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-I-fn-tebv°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.

1) ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ sXc-s™-SpØ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ImtXm-

en-t°mkv kw_-‘n-®p.

2) At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv H∂m-aXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬,

At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww A[y£w hln-®-Xpw.

3) Ing-°n-s‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw ImtXm-en-°m-bn-cp∂p At±lw.

4) C¥y-bp-sS, F∂-Xns‚ hnti-j-W-ambn ]cn-ip-≤-\mb am¿-

tØmΩm-bpsS \maw ]tXy-In®p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \ΩpsS

C¥y Xs∂-bmWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

5) kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m am¿tØm-Ωm-

bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv 16˛mw \q‰m-≠nse At¥ym-

Jy≥ tcJbpw km£n-°p-∂p.

C∂sØ \ΩpsS k`m A¥-co-£-Øn¬ taev∏-d™ A©p kwK-

Xn-Iƒ°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ]k-‡n-bp≠v F∂p amXw kqNn-∏n-®p-

sIm-≈-s´.

2. A[n-Im-c-ko-a-Iƒ F¥p km£n-°p-∂p?

apºp ]d™ tcJ-bpsS Ime-amb 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv

At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cpsS A[n-Imckoa-Ifpw a‰pw

Fßs\ F∂p ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]e tcJ-Ifpw D≠v. Nne-Xn¬ ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ Hcp ]tXyI Ime-b-f-hn¬ D≠m-bn-

cp∂ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-sc-bpw, Ah-cpsS Bÿm-\-ß-sfbpw ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Nne-Xn¬ Hmtcm saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ ]hn-iy-bnepw D≈

F∏-nkvtIm-∏-∑m-cp-sS-t]mepw hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Ah ]cn-tim-

[n®p t\m°n-bm¬, A°q- -Øn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶n-epw, t]¿jy-bn-tetbm

C¥y-bn-tetbm F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂pt≠m F∂p a\ n-

em-°mw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬, At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ `c-W-ko-asb ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ tcJ-I-fn¬\n∂v tlmWnKv

am≥ Xøm-dm-°nb Hcp enÃv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw (Eveques Et EvechesMonophysites, D’Asie Anterieure Au VIE, Ernest Honing Man, p. 178 ff).

159

taev]-d™ hrØm-¥w, At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mXn-b¿t°-‰ns‚ G‰hpw

kph¿Æ-amb Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-te-Xm-Wv. At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]mXn-

b¿°o-kmbn F.-Un. 512˛¬ Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏´ hn.- tk-th-dn-bq-kns‚

Ime-Øn\v sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ ImesØ A[n-Im-cmh-Im-i-ko-a-bmWv

taev]-d™ tcJ-bpsS bmYm¿∞ D≈-S-°w. AXn¬ 16-˛-Hmfw saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cpw, 139-˛-Hmfw F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑mcpw At¥ymJym ]mXn-

b¿°o-kn-t\mSv _‘-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. Ah-bn-sem∂pw

Xs∂ C¥y-sb-tbm, t]¿jy-sb-tbm, Ah-bnse GsX-¶nepw `Zm-

k-\-ß-tftbm Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcw ]cn-]q¿Æ-

ambn D≈Xpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ÿm\sØ amXw _lp-am-\n-

°p-∂-Xp-amb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ ]hn-iy-I-sf-t∏mepw Cu enÃn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. t_bvdq-´v, tlmwkv, ethm-ZnIy F∂o kzX¥

]hn-iy-I-tfm-sSmØpw (Autocephalous metropolitanates) ae-¶-c-tbtbm

Ing-°ns‚ `Zm-k-\-ß-sftbm Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n√ F∂-XmWv ]c-

am¿∞w.

3. ]n¥pW ]Jym-]n-®-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dt≠m?

Bdmw iXm-_vZ-tØmsS GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ccp-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-

Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ Ielw aq¿On-®-t∏mƒ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-

kmb tkthdn-bq-kn-t\m-sSm∏w \n∂v At±-l-Øn\p ]n¥pW \¬-

Inb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-tS-bpw, F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am-cp-tSbpw hnh-c-

߃ \ap°p In´n-bn-´p-≠v ("GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ' F∂v adp-]-£-

Øm¬ apZ-b-Sn-°-s∏´ tkth-dn-bq-kns‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-cmb saXm-∑m¿

BsI 52 t]cm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ \mev]-tXmfw t]¿ At¥ymJym

]mXn-b¿°m knwlm-k-\-tØmSv _‘-ap-≈-hcpw a‰p-≈-h¿ IpkvX-

¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-knse ]mXn-b¿°m knwlm-k-\-tØmSv _‘-ap-≈-

hcpambn-cp∂p). At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°m knwlm-k-\-Øn\p shfn-

bn-em-bn, IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t∏m-eo-knse knwlm-k-\-Øn-epƒs∏- -h-cmbn

At±-l-tØm-S-\p-Iq-en-®-h-tcmsSm-∏w, Hcn-S-Øp-t]mepw C≥Uy-bn-se-

tbm, t]¿jy-bn-setbm saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-sSbpw F∏n-kvtIm-∏-

∑m-cpsSbpw Imcyw ]d-bp-∂n√. C≥Uy-bnse k` BZn-ap-Xte kXy-

hn-izm-k-sØ-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n¥p-S¿∂-Xv. A√msX Ccp-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-

fp-tS-X-√m-bn-cp∂p. Chn-SpsØ saXm-t∏m-eoØm At¥ym-Jym-bp-ambn

hnt[-b-Xz-]c-am-tbm, GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´mWv Ccp-∂-

sX-¶n¬ Cu k`-sb-°qSn taev]-d™ enÃn¬ s]Sp-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

CXn¬\n∂p \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xmb ]c-am¿∞w, ae-¶-c-bnse

k`bv°v Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-ambn

160

bmsXmcp _‘tam hnt[-b-Xztam C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. h√

_‘hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-knse Bfp-

I-fpsS Imcyw ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ Chn-SpsØ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-ÿm-\-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

4. bmt°m_v _p¿±m-\-bpsS hrØm¥w F¥p km£n-

°p∂p?

At¥ym-Jym- ˛ ae-¶c _‘-Øn-tebv°v shfn®w hoip-∂-Xpw,

Aßs\ Hcp _‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-s\-∏‰n \n›-b-ambpw

]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xmb NcnX kml-N-cy-amWv hn. bmt°m_v _p¿-

±m-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃. NI-h¿Øn-bp-sS-bpw, kzm[o-\-ap≈ a‰p

]e-cp-tSbpw ]n≥_-e-tØmsS "GIkz`mh hnizmkw' ]p-e¿Øn-b-

hsc ]oUn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. tkth-dn-bq-kn-s\bpw At±-lsØ

]n¥m-ßn-b-h-scbpw \n¿Ωm¿P\w sNøp-hm≥ adp-`m-K-°m¿ am¿K-

߃ Bcm™p. tkth-dn-bq-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ A\m-kvXm-

kn-tbmkv NI-h¿Øn 518-˛¬ A¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ Pkv‰n≥ NI-h¿Øn-

bm-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ AwK-c-£I ]am-Wn-bmb hn‰m-en-b≥ Hcp

ISpØ I¬°-tZm-\y-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hn‰m-en-bs‚ ]n≥_-e-tØmsS

ss_km-ss‚≥ NI-h¿Ønsb Xß-fpsS `mK-tØbv°v Xncn-∏n-®p.

518- sk-]vXw-_-dn¬, tkth-dn-bqkv CuPn-]vXn-tebv°v A`-bm¿∞n-

bmbn t]mtI-≠n- h-∂p. A∂sØ Ae-Ivkm-¥n-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kmb Xntam-Øn-tbmkv \mem-a≥ At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-®p. PÃo-\n-

b≥, tkth-dn-bq-kns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb 52 saX-Xm-∑msc AdÃp

sNbvXv cmP-\-K-c-Øn-tebv°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. ]t£, NI-h¿Øn-\n-

bmb Xntbm-tUmdm Hcp kndn-bm-°m-c-\mb ]´-°m-cs‚ ]pXn-bm-

bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Cu saXm-∑m-tcmSv A\p-Iº tXm∂n. Cu saXm-

∑msc IqSmsX 500 Hmfw k\ymkn ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw sIm≠phc-

s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbv NI-h¿Øn\n Xs‚ Hcp

sIm´mcw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. taev]-d™ saXm-∑m-sc√mw Xß-fpsS ]n≥-

Km-an-Isf hmgn-°msX acn-®p-t]m-bn. F.-Un. 538-˛¬ am¿ tkth-dn-

bqkv Imew sNbvX-tXmsS CuPn-]vXn-sem-gnsI tdmam km-am-Py-

Øn¬ GI-kz-`mh hnizm-k-ap≈ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` Ah-km-\n®p

F∂ a´n-em-bn.

Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬, Xntbm-tUmdm NI-h¿Øn-\n-bpw, Ad-_n-I-fpsS

cmPm-hmb lmdØv _m¿ K_-enbpw kXyhnizmksØ kwc-£n-

°p-hm≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw InW™p ]cn-i-an-®p. kndn-b-°m-cn-bmb NI-

161

h¿Øn\n apJm-¥n-cw, Ko°p NI-h¿Øn-bpsS apºn¬ Ad_n

cmPmhv Hcp At]£ ka¿∏n-®p. Ad_nIƒ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿-

jy≥ kmam-Py-Øn-epw, ]IpXn _nkm‚yw (-Ko-°v) kmam-Py-Ønepw,

Bbn-cp-∂p. _nkm‚y-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ B°n-

bn-´p≈ ]´m-f-°m¿ A[n-Ihpw Ad-_n-Ifpw kndn-b-°m-cp-am-Wv. Ah-

cpsS B[ym-fln-Im-h-iy-߃ \n¿h-ln®p sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v c≠v F∏n-

kvtIm-∏-∑msc H∂p sX°n-\pw, H∂v hS-°n\pw Bbn hmgn-®p- sImSp-

°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ad_n cmPm-hns‚ A`y¿∞-\. NI-h¿Øn-\n-

bpsS ip]m¿i-]-Imcw NI-h¿Øn At]£ A\p-h-Zn-®p.

GI kz`m-h-hm-Zn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬, \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´n-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-

¥nbm ]mXn-b¿°okv am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkym-kns\ sIm≠v Cu c≠v

saXm-∑m-scbpw hmgn-®p. Ah-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p bmt°m_v _p¿-

±m\. kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ]´Xzw Cßs\ ho≠pw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv

NI-h¿Øn-bm¬ \njv°m-kn-X-\m-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-¥nbm ]mXn-

b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂m-Wv. 542-˛¬ bmt°m_v _p¿±m\ Dd-lm-bnse

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-´p. B ÿm\-Øn-cp∂p

sIm≠v At±lw 2 ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m-sc-bpw, 27 saXm-∑m-sc-bpw,

102000 Iio-i-∑m-scbpw ]´wsImSpØv As√-¶n¬ hmgn®v \nb-an-®m°n

F∂mWv IY. Cßs\ ]´wsI´-s∏-´-h-cpsS enÃnepw C≥Uy-bnse

saXm-∑msc H∂pw ImWp-∂n-√.

At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cmb sk¿tKm-kpw, ]ueq-kpw,

CuKp-]vXmb k`bv°v 12 ]pXnb saXm-∑m-cpw, ethm-ZnIym kndn-

b≥ skeq-Iym, Xm¿kq-kv, Cku-dn-b≥ skeq-Iym, J¬°o-kv,

Imdnb, kqd, Aho-Zv, Ft^-kq-kv, kvan¿W, s]¿Km-tam≥, Xm√mkv,

Jotbm-kv, A^vtdm-Uo-kn-bm-kv, Aem-_mµ F∂o 15 saXm-k-\-

ß-fn-te-bv°p≈ saXm-∑mcpw BWv At±-l-Øn¬ A`n-jn-‡-cm-b-

Xmbn Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. At±lw t]¿jy-bn¬ t]mbn

ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn®p F∂ IY ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-bXmWv. ]mNo\

NcnXtcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. bmt°m_v _p¿±m\ Bcw-`n®

ssIhbv]ns‚ ]n¥pS¿®-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ F√m saXm-∑m-cp-tSbpw

enÃv anJm-tb¬ dmt_m \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`-bp-ambn A∂p ae-¶-cbv°v GsX-¶nepw _‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-

sh-¶n¬, ae-¶-cbv°v Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]utcm-lnXy ssIshbv]v e`n-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp∂psh¶n¬ Cu enÃp-I-fn¬ Hcn-S-sØ-¶nepw ae-¶-c-bpsS

Imcy-tam, t]¿jy-bpsS Imcy-tam, ImWp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, AXpw

ImWp-∂n-√.

162

5. `Zm-k-\ßfpsS enÃn¬ F¶nepw Dt≠m?

Bdmw iXm_vZw apX¬ 12-˛mw iXm-_vZw- hsc Hmtcm ImeØpw

D≈ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS t]cpw hnh-c-ßfpw \ap°p

In´n-bn-´p-≠v. B enÃn¬ Hcn-S-Øp-t]mepw C≥Uy-bnse GsX-¶nepw

`Zm-k-\-Øns‚ t]cp ImWp-∂n-√. anJm-tb¬ dmt_m-bpsS enÃn¬

130 saXm-k-\-ß-fpsS t]¿ ImWp-∂-Xn¬, Hmtcm∂pw Fhn-sS-bm-

sW∂v \ap°v hy‡-ambn Adn-bmw. AXn-sem∂pw C¥y F∂-

t]tcm, C¥y-bnse GsX-¶nepw ÿe-ß-fpsS t]tcm ImWp-∂n-√.

F∂m¬ _m¿ F_mbbpsS FIvtf-kn-bm-Ãn-°-bn¬ "C≥Uy'-

sb∏‰n Hcp ]cm-a¿i\w ImWmw. 1189˛¬ Du¿an-b-bnse (Ourmiah)F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmb K_n-tb¬ F∂p adp-\m-a-ap≈ C·m-Øn-tbmkv

C≥Uym-°m-c-\mb tbml-∂ms‚ aI-\m-sW∂pw At±lw (de betHinduvaye) Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu Du¿anb C∂sØ C¥y-

bn¬ A√. C∂v djy-bpsS sX°p-`m-K-Øp≈ Ak¿ss_-Pm-\nse

Du¿anb XSm-I-Xo-cØp≈ dnkn-bsb (Rizaieh) \K-c-am-Wv. _m¿

F_m-b-bpsS enÃv ]Xn-aq∂mw iXm-_vZ-Øn-\-∏pdw t]mIp-∂n-√.

AXp-hsc GXm-bmepw C≥Uy-bn¬ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cn√ F∂v CXn¬\n∂pw hy‡-

am-Wv.

taev]-d™ hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ H∂p ]cn-Nn-¥n-°p-

tºmƒ ]-. At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv C∂v D∂-bn-°p∂ hmZ-ßfpw

Btcm-]-W-ßfpw kpdn-bm\n k`m-N-cn-X-Øn\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-sW∂v

hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mXn-b¿°m ÿm]-\-Øns‚ NcnXw,

ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw -t]mse Xs∂ ]cm-i-b-Øn-

s‚-bpw, ssh[-hy-Øn-s‚bpw Icn-\n-g¬ ]c-∂XmWv. \njv]-£-

_p≤ym-bp≈ Ncn-X-]-T\w \sΩ IqSp-X¬ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn-tebv°p

hgn- \S-Øpw F∂p amXw ]d-™p-sIm≠v Cu D]-\ymkw D]-kw-

l-cn-°p-∂p.

(N¿®v ho°ven, 1974 Pq¨ 2)