,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI - Nervi de Sezon | Blog Filozofic · FILOSOFIA ARTEI diferite; opera este pentru...

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,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI (VWHWLFD WHRULD DUWHL GLIHULWHOH SRHWLFL FULWLFD OLWHUDU œD sunt demersuri legitime prin care devin inteligibile dimensiunile LUHGXFWLELOH VSHFLILFDWH YDORULF DOH H[SHULHQ HL HVWHWLFH - SULYLW fie în JHQHUDO FD GRPHQLX DO FXOWXULL œL VIHU GLVWLQFW D FUHDWLYLW LL XPDQH ILH vQ SDUWLFXODUL] ULOH VDOH VXFFHVLYH GH OD VSHFLH JHQ F WUH R DQXPH RSHU &HHD FH SULPHD] œL FRQWHD] HIHFWLY vQ FD]XO DUWHL HVWH I U vQGRLDO FRQWDFWXO QHPLMORFLW FX produVXOHVWHWLFUHFHSWDUHDPHVDMXOXLDFFHVXOvQOXPHDLPDJLQDU FDUH RSXQH UH]LVWHQ vQ ID D RULF UXL HIRUW GH FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH /LPSH]LULOHWHRUHWLFHGHœLVXQWQHFHVDUHQXSRWvQORFXLvQQLFLXQ 6XQWHP DVW ]L PDUWRULL XQRU DWDFXUL QX numai politice, ci mai ales artistice, asupra $UWHL LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPHOH HL FRQFUHWH üL FKLDU DVXSUD$UWHLFD)RUP ’LVWDQ DüLL]RODUHD$UWHL de realitate constituie fenomene supuse unor DF LXQL GH UHIX] QHJDWRDUH üL GLVWUXFWLYH GDF $UWDPDLUHSUH]LQW FkWHFHYDDWXQFLHDWUHEXLH V ILH UHDO SDUWH üL GRPHQLX DO YLH LL - dar al XQHL YLH L FDUH UHSUH]LQW HD vQV üL QHJDUHD FRQüWLHQW DPRGXOXLGHYLD H[LVWHQWFXWRDWH institu LLOH VDOH FX WRDW FXOWXUD VD PDWHULDO üL VSLULWXDO FX vQWUHDJD VD PRUDOLWDWH LPRUDO FX FRPSRUWDPHQWXO V X FODQGHVWLQ üL LPSXV FX PXQFDüLGLVWUDF LLOHVDOH (Herbert Marcuse )

Transcript of ,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI - Nervi de Sezon | Blog Filozofic · FILOSOFIA ARTEI diferite; opera este pentru...

Page 1: ,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI - Nervi de Sezon | Blog Filozofic · FILOSOFIA ARTEI diferite; opera este pentru istoric un capitol de istoria PHQWDOLW LORU˚SHQWUXFRPHUFLDQW DUHRYDORDUHGHvQWUHEXLQDUHœL

,9 FILOSOFIA ARTEI (VWHWLFD�� WHRULD� DUWHL�� GLIHULWHOH� SRHWLFL�� FULWLFD� OLWHUDU � ú�D��sunt demersuri legitime prin care devin inteligibile dimensiunile LUHGXFWLELOH�� VSHFLILFDWH� YDORULF�� DOH� H[SHULHQ HL� HVWHWLFH� -� SULYLW �fie în� JHQHUDO�� FD� GRPHQLX� DO� FXOWXULL� úL� VIHU � GLVWLQFW � D�FUHDWLYLW LL� XPDQH�� ILH� vQ� SDUWLFXODUL] ULOH� VDOH� VXFFHVLYH� GH� OD�VSHFLH�� JHQ� F WUH� R� DQXPH� RSHU �� &HHD� FH� SULPHD] � úL� FRQWHD] �HIHFWLY� vQ� FD]XO� DUWHL� HVWH�� I U � vQGRLDO �� FRQWDFWXO� QHPLMORFLW� FX�produVXO�HVWHWLF��UHFHSWDUHD�PHVDMXOXL��DFFHVXO�vQ�OXPHD�LPDJLQDU �FDUH� RSXQH� UH]LVWHQ � vQ� ID D� RULF UXL� HIRUW� GH� FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH��/LPSH]LULOH�WHRUHWLFH��GHúL�VXQW�QHFHVDUH��QX�SRW�vQORFXL�vQ�QLFL�XQ

�6XQWHP� DVW ]L� PDUWRULL� XQRU� DWDFXUL� QX�num ai po lit ic e , c i m ai ale s art is t ic e , as upra $UWHL��LQGLIHUHQW�GH�IRUPHOH�HL�FRQFUHWH�üL�FKLDU�DVXSUD�$UWHL�FD�)RUP ��'LVWDQ D�üL�L]RODUHD�$UWHL�de re alit at e c ons t it uie fe nom e ne s upus e unor DF LXQL� GH� UHIX]�� QHJDWRDUH� üL� GLVWUXFWLYH�� GDF �$UWD�PDL�UHSUH]LQW �FkWH�FHYD��DWXQFL�HD�WUHEXLH�V � ILH� UHDO �� SDUWH� üL� GRPHQLX� DO� YLH LL� - dar al XQHL� YLH L� FDUH� UHSUH]LQW � HD� vQV üL� QHJDUHD�FRQüWLHQW �D�PRGXOXL�GH�YLD �H[LVWHQW��FX�WRDWH�in s t it u LLOH�VDOH��FX�WRDW �FXOWXUD�VD�PDWHULDO �üL�VSLULWXDO ��FX�vQWUHDJD�VD�PRUDOLWDWH�LPRUDO ��FX�FRPSRUWDPHQWXO� V X� FODQGHVWLQ� üL� LPSXV�� FX�PXQFD�üL�GLVWUDF LLOH�VDOH��

(He rbe rt Marc us e )

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�IHO� DFHDVW � LQWHUSUHWDUH� SURSULX-]LV � vQ� úL� SULQ� FDUH�� GLQFolo de FHHD�FH�SRDWH� IL� YHUEDOL]DW�� RSHUD� vúL� DFWXDOL]HD] � OLQLL� GH� VHQV� úL�RUL]RQWXUL� GH� VHPQLILFD LH� FH� DQJDMHD] � PXOWLSOH� UHJLVWUH� DOH�VHQVLELOLW LL�úL�VSLULWXOXL�XPDQ��7UHEXLH��vQV ��REVHUYDW�F �DQDOL]HOH�teoretice -�ILH�DFHVWHD�úWLLQ LILFH�VDX�ILORVRfice - nici nu pot avea o DVHPHQHD�SUHWHQ LH��(OH�U VSXQG�QXPDL�XQXL�LQWHUHV�GH�FXQRDúWHUH�úL�vúL�SRW�GRYHGL�XWLOLWDWHD�QXPDL�vQ�DFHVW�SODQ��)DSWXO�F �SRW�LQVWUXL�úL�VDX�RULHQWD�DFWHOH�GH�UHFHSWDUH�vQ�H[SHULHQ D�HIHFWLY �FX�RSHUHOH�nu este secundar, ba, mai mult, adesea este chiar obiectul expres LQWHQ LRQDW� GH� SHUVSHFWLYH� WHRUHWLFH� VSHFLDOL]DWH�� vQV �� FX� WRDWH�DFHVWHD��DSDU LQH�PDL�DOHV�VIHUHL�FRQVHFLQ HORU� ���'HVSUH�DUW �vQ�JHQHUDO $UWD�HVWH�R�PDQLIHVWDUH�VSLULWXDO �VSHFLILF ��(D�UHDOL]HD] �R�FXQRDútere a omului prin intermediul imaginilor sensibile, H[SUHVLYH��&UHDWRUXO�úL�UHFHSWRUXO�RSHUHL�GH�DUW �DQJDMHD] �PHUHX��vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�YDORUL]DUH��R�vPELQDUH�D�IXQF LLORU�UD LRQDOH�FX�FHOH�DOH� VHQVLELOLW LL� úL� LPDJLQD LHL�� 2ELHFWXO� FXQRDúWHULL� DUWLVWLFH� vl FRQVWLWXLH� FRQGL LD� XPDQ �� VXE� DVSHFW� LVWRULF�� SVLKRORJLF��VRFLRORJLF��&KLDU�DWXQFL�FkQG�FRQ LQXWXO�XQHL�RSHUH�GH�DUW �YL]HD] �UHDOLW L� LQGLIHUHQWH� GLQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� XPDQ� �QDWXUD�PRDUW � vQ�SLFWXU ��GH�SLOG ��� LPSOLFLW�H�YRUED�GHVSUH�RP��QX�VXQW�SUH]HQtate UHDOLW L� QHXWUH�� VWULFW� QDWXUDOH�� FL� UHDF LL� XPDQH� GH� RUGLQ�HPR LRQDO��DSUHFLDWLY�vQ�ID D�DFHVWRU�RELHFWH��LQWHUYLQH�WRWGHDXQD�R�valorizare ce introduce un punct de vedere uman, permitând WUDQVPLWHUHD�XQRU�VHPQLILFD LL�SH�FDUH�DFHVWH�H[LVWHQ H�RELHFWive în HOH� vQVHOH� QX� OH� DX�� -XGHFDWD� GH� YDORDUH� HVWHWLF � �YDORUL]DUHD�DUWLVWLF �� DUH�� vQ� FRQ LQXWXULOH� HL�� GHWHUPLQD LL� H[WUDUD LRQDOH��HOHPHQWH�GH�JXVW��FRGXUL�DIHFWLYH��DVWIHO�vQFkW�RSHUD�GH�DUW �vQ�FDUH�VH� vQFDUQHD] � FRQ LQXWXULOH� YDORUL]DWH� DUH� XQ� VWDWXW� H[LVWHQ LDO�specific. 3URGXVXO� DUWLVWLF� VH� SUHWHD] � OD� LQWHUSUHW UL� úL� XWLOL] UL�

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diferite; opera este pentru istoric un capitol de istoria PHQWDOLW LORU��SHQWUX�FRPHUFLDQW��DUH�R�YDORDUH�GH�vQWUHEXLQ DUH�úL�de schimb; pentru restaurator este o relicv �VRFLR-LVWRULF �ú�D�P�G��(D�HVWH�UHFHSWDW �GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�HVWHWLF�DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�DUH�vQ�YHGHUH� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� VD� YDORULF � LQWULQVHF �� 2SHUD� QX� VH�FRQIXQG � QLFL� FX� WH[WXO�� &UHD LD� DUWLVWLF � XWLOL]HD] � OLPEDMH�VSHFLILFH�úL�GLIHULWH�JHQXUL��FXYkQWXO�vQ�SRH]LH��URPDQ��FXORDUHD�úL�IRUPHOH� vQ� SLFWXU �� VXQHWXO� vQ� PX]LF �� PDWHULDOH� FRQFUHWH� vQ�VFXOSWXU ���ÌQV �RSHUD�GH�DUW ��vQ�FHHD�FH�DUH�HD�VSHFLILF��FRQVW �vQ�DSDUL LD� OXPLL� LPDJLQDUH�SH�FDUH�R�YHKLFXOHD] �UHVSHFWLYXO� OLPEDM��úL� WH[WHOH�� vQ� FKLDU� SURFHVXO� UHFHSW ULL�� 'HFL�� RSHUD� WUHEXLH�UHFHSWDW �FD�RSHU �GH�DUW ��úL�QX�FD�R�YDORDUH�HFRQRPLF ��SROLWLF ��HGXFDWLY �� GRFXPHQWDU �� 3HQWUX� DFHDVWD� H� QHFHVDU� V � GLVSDU �interesul practic în procesul de receptare, ceea ce permite ca VWUXFWXULOH� QRDVWUH� UD LRQDOH�� VHQVLELOLWDWHD� úL� LPDJLQD LD� V �FRQFUHWL]H]H�� V � DFWXDOL]H]H� XQLYHUVXO� GH� VHPQLILFD LL� SH� FDUH�WH[WXO� vO� FRQ LQH� vQ� VLQH�� 0HVDMXO� DUWLVWLF� DSDUH� GRDU� FkQG�UHFRQVWLWXLP� úL� UHSURGXFHP�� SULQWU-R� FRPSOLFLWDWH� DIHFWLY � FX�textul (opera), ansamblul de sensuri, tkOFXUL��vQ HOHVXUL��SHUVRQDMH��DWPRVIHU �� VXJHVWLH� ú�D�P�G��� RSHUD� ILQLW � H�� GHFL�� PDL� PXOW� R�VFKHPDWL]DUH�� XQ�SURLHFW� GH� OXPH�FDUH�YD�GHYHQL�YDORDUH� HVWHWLF �QXPDL�DWXQFL�FkQG�UHFHSW P�XQLYHUVXO�LPDJLQDU��O VkQG�GH-o parte RULFH� WUHEXLQ � GH� DOW� RUGLQ�� 6HQVLELOLWDWHD� XPDQ � RELúQXLW � HVWH�HGXFDW � DVWIHO� vQFkW� DUH� WHQGLQ D� GH� D� MXGHFD� RSHUHOH� GH� DUW � GLQ�SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� DO� FRUHVSRQGHQ HL� FX� UHDOLWDWHD�� HVWH�� DLFL�� XQ�LQVWLQFW�PLPHWLF�PRGHODW�GH�SURFHVXO�DGDSW ULL�OD�PHGLX�vQ�YHGHUHD�VXSUDYLH XLULL�úL��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��H�XUPDUHD�GLUHFW �D�IDSWXOXL�F ��vQ�YLD D� GH� ILHFDUH� ]L�� VWUXFWXULOH� GH� VHQVLELOLWDWH� úL� LPDJLQD LH� VXQW�VXERUGRQDWH�UHDOL] ULL�XQRU�VFRSXUL�SUHFLVH�úL�LQL LHULL�XQRU�DF LXQL�FX� UH]XOWDWH� FRQFUHWH�� ILLQG� VXERUGRQDW �� VHQVLELOLWDWHD� QX� VH�specialL]HD] �� ÌQ� YLD �� GH� RELFHL�� HD� DSDUH� GRDU� FD� XQ� IXQGDO� SH�FDUH� VH� GHVI úRDU � SURFHVHOH� GH� JkQGLUH� úL� DF LXQH� HILFLHQWH�� 'H�DFHHD�� PDMRULWDWHD� RDPHQLORU� VXQW�� vQ� ID D� DUWHL�� SUL]RQLHULL� XQHL�SUHMXGHF L�� DFHHD� D� FRQIRUPLW LL� FRQ LQXWXOXL� XQHL� RSHUH� FX� R�

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rHDOLWDWH� H[WHULRDU �� VH� FHUH� DUWHL� V � ILH� ILGHO � XQRU� H[LJHQ H� GH�DGHFYDUH� OD� UHDOLWDWH�� $UWD� DGHY UDW � QX� LPLW �� QX� UHIOHFW �UHDOLWDWHD��FL�LQYHQWHD] �PRGHOH�GH�VHQVLELOLWDWH�úL�UHDF LH�XPDQ �vQ�ID D� OXPLL� úL� YLH LL��/XPLOH�RSHUHL� GH� DUW � VXQW� LPDJLQDUH��dar, în DFHODúL� WLPS�� DX� FRQ LQXW�� PHVDMH�� VHQVXUL� úL� VHPQLILFD LL� XPDQH�IRDUWH�FRQFUHWH��,PDJLQDUXO�QX�WUHEXLH�vQ HOHV�FD�HYDGDUH�GLQ�UHDO��GLVSUH � ID � GH� DFHVWD�� HOXFXEUD LH� DIHFWLY �� VLPSO � IDQWD]DUH��RQLULVP� VDX� IDEXOD LH�� FL� FD� LQVWUXPHQW� VSHFLDOL]DW ce permite VLWXDUHD�vQ�SODQXULOH�GH�DGkQFLUH�DOH�LVWRULHL�úL�SVLKRORJLHL�XPDQH��3ULQ� DUW � SRW� IL� LQYHVWLJDWH� ]RQH� úL� VWUDWXUL� DOH� XPDQXOXL�LQDFFHVLELOH� DOWRU� IRUPXOH� VSLULWXDOH� �UHOLJLH�� úWLLQ ��� 0DUHD� DUW �SURLHFWHD] � vQWRWGHDXQD� PRGHOH� GH� UHDF LH� DIHFWLY �� YDORULF � D�RPXOXL� úL�� vQ� DFHODúL� WLPS�� PRGHOH� SULQ� FDUH� ILLQ D� XPDQ �UHDOL]HD] � FXQRDúWHUHD� GH� VLQH� vQWU-un anumit context socio-cultural. (VWHWLFXO� QX� VH� UHGXFH� OD� DUW �� ([LVW � QXPHURDVH� GRPHQLL�ce au componente estetice (frumoase) sau care se pretHD] � OD�DSUHFLHUL� DUWLVWLFH��([LVW � XQ� IUXPRV� IXQF LRQDO� �PRELOD�� SHLVDMXO��ILLQ D� XPDQ � úL� UDSRUWXULOH� LQWHUXPDQH��� ÌQ� WRDWH� DFHVWH� FD]XUL��IUXPRVXO�HVWH�R�YDORDUH�VXERUGRQDW ��VHFXQG ��DGHUHQW ��9DORDUHD�HVWHWLF � úL� DSUHFLHUHD� FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH� VXQW� XUP ULte în mod expres, ca scop, numai în cadrul artei. Arta este domeniul HVWHWLFXOXL�SULQ�H[FHOHQ ��(D�XUP UHúWH�vPSOLQLUHD�YDORULL�HVWHWLFH��vQ� SULPXO� UkQG�� &RQVHFLQ HOH� PRUDOH�� HGXFDWLYH�� SROLWLFH�� GH�FXQRDúWHUH� LVWRULF � ú�D�P�G�� VXQW�� DLFL�� VHFXQGDUH�� QHILind vizate GLUHFW��'H�DFHHD��DUWD�DUH�R�ILQDOLWDWH�I U �VFRS�úL�HVWH�R�DWLWXGLQH�QHSUDFWLF �� (D� DQWUHQHD] � VSLULWXO� XPDQ� vQ�PRG�JUDWXLW�� SHQWUX� D�DYHD�DFFHV�vQ�PRG�GH]LQWHUHVDW�OD�XQ�DQXPLW�PRG�GH�D�vQ HOHJH�úL�LQWHUSUHWD�OXPHD�úL�RPXO�� Tehnicile limbajului artistic sunt specifice. Limbajul FRPXQ� DUH� FD� VFRS� WUDQVPLWHUHD� GH� LQIRUPD LL�� FXQRúWLQ H� úL�SHUVXDVLXQHD��GH�DFHHD��DSHOHD] �XQHRUL�OD�PLMORDFHOH�DUWHL��YRUED�GH� GXK�� IRUPXODUHD� PHWDIRULF �� SDUDEROHOH�� HWF���� GDU� úL� DLFL�FDOLW LOH�HVWHWLFH�DOH�OLPEDjului sunt secundare, subordonate; spre

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FILOSOFIA ARTEI

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FD� YDORUL� VHSDUDWH� FX� FRQ LQXWH� SUHFLVH�� �HVWH� HYLGHQW� F � DUWD� VH�SRDWH� vQWUH HVH� FX� YLD D� SUDFWLF � úL� DUH� vQ� DFHDVW � FDOLWDWH� R�LQFRQWHVWDELO �UHDOLWDWH���>�@�$úDGDU��vQ�YL]LXQHD�OXL�7XGRU�9LDQX��SROL� DQWLQRPLFL�� FDUH� DX� SULOHMXLW� SROHPLFL� vQ� MXUXO� SXULW LL� VDX�LPSXULW LL� DUWHL�� SRW� IL� SXúL� de acord. Desigur, :"un obiect nu devine pentru noi estetic decât atunci când îl gândesc în sfera valorii respective". [6] Dar subalternarea actelor valorificatoare permite receptarea unor bunuri -� vQ� DFHVW� FD]�� RSHUH� GH� DUW � - printr-R�SULVP �YDORULF �FH�QX�FRUHVSXQGH�LQWHQ LRQDOLW LL�YDORULFH�D�EXQXULORU�UHVSHFWLYH��(VWH�R�LQDGHFYDUH�IHUWLO ��'DF �MXGHF�RSHUD�GH� DUW � H[FOXVLY� GLQ� SXQFWXO� GH� YHGHUH� DOH� PHVDMXOXL� HGXFDWLY��PRUDO�HWF��H�YRUED��GHVLJXU��GH�RSDFLWDWH��'DU��GDF �DFHVWH�OHFWXUL�sunt subordonate� FULWHULXOXL� HVWHWLF�� DFHDVWD� YD� F S WD� DGkQFLPH��$FHVWH� YDORUL] UL� �LQDGHFYDWH�� VXQW� SRVLELOH� SHQWUX� F � vQVXúL�RELHFWXO�YDORUL]DW�VH�SUHWHD] ��SULQ�FRQ LQXWXO�YDORULF�SH�FDUH�vO�úL�SULQ� FDUH� VH� VWUXFWXUHD] �� OD� DVHPHQHD� YDORULILF UL�� ÌQ� IXQF LH� GH�pondereD�WUHEXLQ HORU�FH�LQWHUYLQ�vQ�UHFHSWDUH��VH�SRDWH�YRUEL�GH�R�DGHY UDW � VWDWLILFDUH� D� H[SHULHQ HL� HVWHWLFH�� ÌQ� UDSRUW� FX� RELHFWXO��LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� VD� úL� P VXUD� vQ� FDUH� UHXúHúWH� V � ILH� FHHD� FH� vúL�propune a fi, deci din punct de vedere al nivelului de exisWHQ �HVWHWLF �� WRWGHDXQD� FkPSXO� DUWLVWLF� HVWH� QHRPRJHQ�� FRQFHSWXO� GH�gradualitate a valorilor -� GLQ� S FDWH�� SX LQ� YDORULILFDW� GH� 9LDQX�vQVXúL�vQ�WHRULD�VD�HVWHWLF �-�H�SURPL WRU��VXJHUHD] �H[LVWHQ D�XQHL�LHUDUKLL� vQ XQWUXO� DFHOXLDúL� WLS� GH� YDORUL� IXQF LH de adâncimea JXVWXOXL� SURSXV� GH� RSHUD� vQV úL�� ÌQ� UHFHSWDUH�� VWUDWLILFDUHD�vQDLQWHD] � GH� OD� XQ� VWDGLX� SUH-HVWHWLF� �FX� JkQGXUL� GH� VLPSO �GHOHFWDUH�VDX�LOXVWUDUH�D�XQRU�VFRSXUL�VWU LQH�LQWHQ LHL�HVWHWLFH���OD�VWDELOLUHD� XQHL� GLVWDQ H� vQWUH� VXELHFWLYLWDWH� úL� RSHU � �FHHD� FH�$GRUQR�QXPHúWH��PLúFDUH�vPSRWULYD�VXELHFWXOXL���>�@�úL��vQ�VLWXD LD�FHD� PDL� IHULFLW �� �VXSXQHUHD�� LQWHOHFWLY-DIHFWLY � OD� XQLYHUVXO�H[SUHVLY� DO� RSHUHL�� 'LVWDQ D� FRJQLWLY � úL� XQLILFDUHD� DIHFWLY � FX�YDORUL� DUWLVWLFH� UHPRGHOHD] � VHQVLELOLWDWHD�� vL� LQYHQWHD] � QRUPHOH��cristalizând-o în atitudini care pot structura, cu o eficacitate SURSULH��RULFDUH�GLQ�YDORULOH�FXOWXUDOH���vPSOLQLQG�R�LFRDQ �D�OXPLL�

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VH�LQWHJUHD] ��vQ�DFHVW�FD]��vQ�RUL]RQWXO�FRJQLWLY-LPDJLQDU�FH�RIHU �R�GHVFKLGHUH�VSUH�DVLPLODUHD��DFFHSWDUHD�úL�vQ HOHJHUHD�OXPLL��úL��GH�DFHHD��HVWH�UHVSLQV ��UHDOXO�GHS úHúWH�LPDJLQDUXO�� OpeUD�LQWULJ �VDX�QX�LQWHUHVHD] ��DWkW�WLPS�FkW�QX-i poate fi SHUFHSXW� VHQVXO�� 'HPHUVXO� VWUXFWXUDOLVW� úL� FHO� VHPLRWLF� XUP UHVF�surprinderea, prin construirea de modele descriptiv-explicative, LQYDULDQ LORU� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� FDUH� VH� RUJDQL]HD] � VHQVLELOLWDWHD�creaWRUXOXL� úL� D� UHFHSWRUXOXL� GH� DUW �� 'H]Y OXLUHD� XQHL� UHDOLW L�LPDJLQDUH�LQGLYLGXDOL]DWH�úL�VHQVLELO-evocatoare include inventarea XQHL� QRL� RUGLQL� D� FRQ LQXWXULORU� PLQLPDOH�� ,DU� DQDOL]HOH� VXV�PHQ LRQDWH� SURSXQ� R� LPDJLQH� DVXSUD� PRGXOXL� GH� FRQVWUXLUH� úL�constLWXLUH� D� VHQVXOXL�� SURFHGHH� úL� WHKQLFL� IRUPDOH�� FRUHOD LL�VLQWDFWLFH� FD� LQIUDVWUXFWXU � D� XQHL� PHGLWD LL� WUDQVILJXUDWH� HVWHWLF�DVXSUD�H[LVWHQ HL��'HS úLUHD� WHQGLQ HL� VSUH�R� IRUPDOL]DUH�H[WUHP �VH� IDFH� DWXQFL� FkQG� VH� FDXW � HOXFLGDUHD� LQYDULD LORU� WHPDWLFL��testarea unor modele semantice, ce cuprind semne artistice din FODVD�FRQ LQXWXOXL��DSWH�V �UHOHYH�OLQLLOH�XQHL�LQWHUSUHW UL�SRVLELOH�D�XQLYHUVXOXL� LPDJLQDU�� VWUXFWXUDUHD� LQWHUQ �D�GRPLQDQWHORU�SH�FDUH�DSDUH�YDORDUHD�HVWHWLF ��/XPHD� LPDJLQDU �D�RSHUHL�GH�DUW �SRDUW �SHFHWHD� LQFRQIXQGDELO � D�SHUVRQDOLW LL�FUHDWRUXOXL��0HWRGRORJLLOH�YL]DWH��VWXGLLQG�VWUXFWXULOH��QX�QHDJ �XQLFLWDWHD�DFWXOXL�FUHD LHL�úL�DO�UHFHSW ULL�� FL�� SUHFXP� RULFH� WHRULH�� VLPLODU� DERUG ULL� ILORVRILFH��WU GHD] � DFHDVW � XQLFLWDWH� SHQWUX� D-i surprinde mecanismele JHQHUDOH�� ILLQG� FRQúWLHQWH� GH� DFHDVW � VWDUH� GH� OXFUXUL�� 6XQW�UHYHODWRULL� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV� REVHUYD LLOH� OXL� $�� 0ROHV� DVXSUD�LQIRUPD LHL� HVWHWLFH�� SH� FDUH� R� DSURSLH� GH� �FRQFHSWXO� LQIRUPD LHL�pesonale", considerând-R� LQWUDGXFWLELO � úL� GRDU� �WUDQVSR]DELO �aproximativ". [12] Nu este, deci, eludat rolul creatorului care �SHUVRQDOL]HD] �� PHVDMXO�� RSXQkQGX-VH� vQWUHEXLQ ULORU� FRWLGLHQH�ale limbajului, ci sunt doar desprinse structuri, cu oarecare grad de JHQHUDOLWDWH�� DOH� SURFHVHORU� GH� FUHD LH�� 6WUXFWXULOH� IRUPDOH� � úL�constantele semantice ale imaginarului se disting de valoarea pe care o au operele în care sunt decelabile astfel de structuri. Se XUP UHúWH� FRQVWUXLUHD� GH� PRGHOH� H[SOLFDWLYH� SHQWUX� FUHD LL�

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distincte, dar analoge structural, sub aspectul mecanismelor de FRQVWUXLUH� D� VHQVXULORU��$SDUH�� DVWIHO�� HYLGHQW� IDSWXO� F � QX� H[LVW �VFKHPH�VWDQGDUG�DOH�IXQF LHL�LPDJLQDWLYH��FDUH��GH�ILHFDUH�GDW �- în GHSHQGHQ � GH� SUHIHULQ HOH� DXWRUXOXL� - sunt umplute cu anumite FRQ LQXWXUL�� &KLDU� IRUPXOHOH� LPDJLQDUXOXL� VH� PRGLILF � úL�GLYHUVLILF � VXE� SUHVLXQHD� SURFHVHORU� FXOWXUDOH�� LGHDWLFH�� úL� D�FRQILJXUD LHL� FRQWH[WXOXL� LVWRULF�� $FHVWHD� PRGHOHD] � IDFXOW LOH�XPDQH�GH�YDORUL]DUH��VWLOXO�UHDF LHL�úL�SDUWLFLS ULL���ÌQWU-o societate SULQ� H[FHOHQ � DQWLWUDGL LRQDOLVW � -� DUDW � $GRUQR�� UHIHULQGX-se la DUWD� FRQWHPSRUDQ � -�� WUDGL LD� HVWHWLF � HVWH� DSULRUL� VXVSHFW ��Autoritatea Noului este cea a ineluctabilului istoric". [13] ,PDJLQD LD� FUHDWRDUH�� GHRVHELW � GH� FHD�PLPHWLF � úL� LGHDOL]DWRDUH��SUH]HQW � vQ� PXOWLSOH� PDQLHUH� VWLOLVWice actuale, permite LQYHVWLJDUHD�FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�FRQWHPSRUDQH�- dincolo de ilustrarea XQRU� YL]LXQL� DVXSUD� OXPLL� úL� YLH LL�� GLQFROR� GH� PHQWDOLW LOH� úL�FRQYLQJHULOH�FX�SUL] �OD�DUWLVW�- prin iluminarea proceselor istorice, D�VHPQLILFD LLORU�úL�FRQVHFLQ HORr virtuale ascunse. În cazul marilor FUHDWRUL�� LPDJLQDUXO� DUH� XQ� SXWHUQLF� UHFXO� vQ� UHDO�� FRQYLQJH�� I U �DSHO�OD�ULJRULOH�GHPRQVWUD LHL�UD LRQDOH��$UWLVWXO�PRGHO��GLQFROR�GH�FDOLWDWHD� SRWHQ LDOXOXL� FUHDWRU�� VH� VLWXHD] � OD� LQWHUVHF LD� D� GRX �mari riscuri: ceO�DO�DQJDM ULL�vQ�FRQ LQXWXUL�GH�VXSUDID ��SHULVDELOH��úL�� vQ� HJDO � P VXU �� FHO� DO� H[SHULPHQW ULL� IRUPDOH�� DO� PRGHL�LQRYD LHL� FX� RULFH� SUH �� 'HOLPLWDUHD� YDORULORU� DXWHQWLFH� GH�LPSRVWXU � úL� GH� SURIXQ]LPHD� PLPDW � SRDWH� IL� vQV � RSHUDW � GLQ�perspectiva filosoILHL�DUWHL�úL�FXOWXULL�� ����2SHUD�GHVFKLV �� 'DF � QH� VLWX P� vQ� SODQXO� XQHL� LGHDOL] UL� WHRUHWLFH�� SXWHP�DFFHSWD� F � SHQWUX� DQWLFL� úL� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� FODVLFLVPXOXL� YLUWX LOH�VLPEROLFH�DOH�DUWHL�VXQW�SULYLWH�FD�VWUXFWXUL�HPLQDPHQWH�IXQF LRQDOH��DimensiuniOH� DUWLVWLFLW LL� VXQW� vQFRUVHWDWH�GH� H[LJHQ D� UHSUH]HQW ULL��FRPXQLF ULL�� LPLW ULL�� vQ� FRQVHFLQ �� OLPEDMXO� RSHUHL� H� FRQFHSXW� FD�

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RUQDPHQWDW�� �DOHV�� �� QHUH]LVWHQW� OD� WUDGXFWLELOLWDWH�� ÌQFHUF ULOH�UHQDVFHQWLVWH�vQ�GLUHF LD�FRPSDU ULL�GLIHULWHORU�DUWH�- ceea ce, de altfel, GLQFROR� GH� DFFHSWDUHD� LPLWD LHL� FD� QRUP � úL� RELHFWLY� DO� DUWHL��SUHVXSXQH� UHFXQRDúWHUHD� SOXUDOLW LL� WHKQLFLORU� VLPEROLFH� SULQ� FDUH�DFHDVWD� HVWH� HIHFWXDW � -� FXOPLQHD] � vQ� RSHUD� OXL� /HVVLQJ� FX�justificarea autonomiei limbajelor artistice. PriQ�DFHDVWD��HVWH�SUHJ WLW��GH�IDSW��WHUHQXO�UHIOHF LLORU�URPDQWLFH��&ULWLFD�SULQFLSLXOXL�LPLWD LHL�VH�YD� IDFH� vQ� QXPHOH� SULPDWXOXL� VXELHFWLYLW LL�� 3HQWUX� vQFHSXW�� QRXD�orientare se impune printr-R� VFKLPEDUH� GH� GLUHF LH� vQ� PRGXO� GH� D�vQ HOHJH�LPLWD LD��$VWIel Karl Philipp Moritz -�vQ�RSHUD�F UXLD�7]YHWDQ�7RGRURY�YHGH�H[SULPDW �vQWUHDJD�SUREOHPDWLF �D�HVWHWLFLL�URPDQWLFH�- LQWURGXFH�R� LQYHQ LH� UDGLFDO �� �vQ� WLPS�FH�� vQDLQWH��SHQWUX� D� vPS FD�SULQFLSLXO� LPLWD LHL�FX�IDSWHOH�HUD�VXILFLHQW�V �VH�DO WXUH�OD��D�LPLta" XQ�DGYHUE�PRGHUDW��VDX��VXSUHP �vQGU ]QHDO ��RELHFWXO�V �ILH�FDOLILFDW�vQ� FKLS� GHRVHELW� ��IUXPRDVD� QDWXU �� LGHDOXO���� 0RULW]� VFKLPE �VXELHFWXO�YHUEXOXL�úL�WRWRGDW �VHPQLILFD LD�OXL��&HD�FDUH�LPLW �QX�PDL�este opera, ci artistul". [14] Natura este imitaW � FD� SULQFLSLX�SURGXF WRU-creativ, nu în aspectele sale formal-obiectuale. Prin urmare, mimesis-XO�QX�H�DGPLV�GHFkW�FD�SRLHVLV��$FHVWH�FRQVLGHUD LL�- vQ�FRQWH[WXO�DFFHQWXOXL�SXV�SH�ILQDOLWDWHD�LQWULQVHF �D�RSHUHL�GH�DUW ��SH� IDSWXO� F � DFHDVWD� vúL� DUH�SURSULLOH� VDOH�QRUPH�� IXQF LH�GH� FDUH� VH�impune aprecierii -� SUHJ WHVF� FRQFOX]LL� HORFYHQWH� FX� SULYLUH� OD�autonomia artei. Analiza modului în care frumosul se propune UHFHSWRUXOXL�LQFOXGH��VXELDFHQW��R�QRX �SHUVSHFWLY �DVXSUD�VLPEROXOXL�artistic. Limbajul este LPDJLQHD� FHOXL� FDUH� YRUEHúWH�� LDU� IXQF LD�H[SUHVLY �GHS úHúWH�-�vQ�DUW �-�SURFHVXO�GH�VLPSO �UHSUH]HQWDUH��'DF ��JURVVR�PRGR�� VH� SRDWH� VSXQH� F � SHQWUX� FODVLFL� DUWD� FRPXQLF � GRDU�DOWIHO��vQ�DFFHS LH�URPDQWLF �HD�FRPXQLF �DOWIHO�úL�DOWFHYD��DGLF �FHHD�ce nu SRDWH� IL� H[SULPDW� SULQ� DOWH�PLMORDFH�� $FHVWH� LGHL� HPDQ � GLQ�operele multor gânditori: Herder, Rousseau, Vico, Schaftesbury, 6FKOHJHO��6FKHOOLQJ��*RHWKH��6FKLOOHU�úL�DO LL��+RW UkWRDUH�HVWH�úL�WHRULD�OLQJYLVWLF � D� OXL� +XPEROGW�� vQ� ORF� GH� D� VWXGLD� IRUPHOH� OLngvistice HPSLULF� FRQVWDWDELOH�� HO� RSWHD] � SHQWUX� GLVFXUVXO� úWLLQ LILF� DVXSUD�actelor prin care acestea sunt produse, iar aplecarea asupra limbii ca

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activitate vie conduce la repunerea în drepturi a rolului jucat de IDFWRULL� SHUVRQDOL� úL� VRFLDO-istorici în� SURFHVXO� FRPXQLF ULL�� 3XWHP�DILUPD�� SH� VFXUW�� F � GXS � 5HQDúWHUH� VH� LPSXQH� WRW� PDL� PXOW�FRQúWLLQ HL� HVWHWLFH� FX� SXWHUHD� HYLGHQ HL� IDSWXO� F � VLPEROXO� DUWLVWLF�SRVHG � FDOLW L� LUHGXFWLELOH�� XQLFH� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� OLPEDMXO� FRPXQ��Exacerbarea acestei autonomii estH� GH� IDFWXU � HVWHWLVW �� 1X�vQWkPSO WRU�� GH� SLOG �� DSUHFLHULOH� OXL�1RYDOLV� FX� SULYLUH� OD� SXULWDWHD�H[SUHVLHL�SRHWLFH�FRUHVSXQG�SHUIHFW�GLVWLQF LHL�.DQWLHQH�GLQWUH�DUWHOH�SXUH�úL�FHOH�DSOLFDWH��(FRXULOH�XQHL�DVHPHQHD�SR]L LL�XQLODWHUDOH�VXQW�prezente în poeticile unor mari creatori contemporani. Important este, vQV ��GH�VHVL]DW�F �QRLOH�UHIOHF LL�HVWHWLFR-ILORVRILFH�vúL�DWDúHD] �R�QRX �YL]LXQH� DVXSUD� OLPEDMXOXL� DUWLVWLF� VXUSLQV � HORFYHQW� vQ� GLVWLQF LD� SH�FDUH�*RHWKH�R�IDFH�vQWUH�DOHJRULH�úL�VLPERO��XOWLPXO�RSXQH�UH]LVWHQ �OD�vQ HOHJHUHD�VWULFW�UD LRQDO ��HVWH�LQWUDGXFWLELO��OLPLWDW�vQ�VHPQLILFD LL��ú�D�P�G���� Articularea elementelor de limbaj în vederea producerii XQHL�RSHUH�FH�VH�SUHWHD] � OD� LQWHUSUHW UL�PXOWLSOH�HVWH�FRQGL LD�GH�H[LVWHQ �úL�RUJROLXO�DUWHi moderne. Dintotdeauna, arta a recurs la o îmblânzire a logicii, cerându-VH� WU LW � úL� vPSUXPXWkQG� LQHIDELOXO��QHGHILQLWXO�� LPSUHFL]LD�WU LULL�� ÌQV �DUWLVWXO�PRGHUQ� OXFUHD] �DVWIHO�FX� OLPEDMXO� vQFkW� V � RE LQ � PD[LPXP� GH� HIHFWH� VHPDQWLFH��3RWHQ DUHD�VHPQLILFD LLORU�úL�SOXULYDOHQ D�OLQLLORU�GH�VHQV�SDUH�D�IL�postulatul practicilor artistice contemporane. Pentru a surprinde DFHVWH� FDUDFWHULVWLFL�� 8PEHUWR� (FR� HODERUHD] � PRGHOXO� �RSHUHL�deschise". Ideea deschiderii operei artistice la o pluritate de UHFHSW UL� HVWH� VXUSULQV � GH� +HLQULFK� :ROIIOLQ� >��@� vQ� DQDOL]D�QRXW LL� DGXVH� GH� DUWD� EDURF � ID � GH� DUWD� 5HQDúWHULL�� :ROIIOLQ�FRQVLGHU � F � HYROX LD� VWLOXOXL� GH� OD� FODVLF� OD� EDURF� SRDWH� IL�VXUSULQV �vQ�HVHQ LDOLWDWHD�VD�SULQ�FkWHYD�VHULL�GLKRWRPLFH��HYROX LD�de la lineDU� OD�SLFWXUDO��GH� OD� UHSUH]HQWDUHD�ELGLPHQVLRQDO � OD�FHD�vQ� SURIXQ]LPH�� GH� OD� IRUPD� vQFKLV � OD� IRUPD� GHVFKLV �� GH� OD�PXOWLSOLFLWDWH� �SOXULWDWH�� OD�XQLWDWH�� GH� OD�R�FODULWDWH�DEVROXW � OD�R�FODULWDWH� UHODWLY �� $FHVWH� IHQRPHQH� UHDOL]HD] �� vQ� DFHODúL� WLPS��trecerea de la tactil la vizual, de la eleatismul formei clasice la

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KHUDFOLWHLVPXO� IRUPHL� EDURFH�� )RUPD� FODVLF � HVWH� FODU � úL� GLUHFW�SHUFHSWLELO �� IRUP � EDURF � -� SULQ� MRFXO� GH� OXPLQ � - întuneric, curbe, linii frânte, etc.-�GHWHUPLQ � LQFDSDFLWDWHD� UHFHSWRUXOXi de a surprinde un efect clar. Oricât de diverse ar fi variantele stilistice SRVWFODVLFH�� HOH� SUH]LQW � DFHHDúL� QRW � FDUDFWHULVWLF �� FH� FRQVW � vQ�IDSWXO� F � WRDWH� VH� VXVWUDJ� XQHL� SHUFHSHUL� LPHGLDWH� úL� FRPSOHWH��Devalorizarea conturului are drept urmare o subiectivizare a HIHFWXOXL��(YROX LD�VWLOXOXL�GH�OD�FODVLF�OD�EDURF�QX�DUH�ORF�QXPDL�vQ�YLUWXWHD�XQHL�GHWHUPLQ UL�LQWHUQH�D�IRUPHORU�DUWLVWLFH��FL�úL�vQ�UHOD LH�FX� FLUFXPVWDQ H� H[WHULRDUH� IDYRUL]DQWH� XQHL� DVHPHQHD� PXWD LL��:ROIIOLQ�QX�HVWH�SUHRFXSDW�V �DQDOL]H]H�DFHDVW �LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH��GDU�� vQ� SULQFLSLX�� QX� R� H[FOXGH�� DSUHFLLQG� F � LGHHD� GH� IUXPRV�HYROXHD] � vQ� VWUkQV � OHJ WXU � FX� VFKLPEDUHD� FRQFHS LHL� DVXSUD�XQLYHUVXOXL�úL�D�PRGXOXL�GH�UDSRUWDUH�SUDFWLF �D�RPXOXL�OD�UHDOLWDWH��)RUPD� EDURF � HVWH� GLQDPLF � SHQWUX� F � RPXO� vQVXúL� VH� DIO � vQ�FRQWDFW� FX� R� UHDOLWDWH� vQ� PLúFDUH�� LQILQLW �� SH� FDUH� QX� R� PDL�FRQFHSH� FD� DYkQG�R� RUGLQH� VWULFW� UD LRQDO � úL� DOF WXLW � GLQ� HVHQ H�imuabile. 3LHUUH�)UDQFDVWHO�PHQ LRQHD] ���UHJ VLP��SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO�RSHUHL�GH�DUW ��FDWHJRULLOH fundamentale ale spiritului omenesc la un moment dat". [16] Transformarea polisemiei din corolar al YDORULL� HVWHWLFH� vQ�SRVWXODW� DO� RSHUHL� GH� DUW � SXQFWHD] � DVLPLODUHD�GH�F WUH�DUW �D�FRQFHSWHORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH�DOH�FXOWXULL�PRGHUQH��FDUH�traduc o raportare VSHFLILF � OD�XQLYHUV�� SUREDELOLWDWH�� SRVLELOLWDWH��UHODWLYLWDWH�� SOXULWDWH�� vQWkPSODUH�� LQYHQ LH�� 3XWHP� DILUPD� F �SUREDELOLWDWHD�úL�LQYHQ LD�VXQW�D[H�H[SOLFDWLYH�SHQWUX�R�EXQ �SDUWH�GLQ�FXOWXUD�PRGHUQ ��&RQVWUXFWLYLVPXOXL�úWLLQ LILF�FRQWHPSRUDQ� vL�este anaORJ�XQ�FRQVWUXFWLYLVP�DO�DUWHL��ÌQ�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�úWLLQ D�GHS úHúWH� QLYHOXO� HPSLULF� SULQ� SUHRFXSDUHD� SHQWUX� DEVWUDF LL��WHRULL�� FRQVWUXF LL� LSRWHWLFR-GHGXFWLYH�� DUWD� vQFHWHD] � V � PDL� ILH�UHIOHFWDUH� LGHDOL]DWRDUH� SHQWUX� D� IL� LQYHQ LH�� GHúL� FRQWDFWXO� FX�realitatea nu este rupt. Într-R�HSRF �vQ�FDUH�UHDOLWDWHD�HVWH�H[SOLFDW �probabilist -� FX� ED] � RQWLF � VDX� FD� XUPDUH� D� XQHL� LQDGHFY UL�epistemologice -�úL�LQYHQ LD�DVLJXU �SURJUHVXO�WHKQLF�úL�GH]YROWDUHD�

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FDXW � VXQW� SURSULHW LOH� DFHVWXL� GLVFXUV� SDUWLFXODU� FDUH� HVWH�GLVFXUVXO� OLWHUDU�� ÌQWUHDJD� RSHU � QX� HVWH�� GH� DOWIHO�� FRQVLGHUDW �decât ca manifestarea unei structuri abstracte mult mai generale, ea fiind nuPDL� R� UHDOL]DUH� SRVLELO ��� >��@� ùWLLQ D� OLWHUDWXULL� QX�WUHEXLH�V �VWXGLH]H� OLWHUDWXUD��FL��OLWHUDULWDWHD���DGLF �FHHD�FH� IDFH�dintr-R� RSHU � GDW � RSHU � OLWHUDU �� SURFHGHHOH� DUWLVWLFH�� IRUPDOH��,�1�7kQLDQRY� DYHD� GUHSWDWH� FkQG� DU WD� F � H� JUHúLW� D� vQ HOHJH�rapRUWXO�GLQWUH�IRUP �úL�FRQ LQXW�GXS �IRUPXOD���IRUP ���FRQ LQXW� � SDKDU� �� YLQ��� 'H� DOWIHO�� HVWH� SUHIHUDW � GLVWLQF LD�PDWHULDO�SURFHGHX��'XS �FXP�UHPDUF �%�(LKHQEDXP���QR LXQHD�GH�IRUP �D�RE LQXW�XQ�VHQV�QRX��QX�PDL�HVWH�XQ�vQYHOLú��FL�R�WRWDOLWDWH�GLQDPLF � úL� FRQFUHW � FDUH� DUH� FRQ LQXWXO� vQ� HD� vQV úL�� vQ� DIDU �GH�RULFH� FRUHOD LH��� >��@� (YLGHQW�� IRUPDOLúWLL� UXúL� VHVL]HD] � F � HVWH�LPSRVLELO � VHSDUDUHD� vQ� RSHUD� GH� DUW � D� HOHPHQWHORU� OLQJYLVWLF-H[SUHVLYH�GH�LGHLOH�H[SULPDWH��GDU�VXQW�WHQWD L�V �UHGXF �OLWHUDWXUD OD� R� VXP � GH� SURFHGHH� GH� OLPEDM�� $FFHQWXO� FDGH� SH� vQ HOHJHUHD�DUWHL�FD�IRUP ��LDU�DQDOL]D�IRUPHL�HVWH�UHGXV �OD�DQDOL]D�UDSRUWXULORU�GLQWUH�HOHPHQWH�GH�OLPEDM��$FHVW�IDSW�MXVWLILF �vQWU-XQ�IHO�DILUPD LD�OXL�5�:HOOHN���GHúL�FX�LQVWUXPHQWH� LQILQLW�PDL�ILQH� ei s-au întors la vechiul formalism retoric". [28] 6WXGLXO� ULJXURV� DO� SROLVHPLHL�� LQWUDGXFWLELOLW LL� úL� YDORULL�VHPDQWLFH� SURSULL� VLPEROXOXL� DUWLVWLF� HVWH� FRQVHFLQ D� ILUHDVF � D�autonomiei fenomenelor estetice. Aplecarea asupra procedeelor OLQJYLVWLFH� úL� D� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� VHPQH� vQ� LQWHULRUXO� WH[WXOXL� DUH�FDSDFLWDWHD� GH� D� UHYHOD� PHFDQLVPHOH� SULQ� FDUH� DXWRUXO� FUHD] �YDORDUHD� HVWHWLF � úL�� HYLGHQW�� DGXFH� vQ� GLVFX LH� SUREOHPD� IXQF LHL�VSHFLILFH�D�OLPEDMXOXL�vQ�DUW ��,QL LDO��DVHPHQHD�HODERU UL�LPDQHQWH�ale SRH]LHL��vQ�VSHFLDO��úL�OLWHUDWXULL��vQ�JHQHUDO��HUDX�DSURSLDWH�GH�YL]LXQLOH� HVWHWLFH�� vQV � GHOLPLW ULOH� QX� vQWkU]LH� V � DSDU �� $VWIHO��GDF �LQL LDO�5�-DNREVRQ�DFFHSWD�LQGLIHUHQ D�SRH]LHL�ID �GH�RELHFWXO�HQXQ ULL�� >��@� vQ� �/LQJYLVWLF � úL� SRHWLF �� GHS úHúWe autotelismul SXU� SULQ� UHFXQRDúWHUHD� vPELQ ULL� IXQF LHL� HVWHWLFH� FX� FHD�UHIHUHQ LDO �� 3ROHPL]kQG� FX� FHL� FDUH� vO� vQYLQXLDX� GH� �DUW � SHQWUX�DUW ���SUHFL]HD] �F �PHWRGD�VWUXFWXUDO �QX�GXFH�LQHYLWDELO�F WUH�R�

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GHVFRQVLGHUDUH� D� IXQF LLORU� DUWHL� vQ� YLD D� VRFLDO �� QX� VXEOLQLD] �VHSDUDWLVPXO�DUWHL��FL�GRDU�DXWRQRPLD�IXQF LHL�HVWHWLFH��'LQ�DFHHDúL�SHUVSHFWLY �� -�0XNDURZVN\� SUHFL]HD] � F � OLPEDMXO� DUWLVWLF� QX�SRDWH� IL� GHILQLW� VDWLVI F WRU� SULQ� vQVXúLUL� �RUQDPHQWH�� ILJXUL��LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD�H[SUHVLHL�ú�D����FL�SULQ�IXQF LH���VFRSXO� OLPEDMXOXL�SRHWLF� HVWH� RE LQHUHD� XQXL� HIHFW� SRHWLF��� >��@� $FHVW� HIHFW� HVWH�RE LQXW� SULQ� DUDQMDPHQW� OLQJYLVWLF�� SULQ� WHKQLFL� GH� FRUHODUH�VHPDQWLF ��SULQ�GHS úLUHD�IXQF LHL�VWULFW�FRPXQLFDWLYH��UHIHUHQ LDOH�ú�D�P�G�� &RQFHQWUDUHD� IXQF LHL� SRHWLFH� DVXSUD� VHPQXOXL� vQVXúL�DSDUH� FD� R� FRQVHFLQ � GLUHFW � D� DXWRQRPLHL� SURSULL� IHQRPHQHORU�HVWHWLFH�� 0HQ LRQ P�� vQV �� F � DQDOL]D� PRGXOXL� GH� VWUXFWXUDUH� D�OLPEDMXOXL� vQ� WH[WHOH� DUWLVWLFH� QX� HSXL]HD] � VSHFLILFXO� YDORULL�HVWHWLFH�� 7H[WXO� OLWHUDU�� FRPSR]L LD� SODVWLF � HWF��� VXQW� HOHPHQWH�IRDUWH� LPSRUWDQWH� DOH� RSHUHL� DUWLVWLFH�� GDU� QX� VH� FRQIXQG � FX�DFHDVWD��HIHFWXO�DUWLVWLF�UH]XOW �GLQ�FRUHODUHD�WH[WXOXL�FX�DQVDPEOXO�FRPSOH[�DO�FRQFHS LHL�GHVSUH�YLD �úL�LGHDWLFH��3URFHGHHOH�DUWLVWLFH�SURLHFWHD] �R�OXPH�GH�PRWLYH��SHUVRQDMH�úL�LQWULJL��XQLWDWHD�GH�VHQV�D� RSHUHL� HVWH� HIHFWXO� FRQVWUXF LHL� XQLILFDWH� SULQ� FRPXQLWDWHD� LGHLL�VDX� WHPHL�� ,QYHQ LD� IRUPDO � O UJHúWH� FkPSXO� GH� SRVLELOLW L�H[SUHVLYH�� ILLQG� VXERUGRQDW � WUDQVPLWHULL� XQXL� PHVDM� XPDQ�trasfigurat afectiv. Tehnica forPDO � D� FRUHO ULL� VHPDQWLFH�vPERJ HúWH�XQLYHUVXO�VHPQLILFD LLORU��GDU� WHPD�XQLILF � WRWDOLWDWHD�procedeelor într-R� VWUXFWXU �� LDU� YDORDUHD� HVWHWLF � GHSLQGH� GH�P VXUD� vQ� FDUH� VHQVXO� UD LRQDO� WUHFH� vQ� VHQV� DIHFWLY� �VXELHFWXO�operei este ridicat la rangul de lXPH�HVWHWLF ��� Un creator poate cultiva, desigur, arbitrariul sistematic. 'DU��DUDW �8�(FR���XQ�PHVDM�WRWDO�DPELJXX�DSDUH�FD�IRDUWH�V UDF�vQ�LQIRUPD LL�� GHRDUHFH�GLVSXQH�GH�QXPHURDVH� DOHJHUL� LQWHUSUHWDWLYH��GDU�SRDWH�IL�GHOLPLWDW�FD�]JRPRW��DGLF �vO�SRW�reduce la o dezordine SXU ���>��@�2U�FDOLWDWHD�HVWHWLF �GHSLQGH�KRW UkWRU�GH�úL�VH�DILUP �numai prin mesajul subiectivizat al operei. Întrucât simbolul artistic nu este neutru din punct de vedere axiologic, perspectiva structuralist-VHPLRWLF � DUH� DYDQWDMXO� GH� D� HYLGHQ LD� SUHJQDQW�WHKQLFLOH� IRUPDOH� úL� ORJLFD� LQWHUQ � D� VHPQHORU� SULQ� FDUH� DUWLVWXO�

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FRPXQLF ��0DL�DOHV�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�DUWD�FRQWHPSRUDQ ��FHUFHW ULOH�GH�DFHVW� JHQ� LQL LD] � R� QRX � SHGDJRJLH� D� OHFWXULL�� FLUFXPVFULX� XQ�orizont de sensibilitate a lumii opeUHL�GH�DUW �vQ�FDUH�WUHEXLH�V �VH�vQVFULH� FDSDFLW LOH� LQWHOHFWXDO-afective ale receptorului valorii estetice. Tocmai de aceea integrarea lor în planul mai general al HVWHWLFLL� ILORVRILFH� HVWH� QX� QXPDL� SRVLELO �� FL� úL� QHFHVDU �� 'HúL�autonom, limbajul artisWLF�YHKLFXOHD] �VHPQLILFD LL�XPDQH��VRFLDO-LVWRULFH� FRPSOH[H�� LDU� GHVFLIUDUHD� ORU� VROLFLW �� GHVLJXU��FRQFHQWUDUHD� DVXSUD� VWUXFWXULL� RSHUHL�� GDU�� vQ� HJDO � P VXU �� úL�situarea sa în contexte explicative mai largi (ideologice, morale ú�D�P�G���� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� DGHY UDWD� XWLOLWDWH� D� GHPHUVXOXL� VHPLRWLF�DSDUH�DWXQFL�FkQG�QX� L� VH�DEVROXWL]HD] �SXWHUHD�H[SOLFDWLY ��FkQG�QX� HVWH� FRQVLGHUDW� XQ� VFRS� vQ� VLQH�� FL� DSHOHD] � OD� R� IUXFWXRDV �MRQF LXQH� FX� HVWHWLFD� ILORVRILF � úL� DOWH� PRGXUL� GH� DERUGDUH� D�simbolului artistic (psLKDQDOL] ��SVLKRORJLH��VRFLRORJLH�HWF���� ÌQ� UDSRUW�FX�DUWD��FHOH�GRX � LSRVWD]H�DOH�VHPLRWLFLL�� úWLLQ �úL� PHWRG �� FDS WD� DFFHQWH� GLVWLQFWH�� $VWIHO�� H[LVW � GHPHUVXUL�VHPLRWLFH� DSOLFDWH� úL� DSOHFDWH� DVXSUD� OLWHUDWXULL� úL� DUWHL�� XQLYHUVXO�estetic este utilizDW� FD� WHUHQ� GH� vQFHUFDUH�WHVWDUH� úL� FRQILUPDUH�SHQWUX� R� WHRULH� JHQHUDO � D� VHPQHORU�� VDX� FD� GRPHQLX� GLVSXV� OD�LSRWH]H��LQYHQWLYLWDWH�H[SOLFDWLY �úL�VXJHVWLL�GH�FRQVWUXFWH�WHRUHWLFH�FX�YLUWX L�UHJXODWRULL�SHQWUX�WHRULD�JHQHUDO �D�FRGXULORU��6SHFLILFXO�estetiF� QX� HVWH� GLVSUH XLW�� FL� GRDU� vQSDUDQWH]DW��PDL� ELQH� ]LV�� HVWH�SXV� vQ� FDWHJRULL� VHPLRWLFH� úL�� SULQ� XUPDUH�� UHGXV� OD� OLWHUDULWDWH��vQ HOHDV � FD� XWLOL]DUH� VSHFLILF � D� VHPQHORU�� &ULWLFD� GH� RULHQWDUH�VHPLRWLF �SRUQHúWH�GH�OD�SUHPLVD�F �SRDWH�DWLQJH�R�FXQRDúWHUe mai DGkQF � D� IXQF LRQ ULL� OLPEDMXOXL� úL�PHVDMXOXL� RSHUHORU� GH� DUW � FX�DMXWRUXO�PRGHOL] ULORU��7HRULD�JHQHUDO �D�VLVWHPHORU�GH�VHPQLILFDUH�úL� D� SURFHVHORU� GH� FRPXQLFDUH� HVWH� DQWUHQDW � vQ� GLUHF LD� VSRULULL�gradului de inteligibilizare. Accentul nu mai cade, ca în primul FD]�� SH� RSHUD LL� GHVFULSWLY-explicative, ci pe recuperarea LQWHUSUHWDWLY � D� VHQVXOXL�� 'H� DFHHD�� DFHVW� WUDYDOLX� VHPLRWLF� SDUH�PDL�GLVSXV�OD�LQWHJUDUH�vQ�SHUVSHFWLYH�PDL�VHQVLELOH�ID �GH�úL�PDL�

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HSXL]DW � GH� R� GHFRGLILFDUH� FX� PLMORDFH� VHPLRWLFH�� &RGXO�� FD�LQVWUXPHQW� FX� YDORDUH� RSHUD LRQDO �� UHOHY � GRDU� FRQGL LLOH�necesare care pot explica praxis-XO� FRPXQLFD LRQDO�� 'HWHFWDUHD�OXL� GHVFKLGH� LWLQHUDULL� GH� OHFWXU � úL� IXQGHD] � VFHQDULL�inWHUSUHWDWLYH�� 1XPDL� ILQDOL]DUHD� KHUPHQHXWLF � RIHU � UHOHYDQ �WHRUHWLF � FRQVWUXFWHORU� VHPLRWLFH�� ÌQWUXFkW� YDORDUHD� HVWHWLF � HVWH�GHVFKLV � �vQ� VHQVXO� IL[DW� GH� 8�(FR��� RSHUHOH� GH� DUW � QX� SHUPLW�GHFkW� OHFWXUL� VXELHFWLYH�� DGLF � GH� WLS� KHUPHQHXWLF�� ,QWHUSUHWDUHD HVWH� DGHY UDWD� OXDUH� vQ� SRVHVLH� D� WH[WXOXL� �FD� PHVDM��� vQWUXFkW�FDXW � PRGHOH� GH� FRHUHQ � D� VHQVXOXL�� WRWDOLW L� GH� VHQV�� DFROR�XQGH� VHPLRWLFD� QX� SHUPLWH� GHFkW� WRWDOL] UL� GH� VHPQLILFD LL��0�'XIUHQQH� REVHUY � F � DQVDPEOXULOH� VHPQLILFDQWH� VXQW�concepute, în sHPLRWLF ��GXS �PRGHOXO�OLPEDMXOXL��LDU�FRGXO�HVWH�R�JHQHUDOL]DUH�H[SDQVLY �D�FHHD�FH�6DXVVXUH�úL�+MHPVOHY�vQ HOHJ�SULQ�OLPE ��3ULQ�XUPDUH��DUWD�QX�HVWH�DYXW �vQ�YHGHUH�H[SUHV��QLFL�QX�SRDWH�DYHD�XQ�WUDWDPHQW�VSHFLDO��FKLDU�GDF �VH�EXFXU ��WRWXúL��de unul dLIHUHQ LDW��� 'HFXSDMXO� VLVWHPHORU� VHPLRORJLFH� VH� IDFH�GXS � DOWH� FULWHULL� GHFkW� FHOH� VHPDQWLFH� úL� YDORULFH�� ([LVW �GRPHQLL�� FKLDU� GLQ� FHOH� SH� FDUH� VHPLRWLFD� úL� OH� DVXP �� FDUH�VROLFLW �PDL�vQWkL�XQ�SUD[LV�QRQOLQJYLVWLF�úL�QX�GHYLQ�VHPQH�GHFkW�ca urmare a unei decizii culturale mediate de limbaj. Nu vQWkPSO WRU�VXQW�UHIX]DWH�GH�F WUH�VHPLRWLF �VHPQHOH�FDUH�QX�VXQW�HVHQ LDOPHQWH� VHPQLILFDQWH�� VDX�� GDF � VXQW�� QX� vQ� PDQLHUD�OLPEDMXOXL�� 0DL� PXOW�� GHFXSDMXO� RSHUDW� vQ� DFHVWH� VLVWHPH� GXS �modelul codului lingvistic circumscrie obiectul epistemologic, GDU�� �F XWkQG� V � úWLH� FXP� VHPQLILF � VHPQXO�� VHPLRORJLL� WLQG� V �HVFDPRWH]H�FH�VHPQLILF �DFHVWD���>��@�XLWkQG�FRQúWLLQ D�G W WRDUH�GH� VHQV�� $VWIHO�� SULYLOHJLHUHD� OLPEDMXOXL� GDWRULW � RELúQXLQ HORU�FLYLOL]D LHL� DFWXDOH� úL� SUHVWLJLXOXL� úWLLQ LILF� DO� OLQJYLVWLFLL� IDFH� FD�RSHUD� V � ILH� UHGXV � OD� WH[W�� �VHQVXO� QX� HVWH� VHQVLELO�� YL]LELOXO�vizibil decât prin intermediul a ceea ce este spus". [34] Lectura vQV úL�HVWH�XQD�YRUELW ��DGLF �WUDGXV �vQ�OLPEDM��2U��H[SUHVLYLWDWHD�"este mai pX LQ� vQ� DQDOL]D� RSHUHL� GHFkW� vQ� SUH]HQ D� HL�� >��@� FD�OXPH�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� FRGXO� QX� HSXL]HD] � VIHUD� VHPQLILFD LLORU�

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DUWLVWLFH��0DL�PXOW�FKLDU��H�GLILFLO�GH�VSXV�F �PDL�HVWH�RSHUDQW�SH�DFHVW� WHUHQ�� 'XIUHQQH� SURSXQH� R� DOW � FODVLILFDUH� D� FkPSXULORU�semiologice: OLQJYLVWLFH�� DFROR� XQGH� VH� IRUPXOHD] � PHVDMH� FX�ajutorul codului; infra-OLQJYLVWLFH�� SHQWUX� VLVWHPH� FDUH� vQF � QX�sunt semnificante, au un cod, dar nu transmit mesaje, iar VHPQLILFD LD� VH� UHGXFH� OD� LQIRUPD LH�� VXSUDOLQJYLVWLFH�� UHVSHFWLY��suprasemnificante,� vQWUXFkW� WUDQVPLW�PHVDMH�� GDU� I U � FRG��$UWD��vQWUXFkW� vúL� DVXP � VHPQLILFD LLOH� vQ� IRUPD� H[SUHVLHL�� DSDU LQH�ultimei categorii. Limitele demersului semiotic apar astfel mult PDL�FODU���&RGXO�QX�VH�ODV �FXQRVFXW�GHFkW�SULQ�PHVDMH��VLVWHPXO�prin produsele sistemului". [36] Dar, întrucât teritoriul artei este SOXUDO� �GLIHULWHOH� DUWH�� GLQ� FDUH� XQHOH� VH� SUHWHD] � OD�FRUHVSRQGHQ H�� DOWHOH� EORFKHD] � RULFH� vQFHUFDUH� GH� WUDGXFHUH�� úL�QHRPRJHQ� �RSHUHOH�FH�DSDU LQ�DFHOXLDúL�JHQ��GH�SLOG ���FRGXO�QX�este identificabil.� �ÌQ� WLPS� FH� OLPED� VH� PDQLIHVW � vQ� DQVDPEOXO�GLVFXUVXULORU� úL� LPSXQH� ILHF UXLD� FkWHYD� OXFUXUL� vQ� FRPXQ� SULQ�FDUH� DFHVWHD� VH� FRQVWLWXLH� FD� WRWDOLWDWH� RPRJHQ �� DQVDPEOXO�RSHUHORU� XQHL� DQXPLWH� DUWH� QX� SUH]LQW � FDUDFWHUH� vQ� FDUH� V-ar releva un sistem". [37] Praxis-ul artistic este întotdeauna anarhic; ILHFDUH� RSHU � LPSXQH� SURSULLOH-L� QRUPH�� DQXOHD] � WUDGL LD�� vQ�FRQVHFLQ ��FRQWLQXLWDWHD�LVWRULF �� LQH�PDL�PXOW�GH�XQ�ULWP�YLWDO��5HJXODULW LOH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH�úL�H[LJHQ HOH�LPDQHQWH�RSHUHL�QX�SRW�avea necesitatea FRQVWUkQJHULORU� GH� FRG�� ÌQ� HJDO �P VXU �� FRGXO�UHFHSWRUXOXL� LQH�PDL�PXOW� GH� LQL LHUHD� úL� SUHJ WLUH� vQ� ID D� DUWHL��QLFLGHFXP� GH� H[SHULHQ D� SHUFHSWLY � FD� DWDUH�� HVWH� GRDU� XQ�SUHOXGLX�DO�DFHVWHLD��F FL�vQ�FRQWDFW�FX�RSHUD�FRGXO�QX�HVWH�VHVL]DW�ca un cod, ci FD� H[LVWHQ � úL� VWUXFWXU � D� RSHUHL� VLQJXODUH�� 'H�aceea, conchide Dufrenne "obiectul estetic nu poate fi justificat de categoriile lingvisticii". [38] De fapt, ceea ce respinge Dufrenne este numai imperialismul lingvistic în cercetarea VHPLRWLF ��ÌQ�YL]LXQHD�VD��DWHQW �OD�PRGXOD LLOH�YDORULFH�DOH�]RQHL�HVWHWLFXOXL��FUHD LD�DUWLVWLF �QX�GLVSXQH�GH�FRG�DQDORJ�OLPELL��GDU�DFHDVWD� QX� vQVHDPQ � OLSVD� WRWDO � D� FRGXOXL�� QXPDL� F � DFHVWD� QX�HVWH� QLFL� GHILQLW�� QLFL� ULJXURV�� LQWUkQG� vQ� IXQF LXQH� GRDU� FD�

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preparativ a reaOLW LL� HVWHWLFH�� GXS �H[SHULHQ D�FUHDWRUXOXL� úL�� vQ�FDOLWDWH� GH� FRQYHQ LH�� vQ� ID D� UHFHSWRUXOXL�� &RGXO� HVWH�� FXP�'XIUHQQH� vQVXúL� FRQVWDW �� RSHUD� FRQúWLLQ HL� UHIOH[LYH�� HO� WUDGXFH�XQ�PRGHO�WU LW�GLIX]�úL�REVFXU�GH�F WUH�FRQúWLLQ D�QDLY ��FRQFUHW ��deci, nu�DSDU LQH�FD�VFKHP �úL�LQVWUXPHQW�SUHDODELO�DFWXOXL�FUDWRU�úL�VDX�SHUFHSWLY��FL�HVWH�XQ�FRQVWUXFW��'HYLQH�RSHUDQW�QXPDL�GDF �VXSRUW � R� FRQYHUWLUH� VDX�PXWD LH� LQWHUSUHWDWLY �� ÌQ� DFHODúL� VHQV��REVHUY P� F � 8�(FR� VLWXHD] � DUWD� SH� WHUHQXO� WH[WHORU�hipercodificaWH��SH�OkQJ �UHJXOLOH�GH�FRPSHWHQ ��URO�GHFLVLY�DX�úL�FRQYHQ LLOH� QHH[SOLFLWDWH�� LQYHQ LD� úL� QXPHURDVH� DOWH�determinante non-FRGLILFDWH�� FRGXULOH� úL�� FD� XUPDUH�� VWUXFWXULOH�H[SUHVLYH�VXQW�PHUHX�SXVH�vQ�FUL] ���&RGXULOH�-�UHPDUF �8�(FR�- sunt sisteme ale DúWHSW UL��� >��@� ÌQV �� FRQVWDW � *DGDPHU���H[SHULHQ D� RSHUHL� GH� DUW � GHS úHúWH� vQWRWGHDXQD� vQ� PRG�fundamental orice orizont subiectiv de interpretare". [40] De DFHHD��JXVWXO�GHS úHúWH�FRGXULOH��GHúL�OH�SUHVXSXQH�úL�vQJOREHD] ��iar rostul esteticii filosoficH��FDUH�SOHGHD] �SHQWUX�R�KHUPHQHXWLF �LQWHJUDWRDUH�D�DUWHL��HVWH�úL�DFHOD�GH�D�GHVFRQVSLUD�LPSRVLELOLWDWHD�UHGXFHULL�H[SHULHQ HL�HVWHWLFH�OD�FRG�� Demersurile structuralist-semiotice au meritul de a GH]Y OXL�F L�úL� WHKQLFL�SULQ�FDUH�DFWHOH�GH�UHFHSWDUH� WUHEXLH�úL�SRW�V �VH�VXSXQ �DGHFYH]H�OD�RSHUD�GH�DUW ��DVXPkQGX-úL�ULJRUL�SH�FDUH�RSHUD� vQV úL� OH� FRQ LQH� vQ� RUL]RQWXULOH� VDOH� GH� VHQV�� ÌQ� ID D� XQXL�SURGXV� DUWLVWLF� LPSUHVLRQLVPXO� SVLKRORJLF�� SURLHF LD� VXELHFWLY ��DUELWUDULXO� LQWHUSUHWDWLY�� S WUXQGHUHD� RFD]LRQDO � D� PHVDMXOXL� úL�VLPSOD� VWLPXODUH� LPDJLQDWLY � QX� VH� MXVWLILF �� ,QHIDELOXO� YDORULL�estetice nu trebuie invocat ca argument în favoarea provizoratului úL�LPSURYL]D LHL�SHUFHS LHL�úL�LQWHUSUHW ULL�XQHL�RSHUH��3ULQ�XUPDUH��RULHQWDUHD�FHUFHW ULL�F WUH�RELHFWXDOLWDWHD�DUWLVWLF �HVWH�PRWLYDW �úL�GH]LUDELO �� /LPLWHOH� VXQW� HYLGHQWH� QXPDL� DWXQFL� FkQG� GHFXSDMXO�RSHUDW�DVXSUD�RSHUHL�GH�DUW �QX�PDL�HVWH�SULYLW�VXE�DVSHFWHOH�VDOH�ipotetice, deci, ca un construct teoretico-PHWRGRORJLF��úL�VH�UHIX] �orice integrare heUPHQHXWLF � úL� D[LRORJLF �� 6XE� DFHVW� DVSHFW��GHVHRUL�� FHUFHWDUHD� úWLLQ LILF � D� FkPSXOXL� HVWHWLF� HúXHD] � vQ�

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