48 George Popescu

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 3/2009

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Engineering Series, No. 3/2009

417

ETER sau VID CUANTIC?

George POPESCU, s.l.dr.fiz. Universitatea

Constantin Brncusi din Tg.-Jiu

Rezumat:Este prezentat un scurt istoric al notiunii deeter comparativ cu ceea ce acum poarta numele de vidcuantic si in final este evidentiat un set de intrebari ale

caror raspunsuri pot deveni fundamentale.

Cuvinte cheie: vid, eter, unde electromagnetice

a) Eterul lui HuygensJAMES CLERK MAXWELL a

prezis posibilitatea existentei undelor

electromagnetice.

In anul 1887, HEINRICH HERTZ a

anuntat descoperirea experimentala a undelor

electromagnetice si in anii ulteriori a fost

demonstrat ca radiatia luminoasa are caracter

electromagnetic.

Anterior, CRISTIAN HUYGENS

(1629-1695), prezentase teoria ondulatorie a

luminii in care impunea doua concepte:

-viteza luminii scade pe masura cecreste indicele de refractie al mediului;

-prin analogie cu undele mecanice,

lumina necesita prezenta unui mediu suport

de propagare - denumit eter.

In 1825 a fost dovedit ireversibil ca

lumina reprezinta un proces ondulatoriu. S-a

pus din nou problema suportului de propagare

- eter, eterul lui Huygens, caruia i-au fost

atribuite proprietatile:

-fara masa;

-continuu;-umple intreg spatiul, penetrand

substanta si in acest mod s-a ajuns la

concluzia ca spatiul gol nu poate asigura

transportul luminii de la Soare, insa

propagarea acesteia este posibila datorita

eterului lui Huygens.

ETHER or QUANTIC VOID?

George POPESCU, Lect.PhD.Fiz.

Constantin Brncusi University of Tg.-Jiu

Abstract:In this paper is presented a short history ofthe notion of ether compared with what nowadays hasthe name of quantic void and finally, the accent is put

on a set of questions whose answers may becomefundamental.

Keywords:void , ether, electromagnetic waves

a) Huygens Ether

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

predicted the possibility of electromagnetic

waves existence.

In 1887, HEINRICH HERTZ

announced the experimental discovery of

electromagnetic waves and in the following

years it has been proven that light radiation

has an electromagnetic character.

Before, CRISTIAN HUYGENS

(1629-1695), had presented the corrugated

theory of light in which he imposed twoconcepts:

- the speed of light decreases while

the environmental refraction index increases;

- through analogy with mechanic

waves, the light needs the presence of a

support environment to propagate called

ether.

In 1825 was irreversibly proven that

the light represents a corrugate process.

Again arises the problem of the propagation

support ether, the Huygens Ether, to

which were given the properties:

-no mass;

-continuous;

-fills the whole space, penetrating the

substance, and in this way, it got to the

conclusion that the empty space cannot

ensure light transportation from the Sun, but

its propagation is possible because of

Huygens ether.


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b)Eterul lui FaradayIn 1830, MICHAEL FARADAY

(17911867) a introdus modelul dielectric al

eterului, conform caruia eterul ar fi compusdin particule inca neidentificate, discrete,

incarcate cu sarcini electrice pozitive si

negative si legate elastic intre ele prin forte

electromagnetice; un corp s-ar putea misca

prin acest eter dand la o parte particulele

(asemanator cu miscarea laminara in fluide)

fara sa lase o trena,un siaj, deci fara sa existe

o perturbatie a eterului.

Faraday a atribuit modelului sau de

eter urmatoarele proprietati:

-mediu de propagare pentru undeleluminoase;

-mediu de propagare pentru undele

electromagnetice;

-mediu de propagare pentru forta si

energia electromagnetica;

-deplasarea particulelor de eter, la

trecerea unui corp produce vibratia

electronilor acestuia, care se manifesta sub

forma de curenti de inductie electromagnetica

in conductori, curenti de deplasare sau unde

electromagnetice.

Acest model al unui eter cu proprietati

dielectrice nu a fust acceptat de cumunitatea

stiintifica a timpului din motivele:

-orice deplasare a unui corp printr-un

mediu trebuie sa creeze in mediu o

perturbatie, un siaj;

-viteza cu care se deplaseaza sursa

emitator de lumina trebuie adunata la viteza

luminii emise (cf. Efectului Doppler).

c) Eterul dielectric al lui Faraday siecuatiile lui Maxwell

Fortele si campurile electromagnetice

descoperite de catre Faraday si care au ca

suport de propagare eterul dielectric, au

constituit sursa de inspratie pentru tanarul J.

C. Maxwell (1831-1879), care a tranpus in

limbaj matematic ideile si rezultatele

b) Faradays Ether

In 1830, MICHAEL FARADAY

(17911867) introduced the dielectric model

of the ether, according to which the ether iscomposed of yet not identified particles,

discrete, loaded with positive and negative

electric loads and connected between them

through elastic electromagnetic forces; a

body could move through this ether pushing

away all the particles (like laminar move in

fluids) without any tails left behind , no

trail, no trace, so no perturbation of the ether.

Faraday attributed his model of ether

the following properties:

- environment for propagation of thelight waves;

- environment for propagation of the

electromagnetic waves;

- environment for propagation of the

electromagnetic force and energy;

- the movement of the ether particles,

at their passing through a body, produce its

electrons vibration, which is manifested

under the form of electromagnetic induction

currents in conductors, movement currents or

electromagnetic waves.

This model of ether with dielectric

properties wasnt accepted by the scientific

community of that time because of the

following reasons:

- any movement of a body through an

environment must create in that environment

a perturbation, a trail, a trace;

- the speed of the source of light

emitter must be added at the emitted speed of

light (according to the Doppler Effect).

c) Dielectric Ether of Faraday and

Maxwells Equations

The forces and electromagnetic fields

discovered by Faraday and which have as

support for propagation the dielectric ether,

have constituted the inspiration source for the

young J. C. Maxwell (1831-1879), who

transposed in mathematic language his ideas


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experimentale ale acestuia.

In articolul din 1865 el a prezentat

lumina ca fiind radiatie electromagnetica intr-

un anumit domeniu de frecventa. Maxwell a

prezis ca ar trebui sa existe undeelectromagnetice in orice domeniu de

frecventa si ca aceste unde ce se propaga prin

eterul dielectric ar trebui sa aiba aceeasi

viteza c, valoare calculata pe baza ecuatiilor

care-i poarta numele.

E bine sa ne reamintim ca ecuatiile lui

Maxwell, fundamentale pentru noua fizica,

sunt ecuatii cu caracter hidrodinamic si au

fost obtinute pornind de la conceptul de eter

dielectric al lui Faraday.

d) Rezultate fizice ale

experimentului Michaelson-Moreley

In 1887, A .A. Michelson (1852-1931) si

E. W. Moreley (1838-1932) au publicat

rezultatele unui experiment foarte precis, referitor

la masurarea vitezei de propagare a luminii emisa

de o sursa, in directii diferite relativ la directia

miscarii Pamantului in jurul Soarelui: in directia

miscarii Pamantului, in directie opusa si in

directie perpendiculara fata de directia miscariiPamantilui.

Ideea care a stat la baza acestui

experiment a fost urmatoarea: daca exista

eter, acesta ar trebui sa fie o substanta

materiala, chiar si foarte fina. Atunci,

miscarea Pamantului ar trebui sa produca o

perturbatie a eterului, care la randul sau ar

trebui sa conduca la modificarea vitezei de

propagare a luminii pe una din directiile de

masurare.

In urma unor masuratori repetate careau durat cativa ani, s- a ajuns la concluziile:

Viteza luminii are aceeasi valoare in

toate directiile, iar prin generalizare:

Viteza luminii emisa in spatiu de

catre un corp atomic este independenta de

viteza corpului emitator.

Exista de asemenea doua concepte secundare:

Viteza unui emitator atomic de

lumina nu trebuie adunata la viteza de

propagare a luminii in spatiu.

and experimental results.

In the article from 1865, he presented

the light as being electromagnetic radiation

into a certain frequency domain. Maxwell

predicted that electromagnetic waves shouldexist in any frequency domain and that these

waves who propagate through dielectric ether

should have the same speed c, value

calculated on the basis of the equations which

wear his name.

It is useful to remind that Maxwells

equations, fundamental for the new physics,

are equations with hydrodynamic character,

and they have been obtained starting from

Faradays concept of dielectric ether.

d) Physic results of the Michaelson-

Moreley experiment

In 1887, A .A. Michelson (1852-

1931) and E. W. Moreley (1838-1932)

published the results of a very precise

experiment, related to the measurement of the

light speed of propagation emitted by a

source, in different directions relative to the

direction of Earth movement around the Sun:in the direction of Earths movement, in

opposed direction and in perpendicular

direction compared to the direction of the

Earths movement. The idea which stood at

the basis of this experiment was: if ether

exists, this should be a material substance,

even very fine. Then, the Earths movement

should produce a perturbation of the ether,

which at its turn should lead to the

modification of the light speed of propagation

on one of the measuring directions.After some repeated measurements

which lasted few years, the following

conclusions were reached:

Speed of light has the same value in

all directions, and generalizing:

Speed of light emitted in space by an

atomic body is independent of the speed of

the emitting body

The speed of an atomic light emitter

mustnt be added to the speed of light


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Miscarea unui corp atomic prin

mediul prin care se propaga lumina, nu

trebuie sa produca perturbarea acestui mediu,

oricare ar fi el.

De remarcat ca toate concluziilementionate mai sus, pot fi deduse si au fost

deduse- pe baza eterului dielectric al lui

Faraday, model fizico-matematic eliminat

complet in prezent.

A aparut astfel un concept care a

guvernat fizica secolului XX si asupra caruia

persista inca semne de intrebare.

e) Semne de intrebare

In urma experimentelor efectuate decatre Rutherford 1911, s-a dovedit ca

structura subatomica a corpurilor trebuie

perceputa ca o retea rara in care nodurile

retelei sunt nucleele, cu distanta medie dintre

doua nuclee avand valoarea de 50.000 raze

nucleare. Ridicand la scara si imaginandu-ne

o retea bidimensionala, daca nodurile retelei

ar avea diametrul de 1mm, atunci distanta

intre doua noduri ar fi de 25m. Oare o retea

asa de rara, care se deplaseaza cu viteze mult

mai mici decat viteza luminii -Pamantul- ar

putea lasa urme masurabile intr-un mediu de

finete extrema, cum era considerat eterul?

Nu exista vid perfect. Acum se

foloseste notiunea de vid cuantic, prin care se

intelege ca spatiul dintre nuclee este plin cu

radiatii electromagnetice, fotoni, particule

virtuale,... intr-o continua agitatie si

transformare. Dar nu exista conexiuni intre

acest ocean infinit de radiatii si particule

cuantice si propagarea energieielectromagnetice.

Cu toate ca radiatia electromagnetica

nu necesita prezenta unui mediu suport de

propagare, valoarea vitezei luminii in vid este

functie de doua constante universale

propagation in space

The movement of an atomic body

through the environment in which light

propagates, must not produce the perturbation

of this environment, whichever it would beWe should observe that all

conclusions mentioned above can be and

have been deducted on the basis of the

dielectric ether of Faraday, physical-

mathematical model which in the present

times is completely eliminated.

Thus appeared a concept which

governed the physics of the XXthcentury and

over which question marks still persist.

e) Question Marks

After the experiments done by

Rutherford 1911, it was proven that the

subatomic structure of bodies must be

perceived as a rare network in which the

networks nods are the kernels, with the

medium distance between two nods kernels

with the value of 50.000 nuclear rays.

Increasing in scale and imagining a bi-

dimensional network, if the netwoks nods

would have the 1mm diameter, then the

distance between two nods would be of 25m.

Could a such rare network, which moves with

much smaller speeds than the speed of light

Earth leave measurable traces in an

environment of extreme finesse, as the ether

was thought to be?

There is no perfect void. Nowadays,

the notion of quantic void is used, through

which is understood that the space between

the kernels is full with electromagneticradiations, photons, virtual particles, in a

continuous agitation and transformation. But

there are no connections between this infinite

ocean of radiations and quantic particles and

the propagation of the electromagnetic

energy. Although the electromagnetic

radiation does not need the presence of a

support medium for propagation, the value of

the speed of light in void is fuction of two

universal constants:


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0=8,854 10-12 F/m

i and

0=410-7H/m.

Cazul ideal al condensatorului plan:

doua armaturi plan paralele, cu suprafata A si

distanta intre ele d, dielectric fiind vidul.

Capacitatea condensatorului plan are valoarea

So this quantic void enjoys the

electric properties stated by 0 and of the

magnetic properties stated by 0?

The ideal case of the plane capacitor:

two plan parallel arms, with the surface A

and the distante d between them, with void as

dielectric. The capacity of the plane capacitor

has the value

C = 0A/d,

energia inmagazinata fiind and the stored energy being

W = (1/2)CV2 = (A/2d) V20.

Asadar valoarea energiei

inmagazinate de un condensator depinde de

dimensiunile acestuia, de patratul

potentialului aplicat intre armaturi si de

proprietatile electrice ale vidului cuantic?

Si unde este localizata energia

electrica inmagazinata intr-un condensator

in electronii acumulati pe armaturi, sau in

spatiul dintre ele?

So the value of the stored energy by a

capacitor depends on its dimensions, square

of the potential applied between the arms and

of the electric properties of the quantic void?

And where is located the energy

located the electric energy in a capacitor in

the electrons accumulated on the arms, or in

the space between them?


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BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. R. Feynman,Fizica Moderna, Ed.Tehnica, 1972

2. B. Greene, The Elegant Universe,W.W.Norton and Co., New York, 19993. Internet, Google, Zero Point Energy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. R. Feynman,Modern Physics, TechnicalPrinting House, 1972

2. B. Greene, The Elegant Universe,W.W.Norton and Co., New York, 19993. Internet, Google, Zero Point Energy

48 George Popescu

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