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Universitatea din Bucureti

Facultatea de Jurnalism i tiintele Comunicrii

Media, Public Communication and Globalization

Nationalism in 2013

Candidate Lavinius Magdici

Bucureti2013


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Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 3

1. Nationalism .......................................................................................................... 4

1.1. Nationalism around the globe ....................................................................... 41.2. Romanian nationalism ................................................................................... 5

2. Studies .................................................................................................................. 5

2.1. Possible ways to decrease the nationalist behaviourand the public support fornationalist parties .................................................................................................... 5

2.2. Containing Nationalism ................................................................................... 6

3. Structure of the study ............................................................................................. 7

3.1. Purpose and objectives..................................................................................... 73.2. Starting premise ............................................................................................... 7

3.3. The methodology ............................................................................................ 8

3.4. Limits ............................................................................................................... 9

Bibliography .............................................................................................................10


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Abstract

The proposal of this paper is to analyze the nationalist movement, what is the

psychological make up of the people who join and what effects does it have both on the local

community, and on the global community.

Since we are now considered by many authors, and not only, to be a global village it is

very important for us to be aware of these movements so we might better manage them. But also

to understand why certain psychological traits of people push them towards this kind of extremist

movements.

Firstly we give a brief definition of nationalism as the tendency of humans to form groups

and defend from other groups.

Then we talk about nationalism at a global level and then about this phenomenon in

Romania.

We review 2 studies, one done by theThe North Atlantic Fellowship Programme, in 1996-

1998, Possible ways to decrease the nationalist behavior and the public support for nationalist

parties,and one by Michael Hechter ,Containing Nationalism, more recently.

We then discuss the four objectives, How many nationalist parties are there and how far-

right are they, what sizes do nationalist parties exist and what psychological makeup does anaverage supporter has, what are the dangers of a nationalist party and how destructive are they

and what kind of P.R. campaign is used to attract members and promote the ideology.

Key words: nationalism, xenophobia, mass media, global, national, racism, fascism, anti-

Semitism.


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1. NationalismNationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying

with his or her nation1. One can describe nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and

perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on anaffinity of birth2.

1.1. Nationalism around the globeThere are several nationalist movements contemporary with us.

Afrikanernationalism emphasized the unity of all Afrikaans speaking white people, the

Volk (nation), against such "foreign" elements as Blacks, Jews and English-speaking South

Africans. You might think they are not very active after the demise of Apartheid, but you wouldbe mistaken.

They have tried to appeal to the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations for the

protection of cultural, linguistic and religious rights of people around the world [] The AWB

had been largely inactive in South Africa since the demise of apartheid, although in 2008, the

organization was reactivated and is actively seeking an Afrikaner secessionist state within South

Africa. On 3 April 2010, Eugene Terre'Blanche, leader of the AWB, was murdered on his farm3

The Union of Chinese Nationalists is an unregistered political group in the People'sRepublic of China. In 2007, a spokesman of PRC's Taiwan Affairs Office, Yang Yi declares

the organization to be "unregistered and illegal4".

Jobbik, The Movement for a Better Hungary is a Hungarian radical nationalist political

party. The party describes itself as "a principled, conservative and radically patriotic Christian

party", whose "fundamental purpose" was the protection of "Hungarian values and interests."

Jobbikhas been described by, different press outlets and its political opponents as fascist, neo-

1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism accessed on 10thof September 2013 at 14:302idem3idem4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists accessed on 10thof September 2013 at 15:10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism


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fascist5, Neo-Nazi6, racist, anti-Semitic7, anti-Roma8and homophobic. What is interesting is that

this is Hungary's third largest party.

1.2. Romanian nationalismAnd last but not least, in Romania, we have a nationalist party called Great Romania Party.

Surprisingly in 2000, Vadim Tudor, the president of the party, received the second largest

number of votes in Romania's presidential elections9.

From the break-down of the communist systems in Europe, Romania seems to be still

strongly bounded with its communist past and the political leaders are still in a process of

defining their own strategies to address the most controversial problems of the twentieth century:

nationalism10.

2. StudiesIt is in the best interest of any study to look at the work that has already been done and

extract some golden nuggets of wisdom as Noam Chomsky has put it.

2.1. Possible ways to decrease the nationalist behavior and the public

support for nationalist parties

The North Atlantic Fellowship Programme did a 3 year, 1996-1998, comprehensive

research about issues concerning nationalism.

The research tried to analyze when and how the nationalist feelings moreover political

discourse started to be used to win the political power or to consolidate it, and what was or still is

the result on the Romanian single voter.

5

http://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/ accessed on 10th

ofSeptember 2013 at 15:146 http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJaccessed on 10thof September2013 at 16:047 http://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_split accessed on 10thof September 2013 at16:148 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlaccessed on 10thof September 2013 at 16:209 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party accessed on 10thof September 2013 at 17:1010 http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdf accessed on 10thof September 2013 at 18:20
http://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJhttp://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_splithttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Partyhttp://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdfhttp://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Partyhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_splithttp://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJhttp://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/


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As the first way to win the power in a state is through a political party, the analysis focus

on the political life in Romania and started with its very creation in 1918 1919 under the

Versailles Treaty.

The main identified periods to be analyzed are, the first of all, the one of stateconsolidation between the two world wars, followed by the communist regimes and finally the

post Revolutionary period, started in December 1989.

Each period of the Romanian history considered has its one importance and, even one

influence and explains the other, their represent different stages into the consolidation of the

Romanian nation-state. The research was completed mostly by gathering direct data on the field,

but the analysis couldnt be possible without the pre-existence of other specific researches and

analysis.11

2.2. Containing Nationalism

Michael Hechter did a study named Containing Nationalism in 2000.

Nationalism has become the most prevalent source of political conflict and violence in the

world. Scholarship has provided scant guidance about the prospects of containing the dark side

of nationalism sits widely publicized excesses of violence, such as ethnic cleansing and

genocide.

Departing from the usual practice of considering only a few examples of nationalism

drawn from a limited geographical and historical canvas, this book is based on fundamental

theoretical ideas about the formation and solidarity of groups. Containing Nationalism offers a

unified explanation of the dynamics of nationalism across the broad sweep of time and space.

Among other things, it explains why nationalism is supported by specific forms of

inequality between cultural groups, and why it is inclusive at some times and exclusive at others.

Nationalism is the attempt of culturally-distinct peoples to attain political self-determination.

Self-determination was generally afforded by traditional states, which employed a form of

governance based on indirect rule. After the late 18th century, the rise of the modern state led to

a new form of governance characterized by direct rule. Containing Nationalism argues that the

11 http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdf accessed on 10thof September 2013 at 18:20
http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdfhttp://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdf


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impetus for the most common type of nationalism arises from the imposition of direct rule in

culturally heterogeneous societies.

Direct rule stimulates national identity by making cultural distinctions more salient for

individuals' life chances. At the same time it reduces the resources of local elites, giving them amotive to mobilize nationalist opposition to central authorities. All told, these effects heighten

the demand for sovereignty. The book suggests that political institutions that reintroduce indirect

rule offer the leaders of modern countries the best available means of containing nationalist

violence within their borders.12

3.Structure of the studyThe structure of the proposed study is as follows:

3.1. Purpose and objectives

Purpose

This paper has as its purpose to identify nationalist currents and to foresee their trend and

also to help further the understanding of social-psychological phenomenon that precedes

adherence to such a group.

Objectives

How many nationalist parties are there and how far-right are they? In what sizes do nationalist parties exist and what psychological makeup

does an average supporter has?

What are the dangers of a nationalist party and how destructive are they? What kind of P.R. campaign is used to attract members and promote the

ideology?

3.2. Starting premise

There is one big nationalist party, the Great Romania Party, but there are smaller,less known ones. The number expected is a few dozens, but the amount of rightwing

12http://socio-political.worldpress.com accessed on the 10thof September 2013 at 18:46
http://socio-political.worldpress.com/http://socio-political.worldpress.com/


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thinking is hard to gauge beforehand, because some have recently shown some very anti-

society behavior, e.g. the offer to women who sterilize themselves to receive almost 80

Euros, with the note that the offer was only available to a single ethnicity, a minority of

the country.

They can be as large as P.R.M. (Great Romania Party) or have a few hundredmembers but the psychological makeup of an individual is not necessarily correlated with

of the organization, in this case there seems to be a trend that the smaller the party the

more extreme the thinking of the individual.

In a species which has conquered the planet by cooperating better, at least at somepoints, than any other, it is an involution to start Balkanizing people. The Sun Tzu

principle13, later rephrased by Napoleon, Divide and Conquer seems to be what is

happening here. There are hidden agendas in these movements and they should have

some light shed on them.

Messages of this nature rarely use logic and reason. The main component isemotion. The analysis will take a close look at the way messages are structured to have

such an important emotional impact.

3.3. The methodology

The method that will be used shall be content analysis.According to Dr. Farooq Joubish, content analysis is considered a scholarly methodology

in the humanities by which texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning. This lattersubject includes philology, hermeneutics, and semiotics.

Since the 1980s, content analysis has become an increasingly important tool in themeasurement of success in public relations programs and the assessment of media profiles. Inthese circumstances, content analysis is an element of media evaluation or media analysis. 14

The study shall be put in practice over a period of time of one year.

Where I shall analyze the online version of news papers, TV and radio broadcast and sites.

The unit I shall use to measure the data shall be the stories themselves. One story is oneunit.

13VLCU-MEHEDINTI, M. Distrugerea i cucerirea Romniei fr rzboi. Vol. I. Bucureti: Ed. MIRCEAVLCU-MEHEDINI. 2011. p. 1914http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_analysis accessed on the 11thof September 2013 at 12:30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_analysis


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The processes that I shall employ to finish the research will be analyzing the frequency ofthese articles in mainstream media, is the quantitative15their aggressiveness, be it in mainstreamor alternate media, is the quality approach.

3.4. Limits

One of the first limitations of the study is that mainstream media does not cover suchsubject, it usually actively avoids them. So the body of information available to the study shall bediminished.

Romania is a society in which, one could argue that, there is little extreme nationalismaction, compared to countries like Russia and Germany, with strong backgrounds in violence andturnover of power. Otherwise, compared to most countries, we are about average in nationalistmovement power and brutality.

One of the most common limitations for any research is the budged. In this case buyingnewspapers that do not have online versions, because of their own budget problems, fear ofgeneral public response or censorship, books and pamphlets, that talk about the issue at hand,would be limited by the fact that this is a low budget research.

This is an extremely complicated matter and a content analysis is not sufficient to get acomprehensive view. But it is the most facile, the most efficient regarding time and resources forthese particular circumstances.

15 http://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/accessed on the 11thofSeptember 2013 at 14:51
http://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/http://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/


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Bibliography

VLCU-MEHEDINTI, M.Distrugerea i cucerirea Romniei fr rzboi. Vol. I. Bucureti: Ed.MIRCEA VLCU-MEHEDINI. 2011. 474 p.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists

http://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/

http://socio-political.worldpress.com

http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJ

http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdf

http://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/

http://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_split

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-

far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalistshttp://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/http://socio-political.worldpress.com/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJhttp://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdfhttp://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/http://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_splithttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5372983/Feminine-face-of-Hungarys-far-Right-Jobbik-movement-seeks-MEPs-seat.htmlhttp://www.xpatloop.com/news/xpat_opinion_will__hungarys_jobbik_splithttp://www.salon.com/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky/http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/badila.pdfhttp://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162700#.UjH9G-VTOqJhttp://socio-political.worldpress.com/http://sadrianafjsc.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/curs-2-crct-propunerea-de-cercetare/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party

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