135 de ani de relatii romano-americane

7/25/2019 135 de ani de relatii romano-americane

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North American Policy

135 years old landscape of bilateral relations: Romania

and America

Teacher: Tiago Moreira de S Student: Vasile Nicoleta

The New University of Lisbon

December !"#$

Abstract The installation of US missile shield starting with !"#$ in %omania and the e&'ansion

of strategic 'artnershi' are the latest aims in a series of events that were meant to tight the

'olitical military and economical relations between %omania and US( above all the

im'iedments that the two countries met in time) More s'ecifically this 'a'er reviews a #*$ years


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history of %omanian+ (merican relationshi' starting with the year #,," till nowadays following

the most im'ortant u's and downs during this 'eriod) -t does so with a view on the (merican

foreign 'olicy towards east .uro'ean countries around the //- during the 0old /ar and within

the frame of a new world order after the 0old war es'ecially on the %omanian case) Similarly

the %omanian a''roach towards the US in the same 'eriod and its main ob1ectives in this

concern are discussed)

Contents

1. Introdction!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.*

". 1## years of instability!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.2

".1 $rom 1%%# to 1&'1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2

"." (he str))le for *ost $a+ored Nations clase!!!!!!!!!!!!!$

".3 Ceasesc )i+e p to *ost $a+ored Nations clase!!!!!!!!!!!3

3. (he e+oltion from dispte to partnership!!!!!!!!!!!!!.4

3.1 ,- toards the east /ropean contries!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4

3." ,- toards Romania!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!,

3.3 Romania toards ,-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

3.' (he ne str))le for the *ost $a+ored Nations clase!!!!!!!!!#"

'. Romanian adherence to NA(0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..##

'.1 (he Partnership for peace!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..##

'." (he NA(0 -mmit in 1&& 2 ne hope for Romania!!!!!!!!!!.##

'.3 Romanias sacrifices to oin NA(0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#*

'.' Ne approach to the Romanias inclsion in north4atlantic strctres!!!.#*

5. (he road that led the ,- missile shield to Romania!!!!!!!!!.#$

. Conclsion!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.#3

1. Introdction

2


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6n !5thof 7une !"#$ %omania and US were celebrating together #*$ of di'lomatic

relations which were initiated barely in 7une #,,") 8rom that moment on we can tal9 about a

multilateral develo'ment of these relations also in areas as economical and 'olitical ones) (s -

will 'resent in this 'a'er the relations that nowadays follow a natural course of bilateral hel'

understanding and su''ort were not the same in the closed history)

There were more factors that im'eded the two countries to have a 'ros'erous contact at

least in the first #"" years of bilateral relations) (s - will argue in the !nd0ha'ter of this 'a'er

the reasons varied from one country to another) 8or e&am'le US 'osition of non+ratification of

the League of Nations by the US Senate favored a certain isolationist tendency in US with

conseuences towards the relations with %omania) 6f course we are also tal9ing about %omania

caught in the two world wars and of a %omanian communist regime that was neglecting the

human rights against the US 'rinci'les)

8urther in the *rd0ha'ter - will e&'lain how the %omanian ; (merican relations

evoluated and im'roved after the fall of the communism after a bloody national revolution in

%omania) The framewor9 is the ending of the 0old war which left (merica the winner) -ts

influence in the .astern countries included also %omania) The relation between the two will get

better in #55! with the first democratic elections in %omania after the revolution)

-n the 2th

and $th

- will concentrate my arguments in the 'ur'ose of a better understandingof the %omanian efforts for its adherence to N(T6 and .U but also the 'olitical actions that led

to the installation of the (merican mission shield on %omanian territory at Deveselu in

December !"#$ seen by %ussia initially as a threat)

The relations between %omania and US had on their basis 'olitical economical and

social ob1ectives that were 'artly fulfilled but there are other more whose courses are

still un9nown and is yet to see how will they shift in the actual international frame)

". 1## years of instability

3


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0ommunication between %omanian and (merican culture occurred relatively late

es'ecially since the %omanian 0ountries were more lin9ed to the


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-n May #532 they restart the trade tal9s and %omanians scored on the agenda the M8N

clause) The US side admitted to see9 most liberal commercial terms but the sub1ect Cclause was

still considered too sensitive) .ven in #53$ after the death of =heorghiu+De1


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in the relationshi' between 0ongress and The US administration but also in relations between

the US and some countries)

".3 Ceasesc )i+e p to *$N

The 'olicy of ?differentiation? 'articularly 'racticed by US against the .astern en at the end of a badly deterioration 'rocess which lasted almost an entire

decade) The clima& of the %omanian+US divergences ha''ened when 0eausescu gave u' on $th

of 8ebruary #5,, to the M8N) 0onseuently on !3thof 8ebruary the US State De'artment made

'ublic %omanias decision and officially notified clause e&'ired on *rdof 7uly #5,,) -n addition

from the same date 7uly * %omania became ineligible for any e&'ort credits granted by the US

administration and for the credit facilities 'rograms of .&imban9)

Losing the clause and es'ecially the e&'ort credits have dramatically affected the

%omanian+US e&changes) (s Iir9 and Mircea %Jceanu demonstrates e&tensively in their boo9

%omania versus The United States + Di'lomacy of the (bsurd #5,$ + #5,5 the rigid 'olicy of

6


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the echoslova9 ?Velvet %evolution?)

-n the boo9 of %obert L) Hutchings ?(merican di'lomacy and the end of the 0old /ar ;

an inside story from the US 'olicy in .uro'e #5,5 + #55!? 'ublished in #554 we find out in

what consisted the ?(merican =rand Strategy? launched in ('ril+May #5,5 by the @resident

1 Kirk, Richard and Mircea Rceanu, Romania versus The United States - i!"omac#o$ the %&surd, 1'(5 ) 1'(', 113*

2 Ro&ert +* utchins, .%merican di!"omac# and the end o$ the /o"d 0ar ) aninside stor# $rom the US !o"ic# in uro!e 1'(' - 1''2., 1'', 214*


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=eorge


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3.3 Romania toards ,-

The resum'tion and normali>ation of relations with the US will soon be accom'lished as

%omania was im'ortant in redefining the influence s'heres in .uro'e in terms of 'olitical and

economic liberali>ation but also in terms of ?guidelines? of the foreign 'olicy) 8or e&am'le on

#stof (ugust #55" -ra invaded Iuwait) The crisis finds as 'resident of the Security 0ouncil the

%omanian ambassador to UN (urel Dragos Munteanu) The right way that %omania su''orts the

'olicy and the actions of the United Nations throughout the conflict in the =ulf des'ite the fact

that -ra re'resented at that time its main trading 'artner in the Middle .ast$will en1oy

immediate a''reciation from /ashington) 6n (ugust *# a delegation led by Senator %obert

Dole visited


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(t the same time the situation of the neighbour ugoslavia was getting worse) 6n *"

May #55! the Security 0ouncil vote to the establishment of economic sanctions against

ugoslavia) .ven if


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'. Romanian adherence to NA(0

'.1 (he Partnership for peace

( significant 'art of %omanian ; (merican relations in the recent history has been

mar9ed by the %omanian accession to N(T6) -n this concern on !3 thof 7anuary #552 %omania

was the first country in the world signing the @artneshi' for @eace E@f@F 8ramewor9) 8rom that

moment it was obvious the intensifying military coo'eration between %omania and US both in

terms of official contacts but also common e&ercises or activities in theaters of o'erations)

%omaniaGs 'artici'ation in the @artnershi' for @eace was the main instrument through which the

intero'erability of the armed forces could have been achieved) To this 'ur'ose the decision of

the 'ermanent clause for %omania not only had an im'act on romanian ;american trade

relations but it also re'resented a sign of recognition of all efforts and a way to encourage the

'rocess of %omanias integration into .uro+(tlantic structures) -t meant the end of differentiation

of %omania com'ared with other central + east .uro'ean countries) However the message

conveyed clearly the 'olitical acce'tability in the /est) (nd the %omanian+(merican relations

were not having any legal or 'olitical im'ediments in their evolution)

'." (he NA(0 -mmit in 1&& 2 ne hope for Romania

-n 7uly #554 too9 'lace the N(T6 Summit in Madrid S'ain) Des'ite the %omanian

efforts to their cause N(T6 addressed only to the 0>ech %e'ublic Hungary and @oland +

countries su''orted by United States + an invitation to begin tal9s for membershi') The reason

was that only these three countries had reached the necessary 'rogress in military 'olitical

economic and social reforms) This attitude 'laced 0linton in contradiction with /est .uro'ean

0ountries) Madrid summit nominated %omania and Slovenia as favorites of the ne&t wave

announcing an e&tremely im'ortant fact namely that (lliance doors remain o'en) This was

encouraging %omania to continue its reforms) 6nly two days after the Summit US @resident


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'olitical and economic reforms aimed to continue the 'rocess of moderni>ation and transform

%omania into a stable and 'ros'erous country)

(nother im'ortant element of the visit of @resident s out&urst, venimentu" Bi"ei, 15tho$ Cu"# 1'((*htt!899777*evB*ro9istoria-a"eeri"or-!reBidentia"e-de-du!a-1'('-cu-ro&ert-turcescu-si-cristian-tudor-!o!escu*htm"

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The summit in /ashington E#555F was a new milestone in %omanias road to N(T6)

.ven if it was not launched any invitation to 1oin in the final communiue of the summit

%omania was nominated in the to' of the candidates list along with Slovenia)


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in %omania) The agreement offered a range of facilities to the (lliance troo's for transiting

%omania granted di'lomatic and security elements of communication and also allowed US

forces to conduct o'erations training with the %omanian (rmy) ing military assistance to the

Vilnius =rou' consisting in .stonia Lithuania Latvia Slova9ia Slovenia


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5. (he road that led the ,- missile shield to Romania

%omanias final inclusion in N(T6 in !""2 mar9s the end of the 'rocess but a beginning

of a new way es'ecially from the 'ers'ective of %omaniaGs .U accession amid dis'utes arisen

between the US and its old west .uro'ean allies)

6ften res'onding 'ositively to US demands %omania unintentionally found itself in the

'osition to ?u'set? .uro'e being harshly rebu9ed for doing the will of its ally overseas) (nd vice

versa) Many observers and members of the 'ublic o'inion have become uite s9e'tical and

critical related to this 'osition of %omania) .ven N(T6 went through a crisis during the war in

-ra when members of (lliance had divergent 'ositions well 'ronounced as intervention met

increasing criticism from international 'ublic o'inion) That had created a serious breach between

US and some traditional .uro'ean allies such as =ermany and 8rance even S'ain which created

an embarrassing situation with 'ossible conseuences on long term) %omania accustomed to the

monolithic unity of the /est .uro+(tlantic integration it was sur'rised by these develo'ments

and suffered enough negative conseuences)


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%omania) -n march !""$ @resident Traian


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%omania may address relations with the US from a tri'le as'ect + as an ally within

N(T6 with rights and obligations + as a 'artner in an international action to combat terrorism +

as a 'artner with rights and obligations under the bilateral Strategic @artnershi')

-n a sub1ective analysis with reference to the %omanian+(merican relations an analystwho signed himself Theo'hyle wrote for a 'o'ular 'age+mail from %omania that US relations

with any other country in the world are based on si& 'ostulates that 'roved real over a century#2)

To follow:

#F (merica does not give anything unless you as9B

!F (merica does not give anything if it does not receive anything in returnB

*F (merica wants to receive as much and as chea'lyB

2F The 9ey word in a bilateral relationshi' is ?worthy? + whether

$F (merican foreign 'olicy is an e&tension of domestic 'olicyB

3F ?0ommon Values? really matter with all the cinism and s9e'ticism above)

ation of the international community Ees'ecially the UNF) (mong (merican foreign

'olicy areas that directly concerned and %omania - believe that we can introduce: US 'olicy

towards %ussiaB US 'olicy towards the


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%egarding %omania the main difficulty in the way the e&ternal action was constructed it

was lin9ed mainly to the definition of ?national interest? es'ecially in the 'eriod following

%omaniaGs accession to N(T6 and the .U) -n my o'inion national interests are an e&'ression of

four vital goals combined: #F ra'id economic develo'mentB !F 'ros'erityB *F national securityB 2F

the increasing role and 'restige in the international arena) That is why - agree with the 'olitico+

di'lomatic ob1ectives with 'riority in the strategic bilateral relationshi' with the US as they were

defined by the %omanian Minister of 8oreign (ffairs: strengthening of 'olitical dialogue with the

(dministration the 0ongress and with the ma1or o'inion ma9ers in US from their 'osture as

ally in N(T6 and as US strategic 'artnerB magnification of the 'arliamentary com'onent of

bilateral 'olitical dialogueB + achievement of an e&tensive dialogue with US 'olitical 'ower

'olesB remove US visa for %omanian citi>ensB +.nsure a strong and continue su''ort of the US

administration to internal efforts EreformFB US su''ort of interests and regional initiatives in

%omania Ethe


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1* %smus, Rona"d *, !enin s oor* o7 the %""iance Remade tse"$ $or a

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membershi'+emil+constantinescu

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la+ra>boiul+absurd+la+fratia+in+natoK!*) htt':KKadevarul)roKnewsKsocietateKromania+++s'onsorul+sarman+americii+

"ac"*f44c2!d$a33*,*eab*Kinde&)html

!2) htt':KKwww)hotnews)roKstiri+o'inii+#"##4!44+anali>a+subiectiva+relatiile+romano+americane)htm

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