Scientifical papers, USAMVB Serie B Horticulture Vol. LIV p. 1-835 Bucharest 2010

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORTS UNIVERSITY OF AGRONOMICAL SCIENCES

AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

SCIENTIFICAL PAPERS

SERIE B LIV 2010

HORTICULTURE

4

MINISTERUL EDUCAIEI, CERCETRII TINERETULUI I SPORTULUI Universitatea de tiine Agronomice i Medicin Veterinar

Preedinte: Prof. dr. Ioan Nicolae ALECU Rector: Prof. dr. tefan DIACONESCU Prorector: Prof. dr. Constantin VLGIOIU Prorector: Prof. dr. Florin STNIC Prorector: Prof. dr. Nicolae Dobrescu Secretar tiinific Senat: Prof. dr. Gheorghe MOTC COMITETUL TIINIFIC: Facultatea de Horticultur Prof. dr. Dorel HOZA Decan Prof. dr. Florin STNIC Prof. dr. Victor POPESCU Membru corespondent al Academiei de tiine Agricole i Silvice Prof. dr. Ana Felicia ILIESCU Prof. dr. Liviu DEJEU Membru titular al Academiei de tiine Agricole i Silvice Prof. dr. Ioan NMOLOANU Prof. dr. Vasile CIOCRLAN Prof. dr. Ioan BURZO Membru titular al Academiei de tiine Agricole i Silvice Academia de tiine Agricole i Silvice Prof. dr. Nicolae TEFAN Preedintele Seciei de Horticultur din cadrul Academiei de tiine Agricole i Silvice Prof. dr. Gheorghe GLMAN Preedintele Societii Romne a Horticultorilor USAMV Cluj Napoca Prof. dr. Radu SESTRA USAMV Iai Prof. dr. Gic GRDINARU Universitatea din Craiova Prof. dr. Ion MITREA ICDVV Valea Clugreasc Dr. ing. Adrian ERDINESCU COMITETUL DE ORGANIZARE: Prof. dr. Elena DELIAN Conf. dr. Monica DUMITRACU Conf. dr. Ligia ION Prof. dr. Arina Oana ANTOCE Conf. dr. Liliana BDULESCU ef. lucr. dr. Ioana TUDORA Tehnoredactare: SC INVEL-Multimedia SRL Maria SCURTU

ISSN 1222-5312

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VEGETABLE GROWING Code Title Authors Page number

VG 01 Future material for the sweet pepper breeding, created at VRDS - Bacu

Silvica Ambru Creola Brezeanu P. M. Brezeanu Maria Clin Tina Oana Cristea

015-018

VG 02 Determination of the production performance of new carrot cultivars in Constanta area

I. Anagnoste Gh. Cmpeanu N. Atanasiu Gabriela Neaa

019-021

VG 03 The effect of silicate minerals on the head weight of white cabbage and on the colonization and damage of onion thrips

J. Blint Zs. Csmr, B. Pnzes J. Fail

022-030

VG 04 Comparative study on total polyphenolics and flavonoids content at artichoke and cardon

Eleni Balomenou Liliana Bdulescu Eugenia Iobi

031-036

VG 05 Changes of some biochemical and agrochemical characteristics of tomatoes storage

Daniela Barc Manuela Costache Ghiorghia Fiscuci

037-041

VG 06 Iulica, a new variety of Salvia officinalis L. obtained at V.R.D.S. BacuBrezeanu Creola Brezeanu P. M. Ambru Silvica

042-045

VG 07 Verdana, a new Phaseolus vulgaris L. variety obtained at V.R.D.S Bacu

P. M. Brezeanu Creola Brezeanu Silvica Ambru

046-050

VG 08 Organic vegetable growing on ecological practice

Elena Catan Gh. Cmpeanu N. Atanasiu Gabriela Nea Vasilica Manea

051-056

VG 09 The study of eggplant ability for cultivations in tunnels in ecological agriculture conditions

Maria Clin L. Stoian Tina Oana Cristea Silvica Ambru D.I. Avasiloiei Creola Brezeanu P.M. Brezeanu

057-060

VG 10 New technological elements in setting up an asparagus plantation (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Andreea Ciotlos N. Atanasiu Gh. Cmpeanu Diana Chetreanu

061-065

VG 11 Comparative study regarding the agronomic performance and mitotic activity at Capsicum annuum L. plants regenerated in vitro versus seed-born plants

Tina Oana Cristea Silvica Ambru Maria Prisecaru Maria Clin Creola Brezeanu M. Brezeanu

066-072

VG 12 The effect of organic products in the approving process on eggplant seed germination

Elena Maria Drghici Dorotheus Wisman Andi Bratosin Luchian Viorica Lagunovschi Elena Dobrin

073-077

6

VG 13 The genetic control of pigmentation on summer squash fruits (Cucurbita pepo conv. giromontia Alef.) Maria Dumitru Gabriela ovrel 078-081

VG 14 Anatomical studies on single and double grafting of cucumber plants on different types of rootstocks under plastic houses

F. El-Aidy A. El-Zawily B. El-Sawy A. Sallam

082-090

VG 15 Studies on single and double grafting of cucumber plants on different types of rootstocks under plastic houses I. vegetative growth

F. El-Aidy A. El-Zawily B. El-Sawy A. Sallam

091-099

VG 16 Research on the development of some processing vegetable technologies as Mixed vegetables for soups and stew

Minerva Heitz Elena tefnescu A.K. Heitz Elena Liliana Milovici Aurelia Radu

100-103

VG 17 Planting period influence on the onion yield obtained from chive-planted crops and directly-planted crops, in the crop region Vinga

A. Horgo Alexandra Becherescu D. Popa

104-111

VG 18 Study of the impact of foliar fertilizers and fertirrigation modern systems upon the production of some pepper hybrids cultivated in cold Spanish construction solariums

A. Horgo Alexandra Becherescu D. Popa Andreea Nicora

112-121

VG 19 Preliminary research regarding the field culture of the bitter cucumber (Momordica charantia L.) Gheorghia Hoza Elena Svulescu 122-125

VG 20 The influence of stimulating the artichoke seeds upon their germination Eugenia Claudia Iobi 126-130

VG 21 Research on early production and total production in varieties of sweet peppers (H F1 Julianus F1, Campona F1) by fertilization and irrigation method in greenhouses

E. Kentelky 131-136

VG 22 The influence of treatments with some fungal extracts on plants of strawberry grown under field conditions

Matei Sorin Drghici Elena Maria Matei Gabi-Mirela

137-141

VG 23 Influence of planting material on plant growth and production of sweet potatoes C. Muat 142-147

VG 24 The evolution of qualitative characteristics of new tomato cultivars during vegetation period

Gabriela Nea Roxana Madjar Mariana Daniela Marica Raluca Leotescu

148-151

VG 25 Biochemical characteristics and yield obtained at tomato cultivars

Gabriela Nea Gh. Cmpeanu Roxana Madjar Mariana Daniela Marica Raluca Leotescu

152-155

VG 26 Researches concerning the foliar fertilization of potato culture on salted soil C. Neculae 156-161

VG 27 Researches on the postharvest quality preservation of the melons (Cucumus melo) A. Niculescu 162-166

VG 28 Research on the behaviour of certain potato varieties in the minituberization using industrial substrates

Andreea Nistor Gh. Cmpeanu N. Atanasiu Nicoleta Chiru Diana Karcsonyi

167-174

VG 29 Research on the influence of culture conditions, for certain potato cultivars in the first clonal link Lzarea - Harghita County, 2008-2009

Andreea Nistor Gh. Cmpeanu N. Atanasiu Nicoleta Chiru Diana Karacsonyi

175-181

7

VG 30 Sweet corn growing in sandy soil F. Orosz Katalin Slezk 182-187

VG 31 Comparative study of new tomato cultivars for introducing high yield capacity and very early maturity varieties in vegetable production area of Matca

M. Petrache C. Pohrib Gh. Cmpeanu Gabriela Nea

188-193

VG 32 The study of new modern products used in Matca vegetable area greenhouses in order to increase the earliness and productivity of tomatoes

C. Pohrib M. Petrache Gh. Cmpeanu Gabriela Neat

194-197

VG 33 Contributions to improvement of the onion winter over pass technology in South-East region

N. Popandron M. Basturea M. Tudora V. Stoian

198-200

VG 34 The influence of assortment and fertilization technology on the production of green onions shallots

DanielaVioleta Rduic V. Popescu Viorica Lagunovschi Luchian

201-207

VG 35 The influence of assortment and irrigation technology on the production of shallots

Daniela Violeta Rduic V. Popescu Viorica Lagunovschi Luchian

208-214

VG 36 Preliminary results on the behaviour of new cultivars of onion in Dobrogea County

P. Samata Gh. Cmpeanu N. Atanasiu Gabriela Nea

215-217

VG 37 Behaviour of some vegetable species cultivated on different types of soil in Brila County Aurica Soare Gh. Voicu 218-222

VG 38 The quality of fruits at some species of solano-fruitful vegetables (tomatoes and pepper) cultivated in Brila County Aurica Soare Gh. Voicu 223-227

VG 39 The creation of dill variety resistant to Fusarium oxysporum

Elena tefnescu Elena Liliana Milovici Minerva Heitz A. K. Heitz

228-232

VG 40 Darsirius new tomato variety for industrialization, obtained at SCDL Buzu C. Vntoru E. Neicu 233-236

VG 41 Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande species monitorization from tomatoes crop of protected spaces with the help of blue sticky traps

Cristina Zepa (Coradini) Irina Petrescu I. Plgeiu

237-243

VG 42 The attack produced by Frankliniella occidentalis Pergante on tomatoes crops, IInd cycle, from protected spaces

Cristina Zepa (Coradini) Irina Petrescu R. Coradini

244-248

ORNAMENTAL PLANT Code Title Authors Page number

OP 01 Effect of the nutrition and inflorescences development stage at harvest on the quality conservation of the gerberas flowers

Constana Alexe Gh. Lmureanu Mdlina Doltu Veronica Tnase B. Iordache

249-255

OP 02 Researches concerning the behaviour of some superfreesia varieties in a private greenhouse from Timioara

Maria Bla D.N. Berecici E. Darvasi

256-259

OP 03 New genera in ornamental geophytes collection of UASMV Cluj-Napoca: Belamcanda

Erzsebet Buta Maria Cantor G. Moldovan A. Zaharia

260-266

8

OP 04 Studies concerning the behaviour of new Tulipa gesneriana cultivars used in landscape design in Transylvania Maria Cantor Erzsebet Buta 267-271

OP 05 The influence of explant type and culture media during the initiation phase of Acer platanoides L.

Manuela Elena Concioiu Magdalena Du Mihaela Ileana Oprea Al. Teodorescu

272-276

OP 06 Rose propagation by cuttings E. Kentelky Katalin Gl Zsuzsa Csatri

277-282

OP 07 Aspects concerning some methods for the propagation of Hippeastrum hybridum bulbs

Daniela Baltac Rdescu Diana Vc Zamfir Ruxandra Gl Eugenia Ni

283-285

OP 08 Contribution to knowledge the volatile oil from Hippeastrum flowers Daniela Baltac Rdescu C. Dulgheru I. Burzo

286-288

OP 09 Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea Nana' comportment in containerized culture I. Roshca 289-291

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Code Title Authors Page number

LA 01 An investigation into the effects of climate change on historic gardens in the UK

L. Lupton S. Hubter L. Butters

292-301

LA 02 Contributions to the development of a database data recorder used in the management plan required for landscape arrangements

E. Dobrescu El Shamali C. Fabian V. Boc

302-306

LA 03 An historical survey and environmental rehabilitation of Dumbrvioara Castle Garden (Romania)

L. Kovcs E. Kentelky A. Fekete

307-314

LA 04 he effect of designed green spaces on the Transylvanian landscape L. Kovcs 315-322

LA 05 Trends in 20th Century landscape architecture from Art Deco to

Cubism Ileana Maria Panu 323-328

LA 06 Trends in 20th Century landscape architecture Impressionism Ileana Maria Panu 329-333

LA 07 Windows in time on Loire Valley

Violeta Rducan Iulia Dobrovie Livia Luminia Dumitru Alina Vladu

334-347

LA 08 Ceramics in landscape arrangements Anca Stnescu Ana-Maria Stnescu 348-355

FRUIT GROWING&TECHNOLOGY Code Title Authors Page number

FG&T 01 The behaviour of some black currant cultivars in Bucharest area

A. Asnic D. Hoza Tudora Neagu C. Pun

356-360

9

FG&T 02 The behaviour of some high bush blueberry cultivars in Bucharest area

A. Asnic D. Hoza Tudora Neagu C. Pun

361-365

FG&T 03 Walnut selections susceptibility to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis.Preliminary results

A. Bandi Magdolna Tth Mria Hevesi R. Thiesz

366-371

FG&T 04 Fruiting depending of the apple tree in the orchard on soil maintenance I. Bogdan 372-375

FG&T 05 Mathematical models, tables and nomograms concerning the pH variation with the concentration of the fertilizers solutions as foliar feeding: 2. sulfates of micronutrients. 2.3. (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O

G. Budoi Ecaterina Badea 376-380

FG&T 06 Mathematical models, tables and nomograms to settle the technically optimal rates (TOR) of N, P2O5 and K2O in fruiting sweet cherry tree, Cerasus avium

G. Budoi 381-384

FG&T 07 Mathematical models, tables and nomograms to settle the technically optimal rates (TOR) of N, P2O5 and K2O in fruiting sour cherry tree, Cerasus vulgaris

G. Budoi 385-388

FG&T 08 Electronic nose discriminate seven types apples, after maturity grade Mirela Calu Elena Pruteanu P. Alexe

389-393

FG&T 09 Determination of patulin content of apples juice, through high performance liquid chromatography

Luminia Catan Monica Catan Mioara Negoi Liliana Bdulescu Enua Iorga Alina Blea

394-398

FG&T 10 Studies regarding the implementation of food safety management system on minimal processing horticultural products

A. Chira Lenua Chira Elena Delian

399-403

FG&T 11 Some particularities of Global GAP certification process A. Chira Lenua Chira Elena Svulescu

404-411

FG&T 12 Research regarding the dynamics of some physiological processes during nectarine and peach fruits storage

Lenua Chira A. Chira Elena Delian Liliana Bdulescu Elena Svulescu Alexandra Costea

412-416

FG&T 13 Some specific features of investment promotion in high density culture system in apple

D.N.Comnescu1 Gh. Cmpeanu Gh. Petre

417-421

FG&T 14 The reduction of the environment pollution level and the economical effects by promoting in culture the disease resistant apple tree breeds

D.N. Comnescu Gh. Cmpeanu ValeriaPetre Gh. Petre

422-426

FG&T 15 Evaluation of the biological potential of some pear early hybrids in area Bucharest area

Mdlina Doltu Constana Alexe Gh. Lmureanu Veronica Tnase B. Iordache

427-432

FG&T 16 Studies on the existence of mineral elements in buds of valuable biotypes of Pruns cerasifera Ehrh. Andreea Giorgota Floriana Vianu 433-439

FG&T 17 Physiological changes in some apple cultivars under Oltenias conditions

M. Gruia Sina Cosmulescu A. Baciu

440-444

10

FG&T 18 Preliminary researches on the behaviour of different varieties of raspberry remount in the Bucharest area

D. Hoza Tudora Neagu Ligia Ion A. Asnic

445-448

FG&T 19 The influence of altitude and irrigation on the fruit production and quality for apple species, in Sergaia Valley, Syria

D. Hoza Ligia Ion Al. Haj Mamoud

449-451

FG&T 20 Preliminary results regarding the storage capacity of some new apple scab resistant varieties Iuliana Ilie Fl. Stnic 452-460

FG&T 21 Studies upon the influence of manual thinning of Jonathan apples in conditions of Timioara

Olimpia Alina Iordnescu Roxana Elena Micu Aurelia Blidariu

461-464

FG&T 22 Hazards analysis at production of fruit-based concentrated products, fortified with iron

Enua Iorga Monica Catan Luminia Catan Gabriela Lilios Aurelia Dobrescu Mioara Negoi Alina Blea

465-469

FG&T 23 Personal contribution determining the main characteristics of wild cherry selections from experimental field of Sapientia University Trgu-Mure

C. Moldovan Gh. Cmpeanu Mihaela Rusu Gabriela Nea

470-477

FG&T 24 Determination of the development of root system of wild cherry selections

C. Moldovan Gh. Cmpeanu Mihaela Rusu Gabriela Nea

478-483

FG&T 25 The effect of rootstocks on apple tree growth in the fruit nursery A. Peteanu E. Gudumac 484-489

FG&T 26 Roots development capacity of gooseberry plants Parascovia Sava 490-493

VITICULTURE&OENOLOGY Code Title Authors Page number

V&O 01 The flavouring of Feteasc neagr wines with oak chips and tannin and its influence on the colour and sensory parameters of young wines

Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu Emanuela Peltea

494-499

V&O 02 The evaluation of the influence of the vine treatments with Nova and Atonik bioregulators on the wine quality of Feteasc regal and Feteasc neagr varieties

Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu Maria Ivacu Elena Dumitru

500-507

V&O 03 Effects of vine treatments with Nova and Atonik bioregulators on the grape quality of Feteasc regal and Feteasc neagr

Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu Maria Ivacu Elena Dumitru

508-514

V&O 04 The influence of the yeast strain selection on the colour parameters of the Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu Florentina Rdoi-Matei Elena Brndue

515-522

V&O 05 Evaluation of the growth rate of some yeast strains selected in Dealu Mare region for wine production

Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu Florentina Rdoi-Matei Elena Brndue

523-530

11

V&O 06 Evaluation of Feteasc neagr wine from Murfatlar vineyard by new sensorial methods and physico-chemical analysis

Victoria Artem Arina Oana Antoce Aurora Ranca Aisel Galip

531-534

V&O 07 Morphological characterization of local grapevine varieties using fractal analysis of the leaves

Mrioar Booi C-tin Trdea G. Mihu Ionica Booi

535-540

V&O 08 Research on relations between growth-yield balance indices and grape yield quality on some varieties created at S.C.D.V.V. Blaj

Anamaria Clugr Nastasia Pop Anca Babe Mariana Farago C.I. Bunea Daniela Hodor Florentina Ciobanu

541-547

V&O 09 Buds viability and carbohydrates canes content of some varieties created at S.C.D.V.V. Blaj during winter 2009-2010

Ana Maria Clugar Nastasia Pop Mariana Farago Anca Babe C.I. Bunea Daniela Hodor Florentina Cioabanu

548-553

V&O 10 The study of new elite of Cabernet Sauvignon for obtaining red choise wines

D.G. Dinu M. Mrculescu S.S. Gorjan

554-556

V&O 11 The determination of some physical and chemical characteristics of wine using spectrophotometer methods Daniela Giosanu Loredana Elena Vjan 557-561

V&O 12 Physical chemical and microbiological analysis of different Romanian wines

Daniela Giosanu Loredana Elena Vjan Ionica Deliu

562-566

V&O 13 Morphological and biochemical modifications in grapevine in the presence of fleck virus

Ionela Ctlina Gu Elena-Cocua Buciumeanu Emilia Vioiu

567-570

V&O 14 Studies regarding the chemical composition of grape stalks of local varieties of Feteasc with applications in obtaining bioethanol

Vasilica Manea Gh. Cmpeanu A. Tnase G. Stoian Florentina Israel-Roming M. Moscovici Angela Casarica

571-580

V&O 15 Discrimination of Bbeasc neagr wines from different winegrowing area using electronic nose

Emanuela-Filofteia Peltea Arina Oana Antoce I. Nmoloanu

581-588

V&O 16 Strengthening brand wine of Stefanesti by extending in culture a new clones: Feteasc alb 97 ST. and Feteasc regal 72 ST. for white wine, and for red wine Feteasc neagr 6 ST.

I. Rdulescu Camelia Popa Diana Vizitiu Anca Onache C-tin. Tnsescu

589-595

V&O 17 Effect of spraying of Thompson Seedless grapevines with hydrogen cyanamide on morphological, biochemical characteristics and mealybug (Planoccocus ficus) control

R.M.F.A. El Alem Petrua Mihaela Matei L. Dejeu

596-600

V&O 18 Boron application efficiency on horticultural plants on sandy soils in South Oltenia

I. Roi V. Toma Anica Duru

601-604

V&O 19 Qualitative and quantitative performances of some table grape varieties when applying a different of buds/vine

Marinela Stroe Raluca Veliu Valentina Cote

605-610

12

V&O 20 Comparative study regarding the behaviour of some autochthonous clonal selections of the principal varieties cultivated in viticultural centre Pietroasa, to extend in culture

Marinela Stroe I. Damian Sofia Ispas

611-614

V&O 21 Quantitative and qualitative influence of Kelpak product, from seaweed, on vine varieties

Diana Vizitiu Viorica Matei I. Tia I. Rdulescu Adriana Costescu

615-620

BOTANY & PHYSIOLOGY Code Title Authors Page number

B&P 01 Researches concerning the chemical composition of essential oil from Artemisia austriaca (Asteraceae) Jacq.

Monica Luminia Badea I. Burzo V. Ciocrlan Aurelia Dobrescu Mihaela Sima Liliana Bdulescu

621-624

B&P 02 The secretory structures and volatile oil composition of Mentha aquatica L. from Danube Delta

Liliana Bdulescu Elena Svulescu Elena Delian Aurelia Dobrescu Mihaela Georgescu Monica Badea V. Ciocrlan

625-628

B&P 03 The composition of volatile oils extracted from Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth flowers and leaves

I. Burzo Aurelia Dobrescu Liliana Bdulescu

629-632

B&P 04 Effect of applied fertilizer on the chemical composition and quality of potatoes

Aurelia Dobrescu I. Burzo Elena Delian Liliana Bdulescu Mihaela Sima Monica Badea Aurelia Diaconu

633-638

B&P 05 Contribution to knowledge the volatile oil from Paeonia officinalis L. flowers C. Dulgheru I. Burzo 639-641

B&P 06 Ruderal vegetation, between option and necessity Mihaela Ioana Georgescu Vera Dobrescu 642-647

B&P 07 Steviol glycosides: pharmacological effects and radical scavenging activity Jan M.C. Geuns 648-656

B&P 08 Contributions regarding the biometrics and several biochemical aspects of two Salix species from Prahova river meadow (Pucheni)

Niculina Ghenescu Tatiana Eugenia esan Ghe.P. Negulescu C. Pun Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi

657-662

B&P 09 Biometrical and biochemical aspects of Salix triandra and Salix purpurea species, found on Prahova river meadow (Pucheni)

Niculina Ghenescu Tatiana Eugenia esan Ghe.P. Negulescu C. Pun Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi

663-667

B&P 10 Influence of alternative technologies for maintenance of soil on the vine hydric regime Monica Motounu 668-673

B&P 11 Investigation on suitability for modified atmosphere packaging storage of excelsior apricot cultivar

Cristina Petrior Gh. Cmpeanu Liliana Bdulescu M. Roman

674-678

13

B&P 12

The influence of environmental anthropic conditions on Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) indicators of chlorophyll fluorescence at some of the most important synanthropic plant species in Piteti, Mrcineni and Mioveni

Marinela Roxana Roescu E. Chiu 679-686

B&P 13 Anatomical changes of Fraxinus excelsior L. leaf exposed to urban traffic pollution

Elena Svulescu Elena Delian Vasilica Luchian Lenua-Constantina Chira

687-693

B&P 14 Research results regarding the anatomy of Momordica charanthia L. specie Elena Svulescu Gheorghia Hoza 694-700

B&P 15 Research on trace elements and heavy metal accumulation in eggplant organs depending on the applied technology

Sima Mihaela Liliana Badulescu I. Burzo Aurelia Dobrescu Monica Badea Viorica Lagunovschi-Luchian Elena Delian Maria Dan

701-708

B&P 16 Research on the accumulation of macro elements in eggplant plant organs depending on the applied technology

Sima Mihaela Liliana Bdulescu I. Burzo Aurelia Dobrescu Monica Badea Viorica Lagunovschi-Luchian Elena Delian Maria Dan

709-715

B&P 17 Researches about the biochemical and physiological changes on the apricot, under the Stigmina carpophila Lev. M.B. Ellis pathogen agents influence

C. Vcroiu C.R. Zal Liliana Bdulescu Aurelia Dobrescu Elena Delian

716-720

OTHER FIELDS

Code Title Authors Page number

OF 01 The study of lumbricidae fauna in three terrestrial ecosystems of Cndeti Piedmont, Arge County (Romania) Gheorghia Brnzea 721-728

OF 02 Horticultural products - an alternative carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum strain

Angela Casarica1 Gh. Cmpeanu Eleonora Gheorghiu R. Albulescu M. Moscovici Corina Iulia Radu Vasilica Manea

729-736

OF 03 Achieving a pastry product, fortified with iron, destined to prevention and diet therapy of ferriprive anemia of children

Monica Catan Gabriela Lilios Luminia Catan Liliana Bdulescu Mioara Negoi Enua Iorga Alina Blea

737-742

OF 04 Sensorial analysis of food products fortified with iron

Monica Catan Luminia Catan Gabriela Lilios Aurelia Dobrescu Mioara Negoi Enua Iorga Alina Blea

743-748

14

OF 05 The results obtained at maize green matter crop under different treatments from Lacu Srat, Brila Valentina Cote 749-753

OF 06 Systemic plant defense against pathogens: an overview Elena Delian Liliana Bdulescu 754-771

OF 07 Pest insects in early cabbage in Bneasa Giurgiu Ionela Dobrin M. Dumbrav Mariana Cojocaru

772-774

OF 08 Biotechnique methods attract & kill to control moth pests in Romanian orchards and vineyards

Sonica Drosu Maria Ciobanu Mihaela Sumedrea Silvia Cazacu Lucia Gansca Cecilia Bulbose

775-781

OF 09 The establishment of in vitro propagation biotechnology for Arnica montana L. species

Magdalena Du Al. Teodorescu V. Alexiu Monica Neblea

782-786

OF 10 Diaphania perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) a new pest of Buxus spp. in Romania Maria Iamandei 787-793

OF 11 Landscaping and industrial archeology Adriana Lichi Leontina Gheu 794-798

OF 12 Soil erosion control by using an appropriate land cover and management

S. Mircea N. Petrescu M. Muat Alexandra Radu

799-802

OF 13 Validation of procedures for extraction of fat from food and cleanup of extracts, in order to determine dioxins and furans content

Mioara Negoi Luminia Catan Monica Catan Gabriela Lilios Enua Iorga Alina Blea

803-807

OF 14 The influence of Reldan 40EC and Actara 25WG insecticides upon gall-bladder structure in Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda

Alina Punescu Cristina Maria Ponepal O. Drghici Al. G. Marinescu

808-811

OF 15 Controlled cultivation of edible mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes

M. Petre A. Teodorescu E. Stancu S. Gavan

812-817

OF 16 Characterization of soil chemical parameters at Arnica montana L. C. Popescu V. Alexiu 818-823

OF 17 Geographic and climatic conditions specific to Urziceni area correlated with the biological monitoring as method of studying the pollution level of an area

Valeria Stupcanu Gh.Cmpeanu 824-829

OF 18 Theoretical and experimental aspects of determining bruise tissue volume resulting from impact apples with a hard surface

M. Vintil L.A. Iliescu Maria Burcea

830-834

Editura INVEL-Multimedia 835

Lucrri tiinifice USAMVB, Seria B, vol. LIV, 2010

15

VEGETABLE GROWING

Future material for the sweet pepper breeding, created at VRDS - Bacu

Silvica Ambru, Creola Brezeanu, P. M. Brezeanu, Maria Clin, Tina Oana Cristea Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacu, Romnia

Keywords: genetic recombination, repeated individual selection, hybrid populations, character variability ABSTRACT

The breeding works carried out at the V.R.D.S. - Bacu had in view enrichment of sweet pepper germplasm stock by habitations between the Romanian and foreign cultivar, and selections, performed within an advanced homozygous hybrid population. During 2008-2010 they studied the most valuable lines, as compared to Export cultivar, registered and cropped all-over Romania. The Commission for the Cultivar Testing and Registration has homologated the line L-75. Among the material obtained the lines L-75; L-53 and L-51 gave the highest yields. INTRODUCTION

Spread on all continents today's pepper culture enjoy unanimous appreciation for the high productions and rich content of vitamin C (100 200 mg/100 g of fresh substance), sugars (5.4%), vitamin A and minerals (8.5 mg calcium, phosphorus 24 mg, iron 0.4 mg/100 g of fresh substance), who raise the food and diet value (Ambru Silvica, 1999).

Open field surfaces planted with green pepper or protected spaces expanded in the last period and required a greater diversification of the range of varieties. Variety, important factor of production, must always meet the growing and often changing requirements of production, driven by consumer needs. Consumers have high demands in terms of color, shape, size and taste fruit and the producer must meet these requirements, making in addition productivity, precocity and resistance to pathogens.

In this purpose, in VRDS Bacau were conducted researches that focused on obtaining new varieties of sweet pepper, more productive, high quality fruit, early, with tolerance to diseases. In a same time our new obtained varieties are competitive on internal and external market. Through this research we aimed to enrich the fund of germplasm material, improving the outlook for the bell peppers. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to obtain new varieties of sweet pepper were used as starting material for breeding global and domestic range varieties, as genitors for different genetic recombination.

The research method used was repeated individual selection in hybrid populations homozygous advanced (Pot1og A., Velican V., 1971). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The main characteristics of the fruit from these perspective lines are highlighted in (Table 1) are: technological maturity fruit color: yellow, green and light green; fruit shape varies from the conical prism and truncated pyramid; the number of lodges; pericarp thickness ranging from 0.69 to 10 mm; fruit length varies from 9.5 cm (L 51) to 13.8 cm (L 53).

Average yield guidance appreciated in comparative culture during 2008- 2010 range from 40.86 t/ha and 53.87 t/ha (Table 2).

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The best results in terms of a record production were registered at lines L 53 (53.87 t/ha), L 75 (50.41 t/ha) and L 51 (49.32 t/ha).

Early production appreciated on 10.08 (Table 2) ranges from 13.95 t/ha to 10.11 t/ha, the earliest being L 51 (13.95 t/ha), L 53 (13.79 t/ha), L 75 (12.60 t/ha). In terms of resistance to virus (VMT, VMC), studied lines shows tolerance in natural infection field conditions. CONCLUSIONS

Following breeding works was obtained a valuable material that meets the proposed objectives. The highest productions were obtained byL-51(53,87 t/ha) and L-75 ( 52,51 t/ha) The highest early productions was obtained by L-53 (13,95 t/ha).

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development who assured the founds for Sectorial Programme to made available entire research activity. REFERENCES Ambru Silvica, Creola Brezeanu, 2007 - The study in comparative culture of a pepper variety range cultivated

in the east area of Romania - Scientifical Papers Serie B XLIX USAMV Bucuresti ISBN 1222 -5312 Ambru Silvica, Cristea Tina Oana, Brezeanu Creola - The morpho-physiologic analysis of biodiversity of

pepper germ-plasm cultivated in Romania, modern variety breeding for present and future needs - Proceedings of the 18th EUCARPIA General Congress, ISBN 978-84-8363-302-1

Brezeanu Creola, Petre Marian Brezeanu, Silvica Ambarus, Maria Calin, Dan Ioan Avasiloaiei - The study in comparative culture, of a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety range cultivated in the east area of Romania - The IX-th International Congress of the Scientific Society of Geneticists and Breeders of the Republic of Moldova"

Berg, B.O. Lippert, I.F., 1958 - A gene difference that affects female fertility in C. annuum L., Amer. Nat. 99:159-166;

Berkmortel, L.G., 1977 - Breeding pepper for resistance to a strain of TMV - Du 3 Congres, EUCARPIA, Avignon, France.

Gikalo, G., 1968 - Investigations of the heterosis in pepper at the experimental stations of VIR - Heterosis in horticulture. Leningrad, 248-354;

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TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1

General characterization of the pepper perspective lines

Specification Fruit colour at maturity Shape fruit weight

(g) lodge

number

Fruit size (cm) Shape index

Pulp thickness

(cm) length diameter

L-51 yellow-red Prism shape 135 3-4 9,5 8,5 1,11 1,1 L-53 green-red Conical shape, 130 2-3 13,8 8,9 1,55 0,97 L-75 green-red pyramidal

truncated 135 3 10,2 7,5 1,36 0,98

L-76 yellow-red Prism shape 125 3 9,6 7 1,37 0,96 L-6 green-red light Prism shape 110 3 10,2 7,5 1,36 0,79 L-l green-red Prism shape 128 3-4 11.1 8,1 1,3 0,7 L-2 yellow-red Prism shape 110 3 11,2 7,9 1,41 0,8 L-5 green-red pyramidal

truncated 120 3 10,3 7,2 1,43 0,8

L-32 yellow-red Prism shape 100 3 10,1 7,4 1,36 0,77 L-I9 yellow-red Prism shape 105 3 9,8 7,3 1,34 0,76 L-12 yellow-red Prism shape 128 3 9,6 7,9 1,21 0,69

Export (wt) yellow-red Prism shape 100 3-4 9,6 7,9 1,21 0,69

Table 2 Early productions realized by pepper lines

Line

2008 2009 2010 Average Difference signification

t/ha %

from total production

t/ha %

from total production

t/ha %

from total production

t/ha %

from total production

L-51 16,87 29 11,7 27 13,42 29 13,95 28,3

L-53 15,52 26 12,3 24 13,63 27 13,79 25,6 ***L-75 14,60 26 10,5 23 12,74 26 12,60 25 ***

L-76 12,74 27 10,2 25 12,67 28 12,09 26,6 ***

L-6 10,24 22 8,32 21 10,25 23 10,25 22 **

L-l 10,77 24 8,98 22 10,70 25 10,11 23,6 00

L-2 13,19 29 10,7 27 12,88 30 12,23 28,6

L-5 11,51 26 9,74 24 11,70 28 10,98 26 ** L-32 12,30 28 10,0 26 12,45 29 11,56 27,6 L-I9 12,77 29 10,5 27 12,41 29 11,87 28,3 - L-12 12,60 30 10,8 28 12,92 31 12,09 29,6 *

Export (wt)

11,28 26 9,64 24 11,73 28 10,87 26 **

DL 5% = 0,72 t/ha DL 1% = 1,07 t/ha

DL 0,1% = 1,44 t/ha

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Table 3 Production results obtained in orientation comparative culture by the perspective pepper line

Line Production (t/ha) Relative

production (%)

Difference by witness (t/ha)

Difference signification

2008 2009 2010 Average L-51 58,2 43,45 46,3 49,32 117,91 7,49 *** L-53 59,7 51,42 50,5 53,87 128,78 12,04 *** L-75 56,18 46,05 49 50,41 120,51 8,58 *** L-76 47,22 43,95 45,25 45,47 108,7 3,64 ** L-6 46,59 39,62 44,6 43,6 104,23 1,77 - L-l 44,9 40,82 42,8 42,84 102,41 1,01 - L-2 45,5 39,9 42,95 42,78 101,91 0,8 - L-5 44,3 40,62 41,8 42,24 100,98 0,41 -

L-32 43,96 38,8 42,95 41,9 100,17 0,07 - L-I9 44,05 39 42,8 41,95 100,29 0,12 - L-12 42 38,9 41,7 40,86 97,68 -0,97

Export (wt)

43,4 40,2 41,9 41,83 100 0 -

DL 5% = 2,66 t/ha DL 1% = 3,42 t/ha DL 0,1% = 4,51 t/ha

16,87

15,52

14,6

12,74

10,24

10,77

13,19

11,51

12,3

12,77

12,6

11,28

11,7

12,3

10,5

10,2

8,32

8,98

10,7

9,74

10

10,5

10,8

9,64

13,42

13,63

12,74

12,67

10,25

10,7

12,88

11,7

12,45

12,41

13,95

13,79

12,6

12,09

10,25

10,11

12,23

10,98

11,56

11,87

12,09

10,8711,73

12,92

0 5 10 15 20

L-51

L-53

L-75

L-76

L-6

L-l

L-2

L-5

L-32

L-I9

L-12

Export (mt)

2008 2009 2010 AVERAGE 0 20 40 60 80

L-51

L-53

L-75

L-76

L-6

L-l

L-2

L-5

L-32

L-I9

L-12

Export (mt)

2008 2009 2010 AVERAGE

Fig. 1 Early productions realized by pepper lines Fig. 2 Production results obtained in orientation comparative culture by the perspective pepper line

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Determination of the production performance of new carrot cultivars in Constanta area

I. Anagnoste, Gh. Cmpeanu, N. Atanasiu, Gabriela Neaa

University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Romania Keywords: assortment of carrots, comparative culture, production ABSTRACT

This paper presents the study of a new assortment of new hybrids in terms of culture in Constana County. To achieve experience were studied 10 variants presented in Table 1. Of the 10 variants, nine are new hybrid cultivars, as a witness was elected a traditional variety Nantes improved recently. Sampling was performed at different dates depending on the earliness of each variant group. The work began when the thickened roots of carrots have reached typical size of each cultivar. At harvest time the plots were recorded productions repetitive experimental variants. Production reported in tonnes/ha was interpreted statistically by variance analysis method.

New carrot cultivars studied experience can be grown in production results in the Municipality of Constana; Biometric determinations reveal that the entire experimental range shows values very close to those presented in catalogs of company; Napoli F1 is remarkable that the early production, harvested at 90 days after the mass emergence was 27. 70t/ha; The group is distinguished Bangor F1 mid early cultivars with a production of 71.43 t/ha and late cultivars Kamaran F1 group with 78.24 t/ha; Washers are suitable for freezing as nearly the entire range except Chantanay type cultivars or Flakke useful for freezing of carrot cubes. INTRODUCTION

Carrot is an important vegetable species for food consumers of all ages. In our country, culture, technology updates have appeared such as newly created hybrids, productive and high quality, high performance technology for precision seeding, appropriate pesticide, harvesting, sorting and packing any mechanized. Besides fresh for immediate consumption and the consumption industry in recent years has appeared there any other recovery, as for example freezing (Bernard L., 1995, Chira A., 2001, Popescu Victor, 2000, ***1985).

This paper presents the study of a new assortment of new hybrids in terms of culture in Constana County.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

To achieve experience were studied 10 variants presented in Table 1. Of the 10 variants, nine are new hybrid cultivars, as a witness was elected a traditional variety Nantes improved recently.

The biological material used to create the experience consisted of the following cultivars: - 5-S-Nantes, traditional cultivar early, cylindrical with rounded root is suitable for crops in their field or successively, good storage capacity; - Napoli F1 - cultivar, very early, early harvesting for fresh consumption to 60-65 days from the East, the characteristic size of 90-95 days intensely pigmented roots Nantes type, recommended for early worship in their own field; - Nandrin F1 - early cultivar with roots Nantes type with smooth, deep orange colour, have high ecological plasticity due to vigorous rosettes with erect leaves can be harvested mechanically; - Bangor F1-type cultivar Nantes-Berlicum semi early, with cylindrical roots and sharp tip is suitable for mechanized culture, full-industrialization destination (in the form of frozen diced), fresh or immediate consumption;

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- F1-Cupar semitardiv cultivar, with roots tapered Chantennay type, with rounded, mechanically harvestable recommended for keeping fresh and freezing; - Narbone F1-type cultivar Nantes significantly rooted culture resistant to cracking recommended for fully mechanized storage for consumption or freezing (diced); - Canada F1 - semitardiv cultivar, type Chantenay with tapered roots with large rounded, colorful, suitable for fresh consumption, storage or freezing (diced); - F1-Florida - late-type cultivar Flakke with sharp tip and tapered roots resistant to cracking, we encourage fresh consumption, freezing, dehydration.

Experimental cultures were sown on a plot prepared by standard technology, on 22 March 2009. Culture has sprung up in about 18-20 days, depending on the quality of seeds used. The date of rising was noted for each variant.

Works were applied care: combat full of weeds, irrigation, plant health treatments for the maintenance of culture, fazial fertilization. The number of works was influenced by the vegetation period.

Sampling was performed at different dates depending on the earliness of each variant group. The work began when the thickened roots of carrots have reached typical size of each cultivar.

Alternative set of batches were performed for all variants studied morphological measurements whose results are presented in Table 2.

At harvest time the plots were recorded productions repetitive experimental variants. Production reported in tonnes/ha was interpreted statistically by variance analysis method (Table 3). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vegetation periods range achieved in the early harvest for which we worked were: 5S-Nantes 120 days, Naples F1-91 days, 96 days Nandrin, Nevis F1 115 days, 120 days Bangor F1, F1 Cupar 130 days, 130 days Narbone F1, F1 Canada 130 days, 144 days Camaran F1, F1 Florida 150 days.

It is recommended that in most cultivars dimensions-length, diameter and weight are very close to those mentioned in the descriptions in the catalogs.

Chantenay type cultivars are distinguished by reduced length of the edible part, and the Nantes type with a constant diameter throughout the length of the root. Average weight varies depending of earliness root cultivars. The lowest values of these characteristics were measured at 83.30 g F1 Naples, and the biggest in F1 Kamaran 272.15 g.

The entire length of roots grown variety is not excessive and does not create difficulties technological dislocation.

Production results (Table 3) highlights the very best values ranging from 27.70 t/ha in Naples F1 and 78.24 t/ha Kamaran F1.

Negative difference between the control and hybrid F1 Naples production is distinct significant. All other cultivars witness to exceed production in total differences is very significant. CONCLUSIONS 1. New carrot cultivars studied experience can be grown in production results in the

Municipality of Constanta; 2. Biometric determinations reveal that the entire experimental range shows values very close

to those presented in catalogs of company; 3. Napoli F1 is remarkable that the early production, harvested at 90 days after the mass

emergence was 27. 70t/ha; 4. The group is distinguished Bangor F1 mid early cultivars with a production of 71.43 t/ha

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and late cultivars Kamaran F1 group with 78.24 t/ha; 5. Using the experimental range of crops can harvest carrots in their field from late June until

late September and early October; 6. Washers are suitable for freezing as nearly the entire range except Chantanay type cultivars

or Flakke useful for freezing of carrot cubes. REFERENCES Bernard L., 1995, Planta, acta Horticulturae, 651, 83-89. Chira A., 2001, Calitatea produselor agricole i alimentare, Editura Ceres, Bucureti. Popescu Victor, Atanasiu N., 2000, Legumicultura, vol. II, Ed. CERES, Bucureti. ***, 1985, O.I.D. pentru agricultur i industrie alimentar, Documentare curent, nr. 8, p.25.

TABLES Table 1

Experimental variants - Carrot cultivars Poiana, 2009 Variant Cultivar Earliness group The consumer 1(M1) Nantes 5 S Semi early Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings)

2 Napoli F1 Early* Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) 3 Nandrin F1 Semi early Storage, frozen (diced) 4 Nevis F1 Semi early ** Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) 5 Bangor F1 Semi early Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) 6 Cupar F1 Semitardiv *** Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) 7 Narbone F1 Semitardiv Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) 8 Canada F1 Semitardiv Fresh consumption, frozen (rings), dehydrated 9 Kamaran F1 Tardiv **** Storage, frozen (diced)

10 Florida F1 Tardiv Fresh consumption, storage, freezing (rings) *Early 90-95 days, **Semi early 115-120 days, ***Semitardiv 125-135 days, ****Tardiv 140-150 days

Table 2 Biometric measurements of consume parts at carrot assortment experimented, Poiana, 2009

Variant Cultivar Root lengths, cm Diameter of roots cm Medium weight of roots

g 1(M1) Nantes 5 S 16.30 2.84 116.34

2 Napoli F1 13.35 1.96 83.30 3 Nandrin F1 18.15 2.81 161.40 4 Nevis F1 16.85 2.60 121.65 5 Bangor F1 19.60 3.45 224.50 6 Cupar F1 14.40 4.60 197.25 7 Narbone F1 21.60 3.55 246.40 8 Canada F1 15.60 4.15 145.76 9 Kamaran F1 23.40 3.88 272.15

10 Florida F1 18.30 3.80 180.45

Table 3 The synthesis of experimental results of total yield, Poiana, 2009

Variant Cultivar Total yield, t/ha Dif. of yield

t/ha Yield

%

Dif. of yield

% Significant

1(M1) Nantes 5 S 39.64 - 100.00 - - 2 Napoli F1 27.70 -11.94 69.87 -30.13 oo 3 Nandrin F1 68.15 +28.51 171.92 +71.92 *** 4 Nevis F1 59.36 +19.72 149.74 +49.74 *** 5 Bangor F1 71.43 +31.79 180.20 +80.20 *** 6 Cupar F1 72.16 +32.52 182.04 +82.04 *** 7 Narbone F1 76.82 +37.18 193.79 +93.79 *** 8 Canada F1 62.57 +22.93 157.84 +57.84 *** 9 Kamaran F1 78.24 +38.60 197.37 +97.37 ***

10 Florida F1 65.16 +25.52 164.38 +64.38 *** DL 5% = 6.05t/ha, DL 1%= 8.84 t/ha, DL 0.1%= 12.48 t/ha

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The effect of silicate minerals on the head weight of white cabbage and on the colonization and damage of onion thrips

J. Blint1,2, Zs. Csmr1, B. Pnzes1 and J. Fail1

1Corvinus University Budapest, Hungary 2Sapientia University Trgu Mure, Romania

balint.janos@yahoo.com Keywords: white cabbage, Thrips tabaci, onion thrips, antixenosis, kaolin, silicate minerals ABSTRACT

In the last few decades onion thrips has become a major pest of white cabbage in the summer production period. Although the most effective control measure is the use of resistant varieties, little is known about the resistance mechanism(s) involved. In 2008, a study was carried out with 6 cultivars to confirm that antixenosis is at least partly responsible for the resistance of white cabbage against onion thrips. The number of adult thrips was counted on the outer ten head leaves twice during head formation. Onion thrips damage was also assessed at full maturity of cabbage. Cabbage head weight was recorded at each assessment. Two different silicate mineral products Surround WP and Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit was applied as foliar spray treatments several times during head formation. Antixenosis was found to be responsible for the resistance of Balashi, Bloktor and Riana cultivars, since the number of colonizing onion thrips adults found on head leaves was significantly lower than that of Green gem, Hurricane and Quisor. The resistant cultivars (Balashi, Bloktor and Riana) similarly suffered significantly lower damage than the susceptible ones (Green gem, Hurricane and Quisor). The foliar spray treated cabbage heads were usually significantly bigger, than the untreated ones. The increased growth of cabbage was most likely caused by the positive effects of the silicate minerals on the development of cabbage. The foliar spray treatments in general had no effect on thrips colonisation and in consequence on thrips damage but it seemed to increase the number of colonizing thrips adults and in consequence the damage of thrips in 3 cases (out of 12). INTRODUCTION

White cabbage is one of the oldest cultivated vegetable plants. In the Middle East Europe its field cultivation has been known for more than 500 years. It has a major role in the world, especially in the Far East. It represents 10 percent of the worlds vegetable production and 20 percent of the total cultivation area (Zatyk, 2004). In the last two decades the onion thrips has become a major pest of white cabbage in the summer production period (Fail, 2002).

The onion thrips Thrips tabaci LINDEMAN, 1889 belongs to Order Thysanoptera, Suborder Terebrantia, Family Thripidae (Jenser 1988), syn.: Thrips allii GILETTE, Thrips communis UZEL, Thrips solanaceorum WIDGALM, Thrips bicolour KARNY, Thrips debilis BAGNALL, Thrips hololeucus BAGNALL (Jenser, 1982). Thrips damage on white cabbage was reported for the first time in the United States of America in the late 19th century (Lintner, 1892). In the 1950s in the south east part of Iowa States cultivation area Wolfenbarger and Hibbs (1958) found bronze discolouration on the surface of white cabbage head forming leaves, and the symptoms were attributed to the damage of onion thrips. In 1983 Kretschmer (1984) confirmed with his experiment that similar symptoms like the ones described above were caused by thrips damage. Silicate minerals and their utilization The utilization of kaolin for fruit and vegetable cultivation is mostly studied in the United States of America. Surround WP (NovaSource, Tessenderlo Kerley Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA) - 95% kaolin clay - proved to be efficient against several insect pests, especially against those that damage fruit crops including pear, apple, grape, berries and some vegetables. It is excellent against sunburn and heat stress damages (Anonymous 2004). The particles reflect infrared and ultraviolet rays, cooling the surface of the fruit. Additionally decreases the foliage temperature of the treated trees. According to USDA studies

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photosynthesis is increased with 30 percent (Heacox, 2001). A recent study confirmed the effectiveness of kaolin against flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.) damaging rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei READE). Although the treatment decreased the flower thrips population with 50%, it did not influence the yield (Spiers et al. 2003). In South Africa thrips cause severe damage in mango plantations. In field trials kaolin based Surround WP (a registered product in South Africa) was used in two ways: by itself and combined with sulphur. It was applied once or twice at the beginning of the season. It proved to be effective against thrips, while combined with sulphur it was efficient against other pests (Joubert et al. 2004). The kaolin based Surround WP is used against heat stress and sunburn in pineapple plantations. Several trials have proven that the early use of kaolin before any major temperature changes reduces the occurrence of inner or outer sunburn. Under hot and dry climatic conditions it prevents leaf damage, resulting in a significant yield increase (Bell et al. 2006). In the southern United States of America the biggest yield loss in tomato is caused by TSWV. The virus is exclusively spread by thrips. In a two years field trial the effectiveness of essential oils (geraniol, lemongrass oil and tea tree oil), kaolin clay and traditional insecticides against thrips were compared. The treatments did not clearly affect the insect populations, but kaolin combined with essential oils decreased the occurrence of TSWV. Kaolin treatments increased the yield by over 26% (Reitz et al. 2008). Larentzaki et al. (2008) observed a negative effect of kaolin on the biology of onion thrips. In untreated onion plots significantly more adults and larvae were captured then in kaolin treated plots. The Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit (Geoproduct Healing Minerals Ltd., Md, HU) is a mineral crop protectant and foliar fertilizer, most frequently used in ecological farming. Its main ingredients are silicate minerals - clinoptilolite 40-50%, clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite, etc.) 20% -, and volcanic glass 30-40%. It is recommended against paprika and tomato blossom rot and damping off, apple sunburn, and against downy- and powdery mildew in several crops. The aim of this study is to test the effect of two different foliar spray silicate minerals on the yield of white cabbage. There is an important question to be answered as well: do silicate minerals affect the colonization and damage of onion thrips on white cabbage? MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at the Tordas Station of the Central Agriculture Office, Tordas, Hungary. Greenhouse grown seedlings of 6 cultivars, (Balashi, Bloktor, Green Gem, Hurricane, Quisor and Riana) were transplanted outdoors on the 15th of May 2008. Plots were composed of 7 rows of 13 plants, spaced 0.6 by 0.6 m apart. These plots were replicated six times in a randomized block design with an alleyway of 3 m separating replicates. Standard herbicide, fertilization and irrigation practices were employed. Plants were treated with pesticides against pest and disease. Two plots received no further treatments and served as control, two were treated with Surround WP and two with Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit. The time and methods of foliar spray treatments

Treatments were first applied as soon as cupping began. During head formation plants were sprayed altogether 10 times, from 24th of June until 29th of August. The frequency of applications was influenced by natural rainfalls. Surround WP was always applied in a dose of 20kg/ha. Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit was applied in the same dose at the time of the first two treatments but from its third application onwards the dose was doubled to 40kg/ha, because of inappropriate coverage on the cabbage foliage in the lower dose. A surfactant (Silwet L-77, in a dose of 15ml/l) was added to both silicate minerals at every application.

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The measurement of cabbage yield The weight of sampled cabbage heads was measured with a digital scale. This was carried out before any further assessment. Antixenotic evaluation In order to assess the antixenotic resistance of cabbage cultivars the number of colonizing thrips adults was counted on cabbage head leaves two times, at the beginning and in the second half of head formation. For every treatment 24 randomly selected cabbage heads were removed and placed in plastic bags from each plot (dates are given in Table 1 under the Antixenotic evaluation column). The samples were immediately transported to the laboratory and kept in plastic bags at room temperature until the antixenotic evaluation was completed. The first ten outer head leaves were removed one after the other and the number of adult thrips on both sides was counted under a stereomicroscope. The combined number of adult thrips on all ten leaves was used in statistical analysis describing the number of colonizing adults in a given cabbage head. Damage assessment Onion thrips damage assessment was carried out at harvest maturity of the varieties (exact dates are given in Table 1 under the Damage assessment column). 24 randomly selected cabbage heads were taken from each plot. For the assessment of thrips damage (the result of spontaneous thrips infestation) an evaluation method was developed (Fail, 2006). Cabbage head leaves were evaluated and peeled off the head one after the other until four consecutive leaves showed no damage. For every examined head-forming leaf the extent of damage was noted (only on the underside of the leaves) in the form of the proportion of damaged surface to the entire surface of the leaf: from 0 to 1 with an accuracy of 0.1. Resistance is represented by the sum of these values describing the rate of damage observed in the whole head. A given figure expresses the size of the total damaged leaf surface in the entire cabbage head in proportion to the size of the underside of the first head-forming leaf. Data Analyses Data were analyzed with PASW Statistics 18, release 18.0.0 (July 30, 2009). When the original data met the assumptions of normality (tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), treatments and cultivars were compared by Tukeys test or Games-Howell test depending on the homogeneity of variances (tested by Levene test). When the original data of colonizing thrips adults and thrips damage did not meet the assumption of normality, Tukeys test or Games-Howell test was performed on the normalized square root and log transformed data. When normality was not achieved after data transformation, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used, followed by Mann-Whitney U tests for comparisons of treatments and cultivars. All data are reported as original means and 95 % confidence interval of means on figures 1-5. Means with different letters are significantly different from each other according to the applied statistical test (P0.05). On figures 2-5, the letters right next to the confidence intervals show the differences between the applied treatments within a cultivar. Those letters situated in a coloured box above figure 1-5 show the differences between cultivars within treatments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cabbage yield

At the time of the first evaluation cabbage head weight was between 34 and 117 gram. By the time of the second measurement the cabbage heads almost reached harvest maturity; head weight was between 1800 and 2600 gram. At the time of the final evaluation head weight varied between 2300 and 3500 gram.

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Evaluating cabbage yield in the control treatment in the second half of head formation it was found that Quisor, Riana and Balashi cultivars had the biggest head weight (Fig. 4.). In contrast to this, the cultivars Bloktor, Green Gem and Hurricane produced considerably smaller heads. The head weight of Bloktor, Green Gem and Quisor cultivars in the Surround WP treatment was equal to that of in the control treatment (Fig. 4.). But in case of Balashi, Hurricane and Riana cultivars the mean weight of sampled cabbage heads was significantly bigger in the Surround WP treatment than in the control treatment. The mean head weight of Bloktor cultivar in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment was equal to that of in the control treatment (Fig. 4.). But the mean weight of the collected cabbage heads in case of Green Gem and Quisor was slightly bigger, in case of Balashi, Hurricane and Riana cultivars was significantly bigger in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment than in the control treatment. At harvest maturity a similar result was found than in the second half of head formation regarding cabbage yield. The cultivars Quisor, Green Gem and Balashi had the biggest head weight (Fig. 5.). In contrast to this, the cultivars Bloktor, Riana and Hurricane produced smaller heads. The mean head weight of Bloktor and Quisor cultivars in the Surround WP treatment was equal to that of in the control treatment (Fig. 5.). But in case of Green Gem slightly bigger, in case of Balashi, Hurricane and Riana cultivars significantly bigger cabbage heads were harvested in the Surround WP treatment than in the control treatment. The head weight of Green Gem cultivar in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment was equal to that of in the control treatment (Fig. 5.). In case of Bloktor slightly bigger, in case of Balashi, Hurricane and Riana cultivars significantly bigger cabbage heads were harvested in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment than in the control treatment. However, Quisor produced slightly smaller heads in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment than in the control treatment (Fig. 5.). We assume that this phenomenon was due to biased sampling since the contrary was observed for Quisor when head weight was measured in the second half of head formation (Fig. 4.). When considering all six cultivars in both yield assessments, the Surround WP treated cabbage heads were 7 times bigger and 5 times equal in weight, than the untreated ones. Similarly, the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treated cabbage heads were 9 times bigger, twice equal and once smaller in weight, than the untreated ones. The observed higher yield of cabbage was most likely caused by the positive effects of the silicate minerals on plant growth, which has been reported in other crops (Heacox, 2001, Anonymous, 2004, Bell et al. 2006, Reitz et al. 2008). There seemed to be a difference between the cultivars in their yield response to the silicate mineral foliar spray treatments. The mean head weight of Balashi, Hurricane and Riana cultivars was always bigger in both silicate mineral foliar spray treatments than in the control. At the same time, the yield of Bloktor, Green Gem and Quisor increased in the silicate mineral foliar spray treatments once, twice and once, respectively. Antixenotic evaluation Significant differences were found between the 6 cultivars in the number of adult thrips counted in cabbage heads. At the time of the first antixenotic evaluation the most thrips were found on the cultivar Green Gem (Fig. 1.). Equally less number of thrips colonised the cultivars Quisor and Hurricane. Concerning those cultivars (Bloktor, Riana and Balashi) that were categorised as resistant in previous studies (Fail, 2005, 2006, Fail at al. 2002, 2008) even less thrips colonised the small cabbage heads (Fig. 1.). At the time of the second assessment a drastic increase in the number of colonising thrips was observed on the susceptible cultivars. The most adult thrips were again counted on Green Gem in the control treatment (Fig. 2.). Significant difference was observed between Quisor and Hurricane, the latter one supporting a thrips population three times the size then Quisor. The resistant

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cultivars were again colonised by the least number of thrips, although there were no significant differences in between them (Fig. 2.). The silicate mineral foliar spray treatments did not seem to affect the thrips colonisation of cabbage in 9 cases out of 12 (Fig. 2.). The mean number of thrips found in heads was slightly more only on Hurricane and Riana cultivars in the Surround WP treatment compared to the control treatment. Similarly, slightly more thrips were found on Riana only in the Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit treatment than in the control treatment (Fig. 2.). This study further confirms that antixenosis does play a role in the resistance of cabbage to onion thrips. The silicate mineral foliar spray treatments had very little or no effect on thrips colonising cabbage. Damage assessment The most intensive damage was noticed on Hurricane cultivar in the control treatment (Fig. 3.). Green Gem and Quisor was damaged to a considerably less extent. Concerning the resistant cultivars, they only suffered insignificant damage but amongst them the highest mean value of the damage rating scale was calculated on Bloktor. The damage on Balashi and Riana was absolutely negligible (Fig. 3.).

The silicate mineral foliar spray treatments in comparison with the control did not seem to affect the extent of damage in cabbage in 9 cases out of 12 (Fig. 3.). Riana was damaged slightly more in both silicate mineral foliar spray treatments than in the control treatment (Fig. 3.). This is most likely the direct consequence of the increased number of colonising thrips observed previously in both treatments (Fig. 2.). Although the same number of thrips colonised the cultivar Bloktor in all three treatments, slightly more damage was observed on this cultivar in the Surround WP than on the other two treatments (Fig. 3.). On the contrary, more thrips colonised the cultivar Hurricane in the Surround WP treatment than in the control, this did not lead to greater damage in the Surround WP treatment at final harvest (Fig. 3.). There was a positive correlation between the number of colonising adult thrips and the thrips damage assessed at harvest maturity. The value of the calculated Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the two variables was 0.541 (P0.000001) in case of the first antixenotic assessment. At the time of the second antixenotic evaluation an even stronger correlation (=0.702, P0.000001) was observed between the two variables. CONCLUSIONS Based on this trial it was concluded that the use of Surround WP and Kolloidizlt Mikromeliorit in a foliar spray treatment series more often than not increased the yield of cabbage. The cultivars Balashi, Hurricane and Riana better responded to the treatments than the other three studied cabbage cultivars. The silicate mineral foliar spray treatments had very little or no effect on thrips colonising cabbage and in consequence on the thrips damage assessed at harvest maturity. AKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to all employees and students of the Department of Entomology at the Corvinus University of Budapest, for their significant contribution to this study. The MTA-OM Domus Hungarica Scientarium et Artium contributed to the realization of this study. The project was supported by the MTA Hatron Tli Magyar Tudomnyossgrt sztndj Program.

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REFERENCES Anonymous, 2004. Surround WP material safety data sheet. Bell D., Ortiz V.R. Scott C., Phillips N., 2006. Surround WP protectant for the reduction of sunburn damage

and heat stress in pineapple. Acta Horticulturae 702: 179-184. Fail J., 2005. Vizulis ingerek. In: A dohnytripsz krttele fejes kposztn. Doktori rtekezs. Budapesti

Corvinus Egyetem. Fail J.,2006. Fejeskposzta-fajtk ellenllsga a dohnytripsszel szemben. Zldsgtermeszts 37 (2): 21-27. Fail J., Pnzes B., Szani Sz., Hudk K., 2002. Dohnytripsz-ellenll fejes kposzta fajtk. Nvnyvdelem 38

(11): 561-570. Fail J., Zana J., Pnzes B. 2008. The role of plant characteristics in the resistance of white cabbage to onion

thrips: preliminary results. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 43 (2): 267-275. Heacox L., 2001. svnyi kaolin a gymlcskrtevk ellen. Kertszet s szlszet 50 (35): 11. Hata T.Y., Hara A.H., Hansen J.D., 1991. Feeding preference of melon thrips on orchids in Hawaii. HortScience

26 (10): 1294-1295. de Jager C.M., Butt R.P.T., Klinkhamer P.G.L., de Jong T.J., Wolff K., van der Meijden E., 1995. Genetic

variation in chrysanthemum for resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77 (3): 277-287.

Jenser G., 1982. TripszekThysanoptera. pp. 192. In: Magyarorszg llatvilga (Fauna Hungariae) V, 13. Akadmia Kiad, Budapest

Jenser G., 1988. Tripszek-Thysanoptera. 283-305. In: Jermy T., Balzs K. (ed.) A nvnyvdelmi llattan kziknyve, 1. Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest pp. 443.

Joubert P.H., Grov T., de Beer M.S., Steyn W.P., 2004. Evaluation of Kaolin (Surround WP) in an IPM program on mangoes in South Africa. Acta Horticulturae 654: 493-499.

Kretschmer M., 1984. Korkbildung an Kopfkohl durch Thripse. Gemse 20 (1): 4-5. Kumar N.K.K., Ullman D.E., Cho J.J., 1995. Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) landing and

resistance to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus among Lycopersicon accessions with additional comments on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Trialeurodes vaporarium (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology 24 (3): 513-520.

Larentzaki E., Shelton A.M., Plate J., 2008. Effect of kaolin particle film on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), oviposition, feeding and devlopment on onions: A lab and field case study. Crop Protection 27 (3-5): 727-734.

Lintner J.A., 1897. Thrips tabaci LINDEMAN. Onion thrips. (Ord. Thysanoptera: Fam. Thripidae) New York State Museum, Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Regents, Vol. I: 241-250.

Mtys E., 1987. Magyarorszg talajjavt svnyi nyersanyagai. In: Zentay T., Vitlis Gy (ed.) Mdszertani kzlemnyek I. 66-77 p.

Reitz S.R., Maiorino G., Olson S., Sprenkel R., Crescenzi A., Momol M.T., 2008. Integrating plant essential oils and kaolin for the sustainable management of thrips and tomato spotted wilt on tomato. Plant Disease 92 (6): 878-886.

Spiers J. D., Matta F.B., Sampson B.J., 2003. Impact of kaolin particle films on the abundance of flower thrips, Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) associated with rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei READE). Acta Horticulturae 626: 207-212.

Stoddard F.L., 1986. The distribution of immature thrips among flower of faba beans in commercial crops and experimental plots. Annals of Applied Biology 109 (1): 61-69.

Terry L. I., 1997. Host selection, comminucation and reproductive behavior 65-118. In: Lewis T. (ed.) Trips as crop pests. CAB International, Oxon pp. 740.

Wolfenbarger D., Hibbs E.T., 1958. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci LIND.) infesting cabbage. Journal of Economic Entomology 51 (3): 394-396.

Zatyk F., 2004. Fejes kposzta. in: Hodossi S., Kovcs A., Terbe I.: Zldsgtermeszts szabadfldn. Budapest. Mezgazda Kiad.

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TABLE AND FIGURES Table 1

Timetable of evaluations

Variety 1st Antixenotic

evaluation 2nd Antixenotic evaluation Damage assessment

date d.a.t. date d.a.t. date d.a.t. Balashi 25th of June 41 24th of July 70 11th of August 88 Bloktor 25th of June 41 04th of August 81 10th of October 148

Green Gem 19th of June 35 21th of July 67 12th of August 89 Hurricane 24th of June 40 31th of July 77 17th of September 125

Quisor 19th of June 35 29th of July 75 19th of August 96 Riana 24th of June 40 28th of July 74 21th of August 98

*: d.a.t. = days after transplantation

Fig. 1. Number of colonizing adult thrips at the beginning of cabbage head formation (P0,05)

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Fig. 2. Number of colonizing adult thrips in the second half of cabbage head formation (P0,05)

Fig. 3. Thrips damage ratings at harvest maturity of cabbage heads (P0,05)

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Fig. 4. White cabbage head weight in the second half of head formation (P0,05)

Fig. 5. White cabbage head weight at harvest maturity (P0,05)

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Comparative study on total polyphenolics and flavonoids content at artichoke and cardon

Eleni Balomenou, Liliana Bdulescu and Eugenia Iobi University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Romania

Key words: total polyphenolics, flavonoids, cardon, artichoke ABSTRACT

This paper presents a comparative study of total polyphenols and flavonoids content in the artichoke and cardon. Evolution/dynamic of the content of the total polyphenols and flavonoids was performed on some of these plants vegetative prgans: leaves, the inflorescences flesh (edible part) at the consumption stage and after overcoming this phase, during flowering. The total polyphenol content was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the flavonoid content by spectrophotometry using the method specified in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia X. The results have shown that comparing with leaves, the edible part contains a 2-3 times larger amount of total polyphenols and a 1.17 times of flavonoids, first in terms of content ranged the red artichokes. After passing the optimal timing of consumption, during blooming, the amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the inflorescences flesh falls very strongly. Cardon leaves contain 1.3 to 1.5 more total polyphenols and 1.1 more flavonoids comparing with artichoke. INTRODUCTION

Total polyphenols and flavonoids are water soluble antioxidants naturally present in vegetables, fruits, green tea, wine, etc. that can make a major change in human metabolism. Classified as antioxidants whose main action is to prevent the formation of free radicals, in the body inflowed polyphenols are quickly and easily converted into polyphenolic metabolites. Flavonoids are one of the strongest groups of antioxidant nutrients from all the plant polyphenols and they can be key components of our natural antioxidant defence system (Velioglu et al., 1998, Khknen et al., 1999, Valento et al., 2002).

Present research (Gebhardt, 2001, Bundy et al., 2008, Wilder et al., 2009) indicate flavonoids as protective elements capable of reducing the incidence of cancer, certain cardiovascular diseases and other age-related degenerative diseases, being potent antioxidants and "sweepers" of free radicals.Polyphenols have several advantages that allow them to be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.

Artichoke (Cynara scolimus L.) was introduced in therapy since the 16th century, but only in 1931 the choleretic action of this plant was established, and later research studies confirmed that these properties are due to cynarin and polyphenols (Gebhardt, R., 2001, Pandino, 2010). In therapy, from artichoke, are used the leaves, roots, and also the edible parts, which contain cynarin, polyphenols, flavones, inulin, potassium salts, magnesium, tannin, pectins, amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, enzymes, etc. (Ciofu et. al., 2003, Bundy et al., 2008, Pandino et al., 2010, Todaro et al., 2010).

The cardon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is also a plant with nutrient medicinal and economic value (Chaux and Foury., 1994, Khknen et al., 1999, Valento et al., 2002). The flavonic heterozide and polyphenols content by this plant protect the liver and stimulates the liver and bile functions, and metabolites of these compounds promote diuresis and elimination of toxins. Along with artichokes, the cardon is one of the most important plants used in fighting cancer, being shown that flavonoids have a very strong anti-cancer activity in all stages of carcinogenesis (Miccadei et al., 2008, Yasukawa et al., 2010).

Currently in Romania the artichoke is cultivated on very small surfaces as medicinal plant and although is imported for consumption as a vegetable, it is not cultivated for this purpose, and the cardon is even less known and cultivated (Ciofu et al., 2003).

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In this paper some partial results are included as part of research undertaken in order to determine the possibilities of using artichoke and cardon as plant for food, nutraceuticals and energy. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the period 2009-2010 in the Research centre for the quality of horti-viticole products and useful substances from plants of USAMV Bucureti there were determined the content in total polyphenols and flavonoids from artichoke and cardon.

The main objective of the research was to determine these substances in the leaves and fleshy part of the inflorescences (which is the edible part of these plants). The plant material was the fleshy part of the inflorescences in the consumption phase, the fleshy part of the inflorescences during and leaves of artichoke and cardon. These samples were collected from the experimental crops of USAMV Bucuresti (fig .4, 5 and 6).

For determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids from artichoke and cardon the following working methods have been used: the determination of total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocalteau method after hydroalcoholic extraction and lyophilization, and spectrophotometric determination of flavonoids by the method described in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia X (Fig.7). REZULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results on the total polyphenol content of the artichoke and cardon fleshy part of the inflorescences at the consumption stage (Table 1), shows that red artichokes contains the highest amount (3352.8 mg/100g fresh substance), followed by cardon (2921.6 mg/100g fresh substance) and green artichokes (3352.8 mg/100g fresh substance).

Analyzing in comparison the content of total polyphenols from leaves, there is another classification of the three analyzed varieties, cardon being on the first place (1478.4 mg/100g fresh substance) and red artichoke on the second (1108.8 mg/100g fresh substance).

From the analysis of the obtained data, it can be seen that green artichoke has the lowest level of total polyphenol content in both, the edible part (2648.8 mg/100g fresh substance) and in leaves (994.4 mg/100g fresh substance) (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3). It should be noted that although for all three cultivars the total polyphenol content was higher in the edible part than in leaves, the ratio between them is different. Thus, for the red artichokes it has been registered the highest ration in favour of the fleshy part of the inflorescences, and for cardon, the lowest.

The results from Table 2 represent the total amount of polyphenols obtained from the fleshy part of inflorescences for artichoke and cardon at the time of flowering, when they have passed the stage of consumption. It can be noticed that artichokes have a greater amount of total polyphenols 1.405 times higher than cardon.

From Tables 1 and 2 it can be appreciated that fat harvest time for consumption for both species studied, the content of polyphenols of the fleshy part of the inflorescences is quite high (in average 3001 mg/100g fresh substance to artichokes and 2922 mg/100g fresh substance at cardon). During flowering period the polyphenol content decreases very much, about 546 times for artichokes and 713 times for cardon.

The results on flavonoid content of artichoke and cardon presented in Tables 3, 4 and Fig. 3 show specific differences according to cultivars, plant organ, but also growing phase.

In the consumption phase, the amount of flavonoids in the fleshy part of the inflorescence and leaves was maximum for green artichokes, for which were determined 149.69 mg and respectively 142.21 mg/100g fresh substance. By comparison, the lowest values were recorded for red artichokes and for cardon the values were intermediate of the two artichoke cultivars (Table 3).

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Analyzing the relationship between flavonoid content in the edible part and leaves, it is noted that although differences on the two organs are much smaller than in the case of total polyphenols, in the first place is still the red artichoke.

At the time of flowering, when the artichoke and cardon inflorescences passed the consumption phase, it can be observed, like in the case of the total polyphenol content, a dramatic decrease in the amount of flavonoids in the edible part (Table 4 and Fig. 1 and 2). For artichoke it has been noticed a reduction of 638 times comparing with the time of consumption, and for cardon of 736 times. CONCLUSIONS The largest amount of total polyphenols in the flesh part of inflorescences in the consumption phase (3353 mg/100g f.s) is found in red artichokes.

The edible part has a 2-3 times higher amount of total polyphenols and 1.17 times higher, compared to leaves.

Cardon leaves contain 1.3 to 1.5 times more total polyphenols and 1.1 times more flavonoids than artichoke.

Green artichoke has the lowest total polyphenol content in both the edible part (2648.8 mg/100g f.s.) and leaves (994.4 mg/100g f.s.).

Polyphenol content has the highest values at the stage of harvest for consumption for both artichokes and cardboard.

At consumption phase the amount of flavonoids is higher at green artichokes in both the fleshy part of the inflorescences and leaves (150 mg and respectively 142 mg/100g fresh substance).

After passing the optimal timing of consumption, respectively in the blooming stage, at both studied species the amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids strongly decreases in the fleshy part of the inflorescence, but the differences between the two species are very small. REFERENCES Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HC. 2008. Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus)

reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 15(9):668-75.

Ciofu Ruxandra and al., 2003, Tratat de Legumicultur, Editura Ceres, Bucuresti Chaux Cl and Foury Cl., 1994, Legumicultur, Atena Gebhardt, R., 2001. Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their

metabolites. Med Sci Monitor; 20:316-320; Khknen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.-P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T. S., Heinonen M. 1999

Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47 (10), pp 39543962.

Miccadei S, Di Venere D, Cardinali A, Romano F, Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Fraioli R, Mobarhan S, Maiani G. 2008. Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic extracts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells. Nutr Cancer. 60(2):276-283.

Pandino, G., Courts, F. L., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., Williamson, G. 2010 Caffeoylquinic Acids and Flavonoids in the Immature Inflorescence of Globe Artichoke, Wild Cardoon, and Cultivated Cardoon, J. Agric. Food Chem., 58 (2), 1026-1031

Todaro, A., Peluso, O., Catalano, A. E., Mauromicale, G., Spagna G. 2010. Polyphenol oxidase activity from three sicilian artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. Var. scolymus L. (Fiori)] cultivars: studies and technological application on minimally processed production, J. Agric. Food Chem., 58 (3), pp 17141718.

Valento, P., Fernandes, E., Carvalho, F., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R.M, Bastos, M.L. 2002, Antioxidative properties of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) infusion against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 (17), pp 49894993.

Velioglu, Y. S., Mazza, G., Gao, L., Oomah, B. D. 1998, Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables and grain products, J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (10), pp 41134117.

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Wider B, Pittler MH, Thompson-Coon J, Ernst E. 2009. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (4):CD003335.

Yasukawa K, Matsubara H, Sano Y.2010. Inhibitory effect of the flowers of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) on TPA-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J Nat Med. 64(3):388-391.

*** http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/Flav/Flav02-1.pdf *** Farmacopea Romn X

TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1

The total polyphenol content for artichoke and cardon at consumption stage

Variety Total polyphenols (mg/100g fresh substance) Fleshy part of the inflorescence Leaves Ratio Green Artichoke 2648.8 994.4 2.66 : 1 Red Artichoke 3352.8 1108.8 3.02 : 1

Cardon 2921.6 1478.4 1.98 : 1

Table 2 Total polyphenol content of the fleshy part of the inflorescence at the moment of flowering

Variety Total polyphenols (mg/100g fresh substance) Artichoke 5.500

Cardon 4.095

Table 3 Flavonoid content for artichoke and cardon in consumption phase

Variety Flavonoids (mg/100g fresh substance) Fleshy part of the inflorescence Leaves Ratio Green Artichoke 149.69 142.21 1.05 : 1 Red Artichoke 143.89 122.59 1.17 : 1

Cardon 147.26 141.65 1.04 : 1

Table 4 Flavonoid content of the fleshy part of the inflorescence at the moment of flowering

Variety Flavonoids (mg/100g fresh substance) Artichoke 0.23

Cardon 0.20

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Total polyphenol (mg/100g f.s) Flavonoid (mg/100g f.s)

Artichoke Cardon

Fig. 1. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content for artichoke and cardon at consumption stage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Total polyphenol (mg/100g f.s) Flavonoid (mg/100g f.s)

ArtichokeCardon

Fig. 2. Total polyphenol content and flavonoids of the fleshy part of the inflorescence at the moment of

flowering for artichoke and cardon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

T o tal po lypheno l (mg/ 100gs.p)

F lavo no id (mg/ 100g f .s)

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Ca rdon

Fig. 3. Total polyphenol content and flavonoids of leaves artichoke and cardon

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Fig. 4. Green artichoke plants in various stages of vegetation

Fig. 5. Red artichoke plants in various stages of vegetation

Fig. 6. Cardon plants in various stages of vegetation

Fig. 7. Equipment utilized (spectrophometer, drum freeze dryer, test-tube centrifuge)

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Changes of some biochemical and agrochemical characteristics of tomatoes storage

Daniela Barc, Manuela Costache, Ghiorghia Fiscuci

University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Romania Keywords: tomatoes, storage, chemical and biochemical characteristics ABSTRACT Tomatoes are highly perishable vegetable with a very limited shelf life. Thus, because of their chemical and physical constitution, tomatoes can be kept temporarily; shelf life is a subject to the maturation phase occurring at harvest and conditions of transport and temporary storage. In 2007 were studied in greenhouses and field of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest 6 cultivars of tomato: Buzu 1600, Tamaris, Lustro, Abellus, Rz and Electra. After harvesting and analysis tomatoes were kept in plastic containers in a refrigerator, under conventional storage technology by freezing temperatures of 7-100C and 85-90% relative humidity to see their capacity for storage. The researches shows that tomatoes are unable to maintain the appearance and physical characteristics for more than a week, that firmness and bacterial attack; Nitrate content decreased in all cultivars investigated irrespective of the culture used (field, greenhouse) inertia due process of nitrogen metabolism in plants; Phosphorus and potassium content decreased slightly during storage; Dry matter content increased during the week following the loss of firmness of tomatoes and lower water content; Amount of carbohydrate decreased less, almost insignificant in tomatoes grown significantly in the field and greenhouse grown; Acidity decreased slowly during the first days (3-5 days) and then significantly to the seven days of storage. INTRODUCTION

Tomatoes are highly perishable vegetable with a very limited shelf life (Addiscott, 1990, Amelkin, Amelkin, 1995). Thus, because of their chemical and physical constitution, tomatoes can be kept temporarily; shelf life is a subject to the maturation phase occurring at harvest and conditions of transport and temporary storage (Banu, 2002, 2004, Berglung, 1978). Since market demand is very high in terms of consumption of tomatoes is necessary to use methods to allow increased storage duration of their recovery (Aung, 1979, Bernard, 1995, Chira, 2001). MATERIALS AND METHODS

In 2007 were studied in greenhouses and field of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest 6 cultivars of tomato: Buzu 1600, Tamaris, Lustro, Abellus, Rz and Electra.These cultivars were collected in three periods: the early ripening (11/07/2007), the maximum harvest period (23/07/2007) and end of harvest (07/30/2007). During the harvesting tomatoes were analyzed in terms of Agrochemical characteristics respectively content of nitrates, phosphorus and potassium and the biochemical characteristics: water content, dry matter, total sugars, acidity and vitamin C.

After harvesting and analysis tomatoes were kept in plastic containers in a refrigerator, under conventional storage technology by freezing temperatures of 7-100C and 85-90% relative humidity to see their capacity for storage.

We note that at storage were introduced only perfectly healthy tomatos. Agro