03] Sistemul osaturii si invelisul corpului - The Hull Framing System and Plating

1. Etambou;2. Chil;3. Carling central;4. Etrava;1. Stem;2. Keel;3. Middle line keelson;4. Stern frame;

Corpul navei este un complex care este format n principal dintr-un cadru de oel nvelit cu tabl. Cadrul de oel poate fi construit n patru moduri:The hull is a complex which consists mainly of a steel frame covered with plating. The steel frame could be constructed in four ways :

sistemul transversal; sistemul longitudinal; sistemul combinat; sistemul mixt; transverse framing system; longitudinal framing system; combination system of framing; mixed framing system;

n mod obinuit se folosete un sistem mixt de osatur cunoscut sub denumirea de sistem longitudinal transversal, unde construcia navei este n sistem longitudinal exceptnd dublul fund n compartimentul mainilor, picul pupa, partea din pupa a covertei, construcii i rufuri care au un sistem de osatur transversal .Usually the used system is the mixed framing system named longitudinal-transverse framing system, where the construction of the vessel is of longitudinal framing system except for the double bottom in machinery space, aft peak tank, after end of the upper deck, erections and houses which are transverse framing system.

Corpul navei este n mare parte sudat. Tipul principal de mbinare a elementelor etravei, a etamboului i a cavaleilor arborelui portelice este sudarea cap la cap. Pentru celelalte mbinri ale osaturii i nveliului se mai folosete i nituirea.The hull is of extensively welded construction. Butt welding is considered the main type of connection of separate parts of stem, sternframe and shaft brackets. Riveting is also used for the other joints of the hull framing and plating.

mbinrile asamblrilor sunt de asemenea sudate ct mai mult cu putin. n general sudura este folosit la toi pereii despritori transversali sau longitudinali incluznd legtura cu longitudinalele bordajului, care i strpung, i captul coastelor. Toate capetele i custurile bordajului nu au mbinri nituite datorit regulilor societii de clasificare. Oricum, chila de ruliu este nituit pe cornierul care este sudat pe bordajul metalic al cocii.The connections of fittings are also welded as widely as possible. In general welding is used on all traverse and longitudinal bulkheads including the connection of shell longitudinals throughout, and end framing. All butts and seams of shell and deck plating do not have riveted seams as per classification societys rules. However, the bilge keel is riveted to the angle bar which is welded to the shell plating.

Exist dou tipuri de etrave: etrav din tabl de oel sudat ntrit cu brachei transversali sau etrav turnat, care are o execuie simpl cu raze de turnare ct mai mari posibil i este prevzut cu nervuri transversale de ntrire.There are two types of stems: fabricated welded stem constructed of steel plates strengthened by horizontal brackets, or cast stem, which is simple in design with all fillets having large cast radii and is reinforced by horizontal webs.

Ambele tipuri de etrave se leag de chila masiv sau de chila plat i, dac este posibil, cu carlinga central. La etravele turnate, pentru mbinarea cu carlinga central, se va prevedea la talpa etravei o nervur special.Both types of stems are efficiently connected to the bar or plate keels and, whenever possible, to the bottom centre grider. A special web is provided in cast stems for attachment to the centre grider at the stem foot.

Construcia etamboului este similar intr-un fel cu construcia etravei: din table sudate sau turnat. Particularitile sunt date de prezena elicei, axului elicei, crmei i axului crmei.The stern post construction is, in a way, similar to the stem construction: fabricated stern post or cast stern post. Particularities come from the presence of the propeller, the propulsion shaft, the rudder and the rudder spindle.

Forma etamboului este aleas cu grij astfel nct curentul de ap s nu influeneze curgerea n jurul elicei. Etamboul elicei i etamboul crmei pot fi construite ntr-un corp comun. Deschiderea cadrului dintre etamboul crmei i etamboul elicei este ct mai mic posibil.The form of the stern frame is carefully decided in a way that the flow of water does not disturb the flow around the propeller. The stern post and the rudder post could be made as one piece. The span of the frame lower portion between the propeller post and the rudder post is as small as practically possible.

1. Varang;2. Suport central (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund) sau carling central ( n cazul navelor cu simplu fund);3. Suport lateral (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund) sau carling lateral ( n cazul navelor cu simplu fund);4. Nervur de rigidizare a varangei;5. Tabl marginal;6. Guseu de gurn;7. Coast de cal;8. Traversa punii intermediare;9. Coast de interpunte;10. Traversa punii principale;11. Guseu de legtur ntre coast i traversa punii (braol);12. Curent de punte;13. Guseu de legtur ntre travers i curentul de punte;14. Parapet;15. Guseul parapetului;16. Copastie;17. Pontil de cal;18. Pontil de interpunere;19. Chila;20. nveliul fundului;21. nveliul (puntea) dublului fund;22. nveliul gurnei (gurna);23. nveliul bordajului;24. Centura punii intermediare;25. Tabla lcrimar a punii intermediare;26. nveliul punii intermediare;27. Guseu de legtur ntre coasta de interpunte i puntea intermediar;28. Centura punii principale;29. Tabla lcrimar a punii principale;30. nveliul punii principale;31. Cptueala punii principale;32. Cornier lcrimar;33. Guseu de legtur ntre pontil i punte.1. Floor;2. Central grider (at hulls with inner bottom) or centre/main keelson (at hulls with single bottom);3. Side grider (at hulls with inner bottom) or side/sister keelson (at hulls with single bottom);4. Floor stiffener;5. Margin plate;6. Bilge bracket/knee;7. Hold frame;8. Middle-deck beam;9. Between/tween frame;10. Main deck beam/grider;11. Deck beam frame bracket;12. Deck longitudinal;13. Beam knee;14. Bulwark;15. Bulwark knee;16. Bulwark rail;17. Hold pillar/stanchion;18. Middle-deck pillar;19. Keel (centre-line-skeg);20. Bottom plating;21. Double bottom plating;22. Bilge planking/plating;23. Planking;24. Sheer strake of middle deck;25. Middle deck stringer plate;26. Middle deck plating;27. Between frame middle deck bracket;28. Sheer strake of main deck;29. Main deck stringer plate;30. Main deck plating;31. Main deck planking;32. Waterway bar;33. Deck pillar bracket;

Elementul principal al sistemului de osatur este carlinga (in cazul navelor cu simplu fund) sau suportul (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund). Acesta este elementul de osatur longitudinal, inclus n structura bloc-seciei de fund, situat n planul diametral navei (carling central / suport central) sau la o anumit distan de acest plan (carling lateral / suport lateral). De carling se sudeaz varangele. Acestea sunt elemente de osatur transversal incluse n structura bloc-seciei de fund i avnd capetele limitate de cele dou bordaje (n cazul navelor cu simplu fund) sau de tablele marginale (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund).The main element of the hull framing system is the keelson (for hulls with single bottom) or the grider (for hulls with inner bottom). This is the element of the longitudinal framing system, included in the structure of the bottom section, placed in the centre-line plane (centre/main keelson / centre-grider) or at a certain distance from it (side/sister keelson / side grider). On the keelson are welded the floors. These are elements of the transverse framing system included in the structure of the bottom section, having their butts limited by the ships sheathing (for hulls with single bottom) or by the margin plates (for hulls with inner bottom).

Elementul de osatur transversal, inclus n structura bloc-seciilor de punte i avnd capetele prinse de cele dou bordaje, respectiv de doi perei longitudinali sau de un perete longitudinal i de un bordaj ( n cazul existenei pereilor longitudinali), se numete traversa punii. Acesta este elementul transversal principal de structur a punii.The element of the transverse framing system included in the structure of the deck sections, having its butts attached to the ships sheathing or between two side-wing bulkheads or a side-wing bulkhead and one side of casing (if there are side-wing bulkheads), is named deck beam. This is the main element of the deck transverse framing system.

ntre varang sau guseul de gurn i traversa sau nveliul punii (principale, intermediare, respectiv a suprastructurii), lng nveliul bordajului se gsete coasta. Aceasta este elementul de structur transversal care asigur forma i rigiditatea bloc-seciei de bordaj n plan vertical-transversal.The frame is found between the bottom floor or bilge bracket and deck beam, next to the side plating. This is the element of the transverse framing system which provide shape and strengthening of the side section on the framing body plan.

Aceste elemente sunt rigidizate longitudinal prin intermediul longitu-dinalelor de fund (sudate pe nveliul fundului), prin longitudinale de bordaj (sudate pe nveliul bordajului) i cureni de punte (sudai de nveliul punii).These elements are longitudinally strengthened by means of bottom fore-and-aft lines (welded on the bottom plating), side fore-and-aft lines (welded on the side plating) and deck stringers (welded on the deck plating).

n cazul cnd coastele din interpuni i suprastructuri sunt ntrerupte la punte capetele lor inferioare se vor prinde cu gusee.Where the tween deck and superstructure frames are cut at decks, their lower ends are attached by brackets.

n cazul navelor mari se pot ntlni ca elemente de susinere a punii i pontilii de cal cu rol de rigidizare vertical.On the ships larger in size there might be deck holding elements and hold pillars/stanchions with vertical strengthening role.