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RzboiulCivilAmerican

modific(https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_American&action=edit&section=0)

RzboiulCivilAmericanAmericanCivilWar

(nsensorardincoluldindreaptasus)PrizoniericonfederaidupbtliadelaGettysburgBtliadela

FortHindman,ArkansasRosecranslabtliadelaStonesRiver,Tennessee

InformaiigeneralePerioad 12aprilie18619aprilie

1865(ultimabtliesaterminatpe13mai1865)

Loc MaialesnStateledinSud

Rezultat VictoriaUniuniiReconstruciaabolireasclavieintrireaguvernuluinaionalsrcireaSudului

Casusbelli AtaculConfederaieiasupraFortSumter

Combatani

StateleUnitealeAmericii(UniuneasauSUA) StateleConfederatealeAmericii

(ConfederaiasauSCA)Conductori

AbrahamLincoln

EdwinM.Stanton

UlyssesS.Grant

WilliamT.Sherman

DavidFarragut

DavidD.Porter

JeffersonDavis

,

JudahP.Benjamin

RobertE.Lee

JosephE.Johnston

RaphaelSemmes

JosiahTattnall

Efective2100000 1064000

Pierderi140,414uciinaciune,365,000decedaicaurmarearnilor,275200rnii

72,524uciinaciune,260,000decedaicaurmarearnilor,peste137,000dernii

DelaWikipedia,enciclopedialiber

RzboiulCivil,noriginal,TheCivilWar,estenumelecelmaicomundatacestuiconflictmilitarpetrecutnStateleUnitealeAmericii

RzboiulCivilAmerican,deseoridenumitRzboiuldesecesiune(nenglezWarofSecession),Rzboiuldintrestate(nenglezWarBetweentheStates),sauRzboiuldintreNordiSudafostunconflictpoliticimilitardepatruani(18611865)dintreUniuneasauStateledinNordaleStatelorUnitealeAmericii(careiapstratneschimbatdenumireasaoficialadoptatcuocaziascrieriiConstituieiSUA,StateleUnitealeAmericii)iStateledinSudaleacesteia,ianumeapte,maiapoiunsprezecestate,careauprsitperndUniunean18601861,alctuindentitateastatalfederaldenumitStateleConfederatealeAmericii(nenglezConfederateStatesofAmerica).

ntimpulalegerilorprezidenialedinanul1860,PartidulRepublican,nfruntecuAbrahamLincoln,apurtatocampaniepoliticmpotrivaexpansiuniisclavieinafarastatelorncareaceastaexistadeja.VictoriarepublicannalegeriaavutcarezultatdeclaraiadesecesiunedinparteaaaptestatedinSud,chiarnaintedenvestituraluiLincoln,careaavutlocla4martie1861.Attadministraiaaflatlafinalulmandatului,ceaapreedinteluiJamesBuchanan,cticeanou,apreedinteluiales,AbrahamLincoln,aurespinssecesiunea,privindocapeunactderebeliune.

Ostilitileaunceputla12aprilie1861,cndforeleconfederateauatacatpostulmilitarfederaldelaFortSumter,dinCarolinadeSud.Lincolnarspunschemndoarmatdevoluntaridinfiecarestatiordonndmobilizareageneral,ceeaceacondusladeclarareasecesiuniiancpatrustatesclavagistedinSud.Ambelepriiauconstituitarmatederzboi,iarUniuneaapreluatcontrolulstatelordegranincdinprimaperioadarzboiuluiiaefectuatoseverieficientblocadnavaldealungulntreguluiconflict.

nseptembrie1862,ProclamaiadeemanciparealuiLincolnatransformatdesfiinareasclavieidinSudntrunscopalrzboiuluiiiadeterminatpebritanicisnuintervin.ComandantulconfederatRobertE.Leearepurtatctevavictoriipefrontulestic,darn1863naintareasasprenordafostopritlaGettysburg,iarpefrontulvesticUniuneaapreluatcontrolulruluiMississippidupBtliadelaVicksburg,separndConfederaiandou.AvantajelematerialeinumericealeNorduluisauconcretizatn1864cndUlyssesS.GrantamcinatarmataluiLeenmaimultebtliideuzur,iargeneralulunionistWilliamShermanaocupatoraulAtlanta,capitalastatuluiGeorgia,pentrucaapoissedeplasezespreOceanulAtlantic.RezistenaConfederaieisaprbuitdupceLeesapredatluiGrantlaAppomattoxpe9aprilie1865.

Rzboiul,careesteconflagraiacucelemaimultevictimedinistoriaStatelorUnite,sasoldatcumoarteaapeste620.000desoldai,aunuinumrdepeste325.000decombatanidaidispruiialunuinumrnedeterminatdecivili,apuscaptsclavieinStateleUnite,arestauratUniuneaiantritrolulguvernuluifederalncadrulacesteia.Aspectelesociale,politice,economiceirasialealerzboiuluiaumarcatperioadadereconstruciecareaduratpnn1877iaucontinuatssemanifesteidealungulsecoluluialXXlea.

Cuprins

1Cauzelerzboiului1.1Sclavia

2SecesiuneastatelordinSud2.1SecesiuneaCarolineideSud2.2Iarnasecesiunii2.3Confederaia2.4StateleUniunii2.5Stateledegrani

3Desfurarea3.1nceputulrzboiului3.2PlanulAnacondaiblocada,18613.3Teatrulesticdeoperaiuni,186118633.4Teatrulvesticderzboi,186118633.5TeatrultransMississippi,186118653.6Sfritulrzboiului,18641865

4Sclaviantimpulrzboiului5Pericolulintervenieiinternaionale6VictoriaUniuniiiurmrilerzboiului

6.1Reconstrucia6.2Consecine

7Note8Bibliografie9Legturiexterne

Cauzelerzboiului

CoexistenaunuiSudsclavagistcuunNorddincencemaiputernicaboliionistamritposibilitateaconflictului.Lincolnnuapropuslegifederalempotrivasclavieiacoloundeeaexistadeja,dar,n1858,prindiscursulCasadezbinat,iaexprimatdorinadealimitarspndireasa,iaopuneacoloundecontiinapublicvaputeapstracredinacestepecaleaspredispariiatotal.[1]Marepartedinluptapoliticaanilor1850saconcentratpeextindereasclavieinteritoriilenoucreate.[2][3][4]Toateteritoriileorganizateaveaumariansesdevinstatelibere,ceeaceacrescutmicareasecesionistdinSud.AttNordulctiSudulpresupuneauc,dacsclavianuseputeaextinde,eavadispreatreptat.[5][6][7]

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StateleUnitela1856,cupuintimpnainteaizbucniriirzboiuluicivil. Statelelibere Statelesclavagiste Teritoriileorganizate

CopertaromanuluiaboliionistColibaunchiuluiTom,deHarrietBeecherStowe,cartecareainfluenatputerniccurentulaboliionistdinNord.

TemerileSuduluideapierdecontrolulguvernuluifederalnfaaforelorantisclavie,itemerileNorduluicforelesclavagistecontrolauguvernul,aaduscrizalaculmespresfritulanilor1850.Uneledisputeprivindmoralitateasclaviei,dimensiuneademocraieiimeriteleeconomicealemunciiliberenraportcuplantaiiledesclaviaudeterminatprbuireapartiduluiWhigiamicriiKnowNothing,iapariiaunorpartidenoi,regionale(PartidulFreeSoiln1848,celRepublicann1854,UniuneaConstituionaln1860).n1860,ultimulpartidnaionalrmas,PartidulDemocrat,saruptpeliniiteritoriale.

AttNordul,ctiSudulerauinfluenatedeideilepoliticealeluiThomasJefferson.Suditiipuneauaccent,nceprivetecusclavia,pedrepturilestatelornraportcuguvernulfederal,[8][9][10]ideimenionatenRezoluiileKentuckyiVirginiaaleluiJefferson.Norditii,delaaboliionistulWilliamLloydGarrisonpnlaliderulrepublicanmoderatAbrahamLincoln[11]puneauaccentpedeclaraialuiJeffersonctoioameniisuntcreaiegali.LincolnamenionataceastpropoziienDiscursuldelaGettysburg.

VicepreedinteleconfederatAlexanderStephensaspuscsclaviaestepiatradehotaraConfederaieidupsecesiuneastatelordinSud.DupnfrngereaSudului,Stephensaspuscrzboiulnuapornitdinsubiectulsclaviei,cidindrepturilestatelor,iadevenitunuldinceimaiacerbiaprtoriaiCauzeiPierdute.[12]PreedinteleconfederatJeffersonDavisiaschimbatielprerile,delaaspunecrzboiulafostcauzatdesclavielaaspunecdrepturilestateloraureprezentatcauza.nvremecesuditiifoloseauadeseaargumentelebazatepedrepturilestatelornaprareasclaviei,uneorirolurileerauinverse,atuncicndsuditicereauleginaionaledeaprareaintereselorlornraportcuInterdiciaDiscuieiicuLegeaSclavilorFugaridin1850.nacestechestiuni,norditiierauceicarevoiausaperedrepturilestatelorlor.[13]

Aproapenntregime,crizainterregionalaimplicatsclavia,ncepndcudezbaterileprivindclauzacelortreicincimiiextindereapedouzecideaniacomeruluicusclaviafricaninConveniaConstituionaldin1787.ControverseleprivindadmitereastatuluisclavagistMissourinUniuneauconduslaCompromisulMissouridin1820,CrizaAnulriiprivindTaxadin1828(deitaxaerasczutdup1846,[14]chiarproblemataxeieralegatdesclavie[15]),InterdiciaDiscuieicareainterzisdiscutareanCongresapetiiilorpentrudesfiinareasclavieinperioada18351844,acceptareaTexasuluicastatsclavagistn1845iManifestulDestinycaargumentpentruachiziionareadenoiteritoriincaresclaviaaveasdevinoproblem,nurmarzboiuluimexicanoamerican(18461848),careaavutcarezultatCompromisuldin1850.[16]ProviziuneaWilmotafostotentativapoliticienilordinNorddeaexcludesclaviadinteritoriilecuceritedelaMexic.ExtremdepopularulromanaboliionistColibaunchiuluiTom(1852)deHarrietBeecherStoweacrescutmasivopoziianrndulNorduluifadeLegeaSclavilorFugaridin1850.[17][18]

n1854,ManifestulOstendafostotentativnereuitaSuduluideaanexaCubacastatsclavagist.PlanurilerivalealenorduluiisuduluipentrutraseulciiferatetranscontinentalesaumpletitcucontroversaBleedingKansasprivindsclavia.SistemulBipartitsaprbuitdupadoptareaLegiiKansasNebraskadin1854,careanlocuitCompromisulMissouricusuveranitateapopular,permindlocuitorilorunuiteritoriusvotezepentrusaumpotrivasclaviei.n1856discuiilencadrulCongresului,privindsclavia,audevenitviolentecndreprezentantulPrestonBrooksdinCarolinadeSudlaatacatilarnitgravpesenatorulrepublicanCharlesSumnernSenatdupdiscursulluiSumnerintitulat"CrimeagainstKansas"(CrimmpotrivaKansasului).[19]DeciziaCuriiSupremedeJustiiedin1857ncazulDredScottv.Sandfordapermissclavianteritoriichiaridacmajoritateaseopusesesclavieinreferendum,inclusivnKansas.ConstituiaLecomptondin1857afostotentativcontroversatdeaadmitestatulKansasnUniunecastatsclavagist.DezbaterileLincolnDouglasdin1858auprivitiDoctrinaFreeportalideruluidemocratdinnordStephenDouglas.AceastdoctrinareprezentatunargumentpentruaocolideciziaDredScottcare,combinatcunfrngereaConstituieiLecomptonaluiDouglas,adivizatPartidulDemocratntreNordiSud.RaidulaboliionistuluidinnordJohnBrownlaHarpersFerryArmoryafostotentativdeaincitasclaviilarevoltn1859.[20]RupturaNordSuddin1860dinsnulPartiduluiDemocratdatoratcerinelorSuduluipentruuncodalsclavilornteritoriiafostemblematicpentrupolarizareanaiuniintreNordiSud.

Printrealtecauzealerzboiuluisenumrsecionalismul(cauzatdecretereasclavieinSud,ntimpceeaadisprutncetnNord)idifereneleeconomicentreNordiSud,deimajoritateaistoricilormodernisuntndezacordcudeterminismuleconomicextremalistoriculuiCharlesBeardiafirmceconomiileNorduluiiSuduluieraunmarepartecomplementare.[21]Efectulpolarizantalsclavieiicontroverselecauzatedecruzimilesclaviei(biciuiri,mutilriidesprireafamiliilor)aumpritimarilecultereligioase(bisericilemetodist,baptistiprezbiterian).[22]FaptulcaptedinoptimigranisestabileaunNord,plusfaptulcdedouorimaimulialbiplecaudinSudnNorddectinvers,aucontribuitlacomportamentulpoliticdefensivagresivalSudului.[23]

AlegerealuiLincolnn1860afostdeclanatorulfinalalsecesiunii.[24]Eforturilepentrucompromis,inclusivAmendamentulCorwiniCompromisulCrittenden,aueuat.LideriidinSudsetemeaucLincolnvaopriexpansiuneasclavieiicovaduceladispariie.Statelesclavagiste,caredeveniserminoritarenCameraReprezentanilor,aveaunfaminoritarismulperpetuunSenatinColegiulElectoralnfaaunuiNorddincencemaiputernic.

Sclavia

ExistocorelaieputernicntregraduldesusinereasecesiuniiinumruldeplantaiidinregiunestateledinSudulndeprtat,cuceamaimareconcentraiedeplantaiiaufostprimelecaresauseparat.Statelesclavagistedinsprenord,Virginia,CarolinadeNord,Arkansas,iTennesseeaveaupuineplantaiiiaurespinssecesiuneapncndcrizaFortSumteriaforatsaleagoparte.Stateledegraniaveaumaipuineplantaiiinusauseparat.[25][26]ProcentuldealbidinSudcaretriaunfamiliiproprietaredesclavierade36,7%nSudulextrem,25,3%nzonelemainordicei15,9%nstateledegranicareauluptatdeparteaUniunii.[27][28]95%dinnegritriaunSud,reprezentndotreimedinpopulaiadeacolo,nNordeiconstituinddoar1%dinpopulaie.nconsecin,temeriledeemancipareanegriloreraumaimarinSuddectnNord.[29]

DeciziaCuriiSupremedin1857ncazulDredScottv.Sandfordaamplificatcontroversele.DeciziaPreedinteluiCuriiSupremeRogerB.Taneynsemnacsclavisuntattdeinferiorinctnuaudrepturipecarealbiisfieobligaislerespecte,[30]icsclaviaseputearspndinteritorii.LincolnaavertizatcurmtoareadeciziedetipDredScott[31]arputeaameninastateledinNordcusclavia.

PoliticianuldinNordAbrahamLincolnaspus:aceastchestiuneasclavieieramaiimportantdectoricarealtantrattnctsaajunscanicioaltchestiunenaionalsnuobinaudieri."[32]Problemasclavieieralegatdecompetiiapentrucontrolulasuprateritoriilor,[33]icerineleSuduluipentruuncodalsclavilornteritoriiareprezentatchestiuneautilizatdeacetiapentruarupePartidulDemocratndou,ceeaceaproapeagarantatalegerealuiLincolnisecesiunea.Cndsecesiuneaadevenitoproblem,deintoruldeplantaiidinCarolinadeSudisenatorulJohnTownsendaspuscdumaniinotrisuntpecalespreiafriele

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AbrahamLincoln,al16leaPreedintealStatelorUnite(18611865)

Sclavipeoplantaiedecartofi

Statutulstatelor,la1861. Stateseparatenaintede15aprilie1861 Stateseparatedup15aprilie1861 Stateunionistecarepermiteausclavia Stateunionistecareinterziceausclavia Teritorii

Granielestateloriteritoriilor,18641865.

StateleUniunii TeritoriileUniunii Kansas,intratnUniunecastatliber StatedegranialeUniuniicarepermiteausclavia Confederaia TeritoriialeUniuniicarepermiteausclavia

Guvernului,iintenioneazsneconducdupcapriciileteoriilorlorfanatice,iconformscopuluideclaratdeabolireasclaviei."[34]OpiniisimilareaufostexprimatentotSudulneditoriale,ndiscursuripoliticeindeclaraiiprivindmotivelesecesiunii.DeiLincolnnuaveaplanurideainterzicesclaviaacoloundeeaexistadeja,oamenidintotSuduliauexprimattemeripentruviitorulsclaviei.

PrintrengrijorrileSuduluisenumraunudoarpierderileeconomice,ciitemeriledeegalitaterasial.[35][36][37][38]DeclaraiaprivindCauzeleSecesiuniistatuluiTexas[39][40]specificafaptulcstatelenesclavagisteproclamnjositoareadoctrinaegalitiituturoroamenilor,indiferentderassauculoare,icrasaafricanerapedreptprivitcarasinferioaridependent.SecesionistulE.S.DargandinAlabamaaspuscemancipareaiarfacepesuditissesimtdemoralizaiidegradai.[41]

ncepnddinanii1830,conducereaPoteiFederalearefuzatsmaitransportepamfleteaboliionistectrestateledinSud.[42]ProfesoriiproveniidinNordisuspectaidenclinaiiaboliionisteerauexpulzaidinSud,iarliteraturaaboliionisterainterzis.Cndrepublicaniiaudeclaratcnusuntaboliioniti,suditiiaurespinsaceastaprare.[43]iNordulsesimeaameninat,dupcumconstatEricFoner,norditiiajunsesersvadsclaviacapeantitezauneisocietibune,icapeoameninarelaadresavaloriloriintereselorlorfundamentale.[44]

SecesiuneastatelordinSud

SecesiuneaCarolineideSud

CarolinadeSudaadoptatDeclaraiaCauzelorImediateCareProduciJustificSecesiuneaCarolineideSuddelaUniuneaFederalla24decembrie1860.Declaraiaapra,pebazadrepturilorstatelor,intereseleproprietarilordesclavidinSud,darconineaioplngerecureferireladrepturilestatelordinNordsubformaopoziieifadeLegeaSclavilorFugaridin1850,susinndcstateledinNordnuindeplineauobligaiilefederalenraportcuConstituia.ToatenclcriledrepturilorloracuzatedestateledinSuderaulegatedesclavie.

Iarnasecesiunii

naintecaLincolnsfienvestitnfuncie,aptestateideclarasersecesiuneafadeUniune.EleaunfiinatunguvernalSudului,subnumeledeStateleConfederatealeAmericiila9februarie1861.SCAapreluatcontrolulasupraforturilorfederaleiasupraaltorproprietidincadrulgranielorlorfrpreamultopoziiedinparteaPreedinteluiJamesBuchanan,alcruimandatsencheiala4martie1861.BuchananaafirmatcSudulnuareniciundreptssesepare,dareunuamnicioputeredealopri.[45]UnsfertdinarmataamericanntreagagarnizoandinTexasafostpredatforelorstatelorsecesionistedectregeneralulDavidE.Twiggs,careatrecutdeparteaConfederaiei.

ntructsuditiiaurenunatlalocurilelordinSenatidinCameraReprezentanilor,secesiuneaapermisrepublicanilorsadoptelegicarefuseserblocatedesenatoriisuditinaintederzboi,inclusivTaxaMorill,LegeaMorillcareddeaunorinstituiidenvmntpmntfederal,LegeaCminului,legeaciiferatetranscontinentale,legeanaionalabnciloriLegeaMonedeidin1862.LegeaVeniturilordin1861aintrodusimpozitulpevenitpentruafinanarzboiul.

Confederaia

Articolprincipal:StateleConfederatealeAmericii.

aptestatedinSudulndeprtatsauseparatpnnfebruarie1861,ncepndcuCarolinadeSud,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,LouisianaiTexas.AcesteaptestateauformatStateleConfederatealeAmericii,la4februarie1861,cuJeffersonDaviscapreedinte,iostructurguvernamentalbazatpeConstituiaSUA.nurmaataculuiasupraFortSumter,PreedinteleLincolnacerutnfiinareauneiarmatedevoluntaridinfiecarestat.ndouluni,altepatrustatesclavagistedinSudiaudeclaratseparareadeSUAiauaderatlaConfederaie:Virginia,Arkansas,CarolinadeNordiTennessee.DistricteledinzonadenordvestaVirginieisauseparatieledestatulVirginia,adernddinnoulaUniunesubformanouluistatVirginiadeVestla20iunie1863.Pnspresfritullui1861,stateleMissouriiKentuckyeraudivizatefiecarecuctedouguverne,unulproSudialtulproNord.

StateleUniunii

DouzeciitreidestateaurmasloialeUniunii:California,Connecticut,Delaware,Illinois,Indiana,Iowa,Kansas,Kentucky,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,Michigan,Minnesota,Missouri,NewHampshire,NewJersey,NewYork,Ohio,Oregon,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,Vermont,iWisconsin.Peparcursulrzboiului,NevadaiVirginiadeVestsaualturatUniuniicastatenoi.TennesseeiLouisianaaurevenitsubcontrolulmilitaralUniuniinprimapartearzboiului.

TeritoriileColorado,Dakota,Nebraska,Nevada,NewMexico,Utah,iWashingtonauluptatdeparteaUniunii.CtevatriburidebtinaicarepracticausclavagismulaususinutConfederaia,nTeritoriulIndian(astziOklahoma)avndlocunmicrzboicivilsngeros.

Stateledegrani

StateledegranialeUniuniiaufostVirginiadeVest(statformatprinseparareauneipridinVirginia),ipatrudintrecelemainordicestatesclavagiste(Maryland,Delaware,MissouriiKentucky).

MarylandaveanumeroioficialiproConfederaiecareautoleratrevolteleantiunionistedinBaltimoreiardereapodurilor.Lincolnarspunsdeclarndlegemarialiachematnajutorarmata.MiliiilecareseformasernNordsaugrbitspreoraeleWashingtoniBaltimore.[46]naintecaguvernulConfederatsrealizezecesentmpl,Lincolnpreluasefermcontrolul

asuprastatuluiMaryland(iaDistrictuluiFederalColumbia),arestndtoimembriiguvernuluidinMarylandinchiznduifrproces.

nMissouri,ungrupdereprezentanialeispecialpentruaceastdecizie,auvotatsrmnncadrulUniunii.CndguvernatorulproConfederaieClaiborneFoxJacksonachematarmatastatului,eaafostatacatdeforelefederalesubcomandageneraluluiNathanielLyon.DupAfacereaCampJackson,Lyonaurmritpeguvernatoriperestularmateiloialeacestuiasprecolulsudvesticalstatului.nviduldeputererezultat,reprezentaniicarevotaserrmnereanuniunesaureorganizatiaupreluatputereasubformaunuiguvernunionistprovizoriualstatuluiMissouri.[47]

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GeneralulNathanielLyon,acruiarmataasiguratcontrolulunionistasuprastatuluiMissouri

PrimaCasAlbaConfederaiei,dinMontgomery,Alabama.Fotografiedela1906

PrimaceremoniedeinaugurareaPreedinteluiLincoln,la4martie1861

FortSumter,vederedinavion.Imaginedin1991.

Caricaturdin1861aplanuluiAnacondaalluiScott

Kentuckynusaseparatovreme,sadeclaratstatneutru.Cndforeleconfederateauptrunspeteritoriulstatuluinseptembrie1861,sarenunatlaneutralitateiKentuckyiareafirmatstatutuldemembrualUniunii,ncercndspstrezeisclavia.ntimpuluneiscurteinvaziiaforelorconfederate,simpatizaniiConfederaieiauorganizatoconveniesecesionist,numindunguvernator,iobinndrecunoatereadinparteaConfederaiei.GuvernulrebelafugitimediatnexilinuadeinutniciodatcontrolulasuprastatuluiKentucky.[48]

DupvotulsecesionistalVirginiei,susintoriiUniunii,majoritarincincizecidedistrictealezoneidenordvestaVirginieiauvotat,la24octombrie1861nfiinareanouluistatVirginiadeVest.MajoritateavotanilordinceeaceesteastzistatulVirginiadeVestvotaseranteriormpotrivasecesiuniistatuluiVirginia.[49]NoulstatafostadmisncadrulUniuniila20iunie1863.

SecesiuniunionistesimilarecuceadinVirginiaaufostncercateinestulstatuluiTennessee,daracesteaaufostsuprimatedeConfederaie.JeffersonDavisaarestatpeste3000deoamenisuspecideloialitatefadeUniuneiianchisfrproces.[50]

Desfurarea

nceputulrzboiului

VictorialuiLincolnnalegerileprezidenialedin1860adeclanatdeclaraiadesecesiuneaCarolineideSud.Pnnfebruarie1861,asealtestatesudiceaufcutdeclaraiisimilare.La7februarie,celeaptestateauadoptatoconstituieprovizorieaStatelorConfederatealeAmericiistabilindicapitalatemporaraacesteiConfederaiinMontgomery,Alabama.OconferindepacesainutlaWashingtonntrotentativnereuitdearezolvacriza.RestuldeoptstatesclavagisteaurefuzatoferteledeintrarenConfederaie.Foreleconfederateauocupatmajoritateaforturilordingranielelor.PreedinteleBuchananaprotestatdarnuadatniciunrspunsmilitar,nafarauneitentativeeuatedeaprovizionareaFortSumtercunavaStaroftheWest,asupracreiacadeiidelaTheCitadelautrasnaintedeaajungelafort.[51]Totui,guvernatoriistatelorMassachusetts,NewYork,iPennsylvaniaaunceputscumperearmeispregteasctrupeparamilitare.

La4martie1861,AbrahamLincolnadepusjurmntulcaPreedinte.ndiscursuldenvestitur,elaspuscConstituiaeraouniunemaiperfectdectArticoleledeConfederaieiVenicUnire,cerauncontractobligatoriu,iadenunatoricesecesiunecanulineavenit.[52]ElaafirmatcnuaveainteniadeainvadastateledinSud,inicipeceadeainterzicesclaviaacoloundeeaexistadeja,darcvafaceuzdeforpentruapstraproprietateafederal.Discursulsusancheiatcuunapellarestaurareauniunii.[53]

SudulatrimisdelegailaWashingtonisaoferitsplteascpentruproprietateafederaliapropusuntratatdepacecuStateleUnite.LincolnarespinsoricenegociericuageniiconfederaipemotivcConfederaianuesteunguvernlegitim,icoricetratatsemnatcuacestaarechivalacurecunoatereasacaguvernsuveran.[54]Totui,SecretaruldeStatWilliamSewardademaratnegocierineautorizateiindirecte,carenuauavutnsniciunsucces.[54]

FortSumterdinCharleston,CarolinadeSud,FortMonroe,FortPickensiFortTaylorrmseserultimeleforturipstratedeStateleUnitepeteritoriulConfederaiei,iarLincolnerahotrtspstrezecontrolulasupraFortSumter.DinordinelePreedinteluiConfederaiei,

JeffersonDavis,trupelecontrolatedeguvernulconfederat,subcomandaluiP.G.T.Beauregardaubombardatfortulcuartilerienziuade12aprilie,forndcapitulareagarnizoaneidinuntru.NorditiisausolidarizatcuapelulluiLincolnctretoatestateledeatrimitetrupepentrurecapturareaforturiloripstrareaUniunii.Scararebeliuniifiindncrestrns,Lincolnacerut75.000devoluntaripentruoperioadde90dezile.[55]nlunileprecedente,maimuliguvernatoridinNordipregtiserdiscretarmatelestatelorloradouazi,foreleacesteasaupusnmicare.[56]

PatrustatedelanorddeConfederaie(Tennessee,Arkansas,CarolinadeNord,iVirginia),carerespinseserrepetatpnatuncipropunerileconfederate,aurefuzatstrimitforempotrivavecinilor,declarndielesecesiunea,iaderndlaConfederaie.PentruarspltiVirginia,capitalaConfederaieiafostmutatlaRichmond.[57]OrauladevenitunsimbolalConfederaiei.Richmonderantropoziiefoartevulnerabil,lacaptulunuidrumdeaprovizionareconfederatfoartelung.DeiRichmonderaputernicfortificat,proviziileorauluiaveausfiereduseprincapturareadectreShermanaorauluiAtlantaiblocataproapecompletnmomentulcndGrantaasediatoraulPetersburgicileferatecareaprovizionaucapitalaConfederaiei.

PlanulAnacondaiblocada,1861

WinfieldScott,comandantularmateiStatelorUnite,agnditPlanulAnaconda,[58]unplandeactigarzboiulcuctmaipuinvrsaredesnge.IdeeasaeraaceeacoblocadaprincipalelorporturiarslbieconomiaConfederaieiapoicapturareaRuluiMississippiaveasmpartSudulndou.Lincolnaadoptatplanul,daraignoratavertismenteleluiScottprivindunatacimediatasupraRichmondului.

nmai1861,LincolnaaplicatblocadatuturorporturilordinSud,oprindoricetransportinternaionaldestinatConfederaiei.Naveleincrcturilecelorcencercaustreacputeauficonfiscatei,decelemaimulteori,nuerauacoperitedeasigurri.Pnspresfritullui1861,blocadaduseselancetareauneimaripridintraficullocalntreporturi.Blocadaaopritexporturiledebumbac,ruinndeconomiasudului.InvestitoriibritaniciauconstruitnaveuoareirapidecaretransportauarmeiobiectedeluxdinInsuleleBermude,CubaiBahamaslaschimbcututunibumbac.[59]Cnderaucapturate,naveleincrcturaerauvnduteibaniieraudaimarinarilorunioniti,darechipajelebritaniceeraueliberate.Penuriiledehranialtebunuri,declanatedeblocad,atacurilearmateiuniuniiirechiziiilerecoltelordectrearmateleconfederatesaucombinatcauzndhiperinflaieirevoltenSud.[60]

La8martie1862,MarinaConfederaieiadatoluptmpotrivaMarineiUniuniicndcuirasatulCSSVirginiaaatacatblocadaacestapreadeneoprit,daradouaziatrebuitsluptecunouanavderzboiauniuniiUSSMonitornBtliadelaHamptonRoads.[61]Btliasancheiatnedecis,ceeaceansemnatovictoriestrategicaUniuniiprinaceeacblocadasapstrat.ConfederaiaapierdutCSSVirginia,navafiindscufundatpentruaevitacapturarea,iarUniuneaaconstruitmaimultecopiialenaveiUSSMonitor.nlipsatehnologieideconstrucieanavelorderzboieficiente,Confederaiaancercatsobinnavederzboibritanice.VictoriaUniuniinadouabtliedelaFortFishernianuarie1865aduslanchidereaultimuluiportutildinSud.

Teatrulesticdeoperaiuni,18611863

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Operaiunipeteatruldeestn1862

Operaiunipeteatruldeestn1863

GeneralulconfederatRobertE.Lee(dreapta),acruipricepereapstratechilibrulnteatruldeoperaiunidinest.ElafostnvinslaGettysburgdegeneralulunionistMeade(stnga).

HartafluviuluiMississippi,cupuncteleundesaudusbtliintimpulrzboiuluicivil

GeneralulGrant,principalulcomandantmilitarunionistdinVest,imomenteleprincipalealecariereisale

DincauzarezisteneiputerniceaunorforeconfederateiniialelaManassas,Virginia,niulie1861,unmaraltrupelorunionistesubcomandageneraluluimaiorIrvinMcDowellspreforeleconfederatedeacoloafostblocatnprimabtliedelaBullRun,[62]nurmacreiatrupeleunionisteaufostforatesseretraglaWashington,D.C.,dearmataconfederatcondusdegeneraliiJosephE.JohnstoniP.G.T.Beauregard.naceastbtlie,generalulconfederatThomasJacksonaprimitporecladeStonewall(Ziddepiatr)datoritrezisteneiopuseunionitilor.[63]Alarmaidenfrngere,introtentativdeaprevenisecesiuneaaltorstatesclavagiste,CongresulSUAaadoptatRezoluiaCrittendenJohnsonla25iulie,ncaresespuneacrzboiulesteluptatpentrupstrareaUniuniiinupentrudesfiinareasclaviei.

GeneralulmaiorGeorgeB.McClellanapreluatcomandaarmateiunionisteaPotomaculuila26iulie(afost,pentruscurttimp,comandantaltuturorforelorarmatealeUniunii,daracestpostafostocupatapoidegeneralmaiorHenryW.Halleck),iarrzboiulafostreluatcumaimareintensitaten1862.nurmaapeluluifermalPreedinteluiLincolndeancepeoperaiunileofensive,McClellanaatacatVirginianprimvaralui1862prinpeninsuladintreRulYorkiRulJames,lasudestdeRichmond.DeiarmataluiMcClellanaajunslaporileRichmonduluinCampaniadinpeninsul,[64][65][66]avansuliafostopritnBtliadelaSevenPinesdeJosephJohnston,iapoigeneralulRobertE.LeeisubordonaiisiJamesLongstreetiStonewallJackson[67]launvinspeMcClellannBtliiledeaptezileilauforatsseretrag.CampaniadinVirginiadeNord,ncareaavutlocadouabtliedelaBullRun,sancheiatcuoaltvictoriepentruSud.[68]McClellanrezistatordinelorgeneraluluiHalleckdeatrimitentririarmateiunionisteaVirginieialuiJohnPope,ceeaceauuratmisiuneaconfederailorluiLeedeanvinge.

ncurajaideadouabtliedelaBullRun,ConfederaiiauntreprinsprimainvazieaNordului,cugeneralulLeeconducnda45.000deoameni,ArmataVirginieideNord,pesteRulPotomacnMarylandla5septembrie.LincolnapoiatransferattrupeleluiPopesubcomandaluiMcClellan.McClellaniLeesauluptatnbtliadelaAntietam[67]lngSharpsburg,Maryland,la17septembrie1862,ceamaisngeroaszidinistoriamilitaraStatelorUnite.[69]ArmataluiLee,blocatnceledinurm,saretrasnVirginianaintecaMcClellansodistrug.LuptadelaAntietamesteconsideratovictorieaUniunii,deoareceablocatinvazialuiLeenNordiadatocazialuiLincolnsianuneProclamaiadeemancipare.[70]

CndprudentulMcClellannuacapitalizatvictoriadelaAntietam,elafostnlocuitdegeneralmaiorAmbroseBurnside.BurnsideafostnvinsncurndlabtliadelaFredericksburg[71]la13decembrie1862,cndali12.000desoldaiunionitiaufostomorisaurniintimpulrepetateloriinutileloratacurifrontaledelaMarye'sHeights.Dupbtlie,BurnsideafostielnlocuitcugeneralmaiorJosephHooker.NiciHookernusadoveditcapabilsnvingarmataluiLeedeiconfederaiieraudedouorimaipuini,elafostumilitnbtliadelaChancellorsville[72]nmai1863.ElafostnlocuitdegeneralmaiorGeorgeMeadentimpulceleideadouainvaziialuiLeenNord,niunie.MeadelanvinspeLeenbtliadelaGettysburg[73](13iulie1863),ceamaisngeroasbtliearzboiului,consideratuneoricafiindpunctuldecotituralrzboiului.arjaluiPickettdincadrulacesteibtlii,la3iulieestepunctulmaximdeptrundereatrupelorconfederatepeteritoriulUniunii,reprezentndsemnalulsfrituluiplanurilorluiLeedeapunepresiunepeWashingtondinspreNord,daripentrucVicksburg,Mississippi,fortreaacheiecareasituracontrolulasupraruluiMississippi,aczutadouazi.ArmataluiLeeasuferit28.000depierderi(fade23.000ntabraluiMeade).[74]Totui,LincolnsasupratpeMeadepentrucnuainterceptatretragerealuiLee,idupneconcludentacampaniedintoamnaluiMeade,LincolnadecisscautepeTeatrulVesticonouconducere.

Teatrulvesticderzboi,18611863

nvremeceforeleconfederaterepurtaunumeroasevictoriipefrontuldeest,eleaufostnvinsedemulteorinvest.AufostforatesplecedinMissourincdelanceputulrzboiului,nurmabtlieidelaPeaRidge.[75]InvazialuiLeonidasPolkaorauluiColumbus,KentuckyapuscaptpoliticiideneutralitateastatuluiKentuckyiantorsaceststatmpotrivaConfederaiei.

Nashville,Tennessee,aczutnminileUniuniilanceputullui1862.MarepartedinrulMississippieradeschisnurmabtlieidelaInsulanumrul10iceledelaNewMadrid,Missouri,iapoiMemphis,Tennessee.MarinaUniuniiacapturatportulNewOrleans[76]frluptemajorenmai1862,permindforelorUniuniissedeplasezeiperulMississippi.DoaroraulfortificatVicksburg,Mississippi,semaiopuneacontroluluinengrditalUniuniiasuprantreguluiru.

AdouainvazieconfederatastatuluiKentucky,subcomandageneraluluiBraxtonBraggsancheiatcuovictorienesemnificativnfaageneraluluimaiorDonCarlosBuellnbtliadelaPerryville,[77]deiBraggafostobligatsincheietentativadeaocupastatulKentuckyideaseretragedincauzalipseidesuportpentruConfederaienacelstat.BraggafostnvinsgreudegeneralmaiorWilliamRosecransnbtliadelaStonesRiver[78]nTennessee.

SinguravictorieclaraConfederaieinvestareprezentatobtliadelaChickamauga.Bragg,cuajutorultrupelorcondusedegenerallocotenentJamesLongstreet(dinarmataluiLeedinest),lanvinspeRosecrans,nciudaaprriieroiceageneraluluimaiorGeorgeHenryThomas.RosecranssaretrasnChattanooga,orapecareBragglaasediatapoi.

PrincipalulstrategitacticianunionistdinvestafostUlyssesS.Grant,carearepurtatvictoriilaforturileHenryiDonelson(princareUniuneaapreluatcontrolulasuprarurilorTennesseeiCumberland)btliadelaShiloh[79]ibtliadelaVicksburg,[80]careacimentatcontrolulunionistalruluiMississippi,momentconsideratunuldinpuncteledecotituralerzboiului.GrantavenitapoinajutorulluiRosecransilanvinspeBraggnatreiabtliedela

Chattanooga,[81]gonindforeleconfederatedinTennesseeideschizndocalectreAtlantaictreinimaConfederaiei.

TeatrultransMississippi,18611865

ActivitiledegherilautransformatmarepartedinstatulMissourintruncmpdelupt.Missouriestepelocultreinclasamentulnumruluidebtliidusepeteritoriulstatelor.[82]Celelaltestatedinvest,deiizolategeograficdelupteledinest,aufostscenamultoraciunimilitarepescarrestrns.BtliiledinregiuneauservitlapstrareastatuluiMissouri,iateritoriilorIndian,NewMexicoiArizonasubcontrolulUniunii.IncursiunileconfederatenteritoriileArizonaiNewMexicoaufostrespinsen1862iocampanieunionistpentrucontrolulTeritoriuluiIndiansaterminatcusuccesn1863.Spresfritulrzboiului,CampaniaRedRiveraUniuniiaeuat,lsndstatulTexassubcontrolulConfederaieipetoatduratarzboiului,darizolatderestulConfederaieinurmacapturriiVicksburguluin1863,princareUniuneaapreluatcontrolulntreguluiruMississippi.

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JeffersonDavis,primulisingurulPreedintealStatelorConfederatealeAmericii

SoldatmortlaPetersburg,Virginia,1865,fotografiedeThomasC.Roche.

CaleferatdistrusprinprocedeulcravataluiSherman:caleaferateraarspncndinelesedeformauntrattncttrebuiasfienlocuite.

PrimapaginadocumentuluidecapitulareaarmateiluiLee

Sfritulrzboiului,18641865

Lanceputullui1864,LincolnlanumitpeGrantcomandantaltuturorarmatelorUniunii.GrantiastabilitcartierulgeneralmpreuncuArmataPotomacului,ilapuspegeneralmaiorWilliamTecumsehShermanlacomandaarmatelordinvest.Grantnelegeaconceptulderzboitotalicredea,caiLincolniSherman,cdoarnfrngereatotalaforelorconfederateipreluareacontroluluintregiilorbazeeconomicearaduceadevratulsfritalrzboiului.[83]Aceastansemnarzboitotalnuntermeniideucidereacivililor,cinsensuldistrugeriicaselor,fermeloricilorferate.GrantagnditostrategiecoordonatprincareaveasloveascntreagaConfederaiedinmaimultedirecii:generaliiGeorgeMeadeiBenjaminButlerauprimitordinuldealatacapeLeelngRichmondgeneralulFranzSigel(iapoiPhilipSheridan)urmasatacevaleaShenandoahgeneralulShermanurmasocupeAtlantaisavansezepnlaAtlanticgeneraliiGeorgeCrookiWilliamW.AverellurmausoperezempotrivaliniilordeaprovizionaredinVirginiadeVestigeneralmaiorNathanielP.BanksaveasocupeoraulMobile,Alabama.

ForeleunionistedinestauncercatslocoleascpeLeeiaudusctevabtliinaceastfazacampanieidinest.BtliiledeuzuraleluiGrantdelaWilderness,Spotsylvania,iColdHarbor[84]auavutcarezultatpierderimarinrndurileunionitilor,dariauforatpeconfederaiiluiLeesseretragdincencemaimult.OtentativdealuiButleraldepipeLeepeflancuriaeuat.Grant,nciudapierderiloruriae(peste65.000demorinaptesptmni),[85]acontinuatsforezearmataluiLeeaVirginieideNordnapoinspreRichmond.ElablocatarmataconfederatnasediulPetersburgului,careaduratnouluni.

Grantagsitnceledinurmuncomandant,generalulPhilipSheridan,suficientdeagresivnctsizbndeascnCampaniiledinvaledin1864.SheridanlanvinspegeneralulJubalA.Earlyntroseriedebtlii,inclusivonfrngeredecisivnbtliadelaCedarCreek.SheridanadistrusapoibazaagricolaviiShenandoah,[86]ostrategiesimilarcutacticafolositapoideShermannGeorgia.

ntretimp,ShermanaavansatdinspreChattanoogaspreAtlanta,nvingndpegeneraliiconfederaiJosephE.JohnstoniJohnBellHoodpedrum.CdereaAtlantei,[87]la2septembrie1864,afostunfactorsemnificativnrealegerealuiLincolncapreedinte.[88]HoodaplecatdinzonaAtlantapentruaameninaliniiledeaprovizionarealeluiShermaniainvadastatulTennesseenCampaniaFranklinNashville.[89]GeneralulunionistJohnM.SchofieldlanvinspeHoodnbtliadelaFranklin,iarGeorgeH.ThomasiacauzatonfrngeregrealuiHoodnbtliadelaNashville,distrugndpracticarmataluiHood.

PlecnddinAtlanta,bazasadeprovizii,armataluiShermanamersspreodestinaienecunoscut,distrugndndrum20%dinfermeledinGeorgianmarulsuspremare.ElaajunspecoastaAtlanticuluinSavannah,Georgiandecembrie1864.Armatalui

Shermanafosturmatdemiidesclavieliberaincadrulmaruluinusaudusbtliimajore.Shermansandreptatapoisprenord,prinCarolinadeSudiCarolinadeNord,apropiindusedeliniileconfederatedinVirginiadinspresud,[90]crescndpresiuneaasupraarmateiluiLee.

ArmataluiLee,slbitdedezertriimori,eraacummultmaimicdectaluiGrant.ForeleunionisteauobinutovictoriedecisivnbtliadelaFiveForksla1aprilie,forndulpeLeesevacuezePetersburgiRichmond.CapitalaConfederaieiaczut[91]nminileCorpuluideArmatXXV,compusdinsoldainegri.Restulunitilorconfederatesaretrassprevesti,duponfrngerelaSayler'sCreek,luiRobertE.LeeiadevenitclarcacontinualuptacuStateleUniteesteimposibildinpunctdevederetacticilogistic.

LeesapredatmpreuncuArmataVirginieideNordla9aprilie1865,laTribunalulAppomattox.[92]ntrungestneobinuit,icasemnderespectideanticipareareveniriiConfederaieinapoincadrulUniuniindemnitateipace,GrantlalsatpeLeesipstrezesabiadeofiericalul,penumeTraveller.La14aprilie1865,Lincolnafostmpucat.AndrewJohnsonadevenitPreedinte,dupceLincolnamuritadouazi.JohnstonsapredatcutrupelesaleluiShermanla26aprilie1865,nDurham,CarolinadeNord.La23iunie1865,laFortTowsonnregiuneanaiunilorChoctawdinTeritoriulOklahoma,StandWatieasemnatunacorddencetareafoculuicureprezentaniiUniunii,devenindultimulgeneralconfederatcaresapredat.UltimeleforenavaleconfederatecareaucapitulataufostCSSShenandoahla6noiembrie1865,nLiverpool,Anglia.

Sclaviantimpulrzboiului

Lanceputulrzboiului,uniicomandaniunioniticredeaucdatorialorestesreturnezesclaviievadaistpnilorlor.Pnn1862,cndadevenitclarcrzboiulaveasfieunuldedurat,chestiuneatratriisclavieiadevenitmaigeneral.EconomiaSuduluiiefortulmilitarsudistdepindeaudemuncasclavilor.AnceputsdevinnerezonabilsseprotejezesclaviainacelaitimpssencerceblocareacomeruluiConfederaieiidistrugereaproduciei.Dupcumaspusuncongresman,sclavii...nupotfineutri.Calucrtori,dacnucasoldai,eivorfifiealiaiirebelilor,fieaiUniunii.[93]AcelaicongresmanialicolegirepublicaniradicaliaisilaupresatpeLincolnsemancipezerapidsclavii,ntimpcerepublicaniimoderaiauajunssaccepteemancipareaicolonizareatreptat,cudespgubire.[94]Copperheads,stateledegraniidemocraiiunionitiseopuneauemanciprii,deistateledegraniidemocraiiauajunssoacceptenceledinurmcapartedinrzboiultotalnecesarpentrusalvareaUniunii.

n1861,LincolniaexprimattemerilectentativeleprematuredeemanciparearputeansemnapierdereastatelordegraniicapierdeKentuckyesteaproapeacelailucrucuapierdetotul.[95]Lanceput,LincolnafrnattentativeledeemanciparealesecretaruluiderzboiSimonCameronialegeneralilorJohnC.Fremont(nMissouri)iDavidHunter(nCarolinadeSud,GeorgiaiFlorida)pentruaiasiguraloialitateastatelordegraniiademocrailorunioniti.

Lincolnaavertizatstateledegranicoemanciparemairadicalaveasaiblocncondiiilencareplanulsudeemanciparegradaticudespgubireicolonizarevoluntararfifostrespins.[96]DoarDistrictulColumbiaaacceptatplanultreptatalluiLincoln,iaracestaamenionatproclamaiadeemanciparemembrilorcabinetuluisula21iulie1862.SecretaruldestatWilliamH.SewardiaspusluiLincolnsatepteovictorienaintedeafacepublicproclamaia,ccialtfelacestaarputeapreaultimulnostruiptnretragere.[97]Aceastocaziesaivitnseptembrie1862,dupbtliadelaAntietam,iconferinaguvernatorilorderzboiaadugatsuportpentruproclamaie.[98]Lincolnpublicasedejaoscrisoare[99]ncarencurajamaialesstateledegranisaccepteemancipareacanecesarpentrusalvareaUniunii.Lincolnaspusmaitrziucsclaviaafostntructvacauzarzboiului.[100]Lincolnapublicatproclamaiadeemanciparepreliminarla22septembrie1862,ipeceafinalla1ianuarie1863.nscrisoareactreHodges,Lincolniaexprimatcredinacdacsclavianuestecevagreit,atuncinimicnuestegreit...itotuieunuamnelesniciodatcPreediniamiaconferitmieundreptnerestricionatdeaacionaoficialpebazaacesteijudeciiaacestorsentimente...eunususincamcontrolatevenimentele,cimrturisescficevenimentelemaucontrolatpemine.[101]

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Proclamaiadeemancipare

HarrietTubman(stnga),sclavcareaevadatdinSud.Dupevadare,eaaajutatmulialisclavisfugnNord.Aici,mpreuncuasesclavipecareiasalvat.

SoldaidinCompaniadeinfanterieE,aIVadeCuloaredinarmataUniunii.

CharlesFrancisAdams,ambasadorulStatelorUnitelaLondra

LordulPalmerston,PrimulMinistrualRegatuluiUnit,nuaimplicatputerniculimperiubritanicnconflictulnordamerican

ntructproclamaiadeemanciparesebazapeputerilePreedinteluincazderzboi,easerefereadoarlateritoriiledeinutelaaceavremedeConfederaie.Totui,proclamaiaadevenitunsimbolalangajamentuluicrescndalUniuniideaadugaemanciparealadefiniiaamericanalibertii.[102]LincolnajucatiunrolprincipalnconvingereaCongresuluisvotezenfavoareaAmendamentului13,[103]careafcutemancipareauniversalipermanent.

SclaviinegrinuauateptataciunileluiLincolnpentruaevadaiacutalibertateanspateleliniilornordiste.ncdinprimiianiairzboiului,sutedemiidenegriaufugitnNord,maialesnregiunileneocupate,caNorfolkiregiuneaHamptonRoadsn1862,Tennesseedup1862,liniamaruluiluiSherman,etc.Atianegriaufugitnspateleliniilorunionistenctcomandaniiaunfiinattabereicolipentruacetia,undeattaduliicticopiiiputeaunvasscrieisciteasc.TheAmericanMissionaryAssociationsaimplicatnefortulderzboitrimindprofesorinastfeldetabere,deexemplunfiinndcolinNorfolkipeplantaiiledinapropiere.nplus,aproape200.000deafroamericaniauluptatnarmatainmarinaUniunii.Majoritatealorerausclavievadai.

Confederaiatransformasoldaiiunionitinegricapturainsclavi,isoldaiinegriaufostmpucaicndncercaussepredeanmasacruldelaFortPillow.[104]Aceastaaconduslaprbuireaprogramuluideschimbdeprizonieri,icretereataberelordeprizonieri,caceadelanchisoareaAndersonvilledinGeorgiaundeau

muritdefoameideboli13.000deprizonieriderzboiunioniti.[105]

npofidalipseideresurseumaneaSudului,pnn1865,majoritatealiderilorsuditisauopusncorporriisclavilornarmat.Acetiaaufostfolosiilamuncidesuportaleefortuluiderzboi.HowellCobbaspus:dacsclaviipotfibunisoldai,atuncitoatteorianoastrprivindsclaviaestegreit.GeneraliiconfederaiPatrickCleburneiRobertE.Leeaufostdeacordcuncorporareanegrilorspresfritulrzboiului,iJeffersonDavisafostnceledinurmconvinsssusinplanuriledenarmareasclavilorpentruaevitanfrngerea.ConfederaiaacapitulatnslaAppomattoxnaintecaacestplansfieimplementat.[106]

Proclamaiadeemancipare[107]aredusmultsperaneleConfederaieideaprimivreunajutordinparteaRegatuluiUnitsauaFranei.AbordareamoderataluiLincolnareuitspstrezedeaceeaiparteabaricadeistatelordegrani,democraiiunionitiisclaviiemancipai.Stateleunionistedegrani(Kentucky,Missouri,Maryland,DelawareiVirginiadeVest)nuauintratsubincidenaproclamaieideemancipare.Toateauabolitsclaviasingure,nafarde

KentuckyiDelaware.[108]Mareamajoritateacelor4milioanedesclaviaufosteliberaiprinproclamaiadeemancipare,pemsurcearmateleunionisteavansauspresud.Amendamentulal13lea,[109]ratificatla6decembrie1865,aeliberatirestuldesclavidinKentucky,Delaware,iNewJersey,carenumrau225.000deoameninKentucky,1.800nDelaware,i18nNewJerseylanivelulanului1860.[110]

Pericolulintervenieiinternaionale

IntrareanrzboiaRegatuluiUnitsauaFraneideparteaConfederaieiarfimritanseleSuduluideaidobndiindependenafadeSUA.[111]Uniuneans,subconducerealuiLincolniaSecretaruluideStatWilliamHenrySewardaudepuseforturipentruaevitaaceasta,iaameninatcurzboiuloriceararfirecunoscutoficialexistenaStatelorConfederatealeAmericii(nicioarnuarecunoscuto).n1861,suditiiaupusembargopeexporturiledebumbac,sperndsmpingEuropantrocrizeconomiccearfiforatRegatulUnitsintrenrzboipentrubumbac.Aceasttacticsadoveditfalimentar,deoareceEuropaaveaunsurplusdebumbac,iarrecolteleeuropeneslabedecerealedin

18601862aumritimportanaexporturilordecerealealeNordului.SaspuscRegelePorumbafostmaiputernicdectRegeleBumbac,cerealeleamericanecrescnddelaunsfertdinimportulbritaniclaaproapejumtate.[112]

CndRegatulUnitsaconfruntatcuopenuriedebumbac,aceastaafosttemporar,ibumbaculamericanafostnlocuitprincretereaculturilordebumbacnEgiptinIndia.ntretimp,rzboiulacreatopiaaforeidemuncnindustriiledearmamentimetalurgieiopiapentrunavelebritanicepentrutransportularmamentului.[113]

CharlesFrancisAdamssadoveditafiunpriceputambasadoralUniuniinRegatulUnit,britaniciinedorindspunproblemeblocadeiunioniste.Confederaiaacumpratctevanavederzboidelaantierelenavalecomercialebritanice.Ceamaicelebr,CSSAlabama,acauzatdauneconsiderabileiacondusladisputeduprzboi.Totui,opoziiaopinieipublicefadesclavieatransformatConfederaiantrunpartenerpoliticspinospentrupoliticieniieuropeni,maialespentruceibritanici.AexistatunpericolderzbointreSUAiRegatulUnitspresfritullui1861dincauzaAfaceriiTrent,careaimplicatabordajulunuivaporpotalbritanicdectreUniune,pentruaarestadoidiplomaiconfederai.Totui,LondraiWashingtonulaureuitsrezolveproblemadupeliberareacelordoidectreLincoln.

n1862,britaniciiauluatncalculposibilitateamedieriideisimplaofertarficrescutpericolulderzboicuSUA.SespunecPrimulMinistruLordPalmerstonarficititColibaunchiuluiTomdetreiori[114]naintedealuaodecizienaceastprivin.VictoriaUniuniinbtliadelaAntietamacauzatntrziereauneidecizii.Proclamaiadeemancipareacrescut

riscurilepoliticealesusineriiConfederaiei.nciudasimpatieifadeConfederaie,ocupareaMexiculuidectreFranaaopritopeaceastadinurmsintrenrzboicuUniunea.OferteleConfederaieideaabolisclavianschimbulrecunoateriidiplomatice,oferteemisespresfritulrzboiului,nuaufostluatenseriosnicideLondra,nicideParis.

VictoriaUniuniiiurmrilerzboiului

DacarfipututConfederaiasctigerzboiulafostontrebareintensdiscutatntreistorici.CeimaimuliaratcUniuneaaveaunavantajinsurmontabilpetermenlungnfaaConfederaieintermenidepopulaieiforindustrial.Aciunileconfederate,spunei,doarauamnatnfrngerea.IstoriculsudicShelbyFooteaexprimatacestpunctdevederepescurt:EucredcNorduladusrzboiulcuomnlaspate...Dacarfifostmaimulte,multmaimultevictoriialeSudului,Nordularfiadusicealaltmn.NucredcSudulaavutvreoanssctigeacelrzboi.[115]ConfederaiaacutatsctigeindependenaprinarezistapnlancheiereamandatuluiluiLincolndar,dupcdereaAtlanteiivictorialuiLincolnnfaaluiMcClellanlaalegeriledin1864,oricesperanpentruovictoriepoliticaSuduluiadisprut.nacelmoment,Lincolnreuisesobinsuportulstatelordegrani,aldemocrailorunioniti,alsclaviloremancipaiialRegatuluiUnitiFranei.nvingndulpedemocratulMcClellan,elianvinsipeCopperheadsiplatformalordepace.[116]LincolngsiseiliderimilitaricaGrantiShermancaresaufolositnluptedeavantajulnumericalUniuniifadearmateleconfederate.Acetigeneralinusefereaudevrsareadesnge,iardelasfritullui1864nuamairmasniciosperanpentruSud.

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Posterelectoralrepublicanpentrualegeriledin1864.VictoriazdrobitoarealuiLincoln(Preedinte,stnga)iJohnson(Vicepreedinte,dreapta)aartatsprijinulsocialputernicnNordpentrucauzarzboiului.

ComparaientreUniuneiSCA[119]

Uniunea ConfederaiaPopulaietotal 22.000.000(71%) 9.000.000(29%)Populaieliber 21.567.414 5.500.000Sclavin1860 432.586 3.500.000

Soldai 2.200.000(67%) 1.064.000(33%)Miledecaleferat 21.788(71%) 8.838(29%)Producieindustrial 90% 10%

Produciedearmedefoc 97% 3%Baloidebumbacn1860 Neglijabil 4.500.000Baloidebumbacn1864 Neglijabil 300.000Exporturinaintederzboi 30% 70%

AltreisprezeceleaamendamentalConstituieiSUA,princareeraabolitsclavia

MonumentncinsteaMariiArmateaRepublicii,organizatduprzboi.

Pedealtparte,JamesMcPhersonaafirmatcavantajulNorduluidinpunctuldevederealpopulaieiiresurselorfceavictoriaNorduluiprobabil,darnuinevitabil.Confederaianutrebuiasinvadezeispreiacontrolulasuprateritoriuluiinamicpentruactiga,cidoarsducunrzboidefensivpentruaconvingeNordulcvictoriaarecosturipreamari.Nordultrebuiascucereasciscontrolezeporiunivastedinteritoriulinamicisnvingarmateleconfederatepentruactiga.[117]

ImportantafostielocvenaluiLincolnnexplicareascopuluinaionalipricepereasanapstrastateledegranideparteaUniunii.DeiabordareaemancipriidectreLincolnafostlent,ProclamaiadeemancipareafostunexempludeutilizareeficaceaputerilorPreedinteluipetimpderzboi.[118]

EconomiaindustrializataNorduluiasusinutproduciadearme,muniiiiprovizii,precumifinaneleitransportul.TabeluldindreaptaprezintavantajulrelativalUniuniifadeConfederaielanceputulrzboiului.Ecartulsamritntimpulrzboiului,economiaNorduluicrescnd,iarteritoriulconfederatsczndieconomiasaslbind.PopulaiaUniuniierade22milioane,iaraSuduluide9milioanen1861dinpopulaiaSudului,peste3,5milioaneerausclaviiaproximativ5,5milioane

albi,populaiaSuduluifiindpracticdepitnumericdepatruorideceaaNordului.[120]DiferenaacrescutpemsurceUniuneaapreluatcontrolulasuprateritoriuluiConfederaiei,cutotcugarnizoane,imaialesdupceparteaConfederaieidepemaluldreptalfluviuluiMississippiafostizolatderestul.Uniuneacontrolalanceputpeste80%dinantierelenavale,vapoare,ambarcaiunilefluviale,iMarin.Acestavantajafostaccentuatdeunprogrammasivdeconstruciidenave.AceastaapermisUniuniiscontrolezerurileisblochezentreagacoastoceanicaSudului.[121]LegturileferoviareexcelentedintreoraeleUniuniiaupermismicarearapidiieftinatrupeloriproviziilor.TransporturileeraumultmailenteidificilenSud,carenuiapututdezvoltarapidmultmairestrnsulsistemdeciferate,nuiapututreparauordaunele,inicimcarefectualucrridementenan.[122]EeculluiDavisnapstrarelaiipozitiveiproductivecuguvernatoriistatelor(maialescuguvernatorulJosephE.BrownalGeorgieiicuguvernatorulZebulonVancealCarolineideNord)iapericlitatputereadeacapitalizaresurseleregionale.[123]PercepiaconfederatgreitaRegeluiBumbacasupraeconomieimondialeaconduslaeroridiplomatice,cumarfirefuzuldealivrabumbacnaintedencepereablocadei.[124]Proclamaiadeemancipareapermisafroamericanilor,attnegriliberictisclavievadai,ssenrolezenarmataunionist.Aproximativ190.000sauoferitvoluntari,

[125]mrindimaimultavantajulnumericalarmatelorunionistefadeceaconfederat,carenuandrznitsfoloseascaceleairesurseumanedinteamadeanusubminalegitimitateasclaviei.Sclaviieliberaiauntreinutgarnizoaneleiauluptatnnumeroasebtliinanii18641865.[126]Emigraniieuropenisaunrolatnarmataunionistnnumrmare,inclusiv177.000nscuinGermaniai144.000nscuinIrlanda.[127]

Reconstrucia

Articolprincipal:EpocadereconstrucieaStatelorUnite.

Lideriinorditiaufostdeacordcvictoriafinalreprezintmaimultdectdoarncetarealuptelor.Eatrebuiascuprindceledouscopurialerzboiului:secesiuneatrebuiarepudiattotal,itoateformeledesclavietrebuiasfieeliminate.Einuauczutdeacordasupracriteriilorpentruacestescopuri,asupragraduluidecontrolfederalceaveasfieimpusSudului,iasupraprocesuluiprincarestateledinSudaveausfiereintegratenUniune.

Reconstrucia,careanceputncdintimpulrzboiuluiisaterminatn1877,aimplicatoseriecomplexinrapidschimbaredepoliticilanivelfederalidestat.RezultatulpetermenlungavenitsubformaatreiamendamentealeConstituiei,denumiteamendamentelerzboiuluicivil:Amendamentulal13lea,careaabolitsclaviaAmendamentulal14lea,careaextinsproteciilelegalefederalenmodegalaspratuturorcetenilorindiferentderasiAmendamentulal15lea,careaabolitrestriciilerasialeasupradreptuluidevot.

Reconstruciaaluatsfritnstatediferitelamomentediferite,ultimeletreincheinduiperioadadeReconstrucieprinCompromisuldin1877.

Consecine

SclaviaaluatsfritnSUAnprimvaralui1865cndarmateleconfederateaucapitulat.ToisclaviidinConfederaieaufosteliberaiprinProclamaiadeemancipare,carestipulactoisclaviidinzoneleconfederateeraudeclarailiberi.SclaviidinstateledegraniidinregiunileSuduluicontrolatedeUniuneaufosteliberaiprinaciuneastatelorsauprinAmendamentulal13lealaConstituiaSUA(la6decembrie1865).RestaurareatotalaUniuniiafosturmareaeforturiloruneiperioadecontroversate,denumitReconstrucia.Rzboiulsasoldatcuaproximativ1.030.000demori(3%dinpopulaie),inclusiv620.000desoldaiomorideboli.[128]RzboiulcivilaprodusmaimulimoridecttoatecelelalterzboaiealeStatelorUnitelaunloc.[129]Cauzelerzboiului,motivelerezultatuluisu,ichiarnumeleconflictuluisuntncsubiectdecontroversntreistorici.Aproximativ4milioanedesclavinegriaufosteliberainperioada18611865.Pebazarezultatelorrecensmntuluidin1860,8%dintoibrbaiialbintre13i43deaniaumuritnrzboi,cifradefalcatpeceledoutaberefiindde6%dinceidinNordi18%dinceidinSud.[130]

Ocauzpentrunumruluriademoridintimpulrzboiuluiafostutilizareatacticilornapoleoniene,cumarfiarjele.Cuadaosulputilormaiprecisei(spresfritulrzboiului,narmataunionist)armelordefoccurepetiie,cumarficarabinacurepetiieSpencerictevaarmeGatling(predecesoarealemitralierelor),soldaiieraudecimaincmpdeschis.Astfelsarecurslatranee,tacticceaveasfiefolositintensivnprimulrzboimondial.

Note

1. ^AbrahamLincoln,HouseDividedSpeech,Springfield,Illinois,16iunie18582. ^ShelbyFoote,TheCivilWar:FortSumtertoPerryville,p.343. ^GlennM.Linden(2001).VoicesfromtheGatheringStorm:TheComingoftheAmericanCivilWar(http://books.google.com/books?

id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC&pg=PA184&lpg=PA184&dq=Prevent+%22any+of+our+friends+from+demoralizing+themselves%22&source=web&ots=Gel_R70_T&sig=6dQstqsFPcVDPiWeImsbzp_8Gbg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA183,M1).UnitedStates:Rowman&Littlefield.pp.236.ISBN

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0842029990.http://books.google.com/books?id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC&pg=PA184&lpg=PA184&dq=Prevent+%22any+of+our+friends+from+demoralizing+themselves%22&source=web&ots=Gel_R70_T&sig=6dQstqsFPcVDPiWeImsbzp_8Gbg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA183,M1.Prevent,asfaraspossible,anyofourfriendsfromdemoralizingthemselves,andourcause,byentertainingpropositionsforcompromiseofanysort,onslaveryextension.Thereisnopossiblecompromiseuponit,butwhichputsusunderagain,andleavesallourworktodooveragain.WhetheritbeaMo.Line,orEliThayer'sPop.Sov.Itisallthesame.Leteitherbedone,&immediatelyfilibusteringandextendingslaveryrecommences.Onthatpointholdfirm,aswithachainofsteel.AbrahamLincolntoElihuB.Washburne,December13,1860

4. ^Lettherebenocompromiseonthequestionofextendingslavery.Iftherebe,allourlaborislost,and,erelong,mustbedoneagain.ThedangerousgroundthatintowhichsomeofourfriendshaveahankeringtorunisPop.Sov.Havenoneofit.Standfirm.Thetughastocome,&betternow,thananytimehereafter.(Snuexistecompromisnchestiuneaextinderiisclaviei.Dacarexista,toatmuncanoastrestepierdut,ideacumncolotrebuieluatdelanceput.TerenulpericulospecareuniidintreprieteniinotriauodorinspreaalergaestePop.Suv.Nuacceptai.Fiiferm.nfruntareatrebuiesvin,imaibineacumdectmaitrziu.)AbrahamLincolnctreLymanTrumbull,10decembrie1860

5. ^JamesMcPherson,BattleCryofFreedom,pp.241,2536. ^DeclaraiiledeCauzpentru:Georgia,adoptatla29ianuarie1861Mississippi,adoptatn1861(nusetiedataexact)CarolinadeSud,adoptatla24decembrie1860Texas,

adoptatla2februarie18617. ^TheNewHeresy,SouthernPunch,editorJohnWilfordOverall,19septembrie1864esteunadinnumeroaselesursecareindicfaptulcsperanarepublicanilordeainterzice

treptatsclaviaerateamaSudului.Sespuneacolo,nparte,"doctrinanoastreste:NOILUPTMPENTRUINDEPENDENADEAPSTRAMREAAINECESARAINSTITUIEINTERNASCLAVIEI."

8. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,pp.3350.Pottersusinecteoriacauzeidrepturilorstatelor(pagina33)idiferitecauzeculturaleieconomicenupotfiseparatedeproblemasclaviei.

9. ^JeffersonDavis'ResolutionsontheRelationsofStates,SenateChamber,U.S.Capitol,2februarie1860,dinThePapersofJeffersonDavis,Volumul6,pp.273276.argumentuldrepturilorstatelorinvocatdeDavisnaprareasclavieinteritoriiesteurmtorul:Resolved,ThattheunionoftheseStatesrestsontheequalityofrightsandprivilegesamongitsmembers,andthatitisespeciallythedutyoftheSenate,whichrepresentstheStatesintheirsovereigncapacity,toresistallattemptstodiscriminateeitherinrelationtopersonorproperty,soas,intheTerritorieswhicharethecommonpossessionoftheUnitedStatestogiveadvantagestothecitizensofoneStatewhicharenotequallysecuredtothoseofeveryotherState.(UniuneaacestorStatesesprijinpeegalitateandrepturiiprivilegiintremembriisi,iestemaialesdatoriaSenatului,carereprezintStatelencapacitatealorsuveran,srezistetuturortentativelordediscriminarefienraportcuindividul,fienraportcuproprietateanTeritoriicaresuntposesiunicomunealeStatelorUniteideacordaredeavantajecetenilorpebazaaparteneneilorlaunStatsaulaaltul)

10. ^J.L.M.Curry:ThePerilsandDutyoftheSouthdiscursnTalladega,Alabama,26noiembrie1860Acestaafostunuldinnumeroaseleargumentesudistenaprareasclavieipebazadrepturilorstatelor.

11. ^DiscursulluiLincolnnChicago,10decembrie1856ncarespune,"Weshallagainbeablenottodeclare,that'allStatesasStates,areequal,'noryetthat'allcitizensascitizensareequal,'buttorenewthebroader,betterdeclaration,includingboththeseandmuchmore,that'allmenarecreatedequal.'"(Vomputeadinnounusdeclarmctoatestatele,castate,suntegale,nicictoicetenii,caceteni,suntegali,cisrennoimdeclaraiamailarg,maibun,careleincludepeacesteadouipemultealtele,aceeactoioameniisuntcreaiegali)Deasemenea,scrisoarealuiLincolnctreHenryL.Pierce,din6aprilie1859

12. ^Stampp,TheCausesoftheCivilWar,pp.6365(AConstitutionalViewoftheLateWarBetweentheStates)ipp.152153(CornerstoneSpeech).StampppunenopoziiediscursulCauzeiPierdutecuDiscursulPietreideHotaraleluiStephenspentruaartacStephensiaschimbatprereaasupracauzelorrzboiului.

13. ^JamesMcPherson,ThisMightyScourge,pp.3914. ^AllanNevins,OrdealoftheUnion:AHouseDividing18521857,pp.26726915. ^ncdin1830,nmijloculCrizeiAnulrii,Calhounaidentificatdreptuldeadeinesclavicafiindprincipaluldreptminoritaralsuditilorcareeraameninat:"Iconsiderthetariff

actastheoccasion,ratherthantherealcauseofthepresentunhappystateofthings.Thetruthcannolongerbedisguised,thatthepeculiardomestick[sic]institutionoftheSouthernStatesandtheconsequentdirectionwhichthatandhersoilhavegiventoherindustry,hasplacedtheminregardtotaxationandappropriationsinoppositerelationtothemajorityoftheUnion,againstthedangerofwhich,iftherebenoprotectivepowerinthereservedrightsofthestatestheymustintheendbeforcedtorebel,or,submittohavetheirparamountinterestssacrificed,theirdomesticinstitutionssubordinatedbyColonizationandotherschemes,andthemselvesandchildrenreducedtowretchedness."(Consideractultaxeicafiindocazia,inucauzarealaactualeisituaiinefericite.Adevrulnumaipoatefideghizat,iciudatainstituiedomesticaStatelorSuduluiidireciancaresendreaptastfelindustriasclaviei,leapuspeacestestatenraportcutaxareanrelaiedeopoziiecumajoritateaUniunii,mpotrivapericoluluica,dacnuexistoputereprotectoarendrepturilerezervatealestatelor,nceledinurm,acesteasfieforatesserevoltesausisacrificeinteresele,isisubordonezeinstituiileprincolonizaresauprinaltemetode,isseaducpeeiniiipecopiiilorlamizerie)Ellis,RichardE.TheUnionatRisk:JacksonianDemocracy,States'Rights,andtheNullificationCrisis(1987),p.193Freehling,WilliamW.PreludetoCivilWar:TheNullificationCrisisinSouthCarolina18161836.(1965),p.257Ellisp.193.EllisnoteazicCalhounianulatoriinuerauprimiisuditicarelegausclaviadedrepturilestatelor.ndiversemomentealecariereilor,JohnTaylor,JohnRandolph,iNathanielMaconavertizasercdndpreamultputereguvernuluifederal,maialesasupraunorproblemeattdespinoasecumestedezvoltareaeconomicintern,arputeasideaacestuiaputereadeaemancipasclavimpotrivadorineiproprietariloracestora."

16. ^WilliamE.Gienapp,"TheCrisisofAmericanDemocracy:ThePoliticalSystemandtheComingoftheCivilWar."inBoritted.WhytheCivilWarCame7912317. ^McPherson,BattleCrypp.889118. ^Majoritatedeintorilordesclavisuntoamenideceni,onorabili,einiivictimealeacesteiinstituii.Marepartedindescrierisebazeazpeobservaiipersonale,ipedescrieri

alesuditiloreansiidenumetepeeiipeLegreereprezentaniaidiferitelortipuridestpni.Gerson,HarrietBeecherStowe,p.68Stowe,KeytoUncleTom'sCabin(1953)p.39

19. ^FoxButterfieldAllGod'sChildrenp.1720. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,pp.35638421. ^KennethM.Stampp,TheImperiledUnion:EssaysontheBackgroundoftheCivilWar(1981)p198Woodworth,ed.TheAmericanCivilWar:AHandbookofLiteratureand

Research(1996),145151505512554557684RichardHofstadter,TheProgressiveHistorians:Turner,Beard,Parrington(1969)22. ^JamesMcPherson,DrawnWiththeSword,p.1123. ^JamesMcPherson,"AntebellumSouthernExceptionalism:ANewLookatanOldQuestion,"CivilWarHistory29(septembrie1983)24. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,p.48525. ^JamesM.McPherson,BattleCryofFreedom1988p242,255,28283.Hriledelapagina101(TheSouthernEconomy)ipagina236(TheProgressofSecession)suntiele

relevante26. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,pp.50350527. ^SelectedStatisticsonSlaveryintheUnitedStates(http://web.archive.org/19981203090205/members.aol.com/jfepperson/stat.html).Arhivatdinoriginal

(http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/stat.html)la3decembrie1998.http://web.archive.org/19981203090205/members.aol.com/jfepperson/stat.html.Accesatla14octombrie2007.28. ^OttoH.Olsen(decembrie2004).HistoriansandtheextentofslaveownershipintheSouthernUnitedStates(http://www.southernhistory.net/modules.php?

op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9406).CivilWarHistory.Southernhistory.net.http://www.southernhistory.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9406.Accesatla23noiembrie2007.

29. ^JamesMcPherson,DrawnwiththeSword,p.1530. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,p.27531. ^FirstLincolnDouglasDebateatOttawa,Illinois21august185832. ^AbrahamLincoln,DiscursuldinNewHaven,Connecticut,6martie186033. ^McPherson,BattleCry,p.19534. ^JohnTownsend,TheDoomofSlaveryintheUnion,itsSafetyoutofit,29octombrie186035. ^McPherson,BattleCry,p.24336. ^DavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,p.46137. ^WilliamC.Davis,LookAway,pp.13014038. ^WilliamW.Freehling,TheRoadtoDisunion,p.4239. ^Winkler,E.ADeclarationoftheCauseswhichImpeltheStateofTexastoSecedefromtheFederalUnion.

(http://web.archive.org/20000925113605/members.aol.com/jfepperson/reasons.html#Texas).JournaloftheSecessionConventionofTexas.Arhivatdinoriginal(http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/reasons.html#Texas)la25septembrie2000.http://web.archive.org/20000925113605/members.aol.com/jfepperson/reasons.html#Texas.Accesatla16octombrie2007.

40. ^Winkler,E.ADeclarationoftheCauseswhichImpeltheStateofTexastoSecedefromtheFederalUnion.(http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/csa/texsec.htm).JournaloftheSecessionConventionofTexas.http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/csa/texsec.htm.Accesatla16octombrie2007.

41. ^SpeechofE.S.Dargan,intheConventionofAlabama,January11,1861(http://web.archive.org/20000423061204/members.aol.com/jfepperson/bama4.html)42. ^SchlesingerAgeofJackson,p.19043. ^DavidBrionDavis,InhumanBondage(2006)p197,409StanleyHarrold,TheAbolitionistsandtheSouth,18311861(1995)p.62JaneH.andWilliamH.Pease,

"ConfrontationandAbolitioninthe1850s"JournalofAmericanHistory(1972)58(4):923937.44. ^EricFoner.FreeSoil,FreeLabor,FreeMen:TheIdeologyoftheRepublicanPartyBeforetheCivilWar(1970),p.945. ^PreedinteleJamesBuchanan,Mesajuldin8decembrie186046. ^McPherson,BattleCry,pp.284287

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47. ^McPherson,BattleCry,pp.29029348. ^McPherson,BattleCry,pp.29329749. ^Croftsp.341.50. ^MarkNeely,ConfederateBastille:JeffersonDavisandCivilLiberties1993p.101151. ^McPherson,BattleCry,pp.23426652. ^AbrahamLincoln,FirstInauguralAddress,luni4martie186153. ^Lincoln,FirstInauguralAddress,March4,186154. ^abDavidPotter,TheImpendingCrisis,pp.57257355. ^JamesMcPherson,BattleCryofFreedom,p.27456. ^Vezirelatareadela(http://books.google.com/books?

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Bibliografie

Generaliti

Beringer,RichardE.,ArcherJones,andHermanHattaway,WhytheSouthLosttheCivilWar(1986)analizafactorilorTheElementsofConfederateDefeat:Nationalism,WarAims,andReligion(1988),versiuneprescurtatCatton,Bruce,TheCivilWar,AmericanHeritage,1960,ISBN0828103054,relatareilustratDavis,WilliamC.TheImperiledUnion,186118653v(1983)Donald,Davidetal.TheCivilWarandReconstruction(latestedition2001)studiude700paginiEicher,DavidJ.,TheLongestNight:AMilitaryHistoryoftheCivilWar,(2001),ISBN0684849445.Fellman,Michaeletal.ThisTerribleWar:TheCivilWaranditsAftermath(2nded.2007),studiude544paginiFoote,Shelby.TheCivilWar:ANarrative(3volumes),(1974),ISBN0394749138.DescrieridetaliatealeoperaiunilormilitaredepetoatefronturileMcPherson,JamesM.BattleCryofFreedom:TheCivilWarEra(1988),studiude900paginialetuturoraspectelorrzboiuluictigtoralpremiuluiPulitzerJamesM.McPherson.OrdealByFire:TheCivilWarandReconstruction(2nded1992),manualNevins,Allan.OrdealoftheUnion,an8volumeset(19471971).Ceamaidetaliatrelatarepolitic,economicimilitarautorulestelaureatalpremiuluiPulitzer

1.FruitsofManifestDestiny,184718522.AHouseDividing,185218573.Douglas,Buchanan,andPartyChaos,185718594.ProloguetoCivilWar,185918615.TheImprovisedWar,186118626.WarBecomesRevolution,186218637.TheOrganizedWar,186318648.TheOrganizedWartoVictory,18641865

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Bibliografii

Blair,JayneE.TheEssentialCivilWar:AHandbooktotheBattles,Armies,NaviesAndCommanders(2006)Carter,AliceE.andRichardJensen.TheCivilWarontheWeb:AGuidetotheVeryBestSites2nded.(2003)Current,RichardN.,etal.eds.EncyclopediaoftheConfederacy(1993)(4volume1volversiuneaprescurtat)(ISBN0132759918)Faust,PatriciaL.(ed.)HistoricalTimesIllustratedEncyclopediaoftheCivilWar(1986)(ISBN0061812617)2000articolescurteEsposito,VincentJ.,WestPointAtlasofAmericanWarsediieonline1995Heidler,DavidStephen,ed.EncyclopediaoftheAmericanCivilWar:APolitical,Social,andMilitaryHistory(2002),1600articolen2700paginin5volumesaunediiecomasatResch,JohnP.etal.,AmericansatWar:Society,CultureandtheHomefrontvol2:18161900(2005)Tulloch,Hugh.TheDebateontheAmericanCivilWarEra(1999),istoriografieWagner,MargaretE.GaryW.Gallagher,andPaulFinkelman,eds.TheLibraryofCongressCivilWarDeskReference(2002)Woodworth,StevenE.ed.AmericanCivilWar:AHandbookofLiteratureandResearch(1996)(ISBN0313290199),750paginideistoriografieibibliografieonlineedition(http://www.questia.com/read/14877569?title=The%20American%20Civil%20War%3a%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Literature%20and%20Research)

Biografii

AmericanNationalBiography24vol(1999),eseurialespecialitilordespretoatepersonalitileimportante[1](http://www.anb.org/aboutanb.html)McHenry,Roberted.Webster'sAmericanMilitaryBiographies(1978)Warner,EzraJ.,GeneralsinBlue:LivesoftheUnionCommanders,(1964),ISBN0807108227Warner,EzraJ.,GeneralsinGray:LivesoftheConfederateCommanders,(1959),ISBN0807108235

Soldai

Berlin,Ira,etal,eds.Freedom'sSoldiers:TheBlackMilitaryExperienceintheCivilWar(1998)Hess,EarlJ.TheUnionSoldierinBattle:EnduringtheOrdealofCombat(1997)McPherson,James.ForCauseandComrades:WhyMenFoughtintheCivilWar(1998)Wiley,BellIrvin.TheLifeofJohnnyReb:TheCommonSoldieroftheConfederacy(1962)(ISBN0807104752)Wiley,BellIrvin.LifeofBillyYank:TheCommonSoldieroftheUnion(1952)(ISBN0807104760)

Surseprimare

Commager,HenrySteele(ed.).TheBlueandtheGray.TheStoryoftheCivilWarasToldbyParticipants.(1950),extrasedinsurseprimareHesseltine,WilliamB.ed.TheTragicConflict:TheCivilWarandReconstruction(1962),extrasedinsurseprimare

Legturiexterne

Adevratelecauzealerzboiuluiamericandesecesiune(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/flaviustone/articol/adevaratelecauzealerazboiuluiamericansecesiune),Flaviusone,Historia,accesatla15februarie2012Ceastatdefaptlabazaizbucniriirzboiuluicivilamerican?(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/cestatfaptbazaizbucniriirazboiuluicivilamerican),2aprilie2012,AndreeaLupor,Historia

Adusdelahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rzboiul_Civil_American&oldid=9139108

Categorii: Articoledecalitate Rzboiulcivilamerican IstoriaStatelorUnitealeAmericii StateleConfederatealeAmericii(18611865) RzboaiecivileRzboaieleStatelorUnitealeAmericii

130. ^Lambert,Craig(MayJune2001).TheDeadliestWar(http://www.harvardmagazine.com/online/050155.html).HarvardMagazine.http://www.harvardmagazine.com/online/050155.html.Accesatla14octombrie2007.