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CHAPTER I ABOUT OFF-ROAD
Off-roading is a term for driving a vehicle on un-surfaced roads or tracks, made of
materials such as sand and gravel, riverbeds, mud, snow, rocks, and other natural terrain. In
most cases off-road terrains can only be
traveled by vehicles designed specifically for
off-road driving. These types of vehicles
often have extra ground clearance, sturdy
tires, and front and rear locking differentials.
Examples of vehicle manufacturers notable
for producing types of off-road vehicle
include Land Rover, Jeep, Toyota, Suzuky,
Hummer etc.
Military forces usually design their
vehicles with off-roading in mind or buy them
from off-road manufacturers such as AM
General (Humvee) or Land Rover, who have
produced vehicles used by the armed forces of
many countries.
In some parts of the world, off-roading is the
normal form of transportation. In tropical
countries non-surfaced roads can attain off-road
aspects during the rainy season when extra gears and four wheel drive can become necessary.
In Western countries the term "off-roading" is frequently used more for recreational pursuits.
An off-road vehicle is considered
to be any type of vehicle which is
capable ofdriving on and offpaved
or gravel surface.It is generally
characterized by having large tires
with deep, open treads, a flexible
suspension, or even .Other vehicles
that do not travel public streets or
highways are generally termed off-highway vehicles, including
tractors, forklifts, cranes, backhoes,
bulldozers, and Golf carts.Off-road
vehicles have an enthusiastic
following because of their many
uses and versatility. Several types ofmotorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three
largest "4 wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are Rally, Desert Racing, and
Rockcrawling The three largest types of All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) / Motorcycle
competitions are Motocross, Enduro, and also Desert Racing like Dakar Rallye and Baja
1000.The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from
pavement. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles enables access on trails
and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.
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SHORT HISTORY
One of the first modified off-road vehicles
was the Kgresse track, a conversion undertaken
first by Adolphe Kgresse, who designed the
original while working for Czar Nicholas II of
Russia between 1906 and 1916.The system uses an
unusual caterpillar track which has a flexible belt
rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be
fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a
half-track suitable for use over rough or soft
ground.
AfterWorld War II, a huge surplus of light off-road vehicles like the Jeep and heavier lorries
were available on the market. The Jeeps in particular were popular with buyers who usedthem as utility vehicles. This was also the start of off-roading as a hobby. The wartime Jeeps
soon wore out, though, and the Jeep company started to produce civilian derivatives, closely
followed by similar vehicles from BritishLand Roverand JapaneseToyota, Datsun/Nissan,
Suzuki, and Mitsubishi. These were all alike: small, compact, four wheel drive vehicles with
at most a small hardtop to protect the occupants from the elements.
From the 1960s and onward, more comfortable vehicles were produced. For several years
they were popular with rural buyers due to
their off-road and load-lugging capabilities.
The U.S. Jeep Wagoneerand the Ford Bronco,the British Range Rover, and the station
wagon-bodied Japanese Toyota Land Cruiser,
Nissan Patrol and Suzuki Lj's series were all
essentially just station wagon bodies on light
truckframes with four wheel drivedrivetrains.
Later, during the 1990s, manufacturers started
to add even more luxuries to bring those off-
road vehicles on par with regular cars. This
eventually evolved into what we call the SUV
today. It also evolved into the newerCrossover vehicle, where utility and off-road capability
was sacrificed for better on-road handling and luxury.
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TECHNICAL
To be able to drive off the pavement, off-road vehicles need several characteristics:
They need to have a low ground pressure, so as not to sink into soft ground, they need ground
clearance to not get hung up on obstacles, and they need to keep their wheels or tracks on theground so as not to lose traction.Wheeled vehicles accomplish this by having a suitable
balance of large or additional tires combined with tall and flexible suspension. Tracked
vehicles accomplish this by having wide tracks and a flexible suspension on the road wheels.
The choice of wheels versus tracks
are one of cost and suitability. A tracked
drivetrain is more expensive and costly in
terms of maintenance. Wheeled drivetrains
are cheaper and give a higher top speed. For
pure off-road capabilities, the tracked
drivetrain has the edge.Most off-roadvehicles are fitted with especially low
gearing. This allows the operator to make
the most of the engine's available power
while moving slowly through challenging
terrain.
A combustion engine coupled to a
normal gearbox often has an output speed
too high to be usable. The vehicle often has
one of two things, either a very low
("granny") first gear (like the all wheel drive
Volkswagen Transporter versions) or an
additional gearbox in line with the first,
called a reduction drive. Some vehicles, like
the Bv206 in the picture on the right, also
have torque converters to further reduce the
gearing.Many wheeled off-road vehicles
have all wheel drive to keep traction on
slippery surfaces; however, in vehicles
designed for use both on and off road, this
may be switchable so that the vehicle hasfewer driven wheels when on the road.
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CHAPTER II RECREATIONAL OFF-ROADING
Recreational off-roading is popular among a sub-section of the owners offour wheel drive
or all-terrain vehicles and motorcycles. There are numerous categories of recreational off-
roading, with something suitable for all levels of experience and equipment:
Dune bashing Greenlaning
Mudding (mud bogging)
Rock crawling
Rock racing
Formula off-road
Competitive trials
A. Dune bashing
Dune bashing, also known as desert safari, is a form of off-roading, using an off-roadvehicle to explore sand dunes. Whilst in some parts of the world, such as the fragile coastal
dunes of Australia, it is illegal, in others such as the Middle East, it is a booming attraction for
tourists.
Vehicles used: Although most four-wheel
drive vehicles are capable of dune bashing,
the smaller, lower vehicles like most mini
SUVs and compact SUVs are not used
because they have a higher risk of getting
stuck. Larger sport utility vehicles such as
the Toyota Land Cruiser are more
common. The vehicles used for thisactivity are usually equipped with a roll
cage to prevent the roof from caving in on
passengers in the case of an overturn.
Technique: Similar to auto-racing,
experience and skill is required to manoeuvre the car and prevent accidents. In most cases, a
professional driver accompanies the group. A group can consist of as many people as there
are working seatbelts in the vehicle.
Before entering the desert in an everyday-
use SUV, it is essential to reduce the tire
pressure. This is done to gain more traction
by increasing the footprint of the tire and,
therefore, reducing the downward pressure
of the 4wd on the sand as there is a greater
surface area (much like the head of an axe,
the axe must be sharp in order to split the
wood).
Upon entering the desert, it is common to meet with a pack of vehicles and a group
leader before proceeding. The group leader then leads the pack through the stunts in singlefile. The main reason for this technique is to prevent vehicles from losing track of direction
and getting lost.
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B. Geenlaning:
Greenlaning (or two-tracking) is one of
the least extreme categories. It is
generally suitable for any four wheeldrive vehicle, even with factory tires and
equipment. The term greenlane refers to
the fact that the routes are predominantly
along unsurfaced tracks, forest tracks, or
older roadways that may have fallen into
disuse. For a lot of greenlaners the main
emphasis is on enjoying the countryside
and accessing areas that may be seldom
traveled by motor vehicles, rather than
exploring the performance envelope of
their vehicle.Greenlaning is popularamong All Wheel Drive SUVs with
limited off-road capabilities, being designed for only light off-roading in normal use.
C. Mudding:
Is a form ofoff-roadmotorsport popular in Canada and the United States in which the goal is
to drive a vehicle through a pit ofmud of a set length. Winners are determined by the distance
traveled through the pit or, if several
vehicles are able to travel the entire
length, the time taken to traverse the
pit. Typically, vehicles competing in
mud bogs are four-wheel drives.
Mudding involves finding a large
area of wet mud or clay and
attempting to drive as far through it
as possible without becoming stuck.
The stock tires supplied with four by four
vehicles are typically inadequate for this type of
off-roading and Mud-terrain tires are required.
Strongly attached recovery points are also
recommended to enable the vehicle to be towed
out if it becomes bogged down. Traction and
momentum are important factors in success.This
activity has a competitive form known as Mudbogging.
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D. Rock crawling:
Rock crawling is an extreme form ofoff road driving using vehicles anywhere from
stock to highly modified to overcome
obstacles. In rock crawling, drivers drive
highly modified four-wheel-drive vehicles
such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very
harsh terrain. Driving locations include
boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles,
mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about
slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and
high torque generated through large gear
reductions in the vehicles drivetrain. Rockcrawlers often drive up, down and across
obstacles that would appear impassable. Such
vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.Rock crawling competitions range from local events
to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about
100-200 yards long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.
Vehicles used: Vehicles commonly used include Jeep (the Chrysler and the Mitsubishi
Varieties), Lada Niva, Nissan Patrol, Toyota pickup truck, Land Rover and Suzuki Samurai
and International Harvester Scout. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is
usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more
slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer
case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock
crawling vehicles sometimes have after-market lift kits installed, raising the chassis and
increasing suspension flex, though
the rock crawlers running the
tougher trails often have fabricated
suspension systems, or home-
assembled leaf packs to cheaply
achieve the goals, making it easier
to drive over larger obstacles with
less risk of damage to the vehicle.Most suspensions are made to be
highly flexible, allowing for the
maximum amount of tire area to
contact the ground, while keeping
the vehicle as low as possible. Due
to the conflicting nature of the
dynamics and needs of rock
crawling and highway driving
vehicles, it is not unusual to modify a vehicle solely for off-road recreational usage.
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E. Rock racing:
Rock Racing is very similar to rock crawling in the fact that the vehicles are drivenover rocks, the difference is that there are no penalties for hitting cones, backing up or
winching as is done in rock crawling. Rock racing also involves a degree of high-speed racing
not seen in typical rock crawling.
F. Formula off-road:
Formula off-road is a high powered version of off-road competition. Vehicles are
highly modified,, or specially built, using sand drag tires, long travel suspension components
that allow jumps and rough handling and long axle articulation, and a secure roll cage for the
driver.Formula off-road cars often use highly tuned V8's with superchargers ornitrous oxide
injection systems. Formula off-road originated in Iceland in the 1980s and has since spread tothe other Nordic countries.
Competitions are often held in sand and gravel quarries where courses are laid out and
often include going up nearvertical slopes. The vehicles utilize paddle-like treads on the
tires.
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G. Competitive trials:
Trials are probably the safest form of motorsport. All progress is made at low speed
and the emphasis is on skill, rather than finishing first although trialing can be highly
competitive. There are three traditional forms of off-road trialing.
RTV (Road Taxed Vehicle) trialing is the most common form of trialing. As the name
suggests, it is for vehicles that are road-legal.This excludes vehicles that are highly modified
or specially built. RTV courses are intended to be non-damaging and driven at little more than
a walking pace and a course properly laid out
would be drivable without damage.
However, the terrain usually includes steep
slopes, water, side-slopes, deep ruts and
other obstacles that could potentially damage
a vehicle if mistakes are made or poor
driving technique is used, and vehiclemodifications increase the chance of success.
A good driver in a standard specification
vehicle can easily win over a modified,
highly equipped vehicle driven by a less
competent driver.
Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trialing is the next step up from RTV trialing and is
open to non-road-legal vehicles, which greatly increases the scope for modification. The
terrain covered will be of greater difficulty than that found on an RTV trial, and will usually
require more judicious use of speed to get the vehicle across certain obstacles, so increasing
the risk of vehicle damage.
Whilst no trial is intended to
be vehicle-damaging mistakes
and accidents are inevitable.
A standard-specification
vehicle would not be expected
to be able to complete a CCV
course. Vehicles are required
to meet certain safetyregulations. Roll-cages must
be fitted and be built to a
suitable standard, recovery
points must be fitted front and
rear and fuel tanks must meet
certain standards. A 4-point
harness for all occupants is required and a fire extinguisher is recommended.
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CHAPTER III OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING
Part of the thrill in riding a dirt bike off-road is coming around a corner or cresting a
hill, not knowing what you'll be facing but just handling it as it comes, or enduring a test of
threading trees your handlebars barely fit through and powering across the nastiest terrain tothe next check point to be on time. It really doesn't matter if
you're climbing stuff that a mountain goat would have trouble
traversing, working your way through ruts that your footpegs are
dragging through, holding it wide open across an open field
before diving back into the woods, or trying to survive a man
made X-treme course. Off-Road motorcycling is certainly
something to experience and this page outta give you the info
you need to get started.
It doesn't matter whether you're competing in an
EnduroCross, Hare Scramble, GNCC Race or just trying to takeit easy in the woods without losing your friends and family.
Riding off-road anyway you like it can be some of the best fun
there is to be had behind the bars of a dirt bike.
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CHAPTER IV SAFETY IN OFF-ROAD
In preparation for your first off-road adventure, here are some things to do before you
ever leave home:
1. Make sure you know your vehicle well. It's important to recognize your limits and those
of your vehicle and not to exceed them: Know how your 4x4 system works and how to use the controls.
Know where the spare tire and jack are located and how to use them.
Know your vehicle's dimensions - height, width, length, approach angle, departure
angle and ramp angle - so that you can pass through tight areas without damage.
Know where the lowest point of clearance is - usually the differential casing.
Get used to driving your 4x4. Get a feel for its size and driving characteristics.
Practice using the low ratio gearbox.
If your vehicle is equipped with manual locking hubs, try them out.
Know where your engine's air intake and engine computer are located so you'll know
the maximum depth of water that you could cross.
Keep track of maintenance on filters, belts and hoses and keep all fluids topped up.
2. Be prepared. You never know when you'll find yourself stuck or broken down, without
help around, so be sure to pack all of the appropriate "emergency" supplies. And be aware of
changing weather conditions before you go.
3. Travel with at least one passenger, and at least one other vehicle whenever possible.
4. Let someone know where you are going, and set a time to contact them to let them
know you are okay. Don't forget to take along their phone number, the local sheriff's phone
number, in case of an emergency. And don't follow-through by calling at the pre-arranged
time, so they don't send out the search teams for you!
5. Make sure your vehicle is in good condition and ready for the off-road experience.Before leaving civilization, do a complete check of your vehicle before leaving. Make sure
your tires (including the spare) are in good condition and inflated properly. Look under your
vehicle for any leaks or mechanical problems. Make sure all of your fluids are topped off.
Check the condition of your steering and brakes. All repairs should be carried out before
leaving home.
6. Pay attention to how you load your vehicle. Loads should be distributed evenly within
the vehicle if possible. Loads behind the rear axle will sag the rear of the vehicle, limiting
your departure angle and clearance. If you have a roof rack fitted, be aware of weights and
how they are distributed. Excessive loads will change the center-of-gravity, thus making the
vehicle less stable. Also, remember the additional height of your vehicle due to the rack.
7. Always know where you are, where you're going, and which route you intend to take.Be time-conscious... What may look like a short trip on the map may take many hours in 4-
wheel drive -- so allow enough time for safe travel.
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7/28/2019 Proiect OffRoad
11/11
POP Adrian Claudiu OFF-ROAD 11
CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION
Wheel drive, crew, friends, leave a fucking work, differential, 4 x 4 is not all that with
16, Mountain, shock absorbers, the more left engine, winch, forest, adrenaline, put gas
reducer, turbine, bullbar sun, where thehell are we?, logs, suspension, stay as
broke, rain, valves, mud, raising kit,
clutch, chassis, high-lift jack, hey-
break, strength, ambition, keep it
right! , satisfaction, night, other
countries, softening, logs. Another life.
How many people know what is that
off-road?
More than he could imagine one.
E credit history, current affairs and,
unfortunately, the future stewards ofour roads. Toate.Practicam kind of off-
road daily, even among large cities.
Ditches, pits, bumpy you already professional approach: France, assess the situation, make the
decision, take courage and handle carefully. Emotions that you include mainly concern the
integrity of the vehicle earned with hard work, you are exposed daily to such expeditions.
Imagine your emotions like that, transplanted in the mountains, shared with friends, but
multiplied by 100, resulting not care beast, but doubts about mental or bodily integrity of
those who pull the beast in question. Peak is never going more than an invasion of adrenaline
that washes fatigue, stress and remembered meeting urban sites. In addition, the stage is set
(more or fewer accidents) success full of enthusiasm for night of madness with healthy peers.
In short, that's about it take it off-road. That p-join. If I have anything better to do, I say it's
only human activity that applies the principle of from each according cheerful powers, each as
needed.
11
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