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Relatia energie-mediu
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PRO ES
ENERGIE
MATERIE
PRIMA
DESEURI
LICHIDE
DESEURI
SOLIDE
PRODUSE
SECUNDARE
PRODUSE
PRINCIPALE
EMISII
ATMOSFERICE
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EXTRACTIE CONVERSIEUTILZARE
FINALA
TRANSPORT
STOCARE
DISTRIBUTIE
CONVERSIE
UTILIZATOR
neregenerabile
regenerabile
rafinarii
centralestocare petrol
transport gaze
retele electrice
turbine eoliene
carbune
petrol
vant
soare
apa
boiler
acumulatorincalzire
iluminare
industrii
Cerinta de energie
A
Furnizarea de energie
Emisii de gaze
Deseuri solideContaminare ape
Degradare ecosisteme
Poluare aer
Emisii GHG, acidifianti
Poluanti aer (PM, metalegrele, etc)
Deseuri solide
Zgomot
Emisii GHG, acidifianti
Poluanti aerAccidente (deversari)
Utilizarea solului
Emisii GHG, acidifianti
Poluanti aer (metale
grele, PM)
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CARBUNELEextractie
impact asupra mediului
- Rezerve/resurse
- Utilizarea terenului- Emisii atmosferice
- Deversari lichide
- Deseuri solide
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EXTRACTIA
CARBUNELUI
poluare ape
emisii gaze
rezerve
locatie
estimari cantitative
metanMediu: GHG
social
economic
mediuteren
mediurezerve
Oxizi:
CO; CO2; SO2;Mediu/ social:Sanatate umana
Hidrogen sulfurat
H2S
infiltrare
Mediu: apa subterana
Mediu: apa potabila
scurgeri/
compusi ai
sulfului
Mediu: apa de
suprafataacidifierea
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EXTRACTIA
CARBUNELUI
Mine abandonate
Accidente
Deseuri solide mediuteren
Mediu/ social:
Sanatate umana
Posibila reutilizare
Mediu/ social:Sanatate umana
Economie
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Extractia purtatorului de energie
Probleme de mediu:
Diminuarea de rezerve/resurse
Emisii atmosferice
Deseuri solide
Degradare teren
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Distributia rezervelor de carbuni
http://www.saturnminerals.com
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Distributia rezervelor de carbuni
http://www.postcarbon.org/article/406162-the-end-of-cheap-coal
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Productia mondiala de carbuni [Mt]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1990 2010 2011
4677
72017678
Produc
tiamondiala
[milioane
tone]
www.worldcoal.org
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Top 10 producatori de carbuni (2011)
0
500
1000
15002000
2500
3000
3500
Productiadecarbuni[
milioanetone]
www.worldcoal.org
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Situatia in Romania (2007)
Huila Rezerve:755 milioane tone
Productie anuala: 3 milioane tone
Lignit
Rezerve: 1490
milioane tone Productie anuala: 32 milioane tone
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_energetic_n_Romnia
E i ii d t CH4 i t t ti i d
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Emisii de metan CH4 asociate extractiei de
carbune Format in mod natural datorita degradarilor
biochimice ale materiei organice Lume(USEPA, 1990):
Total4.740 Mt carbune
Emisii de CH4: 24,439,6 Tg
USEPA, 1997:
18,8 MMTCE3,3Tg
~ 10% din emisiile antropogene de CH4
MMTCE= milion metric tonnes (1Tg) carbonequivalent (a12/44 a parte din CO2)
MMTCE= (Tg gaz) * (GWP) * (12/44)
Pentru CH4: GWP = 72 (pentru 20 ani); 25 (100 ani)
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emisii de CH4: Ferme de animale 32%
Petrol si gaze naturale 16%
Deseuri solide 13% Cultivarea orezului 11%
Procesele de tratare a apelor reziduale 10%
carbune 8%
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Emisii (Gg CH4) =
factor de emisie
34
tone de carbune produs
factor de conversie (Gg/106m3)
Sursa: IPCC, CH4 emissions: coal and mining
Factorii de emisie
- Tipul exploatarii
- Regiunea in care este exploatarea (bazinul)
Factroul de conversie: 0,67 Gg/106m3
Emisii totale == emisii din exploatarile subterane
+ emisii din exploatarile de suprafata
+ emisii din post-exploatare
- emisii prevenite
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Apele de mina (acid mine drainage, AMD)
Yellow boy: Fe(OH)3
Oxidarea piritei:
2FeS2(s) + 7O2(g) + 2H2O(l) =
2Fe2+(aq) + 4SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq)
Oxidarea ionilor ferosi:
4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) = 4Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Reactii catalizate de microorganisme
FeS2(s) + 14Fe3+(aq) + 8H2O(l) =
15Fe2+(aq) + 2SO42-(aq) + 16H+(aq)
Carbunele schimbarea climatica si
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Carbunele, schimbarea climatica si
tehnologiile de sechestrare a
carbonului Emisii de GHG (CO2; CH4)
Sechestrarea si capturarea carbonului (CCS)
CCS technology is the only currently available
technology that allows very deep cuts to be
made - at the scale neededin atmospheric
emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels.
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IEA: Technology Roadmap for CCS,
Estimation: the world has a maximum theoretical
CO2 storage capacity of around 16 800 gigatonnesannual global anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2008
28 gigatonnes
Under the IEAs projections, the coal power sector
has the greatest potential for CCS mitigation,
contributing almost 40% of the total abatement
provided by the application of CCS technologies.
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Principiul CCS
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Exploatarea carbunilor pentru
producerea de energie
asigura 41% din energia electricagenerata la nivel mondialwww.worldcoal.org
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Dependenta de carbuni in producerea
de energie
StatUtilizarea carbunilor in generarea de
energie [%]
Africa de Sud 93
Polonia 87
China 79
Australia 78Kazahstan 75
India 68
www.worldcoal.org
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Generarea energiei electrice prin
arderea carbunilor
www.worldcoal.org
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Emisii atmosferice:
Dioxid de carbon (CO2)cantitate medie emisa in SUA:1020kg/MWh
centrala 500 MW:3700000t/anaccentuare efect de sera
acidifiere oceane si mari
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and you/affect/coal.html
Impactul asupra mediului
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Oxizi de azot (NOx)
cantitate medie emisa in SUA:3kg/MWhcentrala 500 MW:10200t/an
smog fotochimic
ploi acide
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and you/affect/coal.html
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Dioxid de sulf (SO2)
cantitate medie emisa in SUA:6kg/MWhcentrala 500 MW:10000t/an
smog industrial
ploi acide
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and you/affect/coal.html
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Particule materiale (PM10,PM2,5)
emisii directe: cenusa, funingine
din reactii implicand SO2, NOx
Centrala 500 MW: 500t/an
Monoxid de carbon (CO)- 720t/an
Compusi organici volatili (COV)- 220t/anhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html;
http://www.catf.us/diesel/dieselhealth/faq.php?site=0http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/9553_coal-plants-health-impacts.pdf
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Mercur
emis in atmosfera
apa sol
depuneredepunere
pesti
transformar
emicroorganism
e
metilmercur acumulare BIOACUMULAR
http://www.epa.gov/hg/about.htm
www.nescaum.org; http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html
Centrala 500 MW:
77kg/an
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Deseuri solide
cenusa
zgura
namol de la instalatii de desulfurare si de
epurare a apei
! Continut de metale grele: As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn etc.
Depozitarea lor contaminare ape subterane
alterare ecosisteme
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html
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Utilizare cantitati mari de apaproducerea aburului
in sistemul de racireafectarea ecosistemelor acvatice
Deversarea apei de racirecontinut de clor, biocide, inhibitori de
coroziune
temperatura mai ridicata decat cea a apei in
care se deverseazapoluare termica
Centrala 500 MW:
8,3mil. m3/an
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html
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Reducerea impactului asupra mediului
Poluant Tehnologii de control al poluarii
NOxSistem de reducere catalitica selectiva (SCR): NH3/uree+ catalizator
Sistem de reducere selectiva noncatalitica (SNCR): NH3/uree
SO2
Scrubere
Desulfurare umeda: CaCO3Desulfurare uscata: CaO
Desulfurare cu apa de mare
PM Filtre sac, precipitatoare electrostatice, cicloane, scrubere umede
CO2 (nu e poluant) Capturarea carbonului si depozitarea in formatiuni geologice (CCS)
Deseuri
solide
Utilizare cenusii in producerea materialelor de constructii
Depozitare in conditii optime
Ape uzate
Recircularea apei de racire
Siteme de racire cu aer
Instalatii de epurare a apelor inainte de deversare in emisar
International Finance Corporation. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. THERMAL POWER
PLANTS, 2008
http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_environment
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Instalatie de desulfurare a gazelor
www.worldcoal.org
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Reducerea NOx (SCR)
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/cctdp/project_briefs/scr/selcatreddemo.html
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http://www.epa.gov/apti/bces/module6/matter/control/control.htm
Precipitator
electrostatic
Filtru sac
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Scrubere
http://www.epa.gov/apti/bces/module6/matter/control/control.htm
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Cea mai mare termocentrala din lume
(5780 MW)
Taichung,
Taiwan
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Cea mai mare termocentrala din
Romania (2310 MW)
Concluzii
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http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Cradle_to_Grave.pdf
Concluzii
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PETROL
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Definitii
Petrol brut / titei (crude oil) = amestec de hidrocarburi solideigazoase dizolvate ntr-un amestec de hidrocarburi lichide.
Petrolul de istse compune din hidrocarburi blocate n poriirocii mam. Se prezint sub o form intermediar, denumitkerogen. Pentru a transforma kerogenul n petrol, el trebuienclzitla 450C.
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Formarea si compozitia petrolului
Formare: depunerea plantelor microscopice (plancton) pe fundul
marilor
Compozitie:
Titeiul nerafinat conine peste 17000 de substane organice
complexe - materia prim pentru industria chimica siproducerea carburanilor
Hidrocarburi:
- HC aciclice (50%), HC ciclice (40%) si HC
aromatice (10%)
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Compusi cu oxigen
- acizi grasi , acizi naftenici si fenoli
caracter acid
Compusi cu sulf
- H2S , mercaptanimiros neplacut, proprietati corozive
Compusi cu azotcaracter bazic
Diferite substante minerale
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Proprietatile petrolului brut
Mai usor decat apa
Biodegradabil
Putin volatil
Vascozitate si absorbtie variabila
Nemiscibil cu apa
E t ti t li i
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Extractia se poate realiza prin:
cariere de suprafa
sonde de petrol (foraje de adncime) zcmintele submarine- insulesauplatforme de foraj
Turn de sond de petrol cu rezervoare
pentru lichidul de sond
Extracia petrolului cu o
pomp de adncime mare
Platform de extragereapetrolului (Insul de foraj)
pe mare
Oil Wh t l ft?
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In anul 1980, la nivel mondial, rezervele certe de aur negru
atingeau 645.000 mld. barili, iar in anul 2007- 1.316.662 mld.barili
[Energy Information Administration, World Proven Crude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]
Oil: Whats left?
[ Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, 2010]
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Producia totalde petrol de pe piaamondial a crescutconstant de la circa 64 mil. barili/zi n 1980 - 84,6 mil.
barili/zi n anul 2007. [ Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, 2010]
Consumul de petrol cumulat la nivel internaionalse cifrala peste 63 mil. barili/zi n 1980, pentru ca n anul 2007 s
atingcirca 85 mil. barili/zi. [Energy Information Administration, World ProvenCrude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]
Productia de petrol 2008
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ArabiaSaudita
Rusia SUA Iran China Mexic Canada EmirateleArabeUnite
Venezuela Norvegia
Petrol[m
il.barili/zi]
Productia de petrol, 2008
8.33
4.253.85 3.7
1 3.29 2.952.8 2.79
[Energy Information Administration, World Proven Crude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]
10,67-8.53
9.68-6.87
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Petrol[mil.barili/zi]
Consumul de petrol, 2008
2.81 2.67 2.57 2.26
2.22 2.17
[Energy Information Administration, World Proven Crude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]
20.69-12.36
7.20-3.36 5.16
2.14
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Rezerve de petrol la nivel global, 2010
TEMA
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Romnia dispune de circa 600 mil. barili de petrol
n anul 2006, producia petrolier atingea 0,114 mil.barili/zi la un consum de 0,230 mil. barili/zi, dependent nproporie de 50%de importuri.
Productia de petrol in
Romania
Impactul asupra mediului (EXTRACTIE)
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Sol
- reziduUri- scurgeri de produse petroliere
Apa
- reziduUri petroliere: compusi fenolici si aromatici, H2S,acizi naftenici
Aer
- GES ( CH4, HC: C2C7, CO)- H2S
- SO2
- PM
- O3(NOx, COV)
Zgomotul
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Transportul produselorpetroliere
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Principalele mijloace de transport
Conductele terestre i submarineCile de transport maritime i/sau fluviale Tancurile petroliere maritime 5000-500.000 tdw
Tancurile petroliere fluviale 800-2.000 tdw lepurile-tancuri petroliere Tdw- capacitatea total de ncrcare a unei nave, este diferena
dintre tonajul acestea i greutatea proprie
Cile ferate Vagoane cisternoselele Autocisterna i autotrenul cistern
C il il d l li
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Costurile transporturilor produselor petroliere
Nr.
Crt.
Mijloc de transport utilizat Cost 10-3[$/t*km]
1 Nave petroliere mai mari de 200 tdw 0,036 ... 0,216
2 Conducte de diametre mari 0,54 ... 0,90
3 Convoaie mpinse de lepuri-tancuri petroliere 2,7 ... 3,64 Garnituri de vagoane cistern (navete) 5,4
5 Vagoane cistern izolate 10,8
6 Autocisterne 27...36
Principalele rute de transport al petrolului la
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Principalele rute de transport al petrolului lanivel mondial
http://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.php(6.11.2012)
Avantaje i dezavantaje
http://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.php8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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Avantaje i dezavantaje Transportul prin conducte
Continuitate i flexibilitate Fiabilitate n exploatare
Posibilitate de automatizare
Investiie iniial mare Cost redus
Transport pe ap
Cost sczut Transportul este sezonial pe fluvii
T l l f
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Transportul pe calea ferat Impune existena unor dotri specifice Asigur expedierea oricrei cantiti de iei sau produse
petroliere pe orice distan Se poate executa transportul pe timp de iarn Vagoanele trebuie s se ntoarc goale de la beneficiari la
rampele de ncrcare
Transportul rutier Capacitate cea mai redus, dar costul cel mai mare Accesibilitate total Permite reducerea capacitii de depozitare a
consumatorilor ncrcare/descrcare rapid Permite transportul simultan (cisterne compartimentate)
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http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.html(2.11.2012)
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.html8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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Hidrosfer:
Descrcarea accidental a vaselor marineAnual 400.000 tone1970-2011 5,7 milioane de tone de petrol a fost devesat n
mri i oceane
Alte emisii/deversri Scurgeri: Descrcarea vaselor la destinaie
Ape reziduale: Splarea tancurilor petroliereLa un milion de tone de petrol transportat o ton ajunge in
apele de splare
Numrul scurgerilor mari (peste 700 tone)
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g (p )
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html(2.11.2012)
Cantiti de petrol deversate accidental n ape
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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Cantiti de petrol deversateaccidental n apeAni Cantitate (tone)
1970-1979 3.166.000
1980-1989 1.177.000
1990-1999 1.137.000
2000-2009 211.000
2010-2011 13.000
TOTAL 5.704.000
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html(2.11.2012
SCURGERI DE PETROL
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html (2.11.2012)
SCURGERI DE PETROL
Position Shipname Year Location
Spill Size
(tonnes)
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.html8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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p ( )
1 ATLANTIC EMPRESS 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000
2 ABT SUMMER 1991 700 nautical miles off Angola 260,000
3 CASTILLO DE BELLVER 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000
4 AMOCO CADIZ 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,0005 Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000
6 ODYSSEY 1988 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada 132,000
7 TORREY CANYON 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000
8 SEA STAR 1972 Gulf of Oman 115,000
9 IRENES SERENADE 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000
10 URQUIOLA 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000
11 HAWAIIAN PATRIOT 1977 300 nautical miles off Honolulu 95,000
12 Independenta 1979 Bosphorus, Turkey 95,000
13 JAKOB MAERSK 1975 Oporto, Portugal 88,000
14 BRAER 1993 Shetland Islands, UK 85,000
15 Khark 5 1989 120 nautical miles off Atlantic coast of Morocco 80,000
16 AEGEAN SEA 1992 La Coruna, Spain 74,000
17 SEA EMPRESS 1996 Milford Haven, UK 72,000
18 Nova 1985 Off Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran 70,000
19 Katina P 1992 Off Maputo, Mozambique 66,700
20 PRESTIGE 2002 Off Galicia, Spain 63,000
35 EXXON VALDEZ 1989 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA 37,000
Cauzele scurgerilor, accidentelor
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/clist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/clist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/olist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/tlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/tlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/slist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/ilist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/ilist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/ulist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/hlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/hlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/jlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/blist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/slist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/slist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/plist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/elist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/elist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/elist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/plist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/slist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/blist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/jlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/hlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/ulist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/ilist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/slist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/tlist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/olist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/clist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.html8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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C g ,1970-2011, tancuri >700 t
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html (2.11.2012)
Comportamentul petrolului n ap
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p p p Difuzie (spreading)
Procesul cel mai important Din cauza forelor hidrostatice i a suprafeelor strat cu grosime de 0,03mm
Evaporare Un proces major la degradarea petrolului scurs n ap Factori care influeneaz evaporarea: compoziia, prop. fizice i suprafaa
specific, viteza vntului, temp. apei i a aerului, turbulena i intensitatea radiaieisolare
50% din hidrocarburi se evapor crete densitatea i vscozitatea stratul depetrol se nparte n pete mai mici
Foto-oxidare compui carboxilici (aldehide i cetone) acizi carboxilici (substane
hidrofile) crte solubilitatea petrolului
Dispersare Emulsia petrolului n ap, ncorporarea globulele mici de petrol n ap Incepe imediat dup contactul cu apa i cel mai semnificativ dup 10 ore
Degradare Proces biodegradativ (degradare microbian, ingestia de ctre zooplancton,
preluarea de ctre nevertebrate i vertebrate acvatice
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Efectele asupra bio-sistemului marin
Daune fizice, impact direct asupra fauneislbatice i a habitatului ei Acoperirea mamiferelor i psrilor cu petrol Contaminarea habitatului cu petrol
Toxicitatea Provoac leucemie la om Letal pentru peti (conc. 4000 ppm)
Reduce nr. celulelor albe (leucocite) cretesusceptibilitatea la boli infecioase
Tehnici i echipamente pentru ndeprtarea petrolului
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Metode naturale: Evaporare, oxidare, biodegradare
Metode mecanice: Izolare i recuperare mecanic
Bariere, separatoare (skimmers), materiale absorbante naturale si sintetice
http:/
/acta.f
ih.u
pt.r
o/pdf/archive/AC
TA-2010-3.p
df
Metode chimice
http://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdfhttp://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/archive/ACTA-2010-3.pdf8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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Metode chimice Dispersani
Substane chimice cu surfactani- ndeprtarea petrolului de
pe suprafaa apei, prevenirea contaminri armurilor cu petrol Gelificare
Substane chimice gelificatoare- ndeprtarea petroluluigelificat cu plase, echipamente de aspiraie i cu separatoare
Metode biologice Fertilizareadugare de nutrieni cu fosfor i azotpentru stimularea creteriI microorganismelor capabiles degradeze petrolul
Plantareadugarea microorganismelor (naturalinexistente) pe lng populaia existent Hidrocarburi CO2
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Accidente celebre
ATLANTIC EMPRESS (Indiile de vest, 19 iulie 1979) Tankurile petroliere ATLANTIC EMPRESS i AEGEAN
CAPTAIN s-au ciocnit lao distan de 10 miile de Tobago Dup ciocnire din cele dou a nceput s curgpetrolul i
au luat foc
La Aegean Captain,pe 20 iulie, focul a fost oprit i a fosttractat la Curacao, unde a fost descrcat
La Atlantic Empress nu s-a putut opri focul i a fost tractatla o distana de 300 de mile pe mare, unde au avut loc douexplozii i a scufundat
287.000 tone de petrol (2.023.080 de barili) au ars i s-auscurs n mare
Pentru ndeprarea petrolului de pe suprafaa apei s-aufolosit dispersani
PRESTIGE (Spania 13 noiembrie 2002)
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PRESTIGE (Spania, 13 noiembrie 2002) A suferit dune mari ntr-o furtun A fost tractat n Oceanul Atlantic
La 19 noiembrie sa rupt n dou i a scufundat 63.000 tone (461,790 de barili) de petrol a scurs n ap A contaminat coastele nordice ale Spaniei, coastele
atlantice ale Franei i coastele Angliei
1.900 km de coast afectat 50.000 de tone de amestec ap-petrol au fost
ndeprtate 20 km de bariere utilizate
Au lucrat 5000 militari la curirea coastelor Spaniei 141.000 de tone de deeuri uleioase colectate n Spaniai 18.300 de tone n Frana
P l P l l i
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Prelucrarea Petrolului
Impactul asupra mediului
Prelucrare Petrolului
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Prelucrare Petrolului
1. Prelucrarea primara: Dezbenzinarea gazelor de sonda-indepartarea gazelor de sonda
Distilarea fractionala a petrolului:
Fractionarea petrolului Fractionarea pacurii
Rafinarea produselor petroliere:
Rafinarea prin extractie
Rafinarea chimica
Prelucrarea Petrolului
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Prelucrarea Petrolului
2. Prelucrarea secundara
Cracarea termica
In faza lichida
In faza de vapori
Cracarea catalitica
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Rafinaria
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Rafinaria
Titei
Gaze naturale
carburani
combustibili de ardere
materii prime pentru industriapetrochimic i chimic
lubrifiani, parafine, bitum
Energie termica (abur)i energie electrica
ntr-o rafinrie, o parte din produsele rezultate dintr-un proces suntreintroduse n acelai proces, introduse n alte procese, reintroduse ntr-unproces anterior sau amestecate cu produsele rezultate din alte procese pentrua forma produse finite.
Principalele produse obinute n principalele procese din rafinrii.
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Impactul asupra mediului a unei rafinarii
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Impactul asupra mediului a unei rafinarii
Emisii in atmosfera
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Dioxidul de carbon
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CO2= gaz cu efect de sera incalzire globala schimbari climatice
Oxizii de azot
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Efecte NOx:
+ apa atmosferica => ploi acide + COV + h => O3 troposferic
dauneaz organismului uman
au o aciune nociv i asupra plantelor
contribuie la distrugerea materialelor de construciedin grupa carbonailor
Particule materiale si metale grele
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g
Efectele PM:
Afecteaza sanatatea.
Impiedica patrunderea radiatiei solare
Impiedica fotosinteza
103000 tone PM/Mt petrol prelucrat
Oxizii de sulf
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Efectele SOx:
Determina ploile acide
Influenteaza sanatatea oamenilor, animalelor si a plantelor
Emisii de compui organici volatili
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Efectele COV:
Ajuta la formarea ozonului troposferic
50 i 6000 tone COV la un milion de tone de iei prelucrat
COV f t t t
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COV care afecteaza sanatatea
Metanul CH4
Formaldehida CH2O
Acetaldehida C2H4O
Benzen C6H6
Toluen C7H8
Xilen C8H10 Izopren C5H8
Emisii in apa
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Emisii in apa
Efecte negative
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Petrolul Efect toxic asupra organismelor acvatice
Impiedica patrunderea razelor solare in apa
Impiedica reactiile fotochimice
H2S Afecteaza respiratia pestilor
NH3 Impiedica oxigenarea creirului
Fenoli Consuma oxigenul dizolvat
Imprima un miros si un gust caracteristic
Alunga si ucide fauna acvatica
Efecte negative
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Substantele organice Consuma oxigenul din apa
Cianurile tulburri respiratorii,
asfixiere,
tulburri nervoase
g
Generarea deseurilor
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Generarea deseurilor
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Rafinarii importante
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De altfel, prima rafinrie de petrol din lume a fost
construit n Romnia, n 1856 la periferia oraului
Ploieti, n drum spre localitatea Rfov, de ctre fraii
Mehedineanu. Instalaiile rafinriei erau destul de
primitive, toate utilajele fiind formate din vase
cilindrice din fier sau font, nclzite direct cu foc de
lemne. Aceste utilaje au fost comandate n Germaniafirmei Moltrecht ce construia cazane pentru
fabricarea uleiurilor din isturi bituminoase.
en.wikipedia.org
Jamnagar RefineryParaguana Refinery
p
Prima rafinarie de petrol din lumea fost construita in 1856 in
Romania
Bibliografie
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Bibliografie
http://www.anpm.ro: Documentul de referin privind cele mai bune tehnici
disponibile n domeniul rafinriilor de petrol i gaze http://www.unibuc.ro
http://ro.wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.voc.ro
MULTUMESC!
L i N hi
http://www.anpm.ro/http://www.unibuc.ro/http://ro.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://www.voc.ro/http://www.voc.ro/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://ro.wikipedia.org/http://www.unibuc.ro/http://www.anpm.ro/8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol
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Lucian NoaghiErwin Loczei
Andreea IorgaAlina Dirjan
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