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F`du`znŦnh fandnfĆ h dcihvcn `gŦnjs{Ć ih lhgwnfhwch zhaĆwsisn knj vlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw cv{c
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7*7* Dh{cwnn hsqninhwc s{ninzh{c êj uw`fcvsi {caj`i`bnf
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hcwhwc nj{cjvn|Ć êj uiĆdczn f`jfcj{wh{c huhwŦnjc lnwdcn \`bcigsvfa*
6*6* Uw`fckcc f`j{njsc
Uw`fckccic f`j{njsc lsjfŦn`jchzĆ uc uwnjfnunsi lcwdcj{Ćwnn vsffcvn|c êj{w$` gh{cwnc kc dhn
dsi{c injswn) fs hkh`v {wcu{h{ kc dckns js{wn{n| *Fcic dhn fsj`vfs{c vsj{ uw`fckcsi W`v{
!Bcwdhjnh. Őn uw`fckcsi @ivcj/ Vacw !Hjbinh.*
F`jl`wd uw`fckcsisn W`v{ vc l`i`vcŐ{c ` gh{cwnc kc Őhvc injswn icbh{c êj{wc cic uwnj
f`jksf{c huw`huc kc lsjk* Vc sduic uwndsi inj Őn vc êjfcuc lcwdcj{hwch *KsuĆ 7 a vc clcf{schzĆ
icbĆ{swh fs hi k`nich inj uwnj f`jksf{h njlcwn`hwĆ Őn vc sduic uçjĆ ih cfaningwhwch jn|cisisn* Hu`n
vc wchinzchzĆ icbĆ{swh fs hi {wcnich inj Őn vc wcuc{Ć `ucwhŦnh uçjĆ ih sduicwch êj{wcbnn gh{cwnn kc
Őhvc injswn) êj{wcbsi uw`fcv kswçjk 8; a *
KsuĆ {wcn znic kc êj{wcwsuc uhwŦnhi uw`fcvsi êj |ckcwch v{cwninzĆwnn injswni`w * V{cwninzhwch vc lhfc
kc h uwc|cjn huhwnŦnh njlcfŦnni`w Őn kc h vfĆkch us{cwch kc lcwdcj{hwc h kw`okncn*
Uwnj uw`fckcsi @ivcj/Vacw !8><6. vc s{ninzchzĆ {`{ Őhvc injswn h fç{c ;5355 i ) fs u`duc kc
|canfsihwc h uiĆdcznn uhwŦnhi lcwdcj{h{c kc ih sj inj ih hi{si * Hfcv{ uw`fckcs wchinzchzĆ `
uw`ksfŦnc kc 7 {/a êj{w$` njv{hihŦnc f`duic{ hs{`dh{nzh{Ć *
6*;*Uw`fckcsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc êj dcknsi hif``inf !KCI@LLWC.
D*F*H*Kci`llwc h f`jv{h{h{ fĆ hif``isi c{ninf u`h{c ln hvndnih{ kc fĆ{wc kw`oknnic kc
uhjnlnfhŦnc ih lci kc gnjc fh Őn ankwhŦnn kc fhwg`j* Fhin{h{ch kw`okncn `gŦnjs{c cv{c fc|h dhn vihgĆ
kcfç{ fch f`jl`wd {caj`i`bnni`w {whknŦn`jhic) khw f`v{swnic kc dcihvĆ Őn vĆwswn js{wn{n|c Őn s{nin{ĆŦn
vsj{ njf`duhwhgnic *
Dsi{nuinfhwch kw`okncn vc wchinzchzĆ êj k`sĆ c{huc ?
‧ `gŦnjcwch kw`okncn kc êjvĆdçjŦhwc êj dcknsi hif``inf êj sjh vhs k`sĆ lhzc=
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‧ `gŦnjcwch kw`okncn kc |çjzhwc ` !lhzĆ. *
Êj swdh hfcv{sn uw`fckcs wczsi{Ć ` f`jvcw|hgnin{h{c l`hw{c gsjĆ h kw`okncn fs sj f`jvsd wcksv
kc dcihvĆ*
N\* HICBCWCH \HWNHJ[CN @U[NDC
Kwcu{ |hwnhj{h `u{ndĆ v$h hicv) ucj{ws `gŦnjcwch kw`okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc) uw`fckcsi fihvnf
fs uiĆdczn knish{c* Hfcv{ uw`fckcs vc ghzchzĆ uc l`i`vnwch vnv{cdci`w v{h{nfc kc hcwhwc) l`i`vnjk
vcwucj{njc Őn Ŧc|n ucwl`wh{c ucj{ws nj{w`ksfcwch hcwsisn êj uiĆdczn êj {`h{c fcic fnjfn lhzc kc
dsi{nuinfhwc h kw`okncn* Ih hfcv{c vnv{cdc kc hcwhwc js vc u`h{c wchinzh ` vsuwhlhŦĆ dhwc kc
f`j{hf{ êj{wc hcw Őn infank* Uwnj swdhwc) hcwsi js cv{c knvucwvh{ êj gsic l`hw{c dnfn) vn{shŦnc êj fhwc
vc u`h{c knz`i|h êj uiĆdhkĆ dhn dsi{ `qnbcj* [`{ kh{`wn{Ć hfcv{sn vnv{cd kc hcwhwc) whjkhdcj{cic
kc gn`dhvĆ kc kw`oknc `gŦnjs{c êj lnjhi vsj{ kc ;$3 `wn dhn dnfn êj f`duhwhŦnc fs uw`fckccic fhwcl`i`vcvf vnv{cdc knjhdnfc kc hcwhwc*
Kh{`wn{Ć hfcv{`w njf`j|cjncj{c uc fhwc ic uwcznj{Ć v{h{nfc kc hcwhwc) êj knlcwn{c lhzc kc
dsi{nuinfhwc vc l`wdchzĆ êj uiĆdczn dhn dsi{ vhs dhn usŦnj hif``i) nhw êj lnjhi) êj lhzh h $\$h kc
dsi{nuinfhwc) js vc u`h{c hfsdsih dhn dsi{ kc 61$;7 b kw`oknc fs 72# v*s /i *
Whu`w{si kc knishwc h dcihvcn u`h{c ln fsuwnjv êj{wc 8/81 $ 8/73 * Êj lhzh h $N\$h) dcihvh
vc knischzĆ fs huĆ êj uw`u`wŦnc kc 8/75) nhw êj si{ndh lhzĆ ) fch kc$ h $\$h) whu`w{si kc knisŦnc cv{c
kc8/73*
Êj lnjhi) ksuĆ sj wcbnd kc dsi{nuinfhwc kc 87 `wc) wczsi{Ć sj ihu{c kc kw`oknc fs `
f`jfcj{whŦnc kc 7)7)$7)6 5Giib) ` hfnkn{h{c kc 5)6$5); bwhkc) sj uA kc 3);$3)< Őn `d {cducwh{swĆ
kc 7>$65µF * Whjkhdcj{si êj kw`oknc kc {nu 72# v*s* u`h{c ln kc >5 #*
Gn`{caj`i`bnh kc `gŦnjcwc h kw`okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc cv{c hwĆ{h{Ć êj lnbswh 6*
@ucwhŦnnic {caj`i`bnfc u`{ ln bwsuh{c êj ?
$ uwcbĆ{nwch dcihvcn êj |ckcwch fsi{n|Ćwnn kw`okncn=
$ dsi{nuinfhwch kw`oknni`w êj fcic fnjfn lhzc=
$ vcuhwhwch kw`oknni`w knj dcknsi kc fsi{swĆ=
$ lni{whwch ‖uwcvhwch kw`okncn=
$ d`kcihwch Őn hdghihwch kw`okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc ‖ uw`ksv lnjn{
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\* C[HUCIC UW@FCVSISN [CAJ@I@BNF HK@U[H[
Njknlcwcj{ kc uw`fckcsi {caj`i`bnf hk`u{h{ !fihvnf) vcdnf`j{njss) fs uiĆdczn knish{c vhs
f`jfcj{wh{c Őn fs hcwhwc knjhdnfĆ .) ucj{ws `gŦnjcwch sjcn kw`oknn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc kc fhin{h{c) vc
fcwc l`i`vnwch sj`w dh{cwnn uwndc Őn hsqninhwc kc gsjĆ fhin{h{c Őn f`jksfcwch uw`fcvsisn kc
lhgwnfhŦnc fs wcvucf{hwch uhwhdc{wni`w {caj`i`bnfn êj knlcwn{c lhzc kc dsi{nuinfhwc*
Vf`usi uwnjfnuhi hi {caj`i`bncn kc lhgwnfhŦnc h kw`okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc wcuwcznj{Ć `gŦnjcwch
sjcn fhj{n{ĆŦn dhqndc kc dhvĆ kc kw`oknc kc fhin{h{c vsucwn`hwĆ fs f`jvsd dnjnd kc dcknn
js{wn{n|c Őn s{nin{ĆŦn* Vc swdĆwcŐ{c wchinzhwch sj`w dsi{nuinfĆwn `u{ndc h fcisici`w uwnj êjdsbswnwcl`i`vnjk fsi{swn ucwn`knf êjj`n{c fs dcjŦnjcwch f`jknŦnni`w uwcvfwnvc kc kcz|`i{hwc Őn ishwch êj
f`jvnkcwhwc h v{Ćwnn lnzn`i`bnfc) h fhj{n{ĆŦnn kc kw`oknc fsng Őn h {s{sw`w lhf{`wni`w indn{h{n|n*
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3*8* UwcbĆ{nwch dcihvcn êj |ckcwch dsi{nuinfĆwnn kw`okncn
Dcihvh nj{w`ksvĆ êj lhgwnfhŦnc cv{c kcu`zn{h{Ć êj wczcw|`hwc kc 355$3555 d6 ) fs
u`vngnin{h{c kc `d`bcjnzhwc fs hos{`wsi fs hos{`wsi hcwsisn f`duwndh{ fs uwcvnsjc kc 5); DUh) fs
sj kcgn{ kc 815 d6/a* Hcwhwch vc lhfc kc 8$7 `wn /7; `wc ) kswh{h sjcn hcwĆwn lnnjk kc 8)3$7 a*
@d`bcjnzhwch êduncknfĆ Őn l`wdhwch kcu`zn{sisn kc zhaĆw fwnv{hinzh{ êj wczcw|`w*
KsuĆ kcu`zn{hwc) dcihvh cv{c {whjvu`w{h{Ć êj vcfŦnh kc lhgwnfhŦnc fs hos{`wsi u`duci`w
w`{h{n|c vhs fs w`Ŧn knjŦh{c Őn hu`n fçj{Ćwn{Ć*
Fçj{Ćwnwch dcihvcn vc lhfc êj fçj{hwc hs{`dh{c uwc|Ćzs{c fs gsjfĆwc kc 5)3$85 {* Śn cv{c
jcfcvhwĆ ucj{ws h vc v{hgnin f`jvsdsi vucfnlnf wchinzh{) whjkhdcj{cic êj kw`oknc Őn knisŦnnic
jcfcvhwc*
Êj |ckcwch {whjvl`wdĆwnn dcihvcn êj{w$sj dckns lh|`whgni dsi{nuinfĆwnn kw okncn vsj{
jcfcvhwc swdĆ{`hwcic `ucwhŦnn kc f`wcf{hwc h dcihvcn?
‧ knishwch dcihvcn =
‧ hfnksihwch dcihvcn fs hfnk vsilswnf=
‧ inducznwch Őn v{cwninzhwch dcihvcn*
Knishwch dcihvcn
@ucwhŦnh kc knishwc h dcihvcn cv{c jcfcvhwĆ ucj{ws?
$ fwcŐ{cwch lisnkn{ĆŦnn !dnfŐ`whwch |çvf`zn{ĆŦnn.)
$ fwcŐ{cwch fhuhfn{ĆŦnn kc `d`bcjnzhwc
$ fwcŐ{cwch clnfncjŦnn kc êjkcuĆw{hwc h uhw{nfsici`w hlih{c êj vsvucjvnc*
Knishwch vc u`h{c wchinzh êj d`k f`j{njss vhs knvf`j{njss* Knishwch knvf`j{njsĆ vc lhfc
êj{w$sj wczcw|`w uwc|Ćzs{ fs f`jksf{Ć kc hgsw Őn hbn{h{`w) uwcfsd Őn fs knlcwn{c whf`wkswn ! ucj{ws
dcihvĆ) huĆ ucj{ws knishwc) hfnk) v`isŦnc kc vĆwswn) c|hfshwc dcihvĆ.*Whu`w{si kc knishwc u`h{c ln
8?8= 8?7= 8?7)3= Őn 8?6) êj lsjfŦnc kc f`du`znŦnh lnznf`$fandnfĆ h dcihvcn) êj vucfnhi f`jŦnjs{si kc
fhifns fhwc njliscjŦchzĆ jcbh{n| dsi{nuinfhwch fcisici`w kc kw`oknc*
Knishwch dcihvcn ih lhgwnfhwch kw`okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦn vc wchinzchzĆ êj k`sĆ c{huc?
‧ knishwch njnŦnhiĆ uçjĆ ih <5µGiib êj fhzsi fwcŐ{cwnn lisnkn{ĆŦnn) fhwc vĆ ucwdn{Ć fswbcwch
ingcwĆ h dcihvcn uwnj f`jksf{c Őn vĆ sŐswczc vckndcj{hwch nduswn{ĆŦni`w dcfhjnfc
hlih{c êj vsvucjvnc êj fswvsi `ucwhŦncn kc inducznwc=
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‧ knishwch lnjhih uhjh ih f`jfcj{wh{nh f`wcvusjzh{`hwc lhzcn wcvucf{n|c kc dsi{nuinfhwc
h kw`okncn*
Hfnksihwch dcihvcn
KsuĆ knishwch dcihvcn vc lhfc ` hfnksihwch ) kc wcbsiĆ fs A7V@; uçjĆ ih uA 4;);$;)3*
A7V@; hkĆsbh{ f`j{wngsnc ih inducznwch dcihvcn Őn êj hfcihŐn {ndu usjc êj ingcw{h{c hfnznn `wbhjnfn
knj vĆwswnic i`w* Uwnj hfnkn{h{ch uc fhwc ` fwchzĆ êj uiĆdczn) A 7V@; uw`{cochzĆ kw`oknnic êj fswvsi
dsi{nuinfĆwnn lhŦĆ kc f`j{hdnjĆwnic fs dnfw``wbhjnvdc v{wĆnjc) hv{lci êjfç{ js cv{c jcfcvhw vĆ vc
isfwczc êj f`jknŦnn hgv`is{ uswc*
Hfnksihwch uiĆdczni`w !fs A7V@; knish{ 8? 8 uçjĆ ih 8?6. vc lhfc knlcwcjŦnhi êj lsjfŦnc kc
lhzh kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kw`okncn* Hv{lci) êj uwndcic {wcn lhzc kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kw`okncn) hfnkn{h{chcv{c dsi{ dhn wnknfh{Ć kcfç{ êj si{ndcic k`sĆ lhzc) ucj{ws h vc c|n{h huhwnŦnh f`j{hdnjĆwni`w*
Uwnj f`wcf{hwch uA$sisn uiĆdcznn kc ih uA 42$1 ih uA 4;);$;)3 uwnj hkh`v kc A7V@; knish{ fs
huĆ êj whu`w{ 8?8*vc wchinzchzĆ Őn f`hbsihwch f`i`nzni`w) kcvf`dusjcwch hz`{nŦni`w Őn vsilnŦni`w knj
dcihvĆ) kĆsjĆ{`wn kw`okncn *
Hfnksihwch uiĆdczni`w kc dcihvĆ knj knlcwn{c lhzc kc dsi{nuinfhwc vc u`h{c wchinzh Őn fs
hiŦn hfnzn) fsd hw ln A 6U@; ) hfnk ihf{nf*
Uc içjbĆ hkh`vsi kc A7V@; ucj{ws hfnksihwc) cv{c jcfcvhw Őn hkh`vsi kc vsgv{hjŦc js{wn{n|c
êj v`isŦnn v{cwninzh{c) ucj{ws fh dcihvh vĆ js kc|njĆ vswvĆ kc njlcfŦnc fs dnfw`li`wh v{wĆnjĆ h
uiĆdczni`w*
Inducznwch Őn v{cwninzhwch dcihvcn
@ucwhŦnh kc inducznwc cv{c hgv is{ jcfcvhwĆ ucj{ws?
‧ êjkcuĆw{Ćwnn vsvucjvnni`w Őn vsgv{hjŦci`w f`i`nkhic fhwc vsj{ kĆsjĆ{`hwc ucj{ws kcz|`i{hwch
kw`oknni`w Őn fhwc f`jksf ih êjfankcwch fsi`wnn kw`okncn=
‧ ucj{ws wchinzhwch sjsn f`j{hf{ nj{nd êj{wc dcknsi kc fsi{swĆ Őn kw`oknc=
‧ sŐswhwch vuĆiĆwnn gn`dhvcn kc kw`oknc vcuhwh{Ć knj uiĆdczn*
Ucj{ws inducznwch dcihvcn vc l`i`vcvf êj uwhf{nfĆ dhn dsi{c uw`fckcc?
‧ uw`fckcsi uwnj vckndcj{hwc =
‧ uw`fckcsi uwnj fcj{wnlsbhwc =
‧ uw`fckcsi uwnj lni{whwc =
Inducznwch uwnj vckndcj{hwc vc u`h{c wchinzh ih wcfc vhs ih fhik uwnj hkh`v kc hfnkvsilswnf Őn ghwg {hwc kc hcw f`duwndh{* Hfchv{Ć dc{ kĆ uwcznj{Ć kczh|hj{hosi sjcn uwnj
uw`ksf{n|n{ĆŦn dhn vfĆzs{c Őn h sj`w vuhŦnn kc kndcjvnsjn dhwn ucj{ws inducznwc*
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Inducznwch lni{whwc vc lhfc fs hos{`wsi lni{wci`w Vfacjm) fs mnvcibsw) êj swdh fĆwsnh vc
`gŦnj whjkhdcj{c wnknfh{c êj gn`dhvĆ Őn sj uw`ksv kc fsi`hwc dhn kcvfanvĆ*
Inducznwch uwnj fcj{wnlsbhwc uw`fckcs s{ninzh{ êj hfchv{Ć sjn{h{c) cv{c fci dhn clnfncj{)
lnnjk sj uw`fcv f`duic{ hs{`dh{nzh{*
Ucj{ws hfcv{ vf`u vc l`i`vcvf vcuhwh{`hwc fcj{wnlsbhic Őn vfandgĆ{ hwc fs uiĆfn)wchinzçjks$vc ` uswnlnfhwc kc uçjĆ ih >3#*
Inducznwch vc lhfc uc dcihvh knish{Ć fs huĆ êj whu w{ 8?8vhs 8?7*KhfĆ dcihvh cv{c
us{cwjnf njlcf{h{Ć Őn hwc sj f`jŦnjs{ wnknfh{ kc Fh@ !5)<$8#. knishwch vc lhfc êj whu`w{ kc 8?7$8?6
Őn fanhw 8?; ucj{ws dcihvh fs 8)3# Fh@* Dcihvh induczn{Ć cv{c f`wcf{h{Ć ih uA4;)3$3)5 fs
A7V@;* Ucj{ws inducznwc vc l`i`vcvf vcuhwh{`hwc fcj{wnlsbhic fs {hicwc vhs fs fhdcwc njcihwc* Êj
fhzsi vcuhwh{`hwci`w {hicwc) uw`ksf{n|n{h{ch cv{c êj lsjfŦnc kc uwcvnsjch kc hindcj{hwc fs dcihvĆ*
Ih fcj{wnlsbhwch dcihvcn knish{c vc êjkcuĆw{chzĆ {`{`kh{Ć Őn dnfw``wbhjnvdcic*[hgcisi 3*8* \hwnhŦnh fhj{n{ĆŦnn kc vsvucjvnc êjkcuĆw{h{c êj lsjfŦnc
kc bwhksi kc knishwc hi dcihvcn
Whu`w{sikcknishwchidcihvcn
F`jŦnjs{si kc v*s*hi dcihvcn knish{c)#
Fhj{n{h{ch kc jĆd`ivcuhwh{Mb/ { dcihvĆ njnŦnhiĆ
Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvĆ fc u`h{cln induczn{Ć lĆwĆ `uwnwchvcuhwh{`wsisn) {
8?8 62 5)2$8)5 83$8<8?8)2 72 8)8$8)6 87$8;8?7)> 77 8)7$8); 85$87
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Fcic dhn lwcf|cj{ s{ninzh{c vsj{ vcuhwh{`hwcic Hilh$Ih|hi Őn Rcv{lhinh* Njv{hihŦnh s{ninzh{Ć
êj hfchv{Ć lhgwnfĆ cv{c fch h lnwdcn Hilh$Ih|hi) lnb ;*
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lnwdcn Hilh$Ih|hi
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Uwcvnsjch dcihvcn Us{cwch jcfcvhwĆNj{whwc NcŐnwc
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Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc huh l`i`vn{h ih knis{nc
;3
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Fhj{n{h{ch kc huĆ jcfcvhwĆ knisĆwnn dcihvcn vc kc{cwdnjĆ uwnj wcihŦnnic?
Dk4g
hD d Ò X4 Dk ‖ Dd
êj fhwc?Dk $ fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvĆ knish{Ć) Mb
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h $ f`jfcj{whŦnh njnŦnhiĆ h dcihvcn) `Giib
g $ f`jfcj{whŦnh lnjhiĆ h dcihvcn )`Giib
X $ fhj{n{h{ch kc huĆ jcfcvhwĆ ucj{ws knishwc) Mb*
h 4 15`Giib)g 4 <5`Giib
Dk4 Mb 75555<5
1583555
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Giib
X 475555$83555 4 3555Mb/vhwoh huĆ
<*8*8*7*Hfnksihwch dcihvcn
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knish{ fs huh nj whu`w{ 8?8*
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Dhf*47)3qDd
nj fhwc? Dhf*$fhj{n{h{ch kc hfnk vsilswnf)bDd$fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh )Mb
Dhf*47)3q83555462355 b462)3 Mb A7V@; f`jf* q7
423 Mb/vhwoh A7V@; kni*
<*8*8*6*V{cwninzhwch vn inducznwch dcihvcn
Nj lsjf{nc kc knis{nh dcihvcn v$h hicv sj vcuhwh{`w fcj{wnlsbhi Rcv{lhinh fhwc njkcuhw{chzh5)2$8 Mb vsvucjvnn/{ dcihvh
;<
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Dvsv*483q5)2485)3 Mb/vhwoh vsvucjvnn njkcuhw{h{c
Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh fhwc nj{wh ih dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c kc ?
Dk- Dhf*$ Dvsv*475555-23$85)34755<;)3 Mb/vhwoh dcihvh induczn{h
<*8*7* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih uwcbh{nwch vhwswni`w js{wn{n|c
Cicdcj{c kc fhifsi?
$ Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh {nu 35# zhahw jcfcvhwh ucj{ws ` vhwoh kc kw`oknc…………83555 Mb
$ F`j{njs{si kc hz`{ hvndnihgni hi dcihvcn…………………………………………*5);#
$ Whjkhdcj{si dckns kc lhgwnfh{nc………………………………………………***>5#
$ Fhj{n{h{ch kc kw`oknc dhnh l`i`vn{h ih njvhdhj{hwch dcknsisn
!75# lh{h kc dcihvh.…………………………………………… …*75# q8355546555 Mb$ F`j{njs{si nj hz`{ hi kw`okncn dhnh cquwndh{ ih kw`oknc uwcvh{h…………………**7)8#
$ F`j{njs{si nj l`vl`w hi kw`okncn dhnh……………………………………………***8)8#
$ Uncwkcwn kc hz`{ nj {ndusi lhgwnfh{ncn……………………………………………***2#
$ Uncwkcwn kc l`vl`w nj {ndusi lhgwnfh{ncn……………………………………………65#
$ F`j{njs{si kc hz`{ hi kw`okncn lnjn{c………………………………………………8)1#
$ F`j{njs{si kc l`vl`w hi kw`okncn lnjn{c……………………………………………*5)1#
$ F`j{njs{si kc hz`{ hi vsilh{sisn kc hd`jns………………………………………*78#
<*8*7*8* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vsilh{ kc hd`jns s{ninzh{ fh vswvh kc hz`{ v`isgni
Fhj{n{h{ch kc kw`oknc f`duwndh{h fhwc wczsi{h knj 83555 Mb dcihvh cv{c swdh{`hwch?
>5# q83555486355 Mb/vhwoh
Ih hfchv{h vc dhn hkhsbh 6555 Mb kw`oknc fsng l`i`vn{h ih njvhdhj{hwc)hv{lci fh nj lnjhi
fhj{n{h{ch kc kw`oknc f`duwndh{h cv{c kc ?86355-655548<355 Mb/vhwoh
Fhj{n{h{ch {`{hih kc hz`{ knj 8<355 Mb kw`oknc {wcgsnc vh lnc?
8)1# q 8<35547>2 Mb/vhwoh
Uncwkcwn kc hz`{? 5)2# q 7>2475 Mb/vhwoh
Fhj{n{h{ch {`{hih kc hz`{ jcfcvhwh cv{c kc ?
7>2-754628 Mb/vhwoh
Hfchv{h fhj{n{h{c kc hz`{ vc kndnjschzh fs fhj{n{h{ch kc hz`{ hvndnihgnih fhwc vc hlih nj
dcihvh?
5);# q 835554<5 Mb/vhwoh
;2
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vn fs fhj{n{h{ch kc hz`{ fhwc vc hlih nj kw`oknh dhnh?
7)8# q 65554<6 Mb/vhwoh
Fhj{n{h{ch clcf{n|h kc hz`{ fhwc {wcgsnc vh lnc hkhsbh{h fs vsilh{si kc hd`jns cv{c kcfn kc?
682 ‖ !<5-<6.48>; Mb/vhwoh
Fhj{n{h{ch jcfcvhwh kc vsilh{ kc hd`jns fs f`j{njs{ kc 78# hz`{ cv{c kc ?78# q 8>;4>76)7 Mb/vhwoh
<*8*7*7*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns s{ninzh{ fh vswvh kc l`vl`w
Nj fhj{n{h{ch {`{hih kc 8<355 Mb kw`oknc lnjn{h {wcgsnc vh vc bhvchvfh?
5)1# q 8<3554867 Mb /vhwoh U7@3
Uncwkcwn kc l`vl`w?65# q 867 4 6>)< Mb/vhwoh
Jcfcvhwsi {`{hi kc l`vl`w cv{c kc ?
867 - 6>)<4 828)< Mb/vhwoh
Knj hfchv{h fhj{n{h{c vc vfhkc l`vl`wsi fhwc cv{c hksv kc fcic 6555 Mb kc kw`oknc dhnh ?
8)8# q 65554 66 Mb /vhwoh U7@3
Fhj{n{h{ch clcf{n|h kc l`vl`w fhwc {wcgsnc vh vc nj{w`ksfh nj dcknsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc hi
kw`okncn cv{c kc ?
828)< ‖ 66 4 861)< Mb /vhwoh l`vl`w
Ih hfchv{h fhj{n{h{c kc l`vl`w f`wcvusjkc swdh{`hwch fhj{n{h{c kc vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns fs
8<# U7@3?
861)<q 855/8< 4 1<<)73 Mb/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
<*8*6*Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwc
J`{h{nn?
\{ ‖ |`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc=
\S ‖ |`isdsi s{ni hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc=
zn ‖ f`j{njs{si njn{nhi kc zhahw knj dcihvh=
∗ l ϋ {ndusi kc lcwdcj{hwc=
{v ‖ {cducwh{swh kc v{cwninzhwc=
{h ‖{cducwh{swh hucn kc whfnwc=
Dk ‖fhj{n{h{ch kc kw`oknc g{njs{h=
Dd ‖fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh hkhsbh{h=
;1
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Dh ‖ fhj{n{h{ch kc huh hkhsbh{h=
Kn ‖ fhj{n{h{ch kc kw`oknc kc njvhdhj{hwc=
Dv ‖ fhj{n{h{ch kc vhwswn hkhsbh{h=
Dh*b* ‖ fhj{n{h{ch kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{h ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn=
Dhf* ‖ fhj{n{h{ch kc hfnk vsilswnf hkhsbh{h=D u ‖ fhj{n{h{ch {`{hih kc uihdhkh*
N* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh N
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh vn huh s{ninzh{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
Dcihvh knish{h njn{nhi uhjh ih <5`Giib) vc knischzh hu`n fs huh uhjh ih 8;`Giib*
Dcihvh <5 8; u dcihvh
8;
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\`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 835$;55 i*
Hd hicv? \{ 4 ;55 i
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
\S 4 ;5# q \{ 4 5*5;q ;55 4 8<5 i
<5 uhw{n*************8; uhw{n dcihvh*****************;< uhw{n huh
8<5 i******************\d************************************\h
\d 62<5
8;8<5 4⋃
4 i/vhwoh dcihvh
ψd48655 mb/d6
Dd 4 ψd q \d 48*6 q 62 4 ;1 mb/ vhwoh dcihvh\h 4 876
<5
;<8<54
⋃i/vhwoh huh
ψh4 >>1*7 mb/d6
Dh 4 5*>>17 q 876 4 877*22 876 mb/vhwoh huh
7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 i uihdhkh*****************7 b vsilh{ kc hd`jns****************; b vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
;>
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8<5 i uihdhkh*************Dvsilh{***************************************Dvsucwl`vlh{
Dvsilh{ 4 8<5 q 7 4 675 b/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns 45*67 mb/vhwoh
Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 8<5 q ; 4 <;5 b/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns 4 5*<; mb/vhwoh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh5*67 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 5*67 q 85 4 6*7 i huh
5*<; mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 5*<; q 85 4 <*; i huh
\v`i*vsilh{ 4 6*7-5*67 4 6*37 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsilh{
ψv`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 mb/i !hjcqh .
D v`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 q 6*37 4 6*<7 mb/vhwoh
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 <*; - 5*<; 4 2*5; i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
ψv`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> mb/i ! hjcqh .D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> q 2*5; 4 2*7; mb/vhwoh
Dv 4 D v`i*vsilh{ - D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 46*<7 - 2*7; 485*1< mb/vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c
6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn
8<5 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 48<5 di 4 5*8< i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
ψhf*`icnf 4 >5;*7 mb/d6 !hjcqh .
D h*b* 4 5*>5;7 q 5*8< 4 5*8; mb/ vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
;*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnk vsilswnf l`i`vn{ ucj{ws hfnksihwc
Uihdhkh vc hfnksichzh fs hfnk vsilswnf knish{ uhjh ih 8*8 ‖ 8*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c vhs ua
4;*3 ‖ ;*1*
Dhf* 4 7*3 q Dd 4 7*3 q ;1 4 875 b 4 5*87 mb/vhwoh A7V@; f`jf*
Knishwch vc lhfc nj whu`w{ 8?8*
Dhf*kni* 4 5*87 - 5*87 4 5*7; mb/vhwoh A7V@; knish{
ψhf* 48*1; mb/i
\hf 4 5*7;/8*1; 4 5*86 i/vhwoh A7V@; knish{
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3*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h
D u 4 Dd - Dh - Dv - D h*b* - Dhf*kni
D u4 ;1 - 876 - 85*1< - 5*8; - 5*7; 4821*<7mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 8;`Giib
Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |`isdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 83# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |`isdsi knjhnj{c kcv{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*
D ui* 4 D u -83# D u 4 821*<7 - 5*83 q 821*<7 4 753*;8 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 87`Giib
Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kw`oknc ksuh njvhdhj{hwch fs fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w cv{c kc ?
Du N 4 D ui* - Kn - Dhif``i
Kn 4 8# D u N
Dhif``i 4 ;# D u N
Du N 4 D ui* - 5*58 Du N - 5*5; Du N
Du N 4 44>3*5
;8*753
5*5;$5*58$8
Dui*78<*77 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kw`oknc
Kn 4 8# D u N 45*58 q 78<*77 4 7*8< mb/vhwoh fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w
Dhif``i 4 ;# D u N4 5*5; q 78<*77 4 1*<; mb/vhwoh hif``i
Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 7; a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic
fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?
$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 ; $;*;`Giib
$ Hif``i 4 ;#
$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c
<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc `qnbcj l`i`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc
V{nnjk fh dcihvh f`j{njc 35# 4355 b/i zhahw) f`j{njs{si kc zhahw hi dcihvcn l`i`vn{h ih lhzh N
kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c kc?
Dz 4 Dd q 355 4 62 q 355 4 81355 b 4 81*3 mb/62 i
F<A87@< - < @7↗ <F@7 -<A7@ -882 MO
815 b*********<q67b****< q ;;b
81355b******D@7********DF@7
D@7 4 amb b /26*8>66*8>266815
67<8135544⋃⋃ @7
38
8/7/2019 BIOTEHNOLOGIA DE OBŢINERE A DROJDIEI DE PANIFICAŢIE (Proiect Bioreactoare)
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DF@74 mb b 86*7266*72866
815
;;<8135544
⋃⋃F@7
2* Whjkhdcj{si kc kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 85# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch
dcihvcn fhwc vc l`i`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*
Dk 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;1 4 ;*1 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*
NN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh NN
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh vn huh s{ninzh{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
Dcihvh knish{h njn{nhi uhjh ih <5`Giib) vc knischzh hu`n fs huh uhjh ih 87`Giib*
Dcihvh <5 87 u dcihvh
87
Huh 5 ;1 u huh
\`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 8555 $ 7355 i*
Hd hicv? \{ 4 7;55 i
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
\S 4 ;5# q \{ 4 5*5;q 7;55 4 ><5 i
<5 uhw{n*************87 uhw{n dcihvh*****************;1 uhw{n huh
><5 i******************\d************************************\h
\d 8>7
<5
87><54
⋃i/vhwoh dcihvh
ψd48655 mb/d6
37
8/7/2019 BIOTEHNOLOGIA DE OBŢINERE A DROJDIEI DE PANIFICAŢIE (Proiect Bioreactoare)
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Dd 4 ψd q \d 48*6 q 8>7 4 735 mb/ vhwoh dcihvh
\h 4 2<1<5
;1><54
⋃i/vhwoh huh
ψh4 >>1*7 mb/d6
Dh 4 5*>>17 q 2<1 4 2<2 mb/vhwoh huh
7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 i uihdhkh*****************1 b vsilh{ kc hd`jns****************87 b vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
><5 i uihdhkh*************Dvsilh{***************************************Dvsucwl`vlh{
Dvsilh{ 4 ><5 q 1 4 2<15 b/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns 42*<1 mb/vhwoh
Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 ><5 q 87 4 88375 b/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns 4 88*37 mb/vhwoh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh
2*<1 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 2*<1 q 85 4 2<*1 i huh
88*37 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 88*37 q 85 4 883*7 i huh
\v`i*vsilh{ 4 2*<1-2<*1 4 1;*;1 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsilh{
ψv`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 mb/i !hjcqh .
D v`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 q 1;*;1 4 1<*13 mb/vhwoh
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 88*37 - 883*7 4 87<*27 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
ψv`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> mb/i ! hjcqh .
D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> q 87<*27 4 865*6> mb/vhwoh
Dv 4 D v`i*vsilh{ - D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 41<*13 - 865*6> 4782*7; mb/vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c
6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn
><5 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 4><5 di 4 5*>< i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
ψhf*`icnf 4 >5;*7 mb/d6 !hjcqh .
D h*b* 4 5*>5;7 q 5*>< 4 5*12 mb/ vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
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;*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnk vsilswnf l`i`vn{ ucj{ws hfnksihwc
Uihdhkh vc hfnksichzh fs hfnk vsilswnf knish{ uhjh ih 8*7 ‖ 8*; bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c vhs ua
4;*3 ‖ ;*1*
Dhf* 4 7*3 q Dd 4 7*3 q 735 4 <73 b 4 5*<73 mb/vhwoh A7V@; f`jf*Knishwch vc lhfc nj whu`w{ 8?8*
Dhf*kni* 4 5*<73 - 5*<73 4 8*73 mb/vhwoh A7V@; knish{
3*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h
D u 4 Dd - Dh - Dv - D h*b* - Dhf*kni
D u4 735 - 2<2 - 782*7; - 5*12 - 8*73 4876<*6< mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 87`Giib
Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |`isdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 87# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |`isdsi knjhnj{c kcv{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*
D ui* 4 D u -87# D u 4 876<*6< - 5*87 q 876<*6< 4 861;*27 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 85`Giib
Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kw`oknc ksuh whfnwc ih 65`F vn njvhdhj{hwch fs D u N cv{c kc?
Du NN 4 D ui* - Du N - Dhif``i
Dhif``i 4 6# D u NN
Du NN 4 D ui* - Du N - 5*56Du NN
Du NN 4 4-
4-
>2*5
77*78<27*861;
5*56$8
NDuDui*
8<35*;3 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kw`oknc
ψ u NN 4 8*536 mb/i
\u NN 4 8<35*;3/8*536 4 83<2*;7 i/vhwoh
Dhif``i 4 6# D u NN 4 5*56 q 8<35*;3 4 ;>*38 mb/vhwoh hif``i
Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 87 a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic
fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?
$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 6*< $6*1`Giib
$ Hif``i 4 7*3 $ 6#
$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*; bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c
<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw l`i`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 d6 uihdhkh**************************73 d6 hcw/a
8*3<2;7 d6 uihdhkh***************Q 4 8*3<2;7 q 73 4 6>*81< d6 hcw/a
V{nnjk fh ghwg`{hwch fs hcw kswchzh 87 a us{cd hlih ?\hcw 4 87 q 6>*81< 4 ;25*76 d6 hcw/87a
3;
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2* Whjkhdcj{si kc kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 75# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch
dcihvcn fhwc vc l`i`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*
Dk 4 75# Dd 4 5*7 q 735 4 35 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*
NNN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh NNN
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc huh s{ninzh{h ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
\`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 2555 $ 73555 i*
Hd hicv? \{ 4 85555 i
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
\S 4 23# q \{ 4 5*23q 85555 4 2355 i
\h 4 35# \S 4 5*3 q 2355 4 6235 i/vhwoh huh
7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh nj whu`w{ fs bwcs{h{ch dcihvcn) nj uihdhkh vc hkhsbh? $
2*3 # vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
$ 3 # vsilh{ kc hd`jns
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 2*3# Dd - 85 q 2*3# Dd 4 5*173 q Dd 4 5*173 qψd q \ d i/vhwoh v`i vsilh{
\v`i* vsilh{ 4 3# Dd - 85 q 3# Dd 4 5*33 q Dd 4 5*33 qψd q \ d i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
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6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn2355 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 42355 di 4 2*3 i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
;*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h
Vc v{nc fh |`isdsi lnjhi hi uihdcznn nj fhwc v$h njdsi{n{ kw`oknh cv{c 23# \{*
\uNNN 4 23# \{ 45*23 q 85555 4 2355 i/ vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih
Hfchv{h uihdhkh {wcgsnc vh f`j{njh hif``i nj uw`u`w{nc kc 8*13$ 6#*\hif``i 4 8*13# \ uNNN 45*5813 q 2355 4 861*23 i/vhwoh hif``i
Fsj`vfhjk hfcv{c kh{c vc u`h{c hlih) knj cfsh{nh kc gnihj{ kc dh{cwnhic) fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh
jcfcvhwh?
\uNNN 4 \v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ - \v`i* vsilh{ - \d - \h - \h*b*- \ uNN - \hif``i
2355 4 5*173 q8*6 q \d -5*33 q8*6 q \d - \d - 6235 -2*3 - 83<2*;7 - 861*23
\d 4 3*2652123*7
66*756< 4 i/vhwoh dcihvh
ψd4 8*6 mb/i ) Dd 4 8*6 q 265*37 4 >35 mb /vhwoh dcihvh
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 5*173 q >35 4 216*23 i/vhwoh v`i* vsucwl`vlh{
\v`i* vsilh{ 4 5*33 q >35 4 377*3 i/vhwoh v`i* vsilh{
Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ > a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic
fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?
$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 6*3 $;`Giib
$ Hif``i 4 8*13 $ 6#
$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c
3* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw l`i`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 d6 uihdhkh**************************35 d6 hcw/a
2*3 d6 uihdhkh***************Q 4 2*3 q 35 4 623 d6 hcw/a
V{nnjk fh ghwg`{hwch fs hcw kswchzh 87 a us{cd hlih ?\hcw 4 > q 623 4 6623 d6 hcw/>a
3<
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<* Whjkhdcj{si kc kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 65# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch
dcihvcn fhwc vc l`i`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*
Dk 4 65# Dd 4 5*6 q >35 4 713 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*
NN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh N
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh vn huh s{ninzh{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
Dcihvh knish{h njn{nhi uhjh ih <5`Giib) vc knischzh hu`n fs huh uhjh ih 8;`Giib
Dcihvh <5 8; u dcihvh
8;
Huh 5 ;< u huh
\`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 835$;55 i*Hd hicv? \{ 4 ;55 i
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
\S 4 ;5# q \{ 4 5*5;q ;55 4 8<5 i
<5 uhw{n*************8; uhw{n dcihvh*****************;< uhw{n huh
8<5 i******************\d************************************\h
\d 62<5
8;8<54
⋃4 i/vhwoh dcihvh
ψd48655 mb/d6
Dd 4 ψd q \d 48*6 q 62 4 ;1 mb/ vhwoh dcihvh
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\h 4 876<5
;<8<54
⋃i/vhwoh huh
ψh4 >>1*7 mb/d6
Dh 4 5*>>17 q 876 4 877*22 876 mb/vhwoh huh
7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 i uihdhkh*****************7 b vsilh{ kc hd`jns****************; b vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
8<5 i uihdhkh*************Dvsilh{***************************************Dvsucwl`vlh{
Dvsilh{ 4 8<5 q 7 4 675 b/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns 45*67 mb/vhwoh
Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 8<5 q ; 4 <;5 b/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns 4 5*<; mb/vhwoh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh
5*67 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 5*67 q 85 4 6*7 i huh
5*<; mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 5*<; q 85 4 <*; i huh
\v`i*vsilh{ 4 6*7-5*67 4 6*37 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsilh{
ψv`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 mb/i !hjcqh .
D v`i*vsilh{ 4 8*571 q 6*37 4 6*<7 mb/vhwoh
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 <*; - 5*<; 4 2*5; i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
ψv`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> mb/i ! hjcqh .
D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> q 2*5; 4 2*7; mb/vhwoh
Dv 4 D v`i*vsilh{ - D v`i*vsucwl`vlh{ 46*<7 - 2*7; 485*1< mb/vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c
6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn
8<5 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 48<5 di 4 5*8< i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
ψhf*`icnf 4 >5;*7 mb/d6 !hjcqh .
D h*b* 4 5*>5;7 q 5*8< 4 5*8; mb/ vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
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;*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnk vsilswnf l`i`vn{ ucj{ws hfnksihwc
Uihdhkh vc hfnksichzh fs hfnk vsilswnf knish{ uhjh ih 8*8 ‖ 8*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c vhs ua
4;*3 ‖ ;*1*
Dhf* 4 7*3 q Dd 4 7*3 q ;1 4 875 b 4 5*87 mb/vhwoh A7V@; f`jf*Knishwch vc lhfc nj whu`w{ 8?8*
Dhf*kni* 4 5*87 - 5*87 4 5*7; mb/vhwoh A7V@; knish{
ψhf* 48*1; mb/i
\hf 4 5*7;/8*1; 4 5*86 i/vhwoh A7V@; knish{
3*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h
D u 4 Dd - Dh - Dv - D h*b* - Dhf*kni
D u4 ;1 - 876 - 85*1< - 5*8; - 5*7; 4821*<7mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 8;`Giib
Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |`isdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 83# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |`isdsi knjhnj{c kc
v{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*
D ui* 4 D u -83# D u 4 821*<7 - 5*83 q 821*<7 4 753*;8 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 87`Giib
Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kw`oknc ksuh njvhdhj{hwch fs fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w cv{c kc ?
Du N 4 D ui* - Kn - Dhif``i
Kn 4 8# D u N
Dhif``i 4 ;# D u N
Du N 4 D ui* - 5*58 Du N - 5*5; Du N
Du N 4 44>3*5
;8*753
5*5;$5*58$8
Dui*78<*77 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kw`oknc
Kn 4 8# D u N 45*58 q 78<*77 4 7*8< mb/vhwoh fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w
Dhif``i 4 ;# D u N4 5*5; q 78<*77 4 1*<; mb/vhwoh hif``i
Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc !∗
l ϋ 7; a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic
fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?
$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 ; $;*;`Giib
$ Hif``i 4 ;#
$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c
<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc `qnbcj l`i`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc
3>
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V{nnjk fh dcihvh f`j{njc 35# 4355 b/i zhahw) f`j{njs{si kc zhahw hi dcihvcn l`i`vn{h ih lhzh N
kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c kc?
Dz 4 Dd q 355 4 62 q 355 4 81355 b 4 81*3 mb/62 i
F<A87@< - < @7↗ <F@7 -<A7@ -882 MO
815 b*********<q67b****< q ;;b81355b******D@7********DF@7
D@7 4 amb b /26*8>66*8>266815
67<8135544
⋃⋃@7
DF@74 mb b 86*7266*72866
815
;;<8135544
⋃⋃F@7
2* Whjkhdcj{si kc kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 85# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch
dcihvcn fhwc vc l`i`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*
Dk 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;1 4 ;*1 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*
N\* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh N\
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh vn huh s{ninzh{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
Uwnjfnuhisi cicdcj{ ucj{ws fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh cv{c knis{nh uihdcznn fhwc
{wcgsnc vh lnc kc 8 ih 81) hknfh ucj{ws uwcisfwhwch sjcn {`jc kc dcihvh vsj{ jcfcvhwn 81 d 6 kc
|`isd s{ni kc inj*
\`isdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc ;5$855 d6*
Hd hicv? \{ 4 855 d6
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?Nj lnjhi uihdhkh `fsuh 27# knj \{
hi injsisn*
\uN\ 4 \S 4 27# q \{ 4 5*27q 855 427 d6 4 27555 i/vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih
Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh fhwc u`h{c ln uwcisfwh{h cv{c kc?
Dd 4 ;55581
274 mb/vhwoh dcihvh
Fhj{n{h{ch kc huh nj{w`ksvh nj |hvsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c?
\h4 65# \S 45*6 q 27555 4 78<55 i/vhwoh huh
7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
<5
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Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;555 4 ;55 mb/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
Dvsilh{4 1# Dd 4 5*51 q ;555 4 675 Mb/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh
675 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 675 q 85 4 6755 i huh
;55 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 ;55 q 85 4;555 i huh
\v`i*vsilh{ 4 6755-675 4 6375 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsilh{
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 ;555 - ;55 4 ;;55 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
\v 4 \v`i*vsilh{ - \v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 6375 - ;;554 2>75 i /vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c
6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn
27555 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 427555 di 4 27 i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 86 a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic
fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?
$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 7*7`Giib
$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 5*2 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c
$ uA 4 ;*3 $;*2
$ {cducwh{swh 4 71 $65` F
;* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw l`i`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh f`jvsdsi kc hcw ucj{ws ghwg`{hwc cv{c kc?
$ 35 d6 hcw/ d6 uihdhkh vn `wh nj uwndh vn si{ndh `wh=
$ 855 d6 hcw/ d6 uihdhkh vn `wh nj `wcic 7$87*
<8
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3* Whjkhdcj{si kc kw`oknc kc fsng fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc fnwfh 23# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch
dcihvcn fhwc vc l`i`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*
Dk 4 23# Dd 4 5*23 q ;555 4 6555 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc kc fsng fs 72# v*s*
Ksuh {cwdnjhwch uw`fcvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kw`oknni`w) uihdhkh cv{c {wcfs{h ih vcuhwhwc fshos{`wsi vcuhwh{`hwci`w fcj{wnlsbhic nj 7 {wcu{c*
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ihu{cic kc kw`oknc wczsi{h{ f`j{njc fnwfh ;55 b kw`oknc
fs 72# v*s* ih in{ws*
Fhj{n{h{ch kc ihu{c kc kw`oknc wczsi{h{h cv{c kc?
8i ihu{c*********************************5*; mb kw`oknc
\ihu{c ************************************6555 mb kw`oknc
\ihu{c 4 2355;*5
6555 4 i/vhwoh ihu{c kc kw`oknc f`jf*85`Giib
\* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh \
Fs fcic 655 mb kw`oknc kc fsng v$hs njvhdhj{h{ fs fh{c <55 mb) 3 uihdczn*
8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh vn huh s{ninzh{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn
Uwnjfnuhisi cicdcj{ ucj{ws fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh cv{c knis{nh uihdcznn fhwc
{wcgsnc vh lnc kc 8 ih 73) hknfh ucj{ws uwcisfwhwch sjcn {`jc kc dcihvh vsj{ jcfcvhwn 73 d6 kc
|`isd s{ni kc inj*
Hd hicv? \{ 4 855 d6
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
Nj lnjhi uihdhkh `fsuh 23# knj \{ hi injsisn*
\u\ 4 \S 4 23# q \{ 4 5*23q 855 423 d6 4 23555 i/vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih
Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh fhwc u`h{c ln uwcisfwh{h cv{c kc?
Dd 4 655573
23 4 mb/vhwoh dcihvh
Fhj{n{h{ch kc huh nj{w`ksvh nj |hvsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c?
\h4 35# \S 45*3 q 23555 4 62355 i/vhwoh huh
<7
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7* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc vhwswn js{wn{n|c hkhsbh{c nj uihdhkh kc dcihvh
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?
Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 3# Dd 4 5*53 q 6555 4 835 mb/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns
Dvsilh{4 <# Dd 4 5*5< q 6555 4 815 Mb/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh
815 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 815 q 85 4 8155 i huh
835 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 835 q 85 48355 i huh
\v`i*vsilh{ 4 815- 8155 4 8>15 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsilh{
\v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8355 - 835 4 8<35 i/vhwoh v`is{nc vsucwl`vlh{
\v 4 \v`i*vsilh{ - \v`i* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8>15 - 8<354 6<65 i /vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c
6* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hfnzn bwhvn hkhsbh{n ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn
Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?
8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn
23555 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*
\h*b* 423555 di 4 23 i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn
Uihdhkh vc njvhdhj{chzh fs ` fhj{n{h{c kc kw`oknc kc fsng fs 72# v*s* ) kc 75# lh{h kc
dcihvh*
Kn 4 75# Dd 4 5*7 q 6555 4 <55 mb/vhwoh kw`oknc kc njvhdhj{hwc
;* Uswnlnfhwch kw`okncn kc fsng fs hfnk vsilswnf
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lsjf{nc kc {cducwh{swh hucn kc vuhihwc!8$7`F.*
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\NN* KCVFWNCWCH S[NIHOSISN UWNJFNUHI
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kw`okncn) bcjcwhŦnh h $NNN$h*
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kc `Ŧci hj{nhfnk) `Ŧci nj`qnkhgni vhs fanhw knj `Ŧci `gnŐjsn{ uw`{coh{ êj nj{cwn`w fs sj ihf
hfnk`wcznv{cj{* Injswnic u`{ h|ch l`wdĆ fninjkwnfĆ vhs uhwhicinunucknfĆ* L`wdh fninjkwnfĆ ucwdn{c `knv{wngsŦnc dhn sjnl`wdĆ h hcwsisn êj uiĆdhkĆ Őn ` fswĆŦnwc dhn sŐ`hwĆ) lnnjk hv{lci fch dhn kcv
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uihdhkh nj inj vc wchinzchzh uwnj v{hgninwch whu`w{sisn fc {wcgsnc vh cqnv{c nj{wc kcgn{si kc dcihvh
vn fci kc huh* @d`bcjnzhwch v`is{ncn vc wchinzchzh nj uhijnc* Uihdhkh uw`hvuh{h kc dcihvh cv{c
knwnoh{h uwnj f`jksf{h 8vuwc z`jh njlcwn`hwh h injsisn) sjkc hbn{hwch lnnjk dhn us{cwjnfh hvnbswh `
knvucwvhwc dhn whunkh h hfcv{cnh*
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> vc nj{w`ksfc hgswsi ucj{ws v{cwninzhwc) fhwc uh{wsjkc nj vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc 85 vn nj f`jksf{h 88
kc c|hfshwc h hcwsisn s{ninzh{) fhwc cv{c uwc|hzs{h fs ` fihuc{h kc njfankcwc 87*
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B`inwch injsisn vc lhfc uwnj whf`wksi 86* Vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc 85 cv{c hifh{sn{ knj{w$`
f`jksf{h fcj{whih fs knhdc{wsi kc 755$735dd* Knj f`jksf{h fcj{whih vc whdnlnfh f`jksf{h
vcfsjkhwh) nhw knj hfcv{ch) dhn dsi{c f`jksf{c fs knhdc{wsi dhn dnf fhwc vsj{ ucwl`wh{c*
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fhwc cv{c êj icbĆ{swĆ fs ` f`jksf{Ć `wnz`j{hiĆ hduihvh{Ć ih lsjksi injsisn) êj fhwc vsj{ êjlnic{h{c `vcwnc kc Ŧc|n ucwl`wh{c) knvusvc uc {`h{Ć vsuwhlhŦh lsjksisn injsisn hv{lci êjfç{ vĆ ucwdn{Ć `
knv{wngsŦnc fç{ dhn lnjĆ Őn dhn sjnl`wdĆ h hcwsisn êj dckns) kc fhwc kcunjkc êj fch dhn dhwc
dĆvswĆ bwhksi kc s{ninzhwc h `qnbcjsisn Őn kcfn f`jvsdsi vucfnlnf kc hcw* @wnlnfnnic kc knv{wngsŦnc
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uc uhw{ch ih{cwhiĆ h Ŧc|ni`w ucwl`wh{c* Hfcv{ch vsj{ uwc|Ćzs{c ih fhuc{c fs fhuhfc êjlnic{h{c) fhwc vc
u`{ vf`h{c ucj{ws fswĆŦnwc Őn vuĆihwc*
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{cducwh{swnn êj inj) uwnj |hwnhŦnh kcgn{sisn hucn kc wĆfnwc*
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vhs uwnj v{w`unwc cq{cwn hwĆ* H{ç{ vnv{cdsi kc knv{wngsnwc h hcwsisn fç{ Őn fci kc wĆfnwc vsj{
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s{ninzchzĆ k`sĆ bwsuc kc uw`fckcc?
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Êj hfchv{Ć lhgwnfĆ ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn vc l`i`vcvf vsgv{hjŦc hj{nvusdhj{c*
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\NNN* KNDCJVN@JHWCH INJSISN KC LCWDCJ[HWC
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DhvĆ ? 2125 mb
Dh{cwnhi ? @I 61
1*8*Fhifsisi lsjksisn injsisn
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h g g h
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IĆvçjk ucj{ws f`w`znsjc 6 dd h|cd ∇ lsjk4 85 dd
1*7*Fhifsisi dhj{hicn injsisn
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Fhuhfsi uw`uwns znv? bw`vndch v$h hicv f`jv{wsf{n| λ4 ; dd h|çjk 7 êj{Ćwn{swn I 23 q 855
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sjkc?
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