Tema 2(Oferta Si Cerere)

5/28/2018 Tema 2(Oferta Si Cerere)

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Tema 2

OFERTA SI CERERE(suport de curs)

Dupa ce parcurgeti aceasta tema veti intelege:

Ce este o piata concurentiala.

Cum influenteaza preturile si alte conditii ale pietei cantitatile de bunuri si serviciicerute de consumatori.

Cum influenteaza preturile si alte conditii ale pietei cantitatile de bunuri si serviciioferite de producatori.

Cum interactiunea dintre oferta si cerere determina pretul de piata al unui bun sauserviciu.

De ce preturile si cantitatile se modifica in urma schimbarilor conditiilor pietei.

Rolul preturilor in alocarea resurselor in economiile de piata.

Continut:

1. Piete si concurenta

2. Cererea

2.1. Curba cererii2.2. Deplasarea de-a lungul curbei cererii2.3. Deplasarea curbei cererii. O!erta

3.1. Curba ofertei3.2. Deplasarea de-a lungul curbei ofertei3.3. Deplasarea curbei ofertei". Interactiunea #intre o!erta si cerere

4.1. chilibrul pietei4.2. !enuria4.3. "urplusul4.4. #odificarea conditiilor pietei


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1. PIETE SI CO$C%RE$TA

Piata: grup de cumparatori si de vanzatori ai unui bun sau serviciu.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Structura pietei: trasaturi ale pietei care inculd numarul si marimea firmelor% gradul desimilitudine sau de diferentiere a produselor diferitelor firme si usurinta intrarii pe piata siiesirii de pe piata a firmelor.

Piata concurentiala:piata caracterizata de e&istenta unui numar mare de cumparatori siproducatori% astfel incat% fiecare agent economic are o influenta negli'abila asupra pretuluipietei.

&arietati #e structuri #e piata:

Piata per!ect concurentiala: structura a pietei caracterizata de e&istenta unui numarmare de consumatori si producatori% de omogenitatea produselor si de intrarea libera pepiata si de iesirea libera de pe piata a firmelor.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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(onopol:structura a pietei in care e&ista o singura firma% care vinde un singur produs si

care este prote'ata de intrarea rivalilor pe piata.

Oligopol:structura a pietei in care e&ista un numar mic de firme% dintre care cel putincateva sunt mari in raport cu marimea pietei.

Concurenta monopolistica: structura a pietei in care e&ista multe firme mici% produsediferentiate% intrare libera pe piata si iesire libera de pe piata a firmelor.


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Concurenta perfecta si monopolul sunt structuri de piata (ideale)% care doar apro&imeazapietele din lumea reala. *tilitatea acestor (structuri ideale) provine din faptul ca elepermit construirea de modele precise% iar concluziile desprinse din aceste modele se pote&tinde la situatii reale.

+ligopolul si concurenta monopolistica sunt structuri descriptive pentru o varietate largade piete din lumea reala. "tructurile de piata descriptive prezinta avanta'ul ca reflecta maibine conditiile din lumea reala% dar au dezavanta'ul ca se preteaza mult mai greu lamodelare.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

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Figura 1: Structuri de piata

Caracteristica

))))))))))))))))))))))

Structura

$umarul si

marimea !irmelor

$atura pro#usului Con#itii #e intrare

pe piata si iesire #e

pe piata

Concurentaper!ecta #ulte firme mici !roduse omogene ,u e&ista bariere

Concurenta

monopolistica

#ulte firme mici !roduse diferentiate ,u e&ista bariere

Oligopol

!utine firme% dintrecare cateva suntmari

!roduse diferentiatesau omogene

!ot e&ista bariere laintrarea pe piata

(onopol + singura firma *n singur produs!rotectie totala fatade intrarea rivalilorpe piata

2. CEREREA

A* Cur+a cererii: relatia #intre pret si cantitatea ceruta

Cantitate ceruta: cantitatea dintr-un bun pe care cumparatorii sunt dispusi si pot sa ocumpere de-a lungul unei perioade timp.


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,egea cererii:principiu conform caruia% daca celelalte conditii nu se schimba% cantitateadintr-un bun ceruta de cumparatori tinde sa creasca atunci cand pretul scade sau tinde sascada atunci cand pretul creste.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

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Celelalte con#itii nu se sc-im+a: o schimbare a pretului unui bun este numai unul dintrefactorii care afecteaza cantitatea pe care oamenii sunt dispusi sa o cumpere.

Cur+a cererii: + reprezentare grafica a relatiei dintre pretul unui bun si cantitatea dinacel bun ceruta de cumparatori.

Exemplu: O curba a cererii pentru inghetata

!ret

u.mbuc/

Cantitate

ceruta buc/0. 12

0. 1

01.

01.

02. 4

02. 2

03.

(o#i!icarea cantitatii cerute: o schimbare a cantitatii dintr-un bun pe care cumparatoriisunt dispusi si pot sa o cumpere ca rezultat al modificarii pretului bunului respectiv%

celelalte conditii ramanand neschimbate se reprezinta grafic printr-o deplasare dintr-unpunct in altul de-a lungul curbei cererii/.

* Deplasarea cur+eri cererii /(o#i!icarea cererii*

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


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(o#i!icarea cererii: o schimbare a cantitatii dintr-un bun pe care cumparatorii sunt

dispusi si pot sa il cumpere% ca rezultat al modificarii altor conditii ale pietei decat pretulacelui bun. "e reprezinta grafic printr-o deplasare 5 spre stanga sau spre dreapta a curbeicererii.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Factori #e in!luenta ai cererii

!retul bunului

6enitul individului si distributia venitului intr-o colectivitate

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un normal: bun pentru care cerera creste atunci cand venitul consumatorului creste.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..

un in!erior: bun pentru care cererea scade atunci cand venitul consumatorului creste.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

!retul celorlalte bunuri:

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unuri su+stitui+ile: o pereche de bunuri pentru care cresterea pretului unuia conduce lacresterea cererii pentru celalalt.

Exemplu:


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unuri complementare: o pereche de bunuri pentru care cresterea pretului unuiaconduce la scaderea cererii pentru celalalt.

Exemplu:

!referintele consumatorilor

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7nticipatiile

a/ privind venitul$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

b/ privind pretul

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,umarul de cumparatori

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. OFERTA

A* Cur+a o!ertei. Relatia #intre pret si cantitatea o!erita

Cantitate o!erita: cantitatea dintr-un bun pe care producatorii sunt dispusi si pot sa ovanda la un anumit pret.

,egea o!ertei:principiu conform caruia% daca celelalte conditii nu se schimba% cantitateaoferita dintr-un bun creste atunci cand pretul bunului creste.

Cur+a o!ertei: o reprezentare grafica a relatiei dintre pretul unui bun si cantitatea oferita

din acel bun.

Exemplu:

!retu.mbuc/

Cantitateoferitabuc/

0.

0.

01. 1

01. 2

02. 302. 4

03.

Costul #e oportunitate si inclinatia po0itiva a cur+ei o!ertei

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

#odificarea cantitatii oferite: o schimbare in cantitatea unui bun pe care producatorii suntdispusi si pot sa o vanda% rezultata din modificarea pretului acelui bun% celelalte conditiiramanand neschimbate. "e reprezinta grafic printr-o deplasare dintr-un punt in altul de-alungul curbei ofertei.

* Deplasarea cur+ei o!ertei /(o#i!icarea o!ertei*

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.......................................

.............(o#i!icarea o!ertei: o schimbare in cantitatea unui bun pe care producatorii sunt dispusisi pot sa o vanda% rezultata din modificarea unui factor de influenta a ofertei% altul decatpretul bunului. "e reprezinta grafic printr-o deplasare 5 spre stanga sau spre dreapta 5 acurbei ofertei.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Factori #e in!luenta ai o!ertei:

!retul bunului

!returile factorilor de productie

8ehnologia

7nticipatiile producatorilor

,umarul de producatori

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". I$TERACTI%$EA DI$TRE OFERTA SI CERERE


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Ec-ili+ru: o conditie in care planurile cumparatorilor se suprapun pe piata cu planurilevanzatorilor% astfel incat% la un pret dat% cantitatea ceruta dintr-un bun este egala cucantitatea oferita.

Pret #e ec-ili+ru:pretul la care% cantitatea ceruta este egala cu cantitatea oferita. pretul de echilibru mai este numit ( mar9et-clearing price/.

Surplus /ece#ent #e cantitate o!erita*: situatie in care% cantitatea oferita dintr-un bun%la un pret dat% depaseste cantitatea ceruta.

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Penurie /eces #e cantitate ceruta*: situatir in care% cantitatea ceruta dintr-un bun% la unpret dat% depaseste cantitatea oferita.

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(o#i!icarea con#itiilor pietei

Trei pasi in anali0a mo#i!icarii siuatiei #e ec-ili+ru:

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Exemplul 1: Efectele modificarii cererii (studiu de caz)

Exemplul 2:Efectele modificarii ofertei (studiu de caz)

Exemplul 3: Efectele modificarii ofertei si cererii (studio de caz)

Tema 2(Oferta Si Cerere)

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