joni kviciani

adiRelebi (Cerqezebi)

XVIII — XIX saukuneebSi

(socialur-kulturuli, modernizaciuli procesebi da

kavkasiis omi)

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2015

naSromSi kulturul-civilizaciuri meTo-dologiis safuZvelze kavkasiisa da msoflio is-toriis konteqstSi gaanalizebulia qarTul da rusul istoriografiaSi naklebad Seswavlili sa-kiTxi — adiRelebis socialur-kulturuli da mo-dernizaciuli procesebi, gansazRvrul qrono-logiur CarCoebSi.

avtoris azriT, es procesi mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli adiRelTa antifeodalur, an-tikoloniur omTan, romelic istoriografiaSi adre miRebuli TariRebisgan (1818-1864 w.w.) gan-sxvavebiT, ufro adre - XVIII saukunis 60-iani wle-bidan daiwyo. redaqtori: nugzar anTelava © j. kviciani, 2015

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-22-559-8

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Sesavali

istoriografia

Tanamedrove etapze globalizacia da regio-nalizacia adamianTa integraciis erToblivi pro-cesia, romelic, aleqsandre makedonelis droidan dawyebuli, msoflio istorias axlavs da dResac grZeldeba. kulturidan, adamianis moRvaweobis teqnologiebidan da misi Sesatyvisi faseulobebi-dan aRmocenebuli es procesi cvlida adamianis qmedebebs, zrdida da anelebda adamianebis miswra-febas eTnikuri, nacionaluri, religiuri da glo-baluri socialuri integraciisaken.

integraciuli sawyisebis dasusteba xSirad ga-mowveuli iyo xalxis Sinagani, bunebrivi socia-lur-kulturuli ganviTarebis rRveviTa da sxvisi kulturis inducirebiT. amis naTeli dasturia adiRelebis (Cerqezebis)1 modernizacia XVIII-XIX sa-

1 adiRe (TviTsaxelwodeba, sxvebi uwodeben Cerqezebs) eTni-kuri gaerTianebaa, romelic Sedgeba adiReelebisgan, Cerqe-zebisgan, yabardoelebisgan, SafsuRebisgan, abZaxebisgan da sxva subeTnikuri jgufebisgan. ruseTis federaciaSi maTi ricxvi 720 aTasze metia, diaspora ki, sxvadasxva monaceme-biT, 5 mln-s aWarbebs. maTi umetesi nawili axlo da Sua aRmo-savleTSi, evropasa da aSS-Si cxovrobs. dasavleli adiRele-bi miekuTvnebian pontour, xolo aRmosavlelebi (yabardoe-lebi, Cerqezebi) umetesad kavkasiur an maT Soris Sualedur anTropologiur tips. adiRuri enebi iberiul-kavkasiur ena-Ta ojaxis afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba. pro-toadiRelebis (sindo _meotebi) eTnogenezi dakavSirebu-lia aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan da CrdiloeT kavkasias-Tan. adiRelebis ganviTareba SavizRvispireTSi ukavSirdeba Zveli berZnuli koloniebis gavlenas, adiRelebis winaprebi (meotebi, sindebi) Sediodnen bosforis samefoSi da Zv. w. V

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ukuneebSi, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi movida osma-leTisa da ruseTis feodaluri imperiebis gegmeb-Tan, ramac, garkveulwilad, gamoiwvia kavkasiis omi.

aRniSnuli movlenebis gaanalizeba meTodo-logiuri pluralizmis safuZvelze da adiReli xalxis istoriul-kulturuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba dagvexmareba postsabWouri mo-dernizaciis procesSi arsebuli problemebis swo-rad gadaWraSi.

*** adiRelebis istoriaSi XVIII s-is meore naxevar-

sa da XIX s-Si ganviTarebuli modernizaciuli pro-cesebi, Tavisi sazogadoebriv-politikuri, kultu-ruli arsiT, dakavSirebuli iyo am xalxis kultu-rul-civilizaciur bunebriv transformaciasTan. mocemul qronologiur CarCoSi adiRelebi dayofi-li arian or nawilad: erTi mxriv (aRmosavleTi) `aristokratiul~ (yabardo) da meore mxriv (dasav-

saukuneSi Seqmnes sindikis saxelmwifo. I-IV ss-Si arsebobda adiRur erTobaTa jiqebis, xolo IX-XII ss-Si kasogebis (qaS-gebis) kavSiri. aRmosavleT slavebTan maT urTierTobebs ki-evis ruseTamde mivyavarT. XI s-Si arsebobda slavur-adiRu-ri tmutarakanis samTavro. adiRelebis politogenezSi Tavi-si roli Seasrula monRolebis Semosevam (XIII s.), yirimis sa-xanom (XV-XVIII ss.). XVI saukunidan iwyeba adiRelebis samxed-ro-samokavSireo urTierTobebi ruseTTan, romelic mogvia-nebiT, XVIII s-is meore naxevridan, ruseTis mxridan Zaladobriv, dampyroblur urTierTobebSi gadaizarda. adi-Relebs, kerZod, yabardoelebs qarTvelebTan Zveli droi-dan dRemde axlo kulturuli, naTesauri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi akavSirebT.

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leTi) `demokratiul~ (SafsuRebi, naTuxaelebi, ab-Zaxebi) subeTnikur jgufebad. rogorc pirvel, ise meore sivrceSi am xalxSi arsebuli socialuri di-ferenciaciis, sasoflo Temis, mamulis (`yuaJe~) Ta-viseburebis, marTvisa da socialur-kulturuli in-stitutebis evoluciis Sedegad momwifda agraru-li civilizaciis industriul civilizaciaSi gar-daqmnis pirobebi.1

adiRe xalxis miswrafeba _ ganxorcielebuli-

yo kulturul–civilizaciuri cvlilebebi sakuTa-ri tradiciuli kulturis ganviTarebis safuZvel-ze did winaaRmdegobas awydeba rogorc qveynis Sig-niT, aseve qveynis gareTac. qveynis SigniT — feoda-lebis mxridan da qveynis gareT _ ruseTis imperiisa da TurqeTisagan, anu misi metoqisagan kavkasiaSi ba-tonobisaTvis.

amave dros, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is faqti, rom Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis brZolas Tavisuf-lebisaTvis garkveulwilad xels uSlida qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, romelTa didi nawili ruseTis ar-miaSi msaxurobda da bevrs samxedro Tanamdeboba

ჰqonda dakavebuli. zemoaRniSnul procesSi qarTve-li Tavadaznaurobis uaryofiT rolze is faqtic mi-uTiTebs, rom isini, gansxvavebiT Crdilokavkasieli

1 veTanxmebi rus mecnier T.polovinkinas, romelic arasamar-Tlianad miiCnevs samecniero literaturaSi adiRelebis moxseniebas `tomebad~, maSin, rodesac adiRelebi XVIII-XIX ss-mde didi xniT adre gamosulni iyvnen gvarovnul-tomob-rivi wyobidan da iq feodaluri urTierTobebi iyo ganviTa-rebuli. amgvarad, ruseTis imperiis droindel literatu-raSi damkvidrebuli `tomebis~ gamoyeneba dRes mecnierulad aramarTebulia.

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didebulebisagan, ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis mier TavianT uflebebSi gaTanabrebuli iyvnen rus TavadaznaurobasTan.1 maTi umetesi nawili kavkasia-Si (p.cicianovi, i.andronikovi, g.orbeliani da sxv.) ruseTis imperiis interesebis sadarajoze idga, Se-sabamisad, isini cdilobdnen ruseTis mefis mier na-boZebi privilegiebi SeenarCunebinaT.

adiRel xalxTa modernizacia da kavkasiis omi specialur literaturaSi gansxvavebuladaa Sefa-sebuli.

ruseTis caristul istoriografiaSi aRniS-nul problemas mravalma mkvlevarma _ n. danilev-ski, r. fadeevi, s. tatiSCevi, a. berJe, n. dubrovini, v. potto, f. Serbina, s. bronevski, f. tornau, e. feli-cini, s. esaZe, S. nogmovi, xan-girei, f. leontoviCi, l. liule da sxv._ dauTmo yuradReba.

dasaxelebul avtorebs Soris gansakuTre-biT sayuradReboa n. danilevskis 1871 wels gamo-cemuli naSromi2. avtori, monografiaSi ayali-bebs msoflioSi sxvadasxva `kulturul-istori-uli tipebis~ arsebobis Teorias. n. danilevski dasavleTSi aRiarebul iqna kulturul-civili-zaciuri Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad. aRsa-niSnavia, rom dRes civilizaciuri Teoria miCne-ulia SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevis meTodad, romelic aRiarebs msoflio istoriuli proce- 1 ix. traqtati qarTl–kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarveloba-Si Sesvlis Sesaxeb (1783); imperator pavle I manifesti (18.01.1801); imperator aleqsandre I manifesti (12. 09.1801)// qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.) prof. i.doliZis re-daqciiT Tb.,1965 2 Данилевский Н. Я., Россия и Европа, М., 1991.

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sebis nairsaxeobas da policentrizms. yovelive es saSualebas gvaZlevs adiReSi XVIII-XIX saukune-Ta mijnaze ganviTarebuli modernizaciuli mov-lenebi ganvixiloT formaciuli, centristuli ekonomikis CarCoebis miRma.

adiReli mecnieris, a. biJevis SefasebiT, n. dani-levskis damsaxureba isaa, rom man SeZlo imperiuli mentalitetis gadalaxva. misi azriT, danilevskis daskvna sagareo politikur kursSi ruseTis cariz-mis reaqciuli velikoderJavuli nacionalizmis Ta-obaze, romelic pirvel rigSi TviT rusi xalxis in-teresebs ar pasuxobda, SeiZleba miCneul iqnas XIX s-is samamulo istoriis udides miRwevad.1 n. dani-levski zemoaRniSnul naSromSi wers: `omi kavkasiis mTielebTan~ evropaSi aRZravda `sayovelTao aR-SfoTebasa da mwuxarebas~ da `imis magier, rom Tavi-suflebisTvis mebrZoli Cagruli xalxebis medroSe vyofiliyaviT, Cven gadaviqeciT legitimizmis rain-debad, konservatizmis paladinebad~.2

s. tatiSCevi amtkicebda, rom kavkasia-ruseTis konfliqti XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi gamoiwvia gan-sxvavebam islamsa da marTlmadideblobas Soris.3

s. bronevski naSromSi `axali geografiuli da istoriuli cnobebi kavkasiis Sesaxeb~ miuTiTebda

1 Бижев А. Х. Адыги северо-западного Кавказа и кризис восточного вопроса в конце 20-х - нач. 30 гг. XIX вв. Майкоп, 1994, с. 34. 2 Данилевский Н. Я. указ. соч. с. 38. 3 Татищев С. С. Внешняя политика императора Николая I, СПБ., 1998.

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adiRelebis sazogadoebrivi wyobis feodalur xa-siaTze. 1

Cveni problemis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania adiReli xalxis XIX s-is ganmanaTleblebis (S. nogmo-vis, xan-gireis, adil-gireis da sxv.) naSromebi, sa-dac pirveladaa dasmuli adiRelebis istoriis, kulturisa da ruseT-adiRelTa urTierTobebis sa-kiTxebi. magaliTad, S. nogmovis naSromi `adiRe xal-xis istoria~, romelic calke wignad pirvelad 1861 wels gamovida, Sefasda adiReli xalxis kulturis Zvirfas istoriul da literaturul Zeglad2. xan-girei, iseve rogorc S. nogmovi da adil-girei, ru-seTis mier adiRelebis `mSvidobiani~ damorCilebis momxre iyo. man XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi bevri iRva-wa am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad, magram am periodSi ruseTis winaSe adiReli xalxis miwebis samxedro gziT dapyrobis gegmebi dominirebda.3

amrigad, im periodis rogorc ruseTis, ise adi-Rel xalxTa istoriografiaSi adiRelebi umetesad miCneuli iyvnen ruseTis mowinaaRmdege Zalad. amis naTeli dasturia s. bronevskis Sefaseba: `mTieli xalxi, yabardoelebi, ar gaxlavT gamonaklisi da, mi-uxedavad qveSevrdomobis araerTgzis dasturisa, isini ruseTs miiCneven saSiS da uZlieres mtrad~ da rom ruseTis armiaSi maTi samsaxuri sxva araferia,

1 Броневский Е. М. Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе: извлечение по центральному и северо-западному Кавказу, Нальчик, 1999, с. 176. 2 Ногмов Ш. Б., История адыгейского народа, Нальчик, 1994. с. 6. 3 Хан-Гирей, Записки о Черкесии, Нальчик, 1992.

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Tu ara omi gamoucxado mezobel mokavSireebs da me-gobrebs~.1

zemoaRniSnuli naSromebis did nawilSi adi-

Reli xalxis socialur–kulturul procesebze sa-ubari ar aris. piriqiT, imis gamo, rom adiRelebi ib-rZvian TavianTi Rirebulebebis dasacavad, isini ga-mocxadebulni arian `velurebad~ da kavkasiaSi ru-seTis `civilizatoruli~ misiis mowinaaRmdegeebad.

dasaxelebuli avtorebi yuradRebas ar aqceven XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze adiRelTa dasavleT na-wilSi momxdar `demokratiul~ gadatrialebebs, ra-sac dRes am xalxis modernizaciuli procesis da-sawyisad miviCnevT. amave dros n. danilevskis, n. dubrovinis, f. leontoviCis, xan-gireisa, r. fadee-vis, a. berJes da sxv. naSromebi bevr empiriul masa-las gvawvdian adiRe xalxis istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT da dResac ar kargaven Ta-vianT mniSvnelobas.

sabWoTa istoriografia. Cven mier dasmuli problemis mimarT sabWouri istoriografiis mid-goma araerTgvarovania. garkveulwilad imis gamo, rom ssrk-Si gabatonebuli iyo istoriis xedvis marqsistul-leninuri evropacentristuli, for-maciuli meTodologia, adiReli xalxebis moder-nizacias, isic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, arc ki dauS-vebdnen. feodaluri ganviTarebac ki eWvqveS iyo dasmuli. rac Seexeba kavkasiaSi im drois carizmis dampyroblur politikas, aq Sefasebebi gansxvave-

1 Броневский С. М. Исторические выписки о сношениях России с Персиею, Грузиею и вообще с горскими народами в Кавказе обитающими, со времен Ивана Васильевича доныне СПБ., 1996, с. 131.

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bulia. m. pokrovski adiReli xalxis ganmaTavisuf-lebel moZraobas XIX s-Si ukavSirebs general er-

molovis sadamsjelo politikas, romelic 1816-dan 1826 wlamde kavkasiaSi ruseTis armiis mTavar-sardali iyo. misive azriT, musulmanurma religi-am am xalxTa `gamaerTianebeli roli Seasrula~.1

meore msoflio omamdeli sabWoTa istoriog-rafia cdilobda kavkasiis omi SedarebiT obieqtu-rad warmoeCina da amiT eCvenebina carizmis koloni-aluri politika. maT naSromebSi (ditiakini v., raen-ko-turanski da sxv.) agreTve saubari iyo kavkasiis omSi TurqeTis da inglisis politikis rolze.

sabWoTa istoriografiaSi viTareba Seicvala 40-50-ian wlebis mijnaze, rodesac qveynis xelmZRva-nelobam, l. berias mowodebiT (14 maisi, 1950 weli), kavkasiis ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas reaqciul- nacionalisturi uwoda, amasTan `inglisis kapita-lizmisa da TurqeTis sulTanis samsaxurSi~ myofad gamoacxada.2

zemodan wamosulma amgvarma `mosazrebam~ gav-lena iqonia samecniero naSromebze 1956 wlamde, vidre kavkasiis omis mizezebis gadaxedva xdeboda. stalinis kultis gamovlinebis Semdeg qveyanaSi iw-yeba stalinuri memkvidreobis gadafaseba (n. smir-novi, v. gardanovi, T. bocvaZe, b. jimovi, t. kumikovi,

1 Покровский Н. М., Дипломатия и войны царской России в XIX столетии, М., 1934, с. 179. 2 Панеш А. Д., Западная Черкесия в системе взаимодействия России с Турцией, Англией и имаматом Шамиля в XIX в. (до 1864 г.), Майкоп, 2007, с. 14.

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e. yuaSeva, e. naloeva da sxv.)1, romelic mtkivneuli iyo, magram dRemde grZeldeba.

postsabWouri periodis istoriografia. Cven mier dasmuli sakiTxi farTod Suqdeba samecniero wreebSi. bevr samecniero konferenciaze, maT Soris saqarTveloSic,2 argumentirebuladaa gakritikebu-

li ssrk-Si miRebuli antimecnieruli Tvalsazrisi XIX s-is kavkasiel mTielTa reaqciuli, nacionalis-turi da garedan inspirirebuli moZraobis Sesaxeb. mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegad obieqturad aisaxa ruseTis samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebi TurqeTTan, inglissa da safrangeTTan kavkasiis omis dros. saTanado Sefasebas iRebs adiRelebis sa-zogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis done.3

meTodologiuri pluralizmis pirobebSi Se-saZlebeli gaxda, adiRel xalxTa istoria msoflios istoriul, kulturul-civilizaciur konteqstSi

1 Смирнов Н. А. Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX века, М., 1958; Гарданов В. К. Общественный строй адыгских народов М., 1967; Боцвадзе Т., Из истории грузино-кабардинских отношений (XIV-XIX вв.) Тб., 1963; Джимов Б. М. Социально-экономическое положение адыгов в XIX в. Майкоп, 1986; Кумыков Т. Х. Экономическое и культурное развитие Кабарды и Балкарии в XIX в. Нальчик, 1965; Кушева Е. Н. Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI – 30-е годы XVII в.) М., 1963; Налоева Е. Д., К вопросу о социальных отношениях в Кабарде в первой пол. XVIII в. // Вестник КБНИИ. Нальчик, 1968. вып. 1. 2 saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumi. soWis 2014 wlis zam-Tris olimpiuri TamaSebi da qarTul-Cerqezuli ekokultu-ruli garemo, Tb., 2012; `CerqezeTis genocidis aRiareba: miza-ni da amocanebi~ // Jurn. `istoriuli memkvidreoba~, 2013, #10. 3 beselia a. CerqezeTi: saxelmwifoebriobis problema // sa-erTaSoriso simpoziumi. soWis 2014 wlis zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi da qarTul-Cerqezuli ekokulturuli garemo, Tb., 2012; 71-77 gv.

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ganxiluliyo. formaciuli `centristuli ekono-mikis~ meTodologiisgan gansxvavebiT, `civilizaci-urma~ (`centristul kulturulma~) meTodologiam saSualeba misca mecnierebs, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis adiRelebis istoria sxva kuTxiT daenaxaT, jer ki-dev cota xnis win zogierTi mecnieri maT kulturu-lad `CamorCenilebs~ uwodebდa. magram aRmoCnda, rom adiRuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, yabar-dos saxiT, ganviTarebul samTavros warmoadgenda da hqonda tradiciuli, mWidro urTierTobebi qar-TvelebTan, rac maT Soris dinastiuri qorwinebebiT mtkicdeboda.1

a. biJevis TvalsazrisiT, XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze adiReSi momxdarი movlenebი `kulturul-civilizaciuri~ evoluciis Sedegi iyo, xolo abZa-xebSi glexTa bziuyovos ajanyeba (1796 w.) `demokra-tiulი gadatrialeba~. misi azriT, SafsuRebi, naTu-xaelebi da abZaxebi, romlebic mTelი adiReს (1,7 mln. adamiani) mosaxleobiს 70% Seadgenda, gaxdnen feodalebisagan Tavisuflebi da miwis mesakuTree-bi.2 adiReli xalxis dawyebuli modernizaciis, in-tegraciis da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis procesis mwvervalი , rogorc amas mecnieri m. xafi-zova Tvlis, iyo mejlisis daarseba 1861 wlis ivnisSi dasavleT Cerqezebisa da ubixebis mier, ubixi lide-ris, xadJi geranduy berzeqis, meTaurobiT.3

1 n. javaxiSvili, qarTvel da adiRe xalxTa urTierTobebis istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 2005. 2 Бижев А. Х. указ. соч. с. 32. 3 Хафизова М. Г. Убыхи.Ушедшие во имя свободы. Нальчик, 2010, с. 39.

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mecnierTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs kavkasiis omSi adiRelTa CarTulobis problemebi. kavkasiur omSi, Samilis imamatis fonze, saTanadod ar aris gaSuqebuli adiRel xalxTa mier 1763 wels dawyebuli permanentuli antikolonialuri brZo-lebi. Tavdapirvelad es iyo ruseTis winaaRmdeg mi-marTuli yabardos Seurigebeli brZolebi qveynis damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad (1763-1825 wle-bi) Tavisi SesaZleblobebis amowurvamde da dasav-leT CerqezeTis winaaRmdegoba kavkasiis omis das-rulebamde (1864 w.). Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi Tavs iCens kavkasiis omis zogadi Sefasebebis farTo speqtri. esenia: `civilizatoruli~, `urTierTgau-

gebari~, „antifeodaluri“, `kavkasielebis genoci-di~ da a. S.1

aRniSnul problematur sakiTxebs exmaurebian Tanamedrove evropeli mecnierebic.2 magaliTad, je-ims forsaitis sul axlaxan gamocemul wignSi `The Caucasus~ araferia naTqvami TurqeTisa da ingliseli `misionerebis~ moRvaweobis Sesaxeb CerqezeTSi kav-kasiis omis dros. forsaiti wers, rom `ruseT-kavka-siis omi erT-erTia im genocidebidan, romlis da-

1 Блиев М., Россия и горцы Большого Кавказа на пути к цивилизации М., 2004; Гордон Я., Кавказ: земля и кровь. Россия в Кавказской войне XIX в. СПб., 2000;Он же Кавказская Атлантида 300 лет войны М., 2014; Дегоев В. В. Кавказ и великие державны 1829-1864 гг. М., 2009; Россия и Кавказ. История, религия культура СПб., 2003; Черкесский вопрос: история, проблемы и пути решения Нальчик, 2012; Боров А. Х. «Черкесский вопрос» как историко-политический феномен. Нальчик, 2012; Дзамихов К. Ф. Адыги: борьба и изгнание. Нальчик, 2005, da a. S. 2 Frederic Coene The Caucasus. An introduction, 2011, James Forsyth The Caucasus. A history. Cambridge, 2013.

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fiqsireba rus istorikosebs ar surT da mis ignori-rebas amjobineben, radgan am omma CerqezeTi, rome-lic farTobiT TiTqmis ingliss utoldeba, amow-yvetamde miiyvana. marTalia, CrdiloeT kavkasia arc ki iyo gaerTianebuli, magram hqonda Zlieri eTniku-ri da kulturuli institutebi~.1

amave dros z. margievis mier TurqeTis arqiveb-Si Segrovil da baTumSi 2008 wels wignad gamocemul masalebSi, naTqvamia, rom, j. belis monacemebiT, in-glisis xelisufleba, sagareo saqmeTa ministr lord palmerstonis meTaurobiT, apirebda kavkasi-is dasavleT nawilSi inglisis proteqtoratis ga-mocxadebas. misive azriT, `mis mier gadabirebul Cerqez feodalebs inglisisTvis ara marto megob-roba da daxmareba surT, aramed isic, rom inglisma maTi qveyana erT-erT samflobelod gaxados~.2 amave dros, j. beli ar ambobs, Tu rogor SeiZleboda `me-gobroba~ Cerqez `gadmobirebul feodalebsa da in-glisel kapitalistebs~ Soris, magram am feodalTa miswrafeba, ganTavisuflebuliyvnen ruseTis bato-nobisagan da igi CaenacvlebinaT inglisiT, ara mgo-nia, kargi gadawyvetileba iyo....

zemoaRniSnuli naSromebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Cerqezi xalxis istoria kavkasiis omSi politi-zirebulia, rasac mis konfliqtur interpretaciam-de mivyavarT da negatiurad aisaxeba regionSi arse-bul erovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze.

yabardoeli mecnieri aslan borovi Cerqezuli

sakiTxis gadaჭras Tanamedrove globalizaciis

1 James Forsyth dasax. naSr. gv. 285. 2 Маргиев З. Батум во времена Османской империи, Батуми, 2008, с. 429.

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procesSi xedavs. igi samarTlianad Tvlis, rom glo-balizacia, demokratizaciis ganviTarebis gzaze, rogorc ruseTisaTvis, aseve Cerqezuli Tanasazo-gadoebisTvisac zogadad gansazRvravs arsebobis saerTo pirobebs da modernizacias.1 a. borovis po-zicias mxolod imas davamatebdi, rom msoflio in-tegraciis konteqstSi saWiroa zogadkavkasiuri Ta-naarsebobis principebis SemuSaveba.

samwuxarod, kavkasiis regionSi amJamad arsebu-li dezintegraciuli procesebi migvaniSnebs am amo-canis ganxorcielebis sirTuleze.

saqarTveloSi bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze radikalurad icvleboda `CerqezeTis sakiTxTan~ dakavSirebuli Sefasebebi. magaliTad, mecnieri m. Cuxua aRniSnavs, rom `Cerqezuli genocidi _ unika-luria, vinaidan sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cerqezebma mosaxleobis or mesamedTan erTad, dakarges saxel-mwifoebrioba da, rac mTavaria, samSoblo~.2

mkvlevari d. afrasiZec miiCnevs, rom ruseTis imperiis mier `winaswar daigegma da Semdgom ganxor-cielda Cerqezuli teritoriebis eTnikuri wmenda~. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier (2011 w. maisi) Cerqe-zi xalxis genocidis aRiarebas is `dakarguli kavka-siuri solidarobis aRdgenis mcdelobad~ miiCnevs.3

1 Боров А. Х. Черкесский вопрос как историко-политический феномен, Нальчик, 2012. с. 2. 2 m. Cuxua Cerqezebis genocidi_problemis istoria, movle-naTa qronika, samecniero daskvna Tb., 2012. gv.,86 3 d. afrasiZe genocidis aRiareba: politikuri Sedegebi erTi wlis Tavze. // saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumi, soჭis 2014 wlis zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi da qarTul-Cerqezu-li ekokulturuli garemo, Tb. 2012. gv. 49-55.

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saqarTveloSi politikuri xelisuflebis Sec-vlis Semdeg `Cerqezul sakiTxTan~ dakavSirebiT uk-ve sul ufro xSirad sxva Sefasebebi gaismis.

am striqonebis avtorma gaaanaliza 2013 w. seq-temberSi TbilisSi Semdgari samecniero-praqtiku-li konferenciis _ `Cerqezebis genocidis aRiare-ba: mizani da amocanebi~ _ masalebi. konferenciaze ganxiluli iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis rezolu-cia Cerqezebis genocidis Sesaxeb. kerZod, aRiniSna, rom dokumenti miznad isaxavda `xeli Seewyo ruse-Tis daSlas~, rom is `upasuxismgebloa~ da rom `dad-

ga dro misi denonsaciisa“.1 amrigad, Cven mier dasmuli problema _ adiRe-

li xalxis socialur–kulturuli, modernizaciu-

li procesebi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi kavkasiis konteq-stSi _ qarTul da rusul istoriografiaSi TiT-qmis Seuswavlelia. mefis ruseTisa da ssr kavSiris-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriis ideologizireba da politizireba inerciiT dResac grZeldeba. amis ga-dalaxva SesaZlebelia meTodologiuri diversifi-kaciis, problemebis Semdgomi Rrma mecnierulad Seswavlis da mecnierebis aqtiuri TanamSromlobis safuZvelze.

1 ჟurnali „istoriuli memkvidreoba“, 2013, N 10 (39)

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yabardo da kavkasiis omi

XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiaSi da mis irgvliv sazogadoebriv-politi-kuri movlenebi swrafi tempiT viTardeba. feoda-lur-teritoriuli sazogadoebrivi institute-bis krizisis dasawyisi da mimarTuleba bevrad iyo ganpirobebuli adiRe xalxis sazogadoebrivi gan-viTarebis TaviseburebebiT.

am droisaTvis adiReli xalxis samyaroSi maTi gansaxlebis ori sivrce gamoikveTa: pirvelia damo-ukidebeli yabardos samTavro Crdilo kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, sadac mTavris Tanamdeboba mTavarTa Soris arCeviTi iyo da meore _ kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, romelic mravali adiR-uri subeTnikuri jgufisgan Sedgeboda (abZaxebi, na-Tuxaelebi, SafsuRebi da sxv.) da politikurad no-minalurad iyvnen damokidebuli yirimis saxanoze.

XVIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi, kerZod ki 1708 wlis 28 seqtembers, yabardoelebi yanJalis brZo-laSi (yabardos teritoria) Turqebs amarcxeben. yirim-TurqeTis 70-aTasiani jarze gamarjvebam, sadac cocxali mxolod mtris 5 aTasi jariskaci gadarCa, yabardoelebs didi regionaluri da sa-erTaSoriso aRiareba moutana.

cnobili yabardoeli eTnologi barasbi bRaJ-nokovi aRniSnavs yanJalis brZolis saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobas –– `man CaSala yirimeli xanebisa da TurqeTis sulTnis gegmebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobebTan dakavSirebiT da aq dasaxlebuli xalxebi yirim-TurqeTis Zalmomreobisa da dap-

18

yrobisagan gadaarCina~.1 misive cnobiT, yabardoe-lebi yirimelebs Semdgomac, 1720, 1729, 1731, 1739 wlebSic, amarcxebdnen, ramac maT saerTaSoriso arenaze mamaci mebrZolebis didi avtoriteti mo-upova. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom yovelive amis gamo yabardos damoukidebloba 1739 wlis belgradis samSvidobo traqtatis VI muxlSi iyo gaformebu-li. traqtatis mixedviT, TurqeTi da ruseTi ya-bardos `Tavisufal~, anu damoukidebel qveynad acxadeben.2

aRniSnulma movlenebma ganapiroba is, rom adiRur samyaroSi mTavari gamaerTianebeli poli-tikuri Zala swored yabardo yofiliyo, magram, samwuxarod, yabardoSi am funqciis aRsrulebas xels uSlida rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT mimdinare procesebi.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom zemoaRniSnuli sabrZolo gamarjvebebi gaxldaT yabardouli sazogadoebis, misi feodaluri ganviTarebis mwvervali. amis Sem-deg sazogadoeba krizisis, modernizaciuli gamow-vevis winaSe dgeba. samwuxarod, rogorc amas yabar-doeli mecnieri v. kaJarovi aRniSnavs, yabardos `sa-zogadoebaSi arsebuli mZlavri vertikaluri kavSi-rebi vasalitetis formiT da maTTan morgebuli konfliqtebis neitralizaciis meqanizmebi xels uS-lida glexTa rigebis Sekvras `mamuli — Temis~ far-glebSi da horizontaluri kavSirebis gaZlierebas~. misive azriT, `uSualo mwarmoeblis mxridan feoda-

1 Бгажноков Б. Х. Историческое значение Канжальской битвы // Канжальская битва и политическая история Кабарды, Нальчик, 2008, с. 42. 2 Там же, с. 47.

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lebis winaaRmdeg (isini mamulSi glexebTan erTad cxovrobdnen) konsolidirebuli qmedebebis gamoc-dilebis arqonam, kerZo, individualuri interesis upiratesobam koleqtiurze, pragmatizmisa _ wo-debriv solidarobaze ganapiroba yabardoelebis samamulo principis hipertrofirebuli ganviTare-ba feodalizmis periodSi.1

amave avtoris daskvniT, samwuxarod, XVII-XVIII saukuneTa yabardos sazogadoebis ganviTareba Se-ferxda. igi dausrulebelad imeorebda adre arse-bul socialur magaliTebs, riTac Tavis uunaro-bis demonstrirebas axdenda ganaxlebasa da prog-resul ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT.2

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTis impe-ria, romelsac XVI saukunidan yabardoelebTan samxedro-samokavSireo urTierTobebi akavSirebs, am ukanasknelTan Zaladobriv politikas iwyebs. am droisaTvis Tavad ruseTi, romelic feodaluri saxelmwifoa, cdilobs krizisidan gamosavali dapyrobiT omebsa da Tavisi sazRvrebis gafarToe-baSi eZios.

1763 wels ruseTis mier yabardos kuTvnili teritoriis warTmeviT, mozdokis (amJamad Crdi-loeT oseTi-alania) daarsebiTa da amave dros yiz-lar-mozdokis samxedro xazis mSeneblobiT iwyeba yabardosa da ruseTs Soris dapirispireba, rac mecnierebis didi nawilis mier (v. a. potto, r. tra-xo, y. Zamixovi da sxv.) rogorc adre, ise amJamad

1 Кажаров В. Х. Адыгская вотчина, Нальчик, 1992, с. 116. 2 Кажаров В. Х. Традиционные общественные институты кабардинцев и их кризис в конце XVIII - первой половине XIX в. Нальчик, 1994, с. 428.

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kavkasiis omis dasawyisad aris miCneuli. Tumca aris sxva mosazrebac, rom omi daiwyo 1816 wlidan - general ermolovis kavkasiis samxedro mTavarsar-dlad daniSvnis Semdeg.

zemoaRniSnul movlenebs 1769 wels yabardoSi sapristavos daarseba emateba, romelic xels uw-yobda da ganamtkicebda Tavis mTavar dasayrden Za-las - feodalebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom yabardouli cnobili gvaris — CerkasskTa warmomadgenlebi XVI saukunidan ruseTis mefis karze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen. udavoa, rom adiRel Cerkaskeb-sa da qarTvel bagrationebs ruseTis politikis dagegmvaSi sapasuxismgeblo roli ekisrebodaT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVI saukunidan yabardos sazogadoeba, feodalebi da glexebi, TurqeT-yi-rimisa da ruseTis faqtoris gamo, gayofilia or nawilad _ ruseTis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdege-ebad. amave dros, 1774 wels, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad, quCuk-kainarjis zaviT, yabardo (am qvey-nis daukiTxavad, romelic 1739 wlis belgradis zaviT damoukidebelia) ruseTis Semadgenel nawi-lad iqna cnobili. ra Tqma unda, aman ruseTs sabo-lood gadaawyvetina, intensiurad gaetarebina dampyrobluri politika yabardosa da kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi ruseTis feodaluri sis-tema da misi absoluturi monarqia kavkasiaSi daw-yebul omSi Tavis ZiriTad mokavSireebad feoda-lebs miiCnevda, cdilobda gaezarda maTi raode-noba da amiT ganemtkicebina mdgomareoba. kavkasi-is omis dasawyisSi yabardoeli feodalebi erT po-ziciaze dadgnen: isini ar iyvnen winaaRmdegi Sesu-

21

liyvnen ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi erTi pi-robiT _ Tu maT mieniWebodaT gansakuTrebuli politikuri statusi da Sida avtonomia.1 am sakiT-xis daregulirebis mizniT, peterburgSi gaigzavna delegacia janxoT sidakovis da kurgoyo TaTarxa-novis meTaurobiT, rasac, samwuxarod, Sedegi ar gamouRia.

1777 wels ruseTma daiwyo azov-mozdokis sam-xedro xazis mSenebloba, ris Sedegadac yabardo-elTa saxnavi miwebisa da saZovrebis didi nawili gadaeca am xazze ganlagebul axal stanicebs. am faqtma 1778 wlidan mxareebs Soris axali SeiaraRe-buli Setakebebi gamoiwvia. 1779 wels, didi yabar-dosa da mcire yabardos mTavrebisa da glexTa kon-solidaciis Sedegad, gaerTianebuli jari gadavi-da mdinare malkaze da ruseTs mosTxova, yvela sazRvrispira rusuli cixesimagris _ pavlovskis, marinskis, andreevskis da aleqsandrovskis _ lik-vidacia. uaris Semdeg daiwyo samxedro moqmedebe-bi. am brZolaSi yabardoelebTan erTad iyvnen yu-bans iqiT mcxovrebi Cerqezebi, beslanelebi, Te-mirgoelebi da sxvebi.

ruseTTan damarcxebis Semdeg, mxareebs Soris dadebuli zaviT, yabardoel mTavrebs ekrZalebo-daT osebisa da inguSebisgan gadasaxadebis akrefa da sxv. yabardos aristokratiis dasustebis miz-niT, ubralo yabardoelebs (glexebs) ruseTis te-ritoriaze gadasvlis neba darTes, Tu maT Tavade-bi Seaviwroebdnen.

1 История многовекового содружества, Нальчик, 2007, с. 197.

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aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis poziciebi ki-dev ufro ganamtkica 1783 wels, yirimis saxanos ga-uqmebam da masTan mierTebam. amis Semdeg ruseTis imperiisa da dasavleT CerqezeTis sazRvarma mdi-nare yubanze gadainacvla. imave wels giorgievskSi ruseTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris dade-bulma xelSekrulebam yabardosa da dasavleT adi-Res mosaxleobis mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaar-Tula.

amrigad, yabardoelTa sazogadoeba, romelic XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gaxda ruseTis impe-riis `socialuri gaxleCis~ politikis samizne, ver inarCunebs adre mopovebuli adiRe xalxis konso-lidaciis lideris funqcias. XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi yabardoeli feodalebi saTaveSi Caudgnen ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebs ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, magram imis gamo, rom maT ver SeZles tradiciuli sazogadoebis institutebis moder-nizacia _ gaTanamedroveoba _ moxda sazogadoe-bis gaxleCa da dasusteba.

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adiRelebi da 1796 wlis bziukovos

ajanyeba

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTisa da

TurqeTis dapirispireba kavkasiis Crdilo-dasav-leTiT mcxovreb adiRe xalxebis dasapyrobad ev-ropaSi seriozuli kulturul-civilizaciuri gardaqmnebis fonze mimdinareobda. safrangeTis didma burJuaziul-demokratiulma revoluciam (1789 w.) msoflio istoriaSi axal epoqas daudo sa-Tave.

udavoa, rom misma ideebma dasavleli adiRe-lebis subeTnosebzec (SafsuRebi, naTuxaelebi, ab-Zaxebi) iqonia iribi gavlena. Cerqezul sazogadoe-baSi XVIII s-is 60-80-ian wlebSi tradiciuli sazoga-doebrivi institutebis krizisi daemTxva maT mi-marT ruseTis kolonialisturi politikis gan-xorcielebis dawyebas, anu adiRes sociumis tra-diciuli institutebis rRveva gaZlierda sagareo faqtoriT.

Seqmnil krizisul viTarebaSi 1790-ian wlebSi adiRelma glexebma pirveloba moipoves antifeo-dalur brZolaSi. glexebi (abZaxebi, naTuxaelebi, SafsuRebi) aujanydnen feodalebs da gandevnes TavianTi miwebidan, darCenil feodalebs ki ufle-bebi SeuzRudes. XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze adiR-Ta 18 subeTnikuri jgufidan yvelaze mravalric-xovani iyvnen abZaxebi, SafsuRebi, naTuxaelebi, mamxegoelebi, maxoSebi, xaTuyaelebi, bJeduRebi, Temirgoelebi, beslanelebi, yabardoelebi.

zemoaRniSnuli adiRelTa subeTnikuri jgu-febi daiyvnen `demokratiul~ da `aristokratiul~

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fenebad. istorikosi t. polovinkina specialurad aanalizebs adiRTa mosaxleobis sxvadasxva mona-cems da aRniSnavs, rom XIX s-is dasawyisSi adiRelTa mosaxleobis raodenoba ar unda yofiliyo erT mi-lionze naklebi, yabardoelebis gareSe. yabardoe-li mosaxleobis ricxvi ki im dros samas aTasamde adamians iTvlida.1 aqedan `Tavisufali sazogadoe-bis~ (`demokratiuli~) mosaxleoba dasavlel adiR-Ta mosaxleobis 3/4 Seadgenda.2

XVIII sk.-is 90-ian wlebSi dasavleT adiReSi de-mokratiuli moZraobis mwvervali abZaxeTSi3 mom-xdari bziukovos (1796 w.) glexTa ajanyebaa, rome-lic adiRelTa antifeodaluri, antikolonialu-ri brZolis simbolod iqca. am ajanyebaSi mTavar rols asrulebdnen Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedebi - Tfokotlebi, romlebmac revoluciaSi gamarjve-bis Semdeg daiwyes axali sazogadoebis formireba, sadac glexebs miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis, suverenu-li marTvisa da sasamarTlos Seqmnis saSualeba mi-ecaT, Seiqmna agreTve saxalxo krebis, `xases~, sxva-dasxva tipis sistema.

1 Половинкина Т. В. Черкесия - боль моя. Исторический очерк (древнейшие время - начало XX в.) Майкоп, 1999, с. 86. 2 Дзамихов К. Ф. Адыги: борьба и изгнание, Нальчик, 2005, с. 10. 3 abZaxebi _ adiRelebis subeTnikuri jgufi. XIX s-is dasawyi-sisTvis maT ekavaT teritoria mdinare afipsas, labas, fSiSasa da fsekupsas auzebSi. mosaxleobis raodenoba aRwevda 200 aTasamde adamians, miekuTvnebodnen demokratiul sazogado-ebas. kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1864 w.) isini, iseve rogorc adiRelebis udidesi nawili, iZulebulebi gaxdnen osmaleTis imperiaSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. yubanze darCa da-axloebiT 16 aTasi adamiani. damwerloba Seiqmna XIX s-is pir-vel naxevarSi ganmanaTlebel umar berseis mier. amJamad abZa-xebi cxovroben aul sayurinoxablSi, adiRes respublikaSi.

25

imave wels ruseTi abZaxebis, naTuxaeli da SafsuRi glexebis winaaRmdeg gzavnis jars, rome-lic cdilobs 1796 wlamde arsebuli wesrigis aR-dgenas da mxars uWers adgilobriv feodalebs. am aqciiT ruseTs surda, adiReli feodalebis mxar-daWera moepovebina. rogorc samarTlianad aRniS-navs mecnieri a. paneSi, amiT ruseTma Tavis winaaR-mdeg ganawyo SafsuRebis, naTuxaelebis, abZaxebis glexTa absoluturi umravlesoba, metic _ da-narCen adiRelTa subeTnikuri jgufebis glexebic, romlebic erTmaneTs solidarobas ucxadebdnen mTavrebisa da feodalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.1

amrigad, adiRelebi XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijna-ze daiyvnen or nawilad: pirvel nawils, mosaxleo-bis umravlesobiT, Seadgendnen Tavisufali, `de-mokratiuli~ sazogadoebis Cerqezebi _ SafsuRe-bi, naTuxaelebi, abZaxebi saxalxo mmarTvelobiT da meores _ `aristokratiuli~ sazogadoebis Cerqezebi _ Janevelebi, Sefakebi, bJeduRebi, Te-mirgoelebi, xaTuyaelebi, eguruyaelebi, adamie-lebi, mamxegoelebi, maxoSebi, beslanelebi da ya-bardoelebi, gabatonebuli feodaluri marTvis sistemiT.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi gamoikveTa adiRelTa so-cialuri fenebis gansxvavebuli da saerTo intere-sebi. saerTo is gaxldaT, rom adiReli feodalebi (yabardo da sxv.), `demokratiul sazogadoebeb-Tan~ erTad, XIX s-is dasawyisSi agrZeleben damou-

1 Панеш А. Д. Западная Черкесия в системе взаимодействия России с Турцией, Англией и имаматом Шамиля в XIX в. (до 1864 г.), Майкоп, 2007, с. 73.

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kideblobisaTvis brZolas. unda iTqvas, rom ru-seTTan urTierTobebSi adiReli feodalebi cdi-loben saxalxo ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba pragmatulad gamoiyenebinaT _ samSobloSi Tavi-anTi poziciebis ganmtkicebisaTvis ruseTTan meti privilegiebis mopovebis mizniT `vaWroben~.1

glexebi TavianTi socialuri da erovnuli in-teresebis dacvas yabardoelebis mier damouki-deblobis dakargvis (1822 w.) Semdgom periodSic agrZeleben. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq am dros arsebuli sxvadasxva winaaRmdegobis konteqstSi dominire-bul xasiaTs atarebda is faqti, rom ruseTis gle-xoba batonymur weswyobilebas emorCileboda, xo-lo adiRelTa umetesoba Tavisufal glexebs war-moadgendnen.

ruseTis glexobasTan SedarebiT, adiReli glexebis `demokratiuli~ sazogadoebis kultu-ruli, ekonomikuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis done ufro maRali iyo. amitom adiRel glexTa an-tikolonialur brZolaSi erovnuli aspeqtebi do-minirebda.

1 Бижев А. Х. Хаширов М. Ю. Адыгское крестьянство в годы Кавказской войны, Нальчик, 2000, с. 137.

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yabardo:

brZola damoukideblobisaTvis

XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze, dasavleT adiRe-lebis antifeodaluri da antikolonialuri brZo-lebis fonze, ruseTma daaCqara samxedro-adminis-traciul moqmedeba aRmosavleT adiRTa _ yabar-dos damorCilebis mizniT. 1793 wels ruseTi yabar-dos teritoriaze awesebs `gvarovnul sasamar-Tloebs~ da `raspravebs~ (`angariSsworebebs~), rac ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan administraciul-sasamarTlo gardaqmnisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji gaxldaT. aRniSnulma qmedebam yabardoSi yvela socialuri fenis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, rasac Semdgom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis xelaxla gaaqtiureba mohyva.

yabardoSi Tu antikolonialuri brZolis pirveli etapi (1763-1790 wlebi) saero xasiaTs ata-rebda da mas feodal-didebulebi edgnen saTaveSi, meore etapze (1793-1822 wlebi) man religiuri xa-siaTi miiRo.

amieridan brZolebi religiuri lozungebiT yabardoSi imarTeba. zemoaRniSnuli `gvarovnuli sasamarTloebi~ da `raspravebi~, romelic mozdo-kis komendats emorCileboda, faqtobrivad, adgi-lobriv CveulebiT samarTalze iyo dafuZnebuli. carizmi Tvlida, rom am nabijebiT is moigebda ub-ralo xalxis guls da ruseTis mowinaaRmdege fe-odalTa xelisuflebas da gavlenas daasustebda.

yabardoeli mecnieri y. Zamixovi imowmebs f. leontoviCs da xazs usvams, rom `rodesac Saria-Tis adgilobrivi mimdevrebi cdilobdnen adaTe-

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bis srulad gauqmebas, rusuli mmarTveloba xSi-rad SariaTTan sabrZolvelad adaTis mxares ika-vebda. pirvel rigSi, rusebi cdilobdnen, daesus-tebinaT SariaTis gavlena, amasTan erTad moexdi-naT muslimur sasuliero pirTa Zalis paralizeba, romelic yovelTvis warmoadgenda am mxaris dam-Svidebis erT-erT mTavar muxruWs~.1

mZlavri sayovelTao antikolonialuri ajan-yebis (1794 w.) meTaurebis, ismail da adilgirei ataJukinebis, gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Semdeg, yabardoSi, 1799 wels, SariaTis religiuri dro-SiT, antikolonialuri brZolebi iwyeba. unda iT-qvas, rom garkveuli warmateba yabardos sazoga-doebis yvela fenis gaerTianebiT iqna miRweuli. gansakuTrebiT popularuli xdeba sazogadoebaSi socialuri Tanasworobis idea. am brZolebis Sede-gi gaxda is, rom 1807 wels yabardoSi SemoRebuli iqna sasuliero sasamarTlo _ mexkeme.

y. Zamixovis azriT, 1807 wels yabardoSi Saria-Tis moZraobis liderebis naadrevma sikvdilma, am periodSi mosaxleobis raodenobis mkveTrad Sem-cirebam da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZo-lis dasustebam xeli SeuSala aq Teokratiuli re-Jimis imamatis formiT Seqmnas.2

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1807 wels yabardoSi ga-Cenil Sav Wirs uamravi adamiani, maT Soris Saria-Tis moZraobis liderebi emsxverplnen, yabardo damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas ganagrZobda.

1 Дзамихов К. Черкесы в Кавказской войне // Черкесский вопрос: история, проблемы и пути решения. Нальчик, 2012, с. 30. 2 Дзамихов К. указ. раб. с. 31.

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1809-1810-ian wlebSi yabardoelebma, CeCnebTan da dasavlel CerqezebTan erTad, gailaSqres calke-ul rusul cixesimagreebze _ kamenobrodskoeze (1809 w.), pribliJnaiasa da proxladnaiaze (1810 w.).

unda aRiniSnos, rom ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi yabardoelebi diplomatiasac mimarTa-ven: 1809 wlis dekemberSi, xangrZlivi kontaqtebis Semdeg, yabardo formalurad iranis qveSevrdomo-baSi Sedis. yabardoeli Tavadebis nawilma mxari ar dauWira saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebas, rasac isini Riad acxadebdnen aleqsandre batoniSvil-Tan da iranis karTan mimoweraSi (saintereso faq-tia, rom aleqsandre batoniSvili naTesaur kav-SirSi iyo yabardoel mTavrebTan).1

1804 wels iranis xelisuflebam mosTxova ru-seTs, jari gaeyvana samxreT kavkasiidan da daRes-tnidan, uaris miReba maT Soris omis dawyebis (1804-1813 ww.) sababad iqca.

amrigad, yabardoSi ajanyebebma (1804, 1809-1810 ww.) da Savi Wiris epidemiam (1804, 1807, 1810 ww.) daasusta yabardos erovnuli antikolonialuri moZraoba. maxsendeba Cemi leqtoris, cnobili ya-bardoeli istorikosis, tuRan kumikovis mier leqciaze moxseniebuli imdroindeli xalxuri ga-monaTqvami: yabardoSi, rac Sav Wirsa da adidebul mdinare kambeleevkas gadaurCa, generalma ermo-lovma gaanadgurao.

yabardoelTa damoukideblobisaTvis brZo-lis saboloo fazaSi Sesvla general-leitenant aleqsei ermolovis kavkasiis mTavarsardlad da-

1 История многовекового содружества, Нальчик, 2007, с. 153.

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niSvnas (1816 wels) ukavSirdeba. mas, rogorc zemo-TaRniSnul iqna, ukavSireben agreTve kavkasiuri omis dawyebas (1816-1864 ww.), Tumca omi gacilebiT adre daiwyo.

aleqsei ermolovma Crdilo kavkasia sabrZo-lo moqmedebebi sam nawilad dayo: CeCneT-daResta-ni, yabardo da dasavleT CerqezeTi. mTavarsar-dlis erT-erT mTavari amocana iyo, ar daeSva maTi erTmaneTTan SekavSireba.

1819-1820 wlebSi general aleqsei ermolovs jarebi Sehyavs mcire yabardoSi da daumorCile-bel didebulebs sastikad uswordeba. qveyanaSi iw-yeba partizanuli brZolebi, radgan `ramdenime as-wleulis manZilze damoukideblobisaTvis brZo-lebSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis dakargvis Semdeg, yabardoelebs ukve ar SeeZloT Zveleburad emoq-medaT mravalaTasiani cxenosanTa jariT~.1

1821 wels ermolovis mier SemuSavebul yabar-dos dapyrobis gegmaSi Sedioda inguSebisa da ose-bis mobilizeba, yabardoelebis mowveta dasavleT adiRebisgan da did da mcire yabardoSi jarebis Seyvana.

1822 wlis agvistoSi, aleqsei ermolovis SeW-ris Semdeg, yabardoSi Seiqmna `droebiTi yabardo-uli sasamarTlo~, romelsac erTdroulad admi-nistraciuli funqciebic ekisreboda. SariaTis ka-noniT saojaxo-sayofacxovrebo saqmeebs ganixi-lavdnen. am reformiT generalma ermolovma sabo-lood SezRuda yabardos sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

1 История многовекового содружества, с. 157.

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fenis politikuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi. ya-bardo dapyrobil iqna.

1825 wels ruseTis xelisuflebiT ukmayofi-loa `gaqceuli~ yabardoelebi, dasavlel Cerqe-zebTan (abZaxebi) erTad, ruseTis jarebis winaaR-mdeg SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas iwyeben rogorc yubanis miRma, aseve yabardos teritoriaze. yabar-doSi ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobdnen cnobili dide-bulebi _ janxoT kaitukini da ismail kasaevi. ajanyebulebs, romlebic rusebis mier baqsanis xe-obaSi iqnen momwyvdeuli, balyarelebi exmarebod-nen. ajanyebulTa nawilma moaxerxa alyis garRveva da samSvidobos gasvla.

1825 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobiT damTavrda ya-bardos dapyrobis saboloo etapi, romelic 1763-1825 wlebSi, 60 welze metxans grZeldeboda. im droidan dawyebuli, yabardouli tradiciuli sa-zogadoebrivi institutebi Rrma kriziss, defor-maciasa da rRvevas ganicdida.

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dasavleTi CerqezeTi:

gza modernizaciisa da

saxelmwifoebriobisaken

XVIII s-is 90-ian wlebSi abZaxebi, naTuxaelebi

da SafsiRebi, `demokratiul~ sazogadoebebad Ca-moyalibebis procesSi, ori ZiriTadi amocanis wi-naSe dadgnen: ar daeSvaT feodalebis xelisufle-bis aRdgena da gaegrZelebinaT brZola ruseTis carizmis dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg.

aRniSnuli amocanebis ganxorcielebis wyaro gaxda sazogadoebrivi modernizaciis procesi. igi dafuZnebuli iyo tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi in-stitutebis evoluciaze, romelic Sesabamis rea-girebas axdenda drosa da sivrceSi Seqmnil axal realobebze. magaliTad, amgvari transformacia kargad Cans adiRelebis moralur-samarTlebriv kodeqsSi `adiRe-xabze~.

n. karlgofi, romelsac cnobili kavkasiolo-gi f. leontoviCi imowmebs, ambobs, rom CerqezeTSi «суд посредников, не находя в адате установлений на новые случаи, должен произносить решения еще небывалия, хoтя и применяюшиеся к общему духу адата». amis gadasawyvetad, ganagrZobs f. leontiviCi, xdeba im adamianebis miwveva, romlebic kargad er-kvevian xalxur CveulebebSi _ moxucebisa, rom-lebsac SesaZloa mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli hqon-daT msgavsi SemTxveva. am gziT dadgenil sasamar-Tlo gadawyvetilebas maslagati hqvia. «Маслагат, повторенный потом в подобных же случаях,

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присоединяется к общей массе народных обычаев и окончательно обращается в адат».1

adiRelebis CveulebiTi samarTlis kidev erTi wyaro saxalxo krebebis (`xase~) dadgenilebebi iyo. yabardoeli mkvlevari m. naxuSeva aRniSnavs, rom adiRebis CveulebiTi samarTlebrivi normebis Ses-wavlisas TvalSi sacemia is, rom `zogierTi sasjeli gamoirCeva sisastikiT, romelic ar iyo damaxasiaTe-beli Cerqezuli sazogadoebisaTvis. iseTi saxis sas-jelebi, rogoricaa sikvdiliT dasja, joxiT garoz-gva da sxva, adiReSi SariaTis gavleniT gaCnda~. misi-ve TqmiT, `zogierTi samemkvidreo-samarTlebrivi normebi aseve SariaTisa da adaTebis Sedegad, gar-kveulwilad, Seicvala, magaliTad, XIX s-Si memkvid-reobis wreSi qalebic iqnen CarTuli~.2

dasavleT CerqezeTSi modernizaciuli proce-si moicavda sazogadoebriv da socialuri mowyobis sferoebsac _ es nakarnaxevi iyo demokratiuli ga-datrialebis SedegebiT (glexebis miwaze kerZo sa-kuTrebis daweseba, Tavisufleba, damoukidebloba). marTvis sistemis gardaqmnebi mimarTuli iqna adi-RelTa demokratiuli sazogadoebis konsolidacii-sa da saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebisaken.

dasavleT adiRel glexTa konsolidaciasa da feodalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mniSvnelovani roli e.w. `saZmoebma~ Seasrules. adiReli istori-kosi a. Cirgi aRniSnavs, rom `saZmoebi~ gaerTiane-buli iyvnen ara imdenad sisxliT, ramdenadac xe-

1 Леонтович Ф. И. Адаты кавказских горцев, Материалы по обычному праву северного и восточного Кавказа. Выпуск I. Нальчик, 2002, с. 21. 2 Нахушева Ш. Х. Адыгэ хабзэ-морально-правовой кодекс адыгов // Исторический вестник, II, Нальчик, 2005, с. 299.

34

lovnuri danaTesavebis principze dafuZnebuli adamianTa kavSiriT. avtori imowmebs g. novickis da ambobs, rom `saZmoebi~ iRebdnen Tavis Semadgen-lobaSi sxvadasxva adiRuri subeTnikuri `aris-tokratiuli~ jgufidan gamoqceulebs da amiT isini zrdidnen `demokratiuli~ sazogadoebis _ abZaxebis, SafsuRebisa da naTuxaelebis _ mosax-leobis raodenobas.1

XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi `saZmoebs~ sxvadas-xva terminiT moixseniebdnen: `klani~ (j. longvor-dti); `gvarovnuli kavSiri~ (n. karlgofi); `tleu-Si~ (j. beli). a. Cirgis azriT, `saZmoebi~ ZiriTadad politikuri kavSirebi iyo da maT didi roli eni-WebodaT warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis formi-rebaSi, amave dros isini aferxebdnen CerqezeTis politikur centralizacias. misive azriT, es kar-gad SeamCnia j. longvordtma, romelic dasZenda: imisTvis, rom adiRelebs samxedro da politikuri organizaciebis upiratesobisTvis mieRwiaT, xeli-suflebas unda damorCilebodnen. es, longvordis azriT, Tavidanve iwvevs klanebis dapirispirebas, ramdenadac isini, ra Tqma unda, winaaRmdegi iqne-bian TavianTi wevrebis kontrolisa da dasjis uf-leba sxvas Caugdon xelSi, vinc ar unda iyos is.2

amasTan dakavSirebiT, XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi `saZmoebis~ mniSvneloba abZaxebSi dasustda, xolo SafsuRebsa da naTuxaelebSi izrdeba teritoriuli gaerTianebebis politikuri roli. modernizaciis

1 Чирг А. Ю. Роль традиционных институтов в развитии государствен-ности у западных адыгов в первой половине XIX в. // Мир культуры адыгов (проблемы эволюции и целостности), Майкоп, 2002, с. 352-358. 2 Там же, с. 358.

35

procesSi axali saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisas gansa-kuTrebuli adgili ekava adiRTa tradiciuli sazo-gadoebis instituts, `xases~ (saxalxo kreba), mis principebs. masze ganixileboda qveynis sasicoc-xlod mniSvnelovani mSvidobisa da omis sakiTxebi. saxalxo krebaze feodalebi araviTari upirateso-biT ar sargeblobdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom adiRelebi adamians afasebdnen Tavisi imperatiuli monaceme-biT _ mWevrmetyvelebiT, simamaciTa da gonierebiT.

adiRes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxalxo krebaSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda yvela msur-vels, Tavisufali wodebis adamians, romelTac Se-eZloT, gavlena moexdinaT krebis gadawyvetilebe-bis miRebaze. amave dros istorikosi m. xafizova aRniSnavs, rom `xases~ hqonda didi nakli, rac mas xels uSlida, gamxdariyo srulfasovani saxelmwi-fo organo da moexdina adiRe sazogadoebis kon-solidacia _ mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba kanoni rom gamxdariyo, xmaTa umravlesoba saWiro ar iyo. kenWisyris dros aucilebeli iyo krebis uklebliv yvela monawilis Tanxmoba.1

amrigad, dasavleT adiRes saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis gzaze transformaciul procesebs Zalas matebda tradiciuli institutebis gaTana-medroveoba, rac avtoritets uzrdida saerTaSo-riso arenaze.

dasavleT CerqezeTis paralelurad, antiko-lonialuri brZola XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi ca-rizmis winaaRmdeg dakavSirebuli iyo ruseT-Tur-qeTis metoqeobasTan Cerqezuli sakiTxis irgvliv.

1 Хафизова М. Г. указ. соч. с. 36.

36

formalurad, saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT, yuba-nis es mxare TurqeTis samflobelod iTvleboda. Cerqezebi politikurad Tavis Tavs Tavisuflebad miiCnevdnen. mogvianebiT, XIX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi, am mxareSi TurqeTis dominirebas (ruseTis sawina-aRmdegod) inglisi da safrangeTi uwyoben xels.

amave dros ruseTi jer kidev 1807-1810-ian wlebSi axorcielebs araerT sadamsjelo samxedro operacias Cerqezebis winaaRmdeg, radgan isini uars acxadebdnen mis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlaze. `marto 1822 wels, general vlasovis meTaurobiT, ganadgurda da gaiZarcva 17 didi da 119 mcire au-li~.1 ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-29 wlebis omis damTav-rebis Semdeg TurqeTma daubruna ruseTs is teri-toriebi, rac TviTon ar ekuTvnoda _ 1830 wels ruseTi iwyebs yubanis miRma Cerqezebis miwebis pirdapir dapyrobas.

ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg nikoloz I wers kavkasiis mTavarsardal i. paskeviCs, rom `erTi di-adi saqmis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven mogeliT meo-re, Cems TvalSi aranakleb mniSvnelovani — amboxis (Cerqezebis) CaxSoba da daumorCilebelTa ganad-gureba~.2

1833-1841 wlebSi, general zasis meTaurobiT, nadgurdeboda naTuxaelTa, SafsuRTa, ubixTa da abZaxTa uamravi auli. adamianis kvla da Zarcva adiReSi Seupovar winaaRmdegobas, maTi sazogado-ebebis konsolidaciasa da saerTaSoriso aqtivo-bas iwvevda.

1 Дзамихов К. Ф. Адыги: борьба и изгнание, указ. соч. с. 31. 2 Черкесский вопрос: история, проблемы и пути решения, с. 40.

37

ruseT-TurqeTis omis win adiRTa subeTniku-ri jgufebi — SafsuRebi, naTuxaelebi, abZaxebi (xan-gireis cnobiT - mosaxleobis 71%, f. tornaus monacemebiT - 92%) prorusuli orientaciisa iy-vnen.1 amave dros, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSna-ven a. biJevi da m. xaSirovi, `adiRe glexebi Tavis-Tavad ar warmoadgendnen safrTxes ruseTis armii-saTvis, ufro didi safrTxe iyo Tavisuflebis is wyurvili, romelic, general ermolovis varau-diT, batonymur ruseTs `Sinagan diskomforts~ uqmnida~.2 imave avtorTa azriT, swored amitom anadgurebdnen Cerqezul aulebs da wvavdnen naTe-sebs. yuradRebas imsaxurebs maT mier gakeTebuli daskvna, rom ruseTis batonymuri weswyobilebasa da kavkasiel glexTa - TfokotlTa Tavisuflebas Soris Seusabamobam ganapiroba Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis xangrZlivoba da misi tragikuli dasasruli.3

XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi dasavleT Cerqezebi, ubi-xebTan erTad, aaqtiureben Tavdasxmebs ruseTis sa-jariso xazebze. amave dros isini gzavnian delega-ciebs stambulsa da dasavleTis qveynebSi maTi po-ziciebis garkvevis mizniT. cnobilia, rom 1830 wels erT-erT aseT delegacias SesTavazes, mTieli xal-xebi gadasaxlebuliyvnen TurqeTSi, magram adiRe-lebma uari ganacxades am winadadebaze.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi 1829 wels md. pigiaRaze ga-imarTa dasavleT adiRTa erTiani sakavSiro kreba,

1 Бижев А. Х., Хаширов М. Ю. указ. соч. с. 169. 2 Там же, с. 141. 3 Там же, с. 135.

38

xolo 1830 wels _ didi Tavisufali kreba abazebi-sa da afxazebis monawileobiT. am krebaze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, msoflios qveynebisadmi ga-egzavnaT mimarTva, daxmarebodnen maT ruseTis wi-naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. morigi samxedro-poli-tikuri kavSiri adiRebs Soris 1834 wels iqna miR-weuli. am SeTanxmebiT, ruseTTan separatistuli molaparakebis warmarTva ikrZaleboda.

mogvianebiT, 1835 wels, `CerqezeTis damouki-deblobis deklaracia~ miiRes. Cerqezebis didi mejlisis istoriul cnobaSi xazgasmulia, rom `1836 wlis ivlisSi londonSi sagareo saqmeTa sami-nistros periodul gamocemaSi `Portfolio~ gamoqvey-nda deklaracia CerqezeTis damoukideblobis Sesa-xeb. deklaracias erTvoda ruka, romelic redaqti-rebul iyo lordTa palatis mier. rukaze Cerqeze-Ti damoukidebeli qveyanadaa moniSnuli~. amave do-kumentSi naTqvamia, rom XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi Semo-Rebuli droSa 12 varskvlaviT da sami gadajvaredi-nebuli isriT Cerqezebis erTobis simbolo gaxda.1

saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi dasavleT CerqezeTSi marTvis struqture-bis swraf cvlas ganapirobebdnen. 1848 wels md. adagumis sanapiro velze Semdgarma krebam gadaw-vetileba miiRo marTvis erTiani sistemis Seqmnas-Tan dakavSirebiT. marTvis erTian sistemaSi adi-RelebTan erTad erTiandebian ubixebic. qveynis erTiani teritoria daiyo Tanabar Temebad. yove-li Temi Sedgeboda asi komlisagan. yoveli asi kom-li, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda aTeul komlebad da aTi

1 Черкесский вопрос... указ. соч. с. 50.

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warmomadgeneli Seadgenda sabWos, romelsac sa-TaveSi imami da saTemo sasamarTlo edga.1 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Temebi `patara damoukidebeli res-publikebi~ iyvnen. am droidan CerqezeTi xdeboda patara respublikebis federacia.

Crdilo-dasavleT adiReSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi imam Samilis did yuradRebas ipyrobda. Samilma, adiRelebis TxovniT, iq naibebi gagzavna. erT-erTi maTgani, muhamed amini, abZaxebis naibi gaxda. igi aq 1848-1859 wlebSi moRvaweobda. muha-med amini abZaxebSi marTvas federaciaSi Semavali sxva subieqtebis msgavsad iwyebs. gansxvaveba mxo-lod is iyo, rom abZaxebSi Temebi daiyo 4 olqad, romlebsac miagyemebi marTavdnen. isini sangrebiT SemoRobil aulebs warmoadgendnen, ori qvemexiT TiToeul maTganSi. yvela miagyemes hqonda meCeTi, sasamarTlo, sasuliero skola da patimrebis Ca-sasmeli ormo (adiRelebs manamde sapatimro aras-dros ar hqoniaT).2

muxamed aminma SeZlo Samilis davalebis Ses-ruleba _ miuridizmis (rac morCils niSnavs)3 gav-rceleba da adiRes mosaxleobis nawilSi SariaTis reJimis damyareba, magram naibis mcdeloba, dasav-leT CerqezeTSi Camoeyalibebina Samilis imamatis msgavsi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, uSedegod damTavrda.

1 Хафизова М. Г., указ. соч. с. 39. 2 Половинкина Т. В., указ. соч. с. 136. 3 miuridizmi ruseTis xelisuflebis mier ganixileboda, ro-gorc antirusuli moZraoba, radgan miuridi ar cnobda ara-viTar sxva xelisuflebas, Tu is ar momdinareobda musul-manTa winaswarmetyvelebidan.

40

dasavleT CerqezeTi:

faseulobebisadmi erTguleba

da kavkasiis omis tragedia

kavkasiis omSi Tavisufleba, samarTlianoba

da Rirseba is faseulobebia, rasac efuZneboda da-savleT CerqezTa _ abZaxebis, naTuxaelebis, Saf-suRebisa da ubixebis damoukidebeli, erTiani sa-xelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis Seupovari brZola.

1859 wlis agvistoSi, daRestnisa da CeCneTis imamis, Samilis, tyved Cabarebis Semdeg, ruseTis imperiam gaormagebuli ZalebiT Seutia kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT adiRTa subeTnikur jgufebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasiuri omis Sedegi wi-naswar iyo gansazRvruli, adiRelebi TavianTi sa-zogadoebis socialur-kulturul evolucias ubixebTan erTad ganagrZobdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom adiRelTa 60-wliani saxelmwifoebriobis evolu-ciurma ganviTarebam Tavis Sedegs miaRwia _ 1861 wlis 13 ivniss adiRelTa da ubixTa warmomadgen-lebma sayovelTao krebaze md. soWis velze Seqmnes mejlisi _ CerqezeTis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo _ ubixTa lideris, xaji geranduy berze-qis, meTaurobiT. CerqezTa saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb euwya mefis ruseTs, TurqeTs, inglissa da safrangeTs.

dasavleT CerqezeTSi erTiani saxelmwifos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebaSi axali ime-di Cndeba. `qveyana mobilizebulia, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom maTi gadasaxleba TurqeTSi ukve daiwyo~. yabardoeli istorikosi y. Zamixovi am procesis or

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etapze miuTiTebs: pirveli - 1859-1862 wlebSi da meore - 1863-1864 wlebSi.1

mejlisis xelmZRvaneloba 1861 wlis ivnisidan iwyebs, diplomatiuri gzebiT daxmareba Txovos zemoaRniSnul qveynebs CerqezeTis damoukideb-lobis aRiarebis mizniT. CerqezTa delegacia in-glisSic ki imyofeboda, magram amaod...

qvemoT davimowmebT 1861 wlis 11 seqtembers abZaxebTan Sexvedris dros ruseTis imperatoris mier warmoTqmul sityvas da ori adgilobrivi war-momadgenlis sapasuxo gamosvlebs, sadac kargad Cans winaaRmdegobebiT savse epoqis suli, brZola Zvelsa da axals Soris, adamianebis Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobisadmi bunebrivi ltolva da Tav-ganwirva. gasakviria, magram sabWoTa istoriogra-fiaSi es faqti saTanadod ar asaxula.

ai, ra Tqva imperatorma aleqsandre meorem abZaxebTan Sexvedrisas:

`me TqvenTan Camovedi ara rogorc mteri, ara-med rogorc keTili megobari. me minda, rom Tqveni xalxebi SenarCundnen, rom maT ar datovon mSob-liuri adgilebi, rom isini Tanaxma iyvnen, icxov-ron CvenTan mSvidobianad da megobrulad.

ruseTi didi saxelmwifoa, romlis winaSec dgas didi istoriuli amocanebi. CvenTvis aucile-belia gavamagroT Cveni sazRvrebi, SemovierToT zRvebi sxva qveynebTan gasasvlelad. Cveni vaWroba sxva qveynebTan zRvebiT unda ganxorcieldes..

amitom Cven ar SegviZlia yofna Savi zRvis ga-reSe. gTavazobT, mogvceT Tanxmoba Savi zRvisaken

1 Дзамихов К. Ф., Адыги: борьба и изгнание. с. 39.

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Tqven miwebze gaviyvanoT sami gza: anapisken, novo-rosiisken da tuafsisken. Cemi xazina anazRaurebas gadauxdis im aulebs, romlebsac mouwevT gadasax-leba gzis gasayvani teritoriebidan.

Tqven unda aRiaroT ruseTis mefis qveSev-rdomoba, es ar wagarTmevT Tqven erovnul TviT-myofadobas: icxovrebT da ganaxorcielebT mar-Tvas Tqveni adaT-wesebiT, xelSeuxebeli darCeba Tqveni religia, aravin ar Caereva Tqvens saSinao saqmeebSi. administracia da sasamarTlo iqneba Tqven mier arCeul adamianebisgan.

Tqven bevri aTeuli weli mamacurad ibrZviT, magram Tqveni saukeTeso adamianebi iRupebian da Tqven ver SeinarCunebT damoukideblobas imitom, rom Cemi armia didi da Zlieria. naTlad Cans dasas-ruli: kavkasia ruseTis iqneba. ar arsebobs aravi-Tari gonieri safuZveli xalxis Semdgomi daRupvi-sa. Tu Tqven SewyvetT damRupvel oms, Tqveni xal-xi SenarCundeba da is ukeTesad icxovrebs. ruse-Tis saxelmwifo Tqven dagicavT mtrebisagan da gaatarebs Tqvens interesebs, moSuSdeba Wrilobe-bi, ganeldeba mtroba da dagvaviwydeba gulis-wyroma. naxevari saukunis Semdeg Tqven icxovrebT saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebiT da samarTliani ka-nonebiT...

Tu Cemi pirobebi Tqven mier iqneba ugulebel-yofili, me iZulebuli gavxdebi, vubrZano Cems ge-nerlebs, daasrulon omi uaxloes wlebSi. miuxeda-vad nebismieri msxverplisa, mefis brZaneba Sesru-lebul iqneba, magram es Tqven mogitanT uTvalav

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msxverpls da xalxis ganadgurebas... iyaviT goniv-rulni da SeurigdiT istoriul gardauvalobas...~1

mefis gamosvlis Semdeg, rogorc SeTanxmebu-lebi iyvnen, sityviT gamodis abZaxi didebuli xad-Jemoko xadJe:

`Cemi siyvaruli samSoblos winaSe imdenad di-dia, rom me viqnebodi mzad, nebismier fasad Sevi-narCunoT is Cveni SvilebisaTvis, magram axla me vxedav, rom Cven ar gveyofa Zalebi iaraRiT Sevi-narCunoT Cveni miwebi. movida dro, rodesac Cven unda SevideT romelime erTi mezobeli saxelmwi-fos SemadgenlobaSi... Cemi azria _ miviRoT ruse-Tis mefis winadadeba, davemorCiloT beds, amisaT-vis Cven RmerTi ar gangvsjis...~2

amis Semdeg sityviT gamodis Tavisufali gle-xi, abZaxebis erT-erTi lideri, tliSe Seceuyo ceiyo, romelic brwyinvale oratori iyo da yo-velTvis ambobda imas, rasac fiqrobda.

`rusma mefem Cven gviTxra is, rac mas missave mdgomareobidan gamomdinare unda eTqva. mas me ar ganvsji, magram Cemi sityvebi ar daemTxveva mis survilebs. xalxi erTxel ibadeba, rogorc calke-uli adamiani, isic viTardeba, daberdeba da kvde-ba. adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba yvelaze di-di 100 wels Tu aRwevs, xalxis ki aTaswleulebs... mzis qveS araferi maradiuli ar aris. ruseTis me-fes moewona kavkasia da ager ukve 60 welia mis da-sapyrobad oms awarmoebs, magram CvenTvisac Zvir-fasia Cveni deda-samSoblo da Cven ar gvenaneba

1 Мир культуры. Выпуск I, Нальчик, 1990, с. 150-151. 2 Там же, с. 151.

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Cveni sicocxle, davicavT da vibrZolebT mis-Tvis...

Cven vkvdebiT, magram sikvdili sjobs monobas. ruseTis mefe gvTavazobs Cveni adaTebis da reli-giis xelSeuxeblobas, magram es SeuZlebelia! Caya-reT muWa marili wylis kasrSi da SexedeT, ra mou-va marils: is gaixsneba wyalSi. patara eri, didi eriT dapyrobili, masSi unda gaiTqvifos... Cveni Tavisuflebis dasasrulTan erTad dasruldeba Cveni TviTmyofadoba, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. Cven brZola mamacurad da Seupovrad unda gavag-rZeloT...

RmerTi ZalaSi ki ara, samarTalSia da vibrZo-lebT bolomde. Tu daviRupebiT samSoblosaTvis, xalxisaTvis, rwmenisaTvis, RirsebisaTvis, es Cveni sircxvili ar iqneba...~1

adiRelebma mzaoba ganacxades ruseTis qve-SevrdomobaSi Sesvlaze, magram erTi TxovniT _ ar gadaesaxlebinaT isini im adgilebidan, `sadac daibadnen da cxovrobdnen maTi mama-papani~. mefe maT dahpirda, rom yvelafers gaakeTebda amisaT-vis, magram...

1861 wlis 16 seqtembers md. farsis saTaveeb-Tan Sedga imperator aleqsandre II-is Sexvedra mejlisis delegaciasTan. delegaciis saxeliT xa-ji geranduy berzeqma mimarTa imperators mTiele-bis Tanxmobaze Sesuliyvnen ruseTis qveSevrdomo-baSi da Txovna gaumeora _ ar gadaesaxlebinaT isini mSobliuri adgilebidan, magram ruseTis xe-lisuflebisaTvis es piroba ukve miuRebeli gaxda.

1 Там же, с. 152-153

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mefem kategoriulad ganacxada: `gaZlevT Tqven erT Tves _ gons mouxmeT. erTi Tvis Semdeg Tqven unda ganucxadoT graf evdokimovs, gnebavT Tu ara gadaxvideT im adgilebSi, romelic TqvenTvis mi-TiTebulia md. yubanze, an unda gadasaxldeT Tur-qeTSi~.1

Seqmnil viTarebaSi Cerqezebs arCevanis saSua-leba ar darCaT da brZola gagrZelda, romelic 1864 wlis 21 maiss soWis maxloblad, `krasnaia po-lianaze~, kavkasiis mTielTa tragediiT da ruse-Tis armiis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tavi asiaTaso-biT Cerqezma Seswira. es moxda rogorc brZolis velze, aseve maTi TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis (muhaji-roba) procesSi. milionze meti jariskaci dakarga kavkasiis omSi ruseTmac. t. polovinkina aRniSnavs, rom `ruseTis sazogadoeba, inteligenciis zogi-erTi warmomadgenlis (a. gerceni, n. CerniSevski, n. dobroliubovi, v. belinski, l. tolstoi, t. Sev-Cenko) garda, gulgrili darCa sastik omSi mTiele-bis tanjvasTan dakavSirebiT~.2

rusi inteligenciis zemoaRniSnuli saukeTe-so warmomadgenlebi, romlebic am movlenebis mom-swreni iyvnen, kavkasiaSi mimdinare oms gmobdnen. TavianT SromebSi isini xazs usvamdnen kavkasieli mTielebis moZraobis Taviseburebas, oms miiCnev-dnen rogorc kavkasielebis erovnul-ganmaTavi-suflebel moZraobas.

1 Половинкина Т. В., указ. соч. с. 178 2 Там. же, с. 175

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„aseTi masStabis tragedia – wers rusi istori-

kosi iakob gordoni – imsaxurebs obieqtur da yu-radRebian Seswavlas, raTa gakveTilebi, romlebic

aqedan SeiZleba miviRoT, uaRresad aqtualuria“. 1 dRes adiRelebi, romlebic ruseTis federa-

ciis sam erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv subieqtad arian gaerTianebulni, rusebTan erTad cdiloben, obieqturad Seafason am xalxis arcTu ise Soreu-li istoriuli warsuli.

zemoaRniSnuli movlenebis Semdgomi Rrma mecnieruli Seswavlis Sedegad saSualeba mogvece-ma Tavidan aviciloT maTi politizireba. adamia-nis Tavisufleba, samarTlianoba da Rirseba _ es is faseulobebia, romelTa damkvidrebas kavkasie-lebi didi msxverplis fasad cdilobdnen aswlian omSi. vimedovneb, am msxverpls fuWad ar Cauvlia. kavkasiaSi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis demokrati-zaciis pirobebSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia warsulSi miRebuli gakveTilebi: adamianis Tavisuflebi-saTvis, kavkasiuri solidarobis safuZvelze, mo-dernizacia unda ganxorcieldes xalxTa sakuTari kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebis sa-fuZvelze da yovelive amis Sedegad axali samoqa-laqo sazogadoeba unda Camoyalibdes.

1 Гордин Я. Кавказская Атлантида 300 лет войны М., 2014, с.385

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Joni Kvitsiani

THE ADYGES (CIRCASSIANS) IN THE 18-19TH CC (social, cultural and modernization processes and

the Caucasus War)

Based on the historiographical analysis, the work deals with the raised problem - the social, cultural, modernization processes of the Adygean people in the chronological framework of the Caucasus context. This problem has not been studied in the Georgian and Russian historiography yet. The inertia of politicization and ideologization of history characteristic of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union has been going on up to date.

The author supposes that the modernization processes which took place in the second half of the 18th century and in 19th century in the history of the Adyges were linked to the people's cultural-civilizational natural transformation. The Adyges are divided into two parts in the particular chronological framework: on the one hand, (east) “aristocratic” (Kabardo) and on the other one (west) “democratic” (Shapsugs, Natukhs, Abadzekhs) subgroups. Within both parts the ground for transformation of agricultural civilization into industrial one has been prepared as a result of the evolution of social differentiation, rural communities, estate (“quazhe”) properties, management, social and cultural institutions of this people.

The Kabardian community which had become the Russian Empire’s political target of “social splitting” since 1760-ies could not maintain the function of leadership conferred on it for consolidation of the Adygean people. In the 1760-ies the Kabardian feudal lords led the liberation

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struggle against the Russian Empire. But the fact that they had not been able to modernize traditional social institutions, gave rise to the splitting and weakening of the society.

At the same time, certainly, the ideas of the French bourgeois democratic revolution (1789) indirectly affected the western Adygean subethnoses (Shapsugs, Natukhs, Abadzekhs), as well. The crisis of traditional institutions in the Circassian community in the 1760-80ies coincided with the launching of Russia's colonial policy.

During the crisis of the 1790ies the Adygean peasantry won the anti-feudal battle. Peasants (Abadzekhs, Natukhs, and Shapsugs) revolted against the feudal lords and banished them from their lands, while the remaining feudal lords were restricted in certain rights. On the turn of the 18-19th centuries, of the 18 Adygean subgroups the number of Abadzekhs, Shapsugs, Temirgos, Beslens, Kabardians was larger. At the start of the 19th c. the number of the Adygean population might have been circa one million not including the Kabardians whose number was about 300 000 people. The peak of the democratic movement among the Abadzekhs was the Bziukovo peasant rebellion (1796) that became a symbol of the anti-feudal, anti-colonial struggle of the Adygean people. In this uprising a major role was played by free farmers- tpokotlebs, who started the formation of a new society after the victory in the revolutionary war. In this society peasants could own land, exercise sovereign management and form a law court. Different types of Public Assembly ‘Khase’ system were founded, as well.

In the ongoing situation different and common interests of Adygean social classes were outlined. The common interest was revealed in the fact that at the start of the 19th c. Adyghean

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feudal lords (Kabardo, etc.) continued struggle for independence together with the democratic societies (Abadzekhs, Shapsugs, Natukhs and others). Peasants continued to defend their social and national interests after the loss of independence (1822). It should be noted that in a later resistance period, while the Russian peasants obeyed the selfdom system, most of Circassians were free peasants, owning land property.

Compared with Russian peasantry, the level of cultural, economic and political freedom of Adygean peasants was higher. Therefore the anti-colonial fight of Adygean peasants included national aspects, as well.

On the turn of the 18-19th centuries against the background of anti-colonial and anti-feudal struggle of the western Adygean people Russia accelerated the military and administrative activities to conquer the eastern Adyges - Kabardo.

If in Kabardo the first phase of anti-colonial struggle (1763-1790) was of a secular character and was headed by feudal lords, the second stage (1793-1822) acquired a religious character.

In the liberation battles Kabardians used diplomacy, as well: in December 1809, after long contacts, Kabardo was formally subordinated to Iran. Some of Circassian princes did not support the integration of Georgia into Russia. They openly declared their support of independence of Georgia in the correspondence with the Georgian Prince Alexander and Iran. In 1804 the Iran government demanded from Russia to withdraw its forces from the South Caucasus and Dagestan. A refusal was the reason for starting war (1804-1813) between them.

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The final phase of the struggle for independence of Kabardians is connected with the appointment of General Lieutenant Aleksey Yermolov as Commander-in-Chief in the Caucasus (1816). He was considered to be the initiator of the Caucasian war (1816-1864). But the war had begun much earlier.

Yermolov divided the hostilities in the North Caucasus into three parts: Chechnya-Dagestan, Kabardo and Western Circassia. One of the urgent tasks of the Commander-in-Chief was not to allow unification of these peoples.

In 1825 the final phase of conquering the Kabardo was ended by crushing down the rebellion that had lasted for more than 60 years (1763-1825). Since then the Kabardian public institutions suffered a deep crisis, deformation and destruction.

In the Caucasian war freedom, justice and dignity were those values on which the struggle for formation of an independent, united state of the western Adyges – Abadzakhs, Natukhs, Shapsugs and Ubykhs, was based. It was completed on 13 June, 1861 by formation of Majlis,the Circassia’s highest legislative body of Adyges and Ubykhs. Czarist Russia, Turkey, England and France were informed about the formation of the Circassian state.

Formation of a united state in Western Circassia gave rise to new hopes. The country was mobilized, despite the fact that Russia had already started to exile the population to Turkey.

Since June 1861, using diplomacy, the leaders of Majlis asked the abovementioned countries for help with the recognition of independence of Circassia. A Circassian delegation visited England, but in vain.

Adyges expressed readiness to be subordinate to Russia but with one request - not to evict them from the places where

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their ancestors had been born and lived. The king promised that he would do everything, but...

In this situation, they had no choice. They continued fighting which ended at “Krasnaya Polyana”, near Sochi on 21st May 1864, tragically for the Caucasian highlanders and victoriously for the Russian army.

Finally, it should be noted that a deep further scientific study of the problems highlighted in the work will make it possible to find ways to avoid their politicization.

Human freedom, justice and dignity were those values to which the Cireassians sacrificed their lives in the centennial war.

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Джони Джокиевич Квициани

АДЫГИ (ЧЕРКЕСЫ) В XVIII – XIX ВЕКАХ (социально – культурные, модернизационные

процессы и Кавказская война)

В работе на основе культурно-цивилизационной методологии в контексте кавказской и мировой истории анализируется малоизученный в грузинской и русской историографии вопрос социально-культурной трансфор-мации адыгов в указанные хронологические рамки.

Автор подчеркивает, что в конце XVIII – середине XIX вв. адыги были разделены на две части: «аристократическую», восточную (Кабарда) и «демократическую», западную (абадзехи, натухайцы, шапсуги). К этому времени как в первом, так и во втором социально-культурном пространстве адыгов в силу имевших место социальной дифференциации, особенностей сельской общины (къуаже), эволюции институтов социального управления и культуры, созрели условия для трасформации от аграрной цивилизации в индустриальную.

Однако стремление адыгов модернизировать свое общество и в западной Черкессии создать единое государство на основе эволюционного развития собственной традиционной культуры натолкнулось на большое сопротивление как внутри страны, так и за ее пределами. Внутри страны _ со стороны феодалов, а за ее пределами _ Российской империи и Турции.

Анализ вышеотмеченных социально_ культурных процессов приводит автора к заключению, что, поскольку

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в конце XVIII – середине XIX вв. русское крестьянство подчинялось крепостному праву, а подавляющая часть адыгов представляла свободных крестьян с частной собственностью на землю, Россия не могла допустить такого прецендента на Кавказе, где шел процесс его завоевания, т.к. это могло «неблаготворно» повлиять на русских крестьян.

В XVIII – XIX вв. в развернувшейся на Кавказе в антифеодальной, антиколониальной войне, свобода, справедливость и достоинство являлись ценностьями, на которые опиралось адыгское крестьянство.

В заключение автор отмечает, что в настоящее время в процессе демократизации на Кавказе необходимо учитывать уроки прошлого: для свободы личности, необходимы модернизационные преобразования и формирование нового гражданского общества.

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sarCevi

Sesavali. istoriografia.................................................3 yabardo da kavkasiis omi...................................................17 adiRelebi da 1796 wlis bziukovos ajanyeba...............23 yabardo: brZola damoukideblobisaTvis .....................................27 dasavleTi CerqezeTi: gza modernizaciisa da saxelmwifoebriobisaken......32

dasavleT CerqezeTi: faseulobebisadmi erTguleba da kavkasiis omis tragedia................................................................................40

Joni Kvitsiani The Adyges (Circassians) in the 18-19th cc. (social, cultural and modernization processes and the Caucasus War)..............................................................................47 Джони Джокиевич Квициани Адыги (черкесы) в XVIII – XIX веках (социально – культурные, модернизационные процессы и Кавказская война) ..................................................52

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge