SN12 Notarea masurilor

Tallarida, R.J. “Section XII – Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants”The Electrical Engineering HandbookEd. Richard C. DorfBoca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

The mathematical equation used to generate this three-dimensional figure is worth athousand words. It represents a single-solitron surface for the sine-Gordon equation wuv =sin w. Among the areas in which the sine-Gordon equation arises is that of wave propagationon nonlinear transmission lines and in semi-conductors. The equation is famous becauseit is known to have a nonlinear superposition principle obtainable by means of a BäcklundTransformation. The sine-Gordon equation is an example of an evolution equation whichhas an infinite sequence of non-trivial conservation laws so important in the fields ofengineering and physics. For further information on the Bäcklund Transformation see Bäck-lund Transformations and their Application, Rogers and Shadwick, Academic Press, 1982.

This three-dimensional projection was generated using the MAPLE® software package.MAPLE® is one of three important mathematical computer packages that offer a varietyof analytical and numerical software for use by scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.

This figure was developed by W.K. Schief and C. Rogers and the Center for DynamicalSystems and Nonlinear Studies at Georgia Institute of Technology and the University ofNew South Wales in Sydney, Australia. (Figure courtesy of Schief and Rogers.)

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

XIIMathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants

Greek Alphabet

International System of Units (SI) Definitions of SI Base Units • Names and Symbols for the SI Base Units • SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols • Units in Use Together with the SI

Conversion Constants and Multipliers Recommended Decimal Multiples and Submultiples • Conversion Factors—Metric to English • Conversion Factors—English to Metric • Conversion Factors—General • Temperature Factors • Conversion of Temperatures

Physical Constants General • p Constants • Constants Involving e • Numerical Constants

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Classical Mechanics • Electricity and Magnetism • Electromagnetic Radiation • Solid State

Credits

Ronald J. TallaridaTemple University

HE GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS in engineering deeply affect the lives of all of us and also serve to remindus of the importance of mathematics. Interest in mathematics has grown steadily with these engineeringachievements and with concomitant advances in pure physical science. Whereas scholars in nonscien-

tific fields, and even in such fields as botany, medicine, geology, etc., can communicate most of the problemsand results in nonmathematical language, this is virtually impossible in present-day engineering and physics.Yet it is interesting to note that until the beginning of the twentieth century engineers regarded calculus assomething of a mystery. Modern students of engineering now study calculus, as well as differential equations,complex variables, vector analysis, orthogonal functions, and a variety of other topics in applied analysis. Thestudy of systems has ushered in matrix algebra and, indeed, most engineering students now take linear algebraas a core topic early in their mathematical education.

This section contains concise summaries of relevant topics in applied engineering mathematics and certainkey formulas, that is, those formulas that are most often needed in the formulation and solution of engineeringproblems. Whereas even inexpensive electronic calculators contain tabular material (e.g., tables of trigonometricand logarithmic functions) that used to be needed in this kind of handbook, most calculators do not givesymbolic results. Hence, we have included formulas along with brief summaries that guide their use. In manycases we have added numerical examples, as in the discussions of matrices, their inverses, and their use in thesolutions of linear systems. A table of derivatives is included, as well as key applications of the derivative in thesolution of problems in maxima and minima, related rates, analysis of curvature, and finding approximate

T


roots by numerical methods. A list of infinite series, along with the interval of convergence of each, is alsoincluded.

Of the two branches of calculus, integral calculus is richer in its applications, as well as in its theoreticalcontent. Though the theory is not emphasized here, important applications such as finding areas, lengths,volumes, centroids, and the work done by a nonconstant force are included. Both cylindrical and sphericalpolar coordinates are discussed, and a table of integrals is included. Vector analysis is summarized in a separatesection and includes a summary of the algebraic formulas involving dot and cross multiplication, frequentlyneeded in the study of fields, as well as the important theorems of Stokes and Gauss. The part on specialfunctions includes the gamma function, hyperbolic functions, Fourier series, orthogonal functions, and bothLaplace and z-transforms. The Laplace transform provides a basis for the solution of differential equations andis fundamental to all concepts and definitions underlying analytical tools for describing feedback controlsystems. The z-transform, not discussed in most applied mathematics books, is most useful in the analysis ofdiscrete signals as, for example, when a computer receives data sampled at some prespecified time interval. TheBessel functions, also called cylindrical functions, arise in many physical applications, such as the heat transferin a “long” cylinder, whereas the other orthogonal functions discussed—Legendre, Hermite, and Laguerrepolynomials—are needed in quantum mechanics and many other subjects (e.g., solid-state electronics) thatuse concepts of modern physics.

The world of mathematics, even applied mathematics, is vast. Even the best mathematicians cannot keep upwith more than a small piece of this world. The topics included in this section, however, have withstood thetest of time and, thus, are truly core for the modern engineer.

This section also incorporates tables of physical constants and symbols widely used by engineers. While notexhaustive, the constants, conversion factors, and symbols provided will enable the reader to accommodate amajority of the needs that arise in design, test, and manufacturing functions.


Mathematics,Symbols, and

Physical Constants

Greek Alphabet

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of units (SI) was adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures(CGPM) in 1960. It is a coherent system of units built form seven SI base units, one for each of the sevendimensionally independent base quantities: they are the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, andcandela, for the dimensions length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount ofsubstance, and luminous intensity, respectively. The definitions of the SI base units are given below. The SIderived units are expressed as products of powers of the base units, analogous to the corresponding relationsbetween physical quantities but with numerical factors equal to unity.

In the International System there is only one SI unit for each physical quantity. This is either the appropriateSI base unit itself or the appropriate SI derived unit. However, any of the approved decimal prefixes, called SIprefixes, may be used to construct decimal multiples or submultiples of SI units.

It is recommended that only SI units be used in science and technology (with SI prefixes where appropriate).Where there are special reasons for making an exception to this rule, it is recommended always to define theunits used in terms of SI units. This section is based on information supplied by IUPAC.

Definitions of SI Base Units

Meter—The meter is the length of path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458of a second (17th CGPM, 1983).

Kilogram—The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of thekilogram (3rd CGPM, 1901).

Second—The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transitionbetween the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom (13th CGPM, 1967).

Ampere—The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors ofinfinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce betweenthese conductors a force equal to 2 ´ 10–7 newton per meter of length (9th CGPM, 1948).

Greek Greek English Greek Greek Englishletter name equivalent letter name equivalent

A a Alpha a N n Nu nB b Beta b X x Xi xG g Gamma g O o Omicron oD d Delta d P p Pi pE e Epsilon e R r Rho rZ z Zeta z S s Sigma sH h Eta e– T t Tau tQ q J Theta th U u Upsilon uI i Iota i F f j Phi phK k Kappa k C c Chi chL l Lambda l Y y Psi psM m Mu m W w Omega o–


Kelvin—The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamictemperature of the triple point of water (13th CGPM, 1967).

Mole—The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as thereare atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specifiedand may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other particles, or specified groups of such particles (14thCGPM, 1971).

Examples of the use of the mole:

1 mol of H2 contains about 6.022 ´ 1023 H2 molecules, or 12.044 ´ 1023 H atoms1 mol of HgCl has a mass of 236.04 g1 mol of Hg2Cl2 has a mass of 472.08 g1 mol of Hg2

2+ has a mass of 401.18 g and a charge of 192.97 kC1 mol of Fe0.91S has a mass of 82.88 g1 mol of e– has a mass of 548.60 mg and a charge of –96.49 kC1 mol of photons whose frequency is 1014 Hz has energy of about 39.90 kJ

Candela—The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromaticradiation of frequency 540 ´ 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt persteradian (16th CGPM, 1979).

Names and Symbols for the SI Base Units

SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols

Physical quantity Name of SI unit Symbol for SI unit

length meter mmass kilogram kgtime second selectric current ampere Athermodynamic temperature kelvin Kamount of substance mole molluminous intensity candela cd

Name of Symbol for Expression interms of SI base unitsPhysical quantity SI unit SI unit

frequency1 hertz Hz s–1

force newton N m kg s–2

pressure, stress pascal Pa N m–2 =m–1 kg s–2

energy, work, heat joule J N m = m2 kg s–2

power, radiant flux watt W J s–1 = m2 kg s–3

electric charge coulomb C A selectric potential, volt V J C–1 = m2 kg s–3 A–1

electromotive forceelectric resistance ohm W V A–1 = m2 kg s–3 A–2

electric conductance siemens S W–1 = m–2 kg–1 s3 A2

electric capacitance farad F C V–1 = m–2 kg–1 s4 A2

magnetic flux density tesla T V s m–2 = kg s–2 A–1

magnetic flux weber Wb V s = m2 kg s–2 A–1

inductance henry H V A–1 s = m2 kg s–2 A–2

Celsius temperature2 degree Celsius °C Kluminous flux lumen lm cd srilluminance lux lx cd sr m–2

activity (radioactive) becquerel Bq s–1

absorbed dose (of radiation) gray Gy J kg–1 = m2 s–2

dose equivalent sievert Sv J kg–1 = m2 s–2

(dose equivalent index)


Units in Use Together with the SI

These units are not part of the SI, but it is recognized that they will continue to be used in appropriate contexts.SI prefixes may be attached to some of these units, such as milliliter, ml; millibar, mbar; megaelectronvolt, MeV;kilotonne, ktonne.

Conversion Constants and Multipliers

Recommended Decimal Multiples and Submultiples

plane angle radian rad 1 = m m–1

solid angle steradian sr 1 = m2 m–2

1For radial (circular) frequency and for angular velocity the unit rad s–1, or simply s–1, shouldbe used, and this may not be simplified to Hz. The unit Hz should be used only for frequencyin the sense of cycles per second.

2The Celsius temperature q is defined by the equation:q/°C = T/K – 273.15

The SI unit of Celsius temperature interval is the degree Celsius, °C, which is equal to thekelvin, K. °C should be treated as a single symbol, with no space between the ° sign and theletter C. (The symbol °K, and the symbol °, should no longer be used.)

Physical SymbolValue in SI unitsquantity Name of unit for unit

time minute min 60 stime hour h 3600 stime day d 86 400 splane angle degree ° (p/180) radplane angle minute ¢ (p/10 800) radplane angle second ² (p/648 000) radlength ångstrom1 Å 10–10 marea barn b 10–28 m2

volume litre l, L dm3 = 10–3 m3

mass tonne t Mg = 103 kgpressure bar1 bar 105 Pa = 105 N m–2

energy electronvolt2 eV (= e ´ V) »1.60218 ´ 10–19 Jmass unified atomic

mass unit2,3

u (=ma(12C)/12) »1.66054 ´ 10–27 kg

1The ångstrom and the bar are approved by CIPM for “temporary use withSI units,” until CIPM makes a further recommendation. However, they shouldnot be introduced where they are not used at present.

2The values of these units in terms of the corresponding SI units are notexact, since they depend on the values of the physical constants e (for theelectronvolt) and Na (for the unified atomic mass unit), which are determinedby experiment.

3The unified atomic mass unit is also sometimes called the dalton, withsymbol Da, although the name and symbol have not been approved by CGPM.

Multiples and Multiples andsubmultiples Prefixes Symbols submultiples Prefixes Symbols

1018 exa E 10–1 deci d1015 peta P 10–2 centi c1012 tera T 10–3 milli m109 giga G 10–6 micro m (Greek mu)

Name of Symbol for Expression interms of SI base unitsPhysical quantity SI unit SI unit


Conversion Factors—Metric to English

Conversion Factors—English to Metric*

Conversion Factors—General*

106 mega M 10–9 nano n103 kilo k 10–12 pico p102 hecto h 10–15 femto f10 deca da 10–18 atto a

To obtain Multiply By

Inches Centimeters 0.3937007874Feet Meters 3.280839895Yards Meters 1.093613298Miles Kilometers 0.6213711922Ounces Grams 3.527396195 ´ 10–2

Pounds Kilogram 2.204622622Gallons (U.S. Liquid) Liters 0.2641720524Fluid ounces Milliliters (cc) 3.381402270 ´ 10–2

Square inches Square centimeters 0.155003100Square feet Square meters 10.76391042Square yards Square meters 1.195990046Cubic inches Milliliters (cc) 6.102374409 ´ 10–2

Cubic feet Cubic meters 35.31466672Cubic yards Cubic meters 1.307950619


Microns Mils 25.4Centimeters Inches 2.54Meters Feet 0.3048Meters Yards 0.9144Kilometers Miles 1.609344Grams Ounces 28.34952313Kilograms Pounds 0.45359237Liters Gallons (U.S. Liquid) 3.785411784Millimeters (cc) Fluid ounces 29.57352956Square centimeters Square inches 6.4516Square meters Square feet 0.09290304Square meters Square yards 0.83612736Milliliters (cc) Cubic inches 16.387064Cubic meters Cubic feet 2.831684659 ´ 10–2

Cubic meters Cubic yards 0.764554858


Atmospheres Feet of water @ 4°C 2.950 ´ 10–2

Atmospheres Inches of mercury @ 0°C 3.342 ´ 10–2

Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 6.804 ´ 10–2

BTU Foot-pounds 1.285 ´ 10–3

BTU Joules 9.480 ´ 10–4

Cubic feet Cords 128Degree (angle) Radians 57.2958Ergs Foot-pounds 1.356 ´ 107

Multiples and Multiples andsubmultiples Prefixes Symbols submultiples Prefixes Symbols

*Boldface numbers are exact; others are given to ten significant figures where so indicated by the multiplier factor.


Temperature Factors

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32

Fahrenheit temperature = 1.8 (temperature in kelvins) – 459.67

°C = 5/9 [(°F) – 32)]

Celsius temperature = temperature in kelvins – 273.15

Fahrenheit temperature = 1.8 (Celsius temperature) + 32

Conversion of Temperatures

Physical Constants

General

Equatorial radius of the earth = 6378.388 km = 3963.34 miles (statute).Polar radius of the earth, 6356.912 km = 3949.99 miles (statute).1 degree of latitude at 40° = 69 miles.1 international nautical mile = 1.15078 miles (statute) = 1852 m = 6076.115 ft.Mean density of the earth = 5.522 g/cm3 = 344.7 lb/ft3

Constant of gravitation (6.673 ± 0.003) ´ 10–8 cm3 gm–1 s–2.

Feet Miles 5280Feet of water @ 4°C Atmospheres 33.90Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours 1.98 ´ 106

Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours 2.655 ´ 106

Foot-pounds per min Horsepower 3.3 ´ 104

Horsepower Foot-pounds per sec 1.818 ´ 10–3

Inches of mercury @ 0°C Pounds per square inch 2.036Joules BTU 1054.8Joules Foot-pounds 1.35582Kilowatts BTU per min 1.758 ´ 10–2

Kilowatts Foot-pounds per min 2.26 ´ 10–5

Kilowatts Horsepower 0.745712Knots Miles per hour 0.86897624Miles Feet 1.894 ´ 10–4

Nautical miles Miles 0.86897624Radians Degrees 1.745 ´ 10–2

Square feet Acres 43560Watts BTU per min 17.5796

From To

°Celsius °Fahrenheit tF = (tC ´ 1.8) + 32Kelvin TK = tC + 273.15°Rankine TR = (tC + 273.15) ´ 18

°Fahrenheit °Celsius tC =

Kelvin Tk = + 273.15

°Rankine TR = tF + 459.67Kelvin °Celsius tC = TK – 273.15

°Rankine TR = TK ´ 1.8

°Rankine Kelvin TK =

°Farenheit tF = TR – 459.67


tF 32–

1.8----------------

tF 32–

1.8----------------

TR

1.8-------


Acceleration due to gravity at sea level, latitude 45° = 980.6194 cm/s2 = 32.1726 ft/s2.Length of seconds pendulum at sea level, latitude 45° = 99.3575 cm = 39.1171 in.1 knot (international) = 101.269 ft/min = 1.6878 ft/s = 1.1508 miles (statute)/h.1 micron = 10–4 cm.1 ångstrom = 10–8 cm.Mass of hydrogen atom = (1.67339 ± 0.0031) ´ 10–24 g.Density of mercury at 0°C = 13.5955 g/ml.Density of water at 3.98°C = 1.000000 g/ml.Density, maximum, of water, at 3.98°C = 0.999973 g/cm3.Density of dry air at 0°C, 760 mm = 1.2929 g/l.Velocity of sound in dry air at 0°C = 331.36 m/s – 1087.1 ft/s.Velocity of light in vacuum = (2.997925 ± 0.000002) ´ 1010 cm/s.Heat of fusion of water 0°C = 79.71 cal/g.Heat of vaporization of water 100°C = 539.55 cal/g.Electrochemical equivalent of silver 0.001118 g/s international amp.Absolute wavelength of red cadmium light in air at 15°C, 760 mm pressure = 6438.4696 Å.Wavelength of orange-red line of krypton 86 = 6057.802 Å.

p Constants

p = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 375111/p = 0.31830 98861 83790 67153 77675 26745 02872 40689 19291 48091

p2 = 9.8690 44010 89358 61883 44909 99876 15113 53136 99407 24079log ep = 1.14472 98858 49400 17414 34273 51353 05871 16472 94812 91531

log10p = 0.49714 98726 94133 85435 12682 88290 89887 36516 78324 38044log 10u2p = 0.39908 99341 79057 52478 25035 91507 69595 02099 34102 92128

Constants Involving ee = 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996

1/e = 0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55237 70161 46086 74458 11131 03177e2 = 7.38905 60989 30650 22723 04274 60575 00781 31803 15570 55185

M = log10e = 0.43429 44819 03251 82765 11289 18916 60508 22943 97005 803671/M·=loge10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 79914 54684 36420 67011 01488 62877

log10M = 9.63778 43113 00536 78912 29674 98645 –10

Numerical Constantsu2 = 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85696 71875 37695

3u2 = 1.25992 10498 94873 16476 72106 07278 22835 05702 51464 70151loge2 = 0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321 21458 17656 80755 00134 36026

log102 = 0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37388 94724 49302 67881 89881 46211u3 = 1.73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 05253 81039

3u3 = 1.44224 95703 07408 38232 16383 10780 10958 83918 69253 49935loge3 = 1.09861 22886 68109 69139 52452 36922 52570 46474 90557 82275

log103 = 0.47712 12547 19662 43729 50279 03255 11530 92001 28864 19070

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Name Symbol Definition SI unit

Classical Mechanics

mass m kgreduced mass m m = m1m2/(m1 + m2) kgdensity, mass density r r = M/V kg m–3

relative density d d = r/rq lsurface density rA, rS rA = m/A kg m–2


Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities (continued)


Classical Mechanics (continued)

momentum p p = mv kg m s–1

angular momentum, action L l = r ¥ p J smoment of inertia I, J I = Smiri

2 kg m2

force F F = dp/dt = ma Ntorque, moment of a force T, (M) T = r ´ F N menergy E Jpotential energy Ep, V, F Ep = –òF · ds Jkinetic energy Ek, T, K ek = (1/2)mv2 Jwork W, w w = òF · ds JHamilton function H H(q, p) J

= T(q, p) + V(q)Lagrange function L L(q, ·q) J

T(q, ·q) – V(q)pressure p, P p = F/A Pa, N m–2

surface tension g, s g = dW/dA N m–1, J m–2

weight G, (W, P) G = mg Ngravitational constant G F= Gm1m2/r2 N m2 kg–2

normal stress s s = F/A Pashear stress t t = F/A Palinear strain, e, e e = Dl/l l

relative elongationmodulus of elasticity, E E = s/e Pa

Young’s modulusshear strain g g = Dx/d lshear modulus G G = t/g Pavolume strain, bulk strain q q = DV/V0 lbulk modulus, K K = –V0(dp/dV) Pa

compression modulus h, m tx,z = h(dvx /dz) Pa sviscosity, dynamic viscosityfluidity f f = 1/h m kg–1 skinematic viscosity n n = h/r m2 s–1

friction coefficient m, ( f ) Ffrict = mFnorm lpower P P = dW/dt Wsound energy flux P, Pa P = dE/dt Wacoustic factors

reflection factor r r = Pt /P0 lacoustic absorption factor aa, (a) aa = 1 – r ltransmission factor t t = Ptr /P0 l

dissipation factor d d = aa – t l

Electricity and Magnetism

quantity of electricity,electric charge

Q C

charge density r r = Q/V C m–3

surface charge density s s = Q/A C m–2

electric potential V, f V = dW/dQ V, J C–1

electric potential difference U, DV, Df U = V2 – V1 Velectromotive force E E = ò(F/Q) · ds Velectric field strength E E = F/Q = –grad V V m–1

electric flux Y Y = òD · dA Celectric displacement D D = eE C m–2

capacitance C C = Q/U F, C V–1

permittivity e D = eE F m–1

permittivity of vacuum e0 e0 = m0–1 c0

–2 F m–1

relative permittivity er er = e/e0 ldielectric polarization P P = D – e0E C m–2




Electricity and Magnetism (continued)

(dipole moment per volume)electric susceptibility ce ce = er – 1 lelectric dipole moment p, m p = Qr C melectric current I I = dQ/dt Aelectric current density j, J I = òj · dA A m–2

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction

B F = Qv ´ B T

magnetic flux F F = òB · dA Wbmagnetic field strength H B = mH A M–1

permeability m B = mH N A–2, H m–1

permeability of vacuum m0 H m–1

relative permeability mr mr = m/m0 lmagnetization (magnetic dipole

moment per volume)M M = B/m0 – H A m–1

magnetic susceptibility c, k, (cm) c = mr – 1 lmolar magnetic susceptibility cm cm = Vmc m3 mol–1

magnetic dipole moment m, m Ep = –m · B A m2, J T–1

electrical resistance R R = U/I Wconductance G G = 1/R Sloss angle d d = (p/2) + fI – fU 1, radreactance X X = (U/I)sin d Wimpedance (complex impedance) Z Z = R + iX Wadmittance (complex admittance) Y Y = 1/Z Ssusceptance B Y = G + iB Sresistivity r r = E/j W mconductivity k, g, s k = 1/r S m–1

self-inductance L E = –L(dI/dt) Hmutual inductance M, L12 E1 = L12(Di2/dt) Hmagnetic vector potential A B = Ñ ´ A Wb m–1

Poynting vector S S = E ´ H W m–2

Electromagnetic Radiation

wavelength l mspeed of light

in vacuumin a medium

c0

c c = c0/n

m s–1

wavenumber in vacuum n~ n~ =n/c0 = 1/nl m–1

wavenumber (in a medium) s s = 1/l m–1

frequency n n = c/l Hzcircular frequency, pulsatance w w = 2pn s–1, rad s–1

refractive index n n = c0/c lPlanck constant h J sPlanck constant/2p \ \ = h/2p J sradiant energy Q, W Jradiant energy density r, w r = Q/V J m–3

spectral radiant energy densityin terms of frequency rn, wn rn = dr /dn J m–3 Hz–1

in terms of wavenumber r n–, w n– r n– = dr/dn– J m–2

in terms of wavelength rl, wl rl = dr /dl J m–4

Einstein transition probabilitiesspontaneous emission Anm dNn/dt = –AnmNn s–1

stimulated emission Bnm dnn/dt = –rn–(n– nm) ´ BnmNns kg–1

radiant power, radiant energy per time

F, P F = dQ/dt W

radiant intensity I I = dF/dW W sr–1

radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) M M = dF/dAsource W m–2




Electromagnetic Radiation (continued)

irradiance (radiant flux received) E, (I) E = dF/dA W m–2

emittance e e = M/Mbb lStefan-Boltzmann constant s Mbb = sT4 W m–2 K–4

first radiation constant c1 c1 = 2phc02 W m2

second radiation constant c2 c2 = hc0 /k K mtransmittance, transmission factor t, T t = Ftr /F0 labsorptance, absorption factor a a = fabs/f0 lreflectance, reflection factor r r = frefl /F0 l(decadic) absorbance A A = lg(1 – ai) lnapierian absorbance B B = ln(1 – ai) labsorption coefficient

(linear) decadic a, K a = A/l m–1

(linear) napierian a a = B/l m–1

molar (decadic) e e = a/c = A/cl m2 mol–1

molar napierian k k = a/c = B/cl m2 mol–1

absorption index k k = a/4pn– lcomplex refractive index n n = n + ik l

molar refraction R, Rm R = Vm m3 mol–1

angle of optical rotation a l, rad

Solid State

lattice vector R, R0 mfundamental translation vectors for the

crystal latticea1; a2; a3,

a; b; cR = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3 m

(circular) reciprocal lattice vector G G · R = 2pm m–1

(circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice

b1; b2; b3,a*; b*; c*

ai · bk = 2pdik m–1

lattice plane spacing d mBragg angle q nl = 2d sin q l, radorder of reflection n lorder parameters

short range s llong range s 1

Burgers vector b mparticle position vector r, Rj mequilibrium position vector of an ion Ro mdisplacement vector of an ion u u = R – R0 mDebye-Waller factor B, D lDebye circular wavenumber qD m–1

Debye circular frequency wD s–1

Grüneisen parameter g, G g = aV/kCV l

Madelung constant a, Ma NAz+z–e2

Ecoul = ————4pe0R0

l

density of states NE NE = dN(E)/dE J–1 m–3

(spectral) density of vibrational modes Nw, g Nw = dN(w)/dw s m–3

resistivity tensor rik E = r · j W mconductivity tensor sik s = r–1 S m–1

thermal conductivity tensor lik Jq = –l · grad T W m–1 K–1

residual resistivity rR W mrelaxation time t t = l/vF sLorenz coefficient L L = l/sT V2 K–2

Hall coefficient AH, RH E = r · j + RH(B ´ j) m3 C–1

thermoelectric force E VPeltier coefficient P VThomson coefficient m, (t ) V K–1

n2 1–( )

n2 2+( )-------------------


Credits

Material in Section XII was reprinted from the following sources:D. R. Lide, Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th ed., Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1992:

International System of Units (SI), conversion constants and multipliers (conversion of temperatures), symbolsand terminology for physical and chemical quantities, fundamental physical constants, classification of elec-tromagnetic radiation.

D. Zwillinger, Ed., CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 30th ed., Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press,1996: Greek alphabet, conversion constants and multipliers (recommended decimal multiples and submultiples,metric to English, English to metric, general, temperature factors), physical constants, series expansion.



Solid State (continued)

work function F F = E¥ – EF Jnumber density, number concentration n, (p) m–3

gap energy Eg Jdonor ionization energy Ed Jacceptor ionization energy Ea JFermi energy EF, e F Jcircular wave vector,

propagation vectork, q k = 2p/l m–1

Bloch function uk(r) y(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) m–3/2

charge density of electrons r r(r) = –ey*(r)y· ( r) C m–3

effective mass m* kgmobility m m = ndrift /E m2 V–1 s–1

mobility ratio b b = mn/mp ldiffusion coefficient D dN/dt = –DA(dn/dx) m2 s–1

diffusion length L L = mcharacteristic (Weiss) temperature f, fW KCurie temperature TC KNéel temperature TN K

Dt


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