REVOLUTIILE MEXICULUI

8/13/2019 REVOLUTIILE MEXICULUI

1/223

History of MEXICOs Revolutions

Recurring Cycles of

Revolution

From Pre-Colonial imes to o!ay

"tatism #"tate Ca$italism % Central Planning&

versus

'nti-"tatism #Private Ca$italism % Provincial Rig(ts&

versus

'ctive-"tatism #Mi)e! "tate an! Private Ca$italism

*it( Partial Central Planning&

By

Olga Mag!alena +a,in-'n!rei

Co$yrig(te! ./ 0 +a,in

Recurring Cycles of Revolution From Pre-Colonial imes to o!ay

"tatism ("tate Ca$italism % Central Planning)versus

'nti-"tatism #Private Ca$italism *it(out 1ational Planning&


2/223

, p. 2

versus 'ctive-"tatism #Mi)e! "tate an! Private Ca$italism *it( Partial "tate Planning&

By2ames 30 3il4ie

(UCLA Professor of History)

Acknowledgment to5r0 Miguel Rivera-R6os

(Professor of Economics, Universidad acional Aut!noma de "#$ico)for %is on&going e$tensive criti'ues and de ate a out t%e organi ation

and contents of t%is work*

3OR7I18 5R'Ffor Comments9 Corrections9 E!iting9 an! '!!itions

*(ic( *e *ill fin! to :e necessary in our Class +ectures an! 5iscussions

+ --., --/, --0, -1-, -11, -1 y 2ames 3* 3ilkie

" ' I"M 5EFI1E5

;"tatism; occurs anyw%ere w%en t%e 4tate Central 5overnment controls a ig 6art (usually over 7-8 and in some cases all) of t%e national economy (59P)*

Leaders w%o follow statist 6olicies claim to o6erate in t%e name of t%e :6eo6l


3/223

, p. 3

/0 "tatist ',tec Con: "tatism un!er Presi!ent 56a, #/@@ -/>//&and t%e CientNfico 5rou6>c D.& Initiates 'ut(oritarian "tatism/ : +uis Ec(everria-'lvare, #/>D.-/>DA& initiates Economic "tatism/ c 2os +G$e, Portillo #/>DA-/>@ &9 Petro-"tatism n!er t(e 8o! Presi!ent /? * 4HD < < AC@@-/>> &9 *(o lays :asis for ? *(o follo*/?: Ernesto Je!illo #/>> - ...&9w%o turns over 6ower from t%e P?D to t%e PA


4/223

, p. 4

/?c Kicente Fo) # ...- ..A&9w%o defeats t%e one&6arty system ut notits asis in ureaucracies and goverance of more t%an %alf of t%e G state

/?! Feli$e Cal!erGn9 ..A- ./ 9 #P0 /D &w%o im6licity calls for'ctive-"tate $olicy versus

/?!0/ +G$e,-O:ra!or , w%o seeks Anarc%y to ?estore t%e 4tatist ?evolution, --M&&/?!0 5rug raffic4ers9w%o seek Anarc%y to eutrali e Police "ilitary, --M&&/?!0? Grandes Problemas Nacionales # ..A& % 3orl!s 8reat 5e$ression II9 ..@L

LIST OF MA S A!" FI#$%&Sa'e MA

5 1. Mexico On the World Globe6 2. Map of Mexico Today

!. "ities of Mexico1#$ %. The &each of Mexico's (ru) "artels* 2++$

a'e FI#$% 1. Top World G(,s 2++$ "o-pared to 1$$$ and 1$#$

61 2. o/ Many Were 0illed 3ost4 in the iolent ,hase of Mexico's&e olution7

6 !. (ie)o &i era and 8rida 0ahlo

#% %. Graph of 9early "han)e in Mexico's G(,* 1#$6:1$#6

1+6 5. Mexico's &eal 8orei)n (ebt* 1$6%:2++#

11# 6. 3uis ;che err

12+ . ;che err


5/223

, p. 5

1 12. World G(, "ollapse* 2++#:2++$* &eco ery for the &ich in2+1+

1 # 1!. World Oil ,rices and "apital 8lo/s* 2++1:2++$

1#% 1%. 0no/n nu-ber of persons Billed in Mexico's (ru) War* 2++6:2++$

1# 15. "ont%ly Earnings in "e$ico arco 3ar

1## 16. "alderCn's ,ositi e and ?e)ati e (ru) War Scorecard* 2++$1$+ 1 . Mexican (ru) "artels and Their "aposD3i in) and (ead*2++$

1$! 1#. Many:,ron)ed "risis Since 2++$2+$ 1$. Mexican "rude Oil ,roduction21+ 2+ Mexico's &eal G(, per capita as ,ercenta)e of E.S. &eal G(,per capita211 21. Mexican eads of State Since Fndependence

Ma$ /

Me)ico on t(e 3orl! 8lo:e

"e$ico is 6%ysically a out t%e si e of today>s American 3est t%at was taken from it in t%"e$ican&American 3ar of 1/ 7&1/ /Q4ee C%art 10 in t%e Booklet of Charts assigned for


6/223


7/223

, p. 7

Ma$ #*as Figure /9 /A.: "$ring ..>&

M'P OF MEXICO O5'N


8/223

, p. 8

Ma$ ?

Cities of Me)ico

Source ///.-exonline.co- -aps pics -ap:of:-exico.)if
http://www.mexonline.com/maps/pics/map-of-mexico.gifhttp://www.mexonline.com/maps/pics/map-of-mexico.gif


9/223

, p. 9

-----

Figure /

o$ 3orl! 85Ps0 ..> Com$are! to />>> an! />@>

HFn @illions of 2++$ (ollars* E.S. G(, I J1%.! Trillion (ollarsK Mexico G(, IJ1.2 Trillion

"on erted at MarBet or Go ern-ent Official ;xchan)e &ateL

2(() 1$ )) 1$ 8)Tri**ion &anB &anB

&A?0 #" "han)e &A?0 "han)e &A?0

WorldJ62.!;E J1#.$

1. $SA +14. 1 1

2 Napan J%.# 2 2

" F?A J%.2 E, E, 11 Fn 2++$ I 2$ ofE.S. G(,% Ger-any J!.# do/n ! !5 8rance J!.+ 5 do/n %6 E0 J2.# do/n % E, 6

Ftaly J2.% do/n 6 do/n 5

8 ALIF. +1.8# &ESSFA J1.# E, 21 do/n #

$ Spain J1. $ E, 1+

1+ @&APF3 J1.6 1+ do/n $ Fn 2++$ I 2$ of E.S.G(,11 "anada J1.5 do/n # do/n 12 I!"IA + 1.2 12 E, 1! Me ico is /120 HSe

note for MexicoL

1 M& I O +1.2 do/n 11 E, 16 Fn 2++$ I# of E.S. G(, 14 #%A! L.A. +1.11% Australia J1.1 1% do/n 12

15 ?etherlands J1.+ 15 do/n 1%


10/223

, p. 10

16 S. 0O&;A J.$ do/n 1! E, 151 TurBey J.# E, 22 E, 251# ,oland J.6 E, 2% E, !+1$ Fndonesia J.5 E, 2# do/n 262+ @el)iu- J.% do/n 1# E, 1$

8i)ure 1 H"ontinuedL59P 5EFI1I IO1 59P is t%e sumall goo!s an! services $ro!uce! :y resi!ent #!omestic an!

foreign& in a nations economy 6lus any 6roduct ta$es and minus any su sidies not included in tvalue of t%e 6roducts. Dt is calculated wit%out making deductions for de6reciation of manufactassets or for de6letion and degradation of natural resources* 9ata are in current U*4* dollarsfigures for 59P are converted from domestic currencies using single year official e$c%ange ratE)clu!es income from informal economy an! sale of use! goo!s also e)clu!es $ro!uction an!

sale of illegal !rugsLt(ey :een laun!ere! into $ro!uctive categories of t(e legal economy0

59P differs from gross national 6roduct (81P ), w%ic% is defined to include all final goods andservices 6roduced y resources owned y t%at nationRs residents (including foreign residentslocatedin t(e nation or else*(ere *Inclu!es income from remittances sent (ome :y *or4ersa:roa! an! foreign investment $rofits returne! to t(e country0 E)clu!es t(e informaleconomy9 e0g0 $ro!uction an! sale of illegal !rugs--unless t(ey (ave :een laun!ere! into$ro!uctive categories of t(e legal economy0

Q For Me)ico9 if t(e ..> revenues from $ro!uction an! sale of illegal !rugs *ere inclu!e!in 85P #estimate! at /. of Me)icos 85P or S//@ :illion www*%avocsco6e*com me$ico&drug&money&consists&u6&to&1-&6ercent&of&gd6 )9 t(at *oul! give t(e Me)ico a total 85P of S/9?.. :illion#an! c(ange its ran4 to T/ 9 !is$lacing In!ia0


11/223

, p. 11

4 U?CE@ Ada6ted y 2ames 3* 3ilkie from t%e following sources t%at mainly 'uote CDA d--0@www*6%otius*com rankings economy gd6TofficialTe$c%angeTrateT --0T-*%tml

1$$$ ///.nation-aster.co- )raph ecoR)dp:econo-y:)dp dateI1$$$1$#$ ///.nation-aster.co- )raph ecoR)dp:econo-y:)dp dateI1$#$

?ote that "FA* FM8* and World @anB data are essentially the sa-e for 2++#

H8rance* @ra>il* Spain* S/eden differ by one ranB in top 2+L. To co-pare the three series* seehttp en./iBipedia.or) /iBi 3istRofRcountriesRbyRG(,RHno-inal L

"alifornia source http ///.ne/s/eeB.co- id 2!25 5 H1:26:1+LK and thereport 2:16:1+ by///.the)lobeand-ail.co- report:on:business co--entary californias:sorry:state:a:-a=or:threat:to:us article1%6$!%

Gran 3os An)eles H6 counties 3.A.* entura* Oran)e* San @ernadino* &i erside*San (ie)oL Gross ,roducts are -y rou)h esti-ate* extrapolatin) fro- such sources as///.laincresearch.co- all 8orecast2++$.pdf and Abraha- 3o/enthal* GlobalCalifornia:Rising to the Cosmopolitan Challenge (Stanford University Press. !!"# .

CONCEPTS

"uc% analysis of "e$ican History since 101- %as involved assessing t%e meaning"e$ico>s :?evolution; eginning in t%at year, and, if t%ere was a real ?evolution,w%en did end@

The Officia* art6 of t7e %e o*9tion :1)2)-2(((;clai-s that it Fnstitutionali>ed theMo e-ent of 1$1+ to rule Mexico

for -ore than decades as the ermanent %e o*9tion $nder One- art6 "emocrac6,/hich since 1$%6 carries the na-e

: %I- artido %e o*9cionario Instit9ciona*;innin' Me icoEs residenc6 C6 (.@ of

t7e ote;

In contrast to t7e aCo e c*aims of on-going processes of%e o*9tion,

man6 sc7o*ars see t7e Me ican %e o*9tion as 7a in' ended in t7efo**o>in' 6earsG

1)1):>7en Hapata and 7is idea of *and reform

>ere i**ed as ordered C6 resident arran a;1)2(

:>7en arran a >as assassinated, endin' maJor anarc7ica* io*ence?I&3G 7ttpGKKme ican7istor6.or'Kre o*9tion.7tm ;

;1)4(

:after Me icoEs escape from 3or*d "epression /1 t7ro9'7 massi edistriC9tion of *and

into comm9na* farms as >e** as nationa*i ation of t7e forei'n-o>nedrai* and oi* ind9stries C6 resident LD aro Drdenas;

1)4(-1)4@-1)52

:>7en Me ico o ert*6 s7ifted to Ind9stria* %e o*9tion and 9rCande e*opment Cenefittin' t7e >ea*t76--not t7e masses of comm9na*

farmers and common >or ers,as artic9*ated C6 "anie* os o-?i**e'as, Bes s Si* a- er o', %am=n

Neteta,T7omas NenJamin, etc,;

1)5):>7en ar*os F9entes sees t7e %e o*9tion of 1)1( as 7a in' died ,

after ha in) passed throu)h a)oni>in) sta)es of death4 exa-inedin his /orld:fa-ous no el* %he &eath of 'rtemio Cru H1$62L*

/hich do/nplays Mexico's "o--ercial &e olution and the rise ofMexico's Middle "lass

1)@8, 1)82, 1))4, 2(((Hyears for /hich (onald od)es and &oss Gandy i-plicitly
http://mexicanhistory.org/revolution.htmhttp://mexicanhistory.org/revolution.htm


13/223

, p. 13

re ise 8uentes sta)es of death4 concept in their booB %he )nd of the Revolution H2++2L

%&A" & T%A TGhttp booBs.)oo)le.co- booBs7idI8B$NW1%+bN#" printsecIfrontco er

1))4

/hen ,resident Salinas aL chan)ed the "onstitutional re uire-ent of 1$1 sothat land /ould no lon)er ha e to be distributed to co--unal far-sKbL led Mexico into ?A8TA HE.S.:"anada:Mexico 8ree Trade A)ree-entLK

cL isolated the &ebellion in "hiapas by Subco-andante Marcos*as articulated by

Michael ". Meyer et al. in The Course of Mexican History :2(( and2(11;

A minorit6 ie> C6 one sc7o*ar >o ar'9es t7at no %e o*9tionocc9rred in 1)1(

Has articulated by &a-Cn ;. &ui>* /ho sees only a Great Rebellion *

/hich existed fro- 1$+5 to 1$2%LIronica**6, in toda6Es Me ico a** t7ree maJor po*itica* parties : %I, A!,

%";ar'9e t7at t7e6 are eac7 t7e on*6 standard Cearer of t7e Tr9e

Me ican %e o*9tion.T>o of t7e parties 7a e %e o*9tion as part of t7eir nameGt7e %I and t7e %"< and a** t7ree Case t7eir ideo*o'ies on

tac *in' 9nreso* ed iss9es from t7e pre- and post-2( t7 cent9r6%e o*9tions

T7e c9rrent 'enera* ideo*o'6 of Me icoEs residentssince 1)8Is Cased on frame>or of

Mi ed State and ri ate apita*ismestaC*is7ed C6 resident ar*os Sa*inas de #ortari

:?irt9a* resident 1)82-1)88 and resident 1)88-1))4;,t7e %IEs inte**ect9a* and po*itica* *eader >7o set t7e standard

fo**o>ed C6i; 7is %I s9ccessor in t7e residenc6 of Me ico :1))4-2(((;< and

ii; t7e A!Es t>o residents :2(((-2(12;

T7e A! no> in 2(12 c*aims t7at it >i**contin9e in t7e residenc6 C9t %e o*9tioni e itse*f to imp*antat7o*ic a*9es in Me ico as it mo es to fa or

ri ate apita* more t7an State apita*>7i*e fina**6 >innin' t7e

3ar Since 2((@ "ec*ared C6 a*der=n Narcotraficantes ,& tortionists, and Pidnappers, >7o do not >ant a po*itica* %e o*9tion,

C9t rat7er to n9**if6 o*ice and Mi*itar6 o>ers see in'to >ipe o9t crimina* acti it6 t7at contro*s *ife

in more t7an 7a*f of Me icoEs 2 states
http://books.google.com/books?id=Fk9JW140bJ8C&printsec=frontcoverhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Fk9JW140bJ8C&printsec=frontcover


14/223

, p. 14

In t7e meantime, t7e %" :9nti* 1)88 t7e *eft >in' of t7e %I; 7asno>

in 2(12 a**ied >it7 t7e T- artido de* TraCaJo:>7ic7 >as fo9nded in 1))( Cased on Maoist idea*s; nationa*i ations of domestic and forei'nmonopo*ies to ret9rn in 2(12 to %e o*9tionar6 State apita*ism

Alt%oug% eac% of t%e a ove a66roac%es offer incredi ly im6ortant inform

microanalysis to fles% out our understanding, t%ey all miss t%e larger view t%at,

Pre&Colonial era, "e$ico %as undergone/? ma or Cycles of Revolution to ranging

from "tatism to 'nti-"tatism9 eac( one causing ma or u$(eaval in t(e economiccon!itions of all social classes an! t(eir $olitical status0

"e$ico faces do ens of %istorical o stacles to develo6ment, w%ic% recur a

country moves from cycle to cycles*


15/223

, p. 15

5EFI1I IO1"

(e "tate is t%e system of 6ower t%at %olds t%e :nation&4tate; toget%er

"e$ico it involves central aut%ority (including 6olice and military) t%at sin

t%e 10t% century delegates some 6ower to 6olitical units in t%e country, now

state governments1 and t%e ederal 9istrict (w%ic% is like t%e 9*C* in t%

U4A)*


16/223

, p. 16

"taly an! the )orl!, Machia$elli !efine! go$ernance by !eceit behin! masks,

a rocess !efine! for Mexico an! the *orl! by Octavio Paz as li$ing behin!

false faces, )hich he calls +masks'

Cycles ofa& "tatism #(ig( central government aut(ority&%ave alternated wit%

:& 'nti-"tatism #minimal central government aut(ority), and wit%

c& (e 'ctive "tate #me!iating :et*een a an! :&0

a& ;"tatism; occurs anyw%ere w%en t%e 4tate Central 5overnm

controlling a ig 6art of (usually over 7-8 and in some cases all) of t%

national economy (59P), claims to o6erate in t%e name of t%e :6eo6le;

im6rove t%e standard of living* 4tatism is accom6anied y full contr

6olitics and society (not easily 'uantified), resulting in 6redatory dictators

making decision t%roug% 6artial or fullCentral Planning *


17/223

, p. 17

(e recor! for an Official Partys $resi!ency is (el! :y Me)ico@

w%ic%D> years (im6licitly eginning in 10 1, w%en 6eace was restored to

ena le t%e re uilding of a destroyed nation)* E$6licitly, %owever, "e$icofficial Party lastedD/ years from t%e time it was esta lis%ed in 10 0 t%r

--- w%en it was voted out of 6ower* ?@, Parti!o !e la RevoluciGn Me)icana), and was

reorgani ed as t%ePRI (2anuary/> A9 Parti!o RevolucionarioInstitucional)*


18/223


19/223

, p. 19

ii& su66ort an efficient and 6roductive$rivate sector as well as

encourage =oint ventures etween t%estate #$u:lic sector& an!

$rivate sectors ( e t%ey domestic or foreign)* 5overnment will e

limited to t%e:asic services for citi,ens (suc% as 6olice and fire

6rotection, education, social safety net, 6ostal service, etc*) 6rovid

t%at t%ey increase t%e well eing of t%e 6o6ulation*

iii& intervene in a national economy to rectify 6ro lems of t%e free

market* y t%e t%eories of Britis%

economist2o(n Maynar! 7eynes (1//G& 10 M), w%o in t%e 10G-

advocated t%at governments intervene via fiscal and monetary

measures to mitigate t%e adverse effects of oom and ust econom

recessions and t%e serious, on&going 3orld 5reat 9e6ression D, w

egan in 10 0* His ideas are t%e asis for w%at is known as Oey

economy t%eory*7eynes overt(re* t(e ol!er i!eas of neoclassical

economic t(eory t(at claime! free mar4ets *oul! automatically

a! ust(for e$am6le, y 6roviding :full; em6loyment as long as

workers fle$i ly ada6ted to t%e need to reduce t%eir wage deman

times of economic crisis*

: ollowing t%e out reak of 3orld 3ar DD,)rote Time Maga-ine in 1000,

OeynesRs ideas concerning economic 6olicy were ado6ted y leading 3es

economies*5uring t(e />=.s an! />A.s9 t(e success of 7eynesian economics

*as so resoun!ing t(at almost all ca$italist governments a!o$te! its $olicy


20/223

, p. 20

recommen!ations0 Time concluded t%at Oeynes :radical idea t%at

governments s%ould s6end money t%ey donRt %ave may %ave saved ca6

7eynesVs influence *ane! in t(e />D.s, 6artly as a result of e$cessive

government regulation t%at %ad egun to afflict t%e Anglo&American ec

y t%e end of t%e 10M-s, and 6artly due to criti'ues from suc% economis

Milton Frie!man (101 & --M) w%o, from %is ase at t%e University of

argued governments could not well regulate t%e usiness cycle t%roug%

6olicy*

But, t%e advent of t%e world financial crisis in --/ %as caused a retu

Oeynesian economics t%at %as 6rovided t%e t%eoretical under6inning fo

of suc% world leaders as President ama and U*O* Prime "inister 5ordo

Brown as t%ey seek too timidly to 6revent 3orld 5reat 9e6ression DD, t%r

w%at D %as called t%e :Active&4tate*;

(e conce$t of 'ctive "tate *as first $resente! in my />AD :oo4 The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social han!e Since"#"$ #2ames 30 3il4ie9 Berkeley@ University of California Press, first edition 10second edition 10.-and in t%e revised and enlarged editions in 46anis% eginning in 10./@

%a Revoluci&n Mexicana '"#"$("#)*+: Gasto Federal , ambio Social("#$ico, 9* *@ ondo de Cultura Econ!mica, 10./)*

%tt6@ www*6rofme$*org me$icoandt%eworld volume/ 1winter-G

n de ate a out my conce6t of t%e Active 4tate, see "iguel ?ivera&?N:La Posrevoluci!n "e$icana y la Estimaci!n de 2ames 3ilkie del Cam io 4oLa revisi!n de un de ate,X .conom/a "nforma (U A", Ymero G1 , e * de --G),

&7 also@

% n Oeynes, and t%e article from t%is 'uote any many ideas for t%is summary of Oey are drawn, see%tt6@ en*wiki6edia*org wiki 2o%nT"aynardTOeynes (9eem er 10, --0)*
http://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume8/1winter03/03index1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keyneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keyneshttp://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume8/1winter03/03index1.htm


21/223

, p. 21

www*6rofme$*org me$icoandt%eworld volume. fall- 6osrevolucio%tml

or furt%er analysis of t%e Active 4tate, see my X4i$ Ddeological P"e$icoRs RPermanent ?evolutionR 4ince 101-X, in 2ames 3* 3ilkie, ed*,

Society an! .conomy in Mexico (Los Angeles@ UCLA Latin American CenPu lications* 100-)*

Bot% Active 4tatism and 4tatism will use differing degrees of"tate

Ca$italism (as in "e$ico, 10.-&10/ , w%en 6residents decided to s%ift f

'ctive "tatism to "tatism, nationali ing ever more amounts of domestic an

foreign 6rivate ca6ital on t%e t%eory t%at t%e 4tate %as : o eed to 4%

wit% t%e 6rivate sector), or e ased on t%e idea t%at t%e 4tate e own

of almost all ca6ital (as in t%e 4tate Ca6italism of Communist ?ussia and C

to 10/0)*

4tate Ca6italism may involve t%e s%aring etween t%e 4tate and an

emerging 6rivate sector control of money and 6rofits, as in ?ussia and C%i

since 10/0, and in "e$ico etween 10G/ and 10M0 as well as since 10/

w%en"tatism gave way to t%e'ctive "tate * (Dn C%ina and ?ussia today t%

4tate s%are is well over M-8 of 59P, com6ared to t%e U*4* s%are of a o

G8, and "e$ico s%are of a out .8*

4tatist (and some Active 4tatist, as in "e$ico) systems tend to develo6

One-Party 5emocracies or Official Partiesto =ustify (often t%roug%

fraudulent elections and or t%e 6urc%asing of votes) to kee6ing t%e

5overnment in :6ermanent 6ower*;
http://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume7/4fall02/posrevolucion_mexicana.htmlhttp://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume7/4fall02/posrevolucion_mexicana.htmlhttp://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume7/4fall02/posrevolucion_mexicana.htmlhttp://www.profmex.org/mexicoandtheworld/volume7/4fall02/posrevolucion_mexicana.html


22/223

, p. 22

n t%e one %and t%e develo6ment 6rocess re'uires a strong legal syst

a ility to redress citi en com6laints on t%e ot%er %and, to successfully

re'uires an Active 4tate to mediate etween aut%oritarianism and anarc%y

3%en develo6ment fails, a vicious circle takes 6lace@ 4tatism in countera

Anti&4tatism forces* A=-

/>@ & soug(t to im$lant "tatism an! "tate Ca$italism9 re!ucing an!

severely limiting t(e role of t(e $rivate sector*

But Anti&4tatists %o6e to give t%e 6rimary role to t%e 6rivate s

es6ecially y selling state&owned enter6rises (suc% asPetrGleos Me)icanos

and t%e %uge"tate Electrical Com$anies)*


23/223

, p. 23

Pu:lic Com$anies in "e$ico %ave meantgovernment-o*ne!

entities9 a meaning t%at Anti&4tatists %ave een trying to overcome sinc

10/G to give it t%e meaning used y t%e iggest stock market in t%e wor

t%at of t%e U4A*

-n Mexico .public/ means in !eneral terms .b, and 0or the !overnment1

2hich1 via a van!uard o0 politicians and .diputados de partido/ '2ho

represent political parties1 not citizens+ and 2ho administer a00airs on

behal0 o0 the people3/

Mexico4s hamber o0 5eputies has 6$$ members elected 0or 7(,ear

terms1 7$$ are directl, elected and 8$$ are elected accordin! to the

proportion o0 the votes 2on b, their part,3 These 8$$ are not elected but

named b, their political part,3 5iputados de Partido do not campai!n 0or

popular votes1 but do campai!n 2ithin their political to be named to

represent their political part, in on!ress3 9ence the sa,in!: .Mexico is

!overned b, a .parti(docrac,/ 1 not a democrac,3 'Proportional votin!

2as instituted in Mexico in the earl, "#*$s and has been expanded over

time3+

Thus1 Mexican citizens hold parti(docrac, in lo2 esteem3 Parti(

docrac, is a ma or obstacle that prevents chan!e in Mexico1 2hich has not

been able to ;eep up 2ith the e00ective chan!es in such countries as merica and the ?orld3


24/223

, p. 24

Parti(docrac, shields Mexicos hamber o0 5eputies 0rom bein!

accountable to voters3

-n @3S3 politics1 .public/ means the broad !eneral non(!overnmental

populace 2hich monitors and ma;e demands upon the !overnment thatis accountable to voters3The @3S3 public holds !overnment accountable in direct election o0candidates3


25/223

, p. 25

t%at of t%eennessee Kalley 'ut(ority # K' , w%ic% covers M states eyond


26/223

, p. 26

as C%ina>s ine$6ensive 6roducts* 3orld consumers would also uy in t%e free mark

w%at %ad een 6ro%i ited y Central Planning as wasteful 6roducts* Dndeed, muc%

w%at C%ina launc%ed into t%e e$6anding free markets of t%e world %as een c%e

:=unk; including contaminated goods, foods, and medicines* Consumers said@ :Buy, uyV*

And consumers did uy, as did industrialists and financiers,t(us !riving u$ t(e

$rice of ra* materials an! interest rates until consumers coul! neit(er :uy *(at

factories $ro!uce! aroun! t(e *orl! nor re$ay t(e loans ta4en out to :uy , for

e$am6le, autos, %omes, com6uters, educational degrees, and vacations*


27/223

, p. 27

t%ose conflicts* These losses threaten /hat is left of the -iddle class after the

@ush:"heney financial debacle.


28/223

, p. 28

AP? or more* (


29/223

, p. 29

4tatist fficial Parties tend to sei e land from 6rivate owners, e*g*,

esta lis% :6u licly&owned farms;@

4talin and "ao esta lis%ed Collective (4tate) arms (often in t%e

guise of :coo6eratives owned managed y individual workers; Hugo

C%Ive %as esta lis%ed state&run farms as well as :community&contro

coo6eratives,; w%ic% are controlled y t%e government t%roug% su sid

In Me)ico9 t%e idea of t%e rural land owned y communities in t%e

form ofE i!os #Communal Farms& %as dominated t%inking since time

immemorial* :E=idos; e$isted in different forms in Pre&Colonial "e$ico a

ew 46ain as well as 46ain* E=idos traditionally were not controlled y

individuals ut y t%e local Community Council, w%ic% would set 6art o

land aside for eac% of two activities@

a& common use of a small 6art of t%e E=ido y all families for

meetings, ceremonies, education, and community decisions a o

:& %ow farming and ranc%ing are take 6lace, according to one o

t%e following two o6tions@

i& collective y t%e community, or

ii& :individual; use of communal land worked assigned as

6lots assigned y t%e Community Council to eac% family,

w%ic% can e reassigned to ot%er 6lots if t%e Council so

decides*


30/223

, p. 30

As we see elow, President+ ,aro C r!enas (10G &10 -) 6referred

E=idos e worked y t%e E=ido mem ers as a grou6 in :Collectively-O$erate!

E i!os;, ut PresidentPlutarco El6as Calles 6referred t%at E=idos e worke

: In!ivi!ual Family-O$erate! E i!os; (as did PresidentBenito 2u re, (aut%o

t%e Constitution of 1/7.) and PresidentCarlos "alinas !e 8ortari (10/G&100

Bot%2u re, an! "alinas c%anged "e$ico>s laws y c%anging t%e

Constitutions of t%eir time to grant individual title to eac%E i!atario

(farmer on an E=ido) so t%at could %ave t%e o6tion to sell, rent, or work

land coo6eratively wit% 6rivate and land %olders*

3it(out title to t(eir lan!s9 e i!atarios can not $ut u$ t(eir lan!

for collateral to o:tain loans9 rent9 or sell t(eir lan!s9 all illegal if t(e

community councils retain t(eir tra!itional control0 (us9 e i!os an!

e i!atrios cannot :uy on cre!it tractors9 truc4s9 an! cars or :orro* to

invest in canals to c(annel *ater an! silos to store t(eir grains0

"ilos are im6ortant store cro6s after %arvest (w%en sale 6rices are

low) and storage allows t%e farmers to wait for 6rices to rise in winter*

t%erwise it is t%e 6rivatemi!!lemen w%o uys t%eir cro6s c%ea6ly and

%as t%e credit to uild silos and store t%e cro6s until market s%ortages le

to %ig%er market 6rices, at least until t%e ne$t e=ido cro6 %arvests drive

6rices down ecause of t%e new :sudden; glut of agricultural commoditie

]


31/223

, p. 31

E=idatarios %ave long asked@ 3%y is it t%at t%e middlemen, w%o

from us c%ea6ly, make all t%e money ecause t%ey %ave silos and we d

notS 3e sell w%en 6rices are low to t%e middlemen w%o wait to sell :our

cro6s w%en 6rices are %ig%*

2u re, an! "alinas use! t(eir terms in t(e $resi!ency to try to

:rea4 t(e $o*er of E i!os9 *(ic( t(ey !eeme! to :e living in a

communistic ty$e of su:sistence farming9 $ulveri,ing t(e lan! Qarguing

(correctly) t%at 6o6ulation growt% is infinite w%ile availa le land is finit


32/223

, p. 32

tended to see c%ange coming t%roug%Revolution Americans0tend to see

c%ange coming t%roug%evolution0


33/223

, p. 33

5" s (genetically modified organisms) as doing efficiently w%at %e

6reviously %ad to do inefficiently y transferring w%ole gene 6ools rat%e

t%an s6ecific ones*1-

9 A researc%ers into mani6ulation of genes to cause "utations t%at

can reverse disease, re uild lost nerves, tendons, and lim s as well as

immediately save lives, %ave s%ow t%at "utations may take centuries,

decades, mont%s, and now made to occur wit% immediate s6ontaneity*11

Dronically, Americans do use suc% terms as :Dndustrial ?evolution;

and :Dnformation ?evolution;, t%e former taking a century from 1.7- to

1/7-*


34/223

, p. 34

?evolution only decades, and t%e cell 6%one %as lea6&frogged to ecom

ast&


35/223

, p. 35

II0CNC+E" "CHEME =0. FOR '1'+NJI18 NPE" OF " ' I"M

(Like any sc%eme, t%ere are e$ce6tions to t%e following styli atioDn eac% 6eriod new 6ro lems and o stacles to develo6ment were ident

t%eir own time ut eit%er ignored or only 6artly resolved, often ecause only 6artly resolved and ecause new generations did not follow t%roug%:old; w%en new ones were eing identified*


36/223

, p. 36

(All 6o6ulation data 6resented %ere are from@ 2ames 3ilkie, Booklet of

Charts on Mexican History 2ames 3ilkie, ed*Statistical Abstract of Latin

America 1SALA2, Jol* G/,


37/223

, p. 37

Colonies), t%e Councils were not democratic and did not re6resent o

citi en in6ut eyond t%e key elite*

Po6ulation disastrous decline caused y introduction of Euro6ean d

wars, and :enslavement; of muc% of t%e Dndigenous 6o6ulation saw t%

to 1. million y 17G and to 1*1 million in 1M-/Qt%e low 6oint*1M


38/223

, p. 38

6ledge allegiance to a renc% king* By 1/1 t%e town councils of 4

formulated a new Anti&4tatist Constitution, and w%en t%ey soug%t to im

in 1/ 1, t%e 46aniards in "e$ico (w%o also controlled Central America)

t%at t%ey t%emselves %ad to declare Dnde6endence from 46ain in or

t%eir 6ower ased on 4tatism*


39/223

, p. 39

con$titution$. three yna$tie$ /the 0ourbon$, the Or an$ an the

0ona+arte$2. two re+ub ic$. three re3o ution$ /1&'(, 1&4& an 1&5(2. one

cou+ that wor#e /Loui$-Na+o eon 0ona+arte6$ in 1&*12 an two that were

either %ere y atte%+te /in 1&552 or "anta$i7e /in 1&&92. two ci3i war$ /the

8une cri$i$ in 1&4& an the Co%%une in 1&512. one i$a$trou$ e"eat to ana$cent !er%any /1&5(2 that e to the %o%entary occu+ation o" %ore than

one-thir o" the country. two %a or "inancia $can a $, in 1&5' an 1&9:,

that $we+t away %o$t u++er- an %i e-c a$$ $a3in $. an , "ina y, a turn-

o"-the-century u icia $can a ) that +ro%+te a "ar-reachin aw in 19(*

%an atin the $e+aration o" church an $tate;s national statistical gat%ering agency so t%at t%e CientN

could egin t%e first real collection of statistical data needed to understand

w%ere t%e country was going, w%ere it stood, and w%ere a66eared to e

%eading* s statistical re6orts and year ooks* Dndeed, %

created the first effecti e basis for -odern research and

publication of statistics on Mexico. 25

Pe afiel %ad esta lis%ed t%e first Law on 4tatistics in 1/07, t%e sa

%e administered t%e first national 6o6ulation census for "e$icoQt%e 6o6u

2% Quoted fro- %tt6@ en*wiki6edia*org wiki CientNfico

25 4ee 4ergio de la Pe a y 2ames 3* 3ilkie La .sta!/stica .con3mica en M4xico# Los 5r/genes("#$ico@ 4iglo D y Universidad Aut!noma "etro6olitana&A ca6ot alco, 100 )*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabino_Barredahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Preparatory_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Preparatory_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cient%C3%8Cficohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cient%C3%8Cficohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabino_Barredahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Preparatory_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Preparatory_School


50/223


51/223

, p. 51

the country as a /hole boastin) so-e 12*+++ -iles of tracB*4

/rites "almstr m*

urt%er in 10-- %e encouraged t%e founding of "e$ico>s steel indus"onterrey, ut left it to t%e 6rivate sector to develo6*

Because Porfirio %ad not enforced 2uIre > laws against t%e C%urc

accumulation of ca6ital (often t%roug% granting t%e rig%t to go to %eave

ric%, w%o 6aid dearly and or willed muc% of t%eir 6ro6erty to t%e C%u

deat%), y 10-- t%e C%urc% served as "e$ico>s iggest anker*"ost im6ortantly, ecause Porfirio 9Na 6aid down "e$ico

international de ts, credit in "e$ico was scarce and costly, even for t%e

and not availa le to ot%ers* rom 10-7 to 10-. financial 6anic s6illed ove

"e$ico from (a) t%e 10-7 ?usso&2a6anese 3ar w%en "e$ico suffered ec

U*4* world ca6ital was diverted to Asia,M ( ) t%e 10-M 4an rancis

eart%'uake w%ic% disru6ted t%e U*4* economy, and (c) t%e su se'u

U*4* credit s%ortage meant t%at many mem ers of t%e "e$ican elite fo

t%ey could not renew t%eir loans and or %ad to re6ay t%em in an acc

manner* Hacendados were es6ecially affected and some egan to 'u

suggest among t%emselves t%at 6er%a6s a rumored re ellion against

workers could %ave some favora le results&&if it were limited to ur

26 Napan surprised the /orld by /in) this /ar* chan)in) the balance ofpo/er in the 8ar ;ast.


52/223

, p. 52

anks and credit records, after w%ic% t%e workers were to go ack

slave&like =o s*

3%en real ?evolution roke out against %is regime in 1011, 9Na ca

%is army, w%ic%, as it turned out, arely e$istedQit was 6added wit% :6

soldiers* ed the period after 1#21 as the era ofnational disinte)ration. The booB hi)hli)hted issues of sharp politicaldi isions* recurrent ar-ed conflicts* and periodic forei)ninter entions.

XThe booB focused particularly on t/o aspects* land refor-* and theri)hts of the indi)enous people and their place in society socially.Y

A /ell:Bno/n uote fro- the booB is Zla hacienda no es ne)ocio' Xthehacienda is not a business @y this he -eant that the lar)e Mexicanlanded estates of his day Hand stretchin) bacB to their ori)ins in theera of the Spanish con uestL /ere for the -ost part not profit:oriented but VfeudalV enterprises* that rural Mexico /as therefore only
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haciendahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda


53/223

, p. 53

partially capitalistic* if at all* and that the country /as ipso facto onlyi-perfectly -odern.[ 2

3ilkie>s Dnter6retive summary of "olina&EnrN'ue >s

+O" 8R'15E" PROB+EM'" 1'CIO1'+E" I #/>.>& /

Pro lems analy ed in ook@

1* Jaried and Pro lematic P%ysical 5eogra6%y of "e$ico

* Pro6erty ?ig%ts and Pro lems of ?egistration

G* Drrigation Pro lems

* Lack of Credit Pro lem

7* Po6ulation as a Pro lem. 7 Dndigenous


54/223

, p. 54

LanguagesPro lem of Education for t%e Dndigenous and "estiPro lem of


55/223

, p. 55

3O

"adero>s ook onThe Presi!ential Succession of 7879 was to 6lay trole of igniting t%e "e$ican ?evolution in 1011 and lead %im to ecome Pof "e$ico from ovem er M, 1011, to e ruary 10, 101G* 3iki6edia sum

%istory@0

Madero was born in Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila; the son of one of the wealthiesfamilies in Mexico: his grandfather had founded theCompaa Industrial de Parras ,which was initially involved in vineyards, cotton, and textiles, and which movmining, cotton mills, ranching, banking, coal, rubber, and foundries in the late

Madero was educated at theJesuit college in Saltillo, but this earlyCatholic education had little lasting impact. Instead, his father's subscription to the ma

Revue Spirit awakened in the young Madero an interest inSpiritism, an offshoot ofSpiritualism. As a young man, Madero's father sent him to thecole des Hautestudes Commerciales de Paris (HEC). During his time in France, Madero made pilgrimage to the tomb ofAllan Kardec, the founder of Spiritism, and became apassionate advocate of Spiritism, soon coming to believe he was a medium. Then hegraduated from High school at Culver Academies, achieving high leadership Following business school, Madero traveled to theUniversity of California, Berke to study agricultural techniques and to improve his English. During his time twas influenced by theTheosophist ideas ofAnnie Besant, which were prominent atnearbyStanford University.

In 1893, the 20 year old Madero returned to Mexico and assumed managemeMadero family's hacienda atSan Pedro, Coahuila. He installed new irrigation workintroduced American cotton, and built a soap factory and an ice factory. He alembarked on a lifelong commitment to philanthropy. Hispeons were well paid andreceived regular medical exams, he built schools, hospitals, and community kand he paid to support orphans and award scholarships. He also taught himselhomeopathic medicine and offered medical treatments to peons.

On April 2, 1903,Bernardo Reyes, governor of Nuevo Len, violently crushed apolitical demonstration, an example of the increasingly authoritarian policies presidentPorfirio Daz. Madero was deeply moved and, upon the suggestion of spirit of his deceased brother Ral, he decided to act. Madero responded by fo

theBenito Jurez Democratic Club and ran for municipal office in 1904, thoughlost the election narrowly. In addition to his political activities, Madero contininterest in Spiritualism, publishing a number of articles under the pseudonymArjuna (a prince from the Bhagavad Gita ).

2$%tt6@ en*wiki6edia*org wiki ranciscoTD*T"adero LeaderTofTt%?eelectionT"ovement* CT10-/*E */-*0G10-0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kardechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haciendashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haciendashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Reyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Reyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero#Leader_of_the_Anti-Reelection_Movement.2C_1908.E2.80.931909http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero#Leader_of_the_Anti-Reelection_Movement.2C_1908.E2.80.931909http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero#Leader_of_the_Anti-Reelection_Movement.2C_1908.E2.80.931909http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero#Leader_of_the_Anti-Reelection_Movement.2C_1908.E2.80.931909http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kardechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haciendashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Reyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita


56/223

, p. 56

In 1905, Madero became increasingly involved in opposition to the governmPorfirio Daz. He organized political clubs and founded a political newspaper El

Demcrata ) and a satirical periodical ( El Mosco , "The Fly"). Madero's preferredcandidate was again defeated by Porfirio Daz's preferred candidate in the 190governmental elections.

In a 1908 interview with U.S. journalistJames Creelman published inPearson's Magazine , Porfirio Daz said that Mexico was ready for a democracy and that presidential election would be a free election. Madero spent the bulk of 1908 book at the directions of the spirits, which now included the spirit of Benito Jhimself.

The [resulting] book, published in late 1908, was titled La sucesin presidencial en1910 (The Presidential Succession of 1910 ). The book quickly became a bestselleMexico. The book proclaimed that the concentration of absolute power in theone man - Porfirio Daz - for so long had made Mexico sick. Madero pointed irony that in 1871, Porfirio Daz's political slogan had been "No Reelection". acknowledged that Porfirio Daz had brought peace and a measure of economgrowth to Mexico.

However, Madero argued that this was counterbalanced by the dramatic lossfreedom which included the brutal treatment of theYaqui people, the repression ofworkers inCananea, excessive concessions to the United States, and an unhealthycentralization of politics around the person of the president.

Madero called for a return of theLiberal 1857 Constitution of Mexico. To achievethis, Madero proposed organizing a Democratic Party under the sloganSufragioefectivo, no reeleccin ("Valid Suffrage, No Reelection"). Porfirio Daz could eirun in a free election or retire.

Madero's book was well received, and many people began to call Madero thApostleof Democracy . Madero sold off much of his property - often at a considerable order to finance anti-reelection activities throughout Mexico. He founded theAntireelection Center inMexico City in May 1909, and soon thereafter lent hisbacking to the periodical El Antireeleccionista , which was run by the younglawyer/philosopherJos Vasconcelos. Madero traveled throughout Mexico givinantireelectionist speeches, and everywhere he went he was greeted by crowdsthousands.

The Porfirian regime reacted by placing pressure on the Madero family's baninterests, and at one point even issued a warrant for Madero's arrest on the gro"unlawful transaction in rubber". Madero was not arrested, though, and in Apthe Antireelectionist Party met and selected Madero as their nominee for President oMexico. Madero, worried that Porfirio Daz would not willingly relinquish offwarned his supporters of the possibility of electoral fraud and proclaimed thatshall be met by force.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Creelmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cananeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cananeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconceloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Creelmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cananeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconceloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico


57/223

, p. 57

Madero set out campaigning across the country and everywhere he was met of thousands of cheering supporters. Finally, in June 1910, the Porfirian regimhim arrested inMonterrey and sent to a prison inSan Luis Potos . Approximately5,000 other members of the Anti-Reelectionist movement were also jailed.FranciscoVzquez Gmez took over the nomination, but during Madero's time in jail, D"elected" as president with an electoral vote of 196 to 187.

Madero's father used his influence with the state governor and posted a bondMadero the right to move about the city on horseback during the day. On Octo1910, Madero galloped away from his guards and took refuge with sympathiznearby village. He was then smuggled across theU.S. border, hidden in a baggage cby sympathetic railway workers.

Madero set up shop inSan Antonio, Texas, and quickly issued hisPlan of San LuisPotos , which had been written during his time in prison, partly with the help oRamn Lpez Velarde. The Plan proclaimed the elections of 1910 null and void

called for an armed revolution to begin at 6 p.m. on November 20, 1910, agaiillegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Daz. At that point, Madero would dechimself provisional President of Mexico, and called for a general refusal toacknowledge the central government, restitution of land to villages and Indiancommunities, and freedom for political prisoners.

On November 20, 1910, Madero arrived at the border and planned to meet u400 men raised by his uncle Catarino to launch an attack onCiudad Porfirio Daz (modern-dayPiedras Negras, Coahuila). However, his uncle showed up late andbrought only ten men.

As such, Madero decided to postpone the revolution. Instead he and his brot(who had been given the same name as his late brother) traveled incognito toNewOrleans, Louisiana.

[Not until February 1911 did Madero enter] Mexico and led 130 men in an aCasas Grandes, Chihuahua. He spent the next several months as the head of theMexican Revolution.

Madero successfully imported arms from the United States, with the Americgovernment underWilliam Howard Taft doing little to halt the flow of arms to thMexican revolutionaries. By April, the Revolution had spread to eighteenstates,includingMorelos where the leader wasEmiliano Zapata

On April 1, 1911, Porfirio Daz claimed that he had heard the voice of the peMexico, replaced his cabinet, and agreed to restitution of the lands of the dispMadero did not believe Daz and instead demanded the resignation of Presideand Vice President Ramn Corral.

Madero then attended a meeting with the other revolutionary leaders they aa fourteen-point plan which called for pay for revolutionary soldiers; the relea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico-US_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_L%C3%B3pez_Velardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_Grandes,_Chihuahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Tafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico-US_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_L%C3%B3pez_Velardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Porfirio_D%C3%ADazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_Grandes,_Chihuahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Tafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corral


58/223

, p. 58

political prisoners; and the right of the revolutionaries to name several membcabinet. Madero was moderate, however.

He believed that the revolutionaries should proceed cautiously so as to minimbloodshed and should strike a deal with Daz if possible. In May, Madero wanceasefire, but his fellow revolutionaries Pascual Orozco andFrancisco Villa disagreeand went ahead with an attack onCiudad Jurez.

The revolutionaries won this battle decisively and on May 21, 1911, theTreaty ofCiudad Jurez was signed.

Under the terms of the Treaty of Ciudad Jurez, Daz and Corral agreed to rethe end of May 1911, with Daz'sMinister of Foreign Affairs, Francisco Len de laBarra, taking over as interim president solely for the purpose of calling generaelections.

This first phase of the Mexican [violent] Revolution thus ended with Daz leexile in Europe at the end of May 1911.

On June 7, 1911, Madero entered Mexico City in triumph where [huge crowdsshoutedViva Madero! .

Before becoming president, Madero published another book, this one under pseudonym ofBhima (one of Arjuna's brothers in the Mah bh rata ) called aSpiritualist Manual .

/.0 C(aotic 'nti-"tatist Political Revolution #/>//-/>/A&0

3it% Porfirio gone to Paris, c%aotic Anti&4tatism arose, President "

soon found %imself under siege y regional osses w%o t%oug%t %im to

lead "e$ico and all soug%t to dis6lace %im* "adero selected 5eneral Jictor

Huerta to e %is to6 general* Huerta used %is 6osition to 6ut down most

re ellions against t%e new government efore arresting "adero to %ave %

w%ile esca6ing 6rison*; Huerta installed %imself as President of "e$ico (

101G&2ul* 17, 101 )

or detailed accounts of t%is 6eriod, see t%e re'uired reading@

Revolution in Mexico: Cears o0 @pheaval1 "#"$("#D$ 9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Orozcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Orozcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81ratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81ratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Orozcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata


59/223

, p. 59

:y 2ames 30 3il4ie an! 'l:ert +0 Mic(aels9

es$ecially $ages /-/ .

#note*ort(y to un!erstan! t(e years />/?9 />/ 9 />/=9 />/A9 />/D

are t(e articles :y +yle C0 Bro*n9 $ages A.-D an! // -//=&


60/223

, p. 60

"arte ?* 5!me tried to work wit% a6ata in %is efforts at distri uti

in 1017, ut to conduct serious engineering in t%e cross&fire of many at

etween a6ata and t%e federal government, and etween t%e a6atista

t%emselves, was not 6ossi le* After mont%s of 6ro lems in "orelos, 5!m

moved in 101M to work wit% t%e :radical> 5overnor of FucatIn 4alvador

Alvarado* 3it% Avarado>s de6arture, 5!me surveyed lands in t%e state o

Cam6ec%e until 10 1*

?at%er t%en c%anging t%e conditions of workers %eld in de t 6eonFucatIn, 5eneral 4alvador Alvarado (1017&101M) saw t%e solution as r

u6 t%e %ene'uen %aciendas and distri uting t%e land to t%e former de t


61/223

, p. 61

t%at ac%ievement of 6olitical 6ower was only t%e eginning of a long 6ro

effect socio&economic c%ange* Dn t%e meantime,Panc(o Killa (from ort%

Center "e$ico foug%t Kenustiano Carran,a (from ort%east "e$ico) and

'lvaro O:regGn (from ort%west "e$ico)* Carran a (=oined y reg!n)

defeated Jilla y 1017&101M, and Carran a %ad Emiliano Ja$ata am us%ed an

killed in 1010*

//0 'ctive-"tate Revolution #/>/D-/>A &restored order y esta lis%ing t%e

Constitution of 101. to mediate etween 4tatists in t%e government ( ack

6easant and worker organi ations) and Anti&4tatists in t%e 6rivate sector

Carran a t%en convened t%e Constitutional Convention of 101M&101. to

new legal framework* Carran a signed t%e Constitution into law even t%

was un%a66y wit% some of its 6rovisions and never soug%t to enforce m

6rovisions* Dn any case, ena ling legislation %ad to e 6assed to im6lem

6rovisions and 6rovide 6enalties for failure to do so and or for violation o

6rovisions, t%is 6rocess eing incremental and taking decades*

ddly, t%e Constitution of 101. was never ratified e t%e delegates

drafted it (and w%o in any case did not include t%e forces of Jilla or a6a

or was it a66roved y t%e state governments or voted on y t%e "e$ican

6o6ulace, muc% of w%ic% still lived in un6acified areas*

n t%e one %and, t%e Constitution reesta lis%ed t%e Crown>s ov

6olicy y declaring t%at t%e 4tate regulates all as6ects of national life and


62/223

, p. 62

economy, s6ecifically ado6ting 4anta Anna>s decree of 1/7G t%at and all

and su &soil rig%ts elong to t%e nation*

n t%e ot%er %and, t%e Constitution of 101. esta lis%ed a role for

6rivate sector*


63/223

, p. 63

t9rno er of positions means t7e first 6ear is spent

rep*acin' staff, the second hopin) they can learn /hat to do*

and the third in closin) the booBs.

8urther* -ayors are afraid to act because the fear that

they /ill iolate co-plex la/s that cannot be uicBly learned*

and local )o ern-ent is usually too poor to fund a le)al to offer

)uidance throu)h the thicBet of nor-ati idad4 Hnor-ati eL

rules and re)ulations that see-in)ly blocB -ost -ayoral

actions.

Since 1) 4 Me icoEs presidents ser e si 6ears *

/hich has beco-e too lon) as the pace of e ents has

uicBened in an era of e er:better co--unications. 8our:year

periods /ith re:election /ould no/ offer -ore effecti e

)o ern-ent* but* alas* the -e-ory of ,orfirio ('s -any re:

elections li e on. HSenators ser e six years* as in the ESAL

ive key Articles of t%e Constitution dominate "e$ico to t%e 6resen

es6ecially as underlined elow@

G re'uiring 6u lic education and t%at it e free and secular, t%e C

eing 6ro%i ited from im6arting 6rimary education*

. reserving su &soil rig%ts to t%e 4tate


64/223

, p. 64

6rotecting small and medium 6ro6erties from land reform ( ut

allowing t%e government to ca6 t%eir si e)

re'uiring t%at %aciendas e divided and returned to E=idos (w

Benito 2uIre and Porfirio 9Na %ad soug%t to e$tinguis%*

Article . re'uired t%at t%e lands returned to t%e E=idos and

y t%e community wit%out t%e rig%t to sell, rent, or use for

to o tain loans)*

urt%er, Article . 6ro%i ited foreigners from owning land

M- miles of t%e order and G- miles from "e$ico>s coast as w

6ro%i ited t%e C%urc% from land owners%i6*

? U?s President on %is sole order to de6ort forev

foreigner wit% no rig%t to a66eal

1 G 6roviding workers wit%@ t%e rig%t to strike,

e 6aid for overtime work,

e 6rotected if in=ured or earing c%ildren,

e 6rotected from em6loyment if under age 1 and from nig%

work if under 1M*
http://www.ricardobarraza.com/typesofownershipinmexico.htmhttp://www.ricardobarraza.com/typesofownershipinmexico.htmhttp://www.ricardobarraza.com/typesofownershipinmexico.htmhttp://www.ricardobarraza.com/typesofownershipinmexico.htm


65/223

, p. 65

1 G re'uires em6loyers to indemnify workers w%o lose t%eir =o

mont% 6ay for eac% year of work*"in!icatos #+a:or nions& were

legali ed and aut%ori ed to engage in collective argaining w

t%eir em6loyers and managers*

1G- aut%ori ing t%e 4tate to assume owners%i6 of all C%urc% 6

including t%ose used for religious ceremonies to 6ro%i it C%

oat%s (t%us outlawing monasteries) to aut%ori e t%e states

regulate t%e num er of clergy 6ermitted to 6ractice t%e :religi

6rofession; and,

to 6revent t%e clergy from voting, assem ling for 6olitical 6u

critici ing t%e Constitution, or cele rating 6u lic activities or

ceremonies*


66/223

, p. 66

# & $u:lic infrastructure #roa!s9 railroa!s9 electrical an! *ater

systems9 tele$(one systems9 etc0&9 an!

#?& social essential services #e0g09 t(e construction an! o$eratio

of $u:lic sc(ools9 clinics9 (os$itals9 or$(anages an! social *elfare

$rograms for t(e $oor9 un*e! mot(ers9 an! t(e age!&0

(us9 in />/D t(e "tate moves from a $assive role to an active

one as it see4s to solve $ro:lems not resolve! :y t(e $rivate sector an!

t(us it su:si!i,es an!Uor invests in ne* an! nee!e! in!ustry9 often :y

$rovi!ing (ig( tariff $rotection *


67/223

, p. 67

ar iter of dis6utes* /D-/>? &, a new elite took 6ower defeating scattered

military re ellions to undertake t%e reconstruction of t%e country>s econo

infrastructure seriously damaged in t%e ?evolution (t%at of 101-&101M,

discussed a ove) and lead to t%e esta lis%ment of t%e fficial Party in 1

making e$6licit w%at %ad een im6licit since 10 1*


68/223

, p. 68

t%ose eleven years meant one million 6ersons were killed since

6o6ulation census of 101-*

But demogra6%ic %istorians do not e'uate :loss; wit% :killed*; AA0 8reer foun! t(at (e

coul! count t(e num:er of $ersons 4ille! :y military action !uring t(e

!eca!e after />/. as only ranging from D=9... to /..9...0 ?

Understanding %ow we get t%e :real; num er of deat%s y military

action %as always een too muc% for most o servers to %andle* And =o

wanted a %ig% num er to give a 6oetic ring to t%e magnitude of c%ange

y t%e u6%eaval of "e$ico etween 101- and 10 1*


71/223


72/223

, p. 72

defacto control of 6rimary education (w%ic% unconstitutional) of t%e cou

c%ildrenQ ot% sides s6oke more in terms of indoctrination t%an educatio

3%en President&Elect reg!n was assassinated efore %e could re

office in 10 /, Calles left for Euro6e to avoid t%e a66earance of trying to r

6ower as t%e 4trong "an of "e$ico, w%ic% %e eventually did ecome* D

meantime, Calles did not want to a66ear to e involved in t%e assassinatio

%e and reg!n were su66osed to %ave taken turns, ut reg!n was kill

a Cat%olic 6riest efore %e could take office for %is second term* ( at%

"iguel Pro did not know t%at a secret agreement %ad een reac%ed etw

C%urc% and 4tate to end t%e Cristero 3ar, and, arguing t%at under Cat%

doctrine t%e C%urc% %ad t%e moral rig%t to :e$ecute; its enemies, %e t

u6on %imself to s%oot reg!n at an o6en&air lunc%, t%us setting ack

secret accord*)

3%ile Calles was in Euro6e, %owever, Dnterim President EmilioPortes-

8il served during a 1 &mont% interlude (/> @-/>?.) to c%ange t%e landsca6e

"e$ico y undertaking ra6id land distri ution (w%ic% %e knew t%at Call

o66osed), Portes and %e did so wit% t%e %el6 ofMarte R0 8Gme, Q%is

4ecretary of Agriculture, wit% w%om %e worked to distri ute land in


73/223

, p. 73

ii) develo6ing t%e country>s first real la or law (t%at Calles o66osed),

iii) 6utting down a rief military re ellion led y 5eneral2os 8on,alo-Esco:ar

(w%o was su66orted y one&t%ird of t%e officer cor6s and G-,--- tro

w%o were t%oug%t to e trying to link u6 wit% t%e Cristeros),

iv) signing t%e accord wit% t%e Arc% is%o6 of "e$ico to end t%e Criste

t%e C%urc% feared t%at unless it reinstated t%e mass, a6tisms, mar

urial services (sus6ended in 10 M to force an u6rising or 6rotest aga

government) feared t%at its 6ower of t%e masses would e lost eca

%ad een no real 6rotest and t%e Cat%olic rites seemed to e %

o livion in "e$ico,

v) founding t%e fficial Party as t%e P ? (w%ic% many =oked meant :Pl

ecesita ?o ar;Qcontri uting to a dramatic misundertanding of t%e P?

role t%at removed Calles to indirect oversite of t%e "e$ican governmen

vi) %olding a new 6residential election to re6lace t%e assassinated reg!

or t%e 6residential :election; of 10 0 Calles 6roved %ow out of touc%

Euro6e* He %ad elieved, w%en %e roug%tPascual Orti,-Ru:io (an engineer

and di6lomat) from %is 6ost as "e$ican Am assador to Bra il to ecome

President of "e$ico, t%at t%is act would neutrali e t%e internal 6olitical st

t%at t%reatened %is 6lanned role as "e$ico>s :4trong "an; w%en %e retur

from Euro6e in 10G-* However, t%is man Calles %ad selected to :win; t%

6residency in 10 0 was not t%e 6u66et 6resident for w%om %e %ad %o6


74/223

, p. 74

rti ?u io not only refused to follow Calles> orders ut elieved t

could govern in %is own rig%t&&even t%oug% %e was in a weak leader

6olitical su66ort in "e$ico* Back in "e$ico, Calles saw rti ?u io as ein

ineffective t%at %e was discrediting t%e conce6t of Calles eing "e$ico>s

"an*

Hence in 10G , t%e troug% of t%e world de6ression after 10 0, Ca

removed rti &?u io and 6laced into 6ower 5eneral':elar!o Ro!r6gue, , w%

as governor of Ba=a California %ad turned it into an attraction for Americ

tourists seeking gam ling and 6rostitution*

rti ?u io and ?odrNgue (as well as Portes 5il) %ad to co6e wit%

arrival from t%e U4A of nearly 7--,--- "e$ican workers w%o were :re6atri

to "e$ico, forci ly or :voluntarily; to esca6e %arassment, during t%e worl

de6ression*!!

3%ereas Portes&5il %ad ecome President of "e$ico as an inde6end

force to negotiate t%e 6revention of violence as Calles left t%e country du

investigation of t%e assassination of reg!n, rti ?u io and ?odrNgue

t%eir =o s y eing selected y t%e :deda o;Qt%e virtual :6ointing of t%

finger; y Calles*


75/223


76/223

, p. 76

in!ivi!ual families *or4ing alone or grou$s of families *or4ing toget(er

in communal form0 5uring t(e />?.s some t(oug(t t(at t(e i!ea of

communes in t(e ""R *ere t(e same as communally run farms in

Me)ico9 :ut t(ere is no connection0 (e communes in t(e ""R (a!

:ecome9 e)$licitly or im$licitly9 state farms un!er government o*ners(i$

an! control9 *(ic( *as not t(e case in Me)ico0

Collective E=idos s%ould not e confused wit%Coo$eratives made famous

in t%e 3isconsin 9airy Belt of t%e U4A y individual 6roducers w%o maintai

inde6endence e$ce6t in t%e (1) collective ulk 6urc%ase of su66lies and ( ) marketi

6roducts* Collective negotiation for t%e 6urc%ase of su66lies and sale of 6roducts

t%e American Coo6s greater income*

As governor of t%e state of "ic%oacIn (10 /&10G ),+ ,aro C r!enas !el

R6o #+C& esta lis%ed %is credentials as a :reformer; y im6lementi

organi ation of new"in!icatos #+a:or nionism&G7

outside t%e control oCalles> corru6t Union leader Luis "orones ) a new sc%ool curri

involving t%e teac%ing of socialist and se$ual education and (c) t%e dis

of lands to E=idatarios*

!5 Sindicatos are the basis of S6ndica*ism * a type of econo-ic syste- proposed as replace-ent forcapitalis- and state capitalis- Hso-eti-es called State socialis-L. Syndicalis- utili>es federations of collecti istSindicatos to achie e political )oals as /ell as econo-ic )oals. 8or adherents* Sindicatos are the potential -eansof both o erco-in) capitalist exploitation of the /orBers and runnin) society fairly in the interest of the -a=ority.Fndustry in a Syndicalist syste- theoretically is ad-inister throu)h co:operati e alliances and -utual aid. 3ocalSyndicates co--unicate /ith other Syndicatos throu)h their Sector in a political partyDin Mexico the Official,arty. HFn 1$2!* e.).* "ie'o %i era founded the "in!icato !e O:reros cnicos9 Pintores9 Escultores y 8ra:a!oresRevolucionarios !e M )ico*) :An em6%asis on industrial or)ani>ation /as a distin)uishin) feature of syndicalis- /hen itbe)an to be identified as a distinct current at the be)innin) of the 2+th centuryY* seein) trade unions as si-ply asteppin) stone to co--on o/nership.4HAdapted fro- http en./iBipedia.or) /iBi Syndicalis- and http ///.ans/ers.co- topic syndicalis- L
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/syndicalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/syndicalism


77/223

, p. 77

3%en Calles ordered from Euro6e t%at President Portes&5il and

Cardenas cease suc% distri utions t%ey ot% refused* order, and seemingly sealed %is fateQ%e would not r

Calles> deda o to ecome "e$ico>s President for t%e 6eriod from 10

10 -*

evert%eless, t%e de6t% of t%e world de6ression and its im6ac

"e$ico soon made Calles reali e t%at "e$ico needed a reform governo

6ower w%o could e com6ared to t%e e$ecutive role t%at 9? %ad en=

t%e state of ew Fork (10 0&10G ) efore %e ecame t%e U*4* Pr

10GG*

//:0 "ocial P(ase #/>? -/> .&

LI aroC r!enas (+C), President for t%is newly esta lis%ed si$&ye

term ( eginning 9ecem er 1, 10G and ending 9ecem er 1, 10 -) set out

E=idatarios and factory workers real 6ower ( uilt u6on t%e accom6lis%m

Portes 8il , 10 /&10G-) to undertakefull : lan! reform0LC distri uted more

good land t%an anyone efore or after*


78/223

, p. 78

YF%>S9 FOR?>R5 "u:se


79/223

, p. 79

%ad esta lis%ed A 94A, ational 4ilos and 9e6ositories for 4eeds and 5r

to 6revent 6rivate dealers from uying critical su66lies at low 6rices during

%arvest season and %oarding t%em until winter s%ortages drive u6 t%e 6

10G0 CIrdenas esta lis%ed at%er, in 10G0 %e esta lis%ed t%e agency

known as5ICO1"' to distri ute food su66lies and o6en stores t%roug%o

"e$ico*

3%en LI aro left office in 9ecem er 10 -, %e declared t%at, wit%

t%e agriculturally em6loyed 6o6ulation %aving received land (1G8 of "e$

land surface %aving een distri uted since 101.), t%at t%e land reform %

com6leted, little knowing t%at %e %ad only set t%e ar for t%e fficial P

%ow to use furt%er land distri ution as t%e test of :revolutionaryness*;

Dn 10G/, CIrdenas nationali ed t%e foreign&owned 6etroleum indu

createdPEMEXas t%e state oil com6any created to administer and im6rov

:%ated; e$6ro6riated 6etroleum com6anies* LC left t%e PE"E La or Un

c%arge of newly nationali ed industry* 4u se'uently all 6olitics a out PE

%as revolved around %ow to im6lement increasingly greater control of

6rofessional 6etroleum engineers w%o %ave a world view if matters rat%

worker control for t%eir own interests*


80/223


81/223

, p. 81

Bank ( A D 4A) in 10G *GM

1'FI1"'s second e6oc% egan under PresidentManuel

'vila-Camac(o in 10 1, w%o e$6anded its investment in

industry and infrastructure (e*g*, trans6ortation, su sidy o

!6 Se)_n WiBipedia* LA %IM&%A &TA A de The ?ational (e elop-ent@anB H!AFI!SA; fue pro-o ido en 1$!% por el secretario de aciendaMarte %. #=me * ue dio ori)en a ?acional 8inanciera.

?acional 8inanciera es el cuarto paso ue se da en el ca-po de la

or)ani>aciCn bancaria nacional. Se su-a al @anco de M\xico* al @anco?acional de "r\dito A)r


82/223

, p. 82

6rivate com6anies), Avila&Camac%o mistakenly %as rece

t%e credit for t%e industriali ation oom fostered y CIrd

ii0& 8reen Revolutions in 3orl! 'gricultural Pro!uctivity

#/> .--& t%at arose t%roug% t%e arranging t%e asis for esta li

"e$ico t%e Dnternational Center for t%e Dm6rovement of Corn

3%eat (CIMMy )*

CD""y< was develo6ed w%enProfessor 1orman E0 Borlaug

arrived in "e$ico as 6art of a team from t%e U4A to esta lis% t%

First 8reen 'gricultural Revolution * Borlaug s6ent - years

develo6ing %ig%&'uality w%eat t%at could t%rive in "e$ico>s

conditions of fierce winds and 6ro lematic water su66ly as well

nutritionally de6leted soils* Because Borlaug>s new w%eat seed

grain came to fruition =ust in time %im to organi e "e$ican e$6o

save Dndia and Pakistan from famine in 10M.*

:After Dndia gained inde6endence in 10 ., t%e country couldnRt evedream of feeding its 6o6ulation* Dm6orting food wasnRt 6ossi le ecalacked t%e cas% to 6ay* Dndia relied on food donated y t%e U*4* go

:Dn 10M., t%en&Prime "inister Dndira 5and%i im6orted 1/,--- to%y rid w%eat seeds from "e$ico*


83/223


84/223

, p. 84

1O (aving c(osen 'lma, n to e t%e fficial Party candidate i

10 -, as is discussed elow*

urt%er, LI aro CIrdenas transformed in 10G/ t%e fficial Party fro

t%e P ? ( ased on 6olitical osses) into t%e P?" to ased on

XCor$orativismX, t%at is government ased u6on social sectors of related

occu6ation, in t%e style of "ussolini (w%o many Latin American economi

ideologues in t%e 10 -s and 10G-s saw as %aving created economic sta i

Dtaly)*

Cor6orativism, w%ic% %as continued u6 to t%is day to dominate t%of rank&and&file 4indicato mem ers ecause t%eir leaders :co&govmanagement* or e$am6le, in t%e case of t%e 4ecretariat of Educatiogovernment officials determine 6olicy and te$t ooks,

&&&&&

igure G9iego ?ivera and rida Oa%lo


85/223

, p. 85

5iego Rivera andFri!a 7a(lo lead 6rotest marc% y t%e 4indicato of Painte4cul6tors (


86/223

, p. 86

G)*Dn my view, Cor6orativism (a 6olitico&economic system ofstate ca$italism

esta lis%ed y suc% dictators asMussolini9 Hitler, and"talin in t%e 10 -s an

10G-s)s(oul! not :e confuse! wit% :Cor6oratism; t%at is t%e asis of3estern

$rivate ca$italism9?@ *(erein 3estern 6rivate cor6orations t%e conformity o

oosterism,G0 as in 4inclair Lewis>s novel Babbit (10 )*-


87/223

, p. 87

/0 Peasant "ector (organi ed as a consortium of Ligas de

Cam6esinos under t%e nameC1C--Confe!eraciGn !e

Cam$esinos !e M )ico)

0 In!ustrial +a:or (organi ed as a consortium of 4indicatos as t%

C MLConfe!eraciGn !e ra:a a!ores !e M )ico&9 foun!e!

an! le! since />?A :y Kicente +om:ar!o- ole!ano #K+ &

?0 Po$ular "ector (e*g*, 6rofessionals, small medium 6rivate u

6ersons, ureaucratic 4indicatos)

0 Military "ector(organi ed y rank)


88/223

, p. 88

vote, unnerved CIrdenas at t%e last moment* 4ince t%e suffrage cam6aign

not a mass movement, it was easy to let t%e needed declaration sli6 away*%1

Per%a6s LI aro recalled t%e scandal of %is %aving offered se$ual

education during %is governors%i6 of t%e state of "ic%oacIn and t%e fail

attem6t to do so during %is 6residencyQin t%ose cases 6u lic gossi6 claim

t%at %e was attem6ting to 6rostitute women* Until t%e 107-s, many men

even some women saw t%e role of women as t%at of remaining outside t%

6olitical s6%ere*

President LI aro CIrdenas s%owed %is o6enness to a 6lural society

i& He tried to 6rotect Leon s secret agents, one of w%om will murder %im

"e$ico City in 10 -

iii& CIrdenas met wit% ?e6u lican 46aniards w%o continue to

arrive after %aving esca6ed from t%e ascist :victory; in 46

y 5eneral rancisco ranco

iv& CIrdenas increased government loans and su sidies to 6riva

industry even as %e dee6ened t%e role of t%e Cor6orativist

sindicatos to co&govern industry wit% t%e 6rivate owners

v& CIrdenas and %is fficial Political Party&5overnment

allowed (facilitatedS) t%e registration of a new 6olitical%1 Quote is fro- ///./o-enin/orldhistory.co- essay:+6:+%.ht-l
http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/essay-06-04.htmlhttp://www.womeninworldhistory.com/essay-06-04.html


89/223

, p. 89

6arty, t%e$rivate-sector-:ase! P'1 ( acked y t%e C%urc%

t%roug% its network of 6aris% 6riests)*

Dn 10G0, "anuel8Gme,-Mor6n founded t%eParti!o 'cciGn 1acional

(P'1 ) to re6resent t%e 6rivate sector as well as t%e 6o6ulation t%at is ori

toward following t%e dictums of t%e Cat%olic C%urc% ( ut not necessar

6riests)* S9 FOR?>R5 @ 5aining force slowly ut steadily, t%e P

will not win its first governors%i6 until 10// in Ba=a California

its first Presidency of "e$ico in ---*_

Dn t%e meantime, 5!me &"orNn and t%e PA faced o66osition fro

among some lay Cat%olics w%o t%oug%t voting to e t%e useless voting

t%e fficial Party did not really count t%e votes*


90/223

, p. 90

(w%ic% was emerging in t%e 46anis% Civil 3ar)&& ranco ased %is

government on an alliance wit% t%e ?oman Cat%olic C%urc%*

9iscredited y 10 1 as %is followers tired of 6eacefully marc%ing

and marc%ing wit%out any results, A ascal left for Ba=a California w%e

esta lis%ed Colonia "arNa Au$iliadora to 6rove %is claim t%at, wit% 5o

%el6, %e could make t%e dry dessert loom wit% food* His colony t%er

would com6letely fail in 10 M and %e and %is followers %ad to e sav

ironically y LI aro CIrdenas, w%o after leaving t%e 6residency in 10 -

would serve as "e$ico>s "inister of 9efense during 3orld 3ar DD*

"eanw%ile as President, LI aro CIrdenas invested government

funds in 6rivate com6anies to s6ur new industry* Even efore %e left offi

%e 6rivately admitted t%e economic failure of most of t%e E=ido system

smoot% t%e transition to Avila&Camac%o, w%o :won; t%e election of

LI aro CIrdenas named "arte ?* 5!me 4ecretary of Agriculture to s6an

%is government to t%at of "AC, and t%e U*4* 5overnment sent to t

inaugurationHenry 3allace to assure all "e$ico t%at, on t%e eve of

3orld 3ar DD, t%e U4A recogni ed t%e victory of t%e fficial Pa

candidate, t%us forestalling a military revolution led y t%e losi

candidate*


91/223

, p. 91

was acked in %is cam6aign for t%e 6residency y5iego Rivera, w%o saw

t%e LC and :%is; fficial Party as %aving ecome :4talinist in control

4tate 6ower*)

Alma In did not rise in arms wit% %is troo6s w%en %e lost t%e rig

election of 10 - (as %ad een t%e tradition for :strongmen;), ut rat%er %

: retire! to 'ca$ulco to initiate t(e Me)ican ourist In!ustry0 He

reali ed t%at Aca6ulco was t%e future of tourism, es6ecially attracting

Hollywood ty6es w%o could not go on vacation to Euro6e after 3orld 3ar

DD egan* Having roken wit% t%e fficial Party, %owever, Alma In w

out of t%e fficial History of "e$ico, in w%ic% President "iguel AlemIn is

t%e %ero in t%e story of %ow t%e tourist industry was esta lis%ed*

Dn t%e meantime, LI aro esta lis%ed t%e country>s social security

system, w%ic% would ecome D"44 (Dnstituto "e$icano de 4eguro 4ocia

under %is successor* Avila&Camac%o %as mistakenly received all of t%

for t%e esta lis%ment of D"44*

YC+'RIFIC' IO1 Dn "e$ico, D"44 covers (i) retirement for most

at age M7 and (ii) %ealt%2ithout a!e limit for all contri uting workers and

t%eir families* (Dn contrast, U*4* "edicare is se6arate from U*4* 4ocial

4ecurity and ot% are limited ecause t%ey only egin for mostat a!e *6 *)

WorBer disability is co ered HpoorlyL in both countries after -ini-u-

period of /orB history.


92/223

, p. 92

s 6o6ulation did not reac% its Pre&

Colonial level of 7 million until 107- (as s%own in Booklet of Charts , C%art

G)*

//c *Economic P(ase #/> .s-/>=.s

PresidentsManuel 'vila-Camac(o ("AC, 10 -&10 M) andMiguel'lem n (10 M&107 ) also oversaw t%e "e$ico>s Dndustrial ?evolution a

its :Economic "iracle; (1071&10/-), w%ic% saw low inflation as well as

%ig% 59P growt% (averagingA0 yearly) under Presidents'!olfo Rui,-

Cortines (107 &107/) and'!olfo +G$e,-Mateos #AL", 107/&10M )*

igure s%ows restoration of economic growt% sta ility t%at %ad eenwit% t%e fall of 9Na *


93/223

, p. 93

of 3abor /as )ranted the ri)ht to refuse to accept the

le)iti-acy of elected union officials::/hich* in fact* )a e

the Ministry the po/er to appoint [suitable[ persons as

union leaders instead of elected ones. %!

&&&&&&

Dnsert igure

%! See Pekka Valtonen, ,olitical (iscourse* the State and the ,ri ate Sector inMexico* 1$%+:1$#24 Artikkelit Lokakuu H2+++LR ///.helsinBi.fi hu- ibero xa-an articulos 2+++R+5 altonen.ht-l
http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ibero/xaman/articulos/2000_05/valtonen.htmlhttp://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ibero/xaman/articulos/2000_05/valtonen.html


94/223

, p. 94

Those /ho resisted the i-position of Official ,artysuch dictu-s as the one that )a e the )o ern-ent full

control o er the labor sector could be and /ere char)ed/ith iolatin) the 3a/ of Social (issolution. Fndeed this 3a//ould pro e to be useful to the Official ,arty durin) the"old War* especially after 8idel "astro ca-e to po/er in"uba be)innin) Nanuary 1* 1$5$.


95/223

, p. 95

elevating t%e living conditions of t%eir 6eo6le* Conversely t%e 4oUnion similarly advanced im6rovements in t%e material 'uality of life fot%e world>s 6oor, ut t%roug% t%e communist system* s weaker and 6oorer nations*

:"e$ico was one suc% nation* or t%e United 4tates t%e Cold 3a

was a glo al struggle against communism as em odied y t%e totalitari4oviet state* s ratraffic covering military activities in t%e Americas and Cu a>s milita

traffic a out it intelligence and counter&intelligence* As t%e s6y ca6i"e$ico City ecame t%e %ome in t%e Americas for governmental s6ies fevery ma=or country in t%e 3orld, all seeking to s6y u6on eac% ot%er well as t%eir county>s :enemies;*

%% 4ee 2ulia 4loan, :Carnivali ing t%e Cold 3ar,; .uro ean 0ournal of American Stu!ies ( --0) %tt6@ e=as*revues*org document.7 .*%tml
http://ejas.revues.org/document7527.htmlhttp://ejas.revues.org/document7527.html


96/223

, p. 96

\F%>S9 FOR?>R5 @ Before Lee Harvey swald (a former U*4*military s%ar6s%ooter) assassinated President Oennedy in 10MGvisited t%e ?ussian Em assy in "e$ico City* ddly enoug%, yt%en swald %ad not only tried during a two&year stay in ?ussia o tain citi ens%i6 t%ere, ut %ad t%reatened at t%e U*4* Conin "oscow to renounce %is U*4* citi ens%i6* Alt%oug% ?ure=ected %is a66lication to e a citi en, t%e 'uestion arises a o%is 6ossi le role as :dou le agent; or 6er%a6s :tri6le agent; andfor w%omS (He lived in ?ussia from cto er 1070 to "ay 10Mem6loyed for several years in "insk at an electronics factory as a

lat%e o6erator, and also receiving a su sidy from t%e 4oviet ?eCross)

U*4* intelligence was :officially; as confused a outswald>s visit to t%e ?ussian Em assy as t%ey were w%en t%

sent t%e BD to investigate American citi ens for su66osed%aving o6enly (and legally) visited t%e 4oviet Em assy in "e$ico

CityQt%e BD %ad informants at all universities in "e$ico Cityand &%our film surveillance of :o6en visits;, ut ecause smany informants gave erroneous information to gain onuses, t%

BD never could e sure t%at if it %ad een a le to film : 6ersons; w%o %ad su66osedly :met wit% t%e 4oviets*; Dronicaat t%at time t%e BD was o6erating illegally in "e$ico ( Bworked in t%e U4A, CDA outside U4A), and w%en t%e U

2ustice 9e6artment found out, t%e BD %ad to de6art fro"e$ico*_

P?D Presidents "AC, AlemIn, and A?C efore and during t%e Cold

aut%ori ed and encouraged t%e rise of =oint U*4*&"e$ican 6rivate com6


97/223

, p. 97

were 6rotected against nationali ation y acce6ting a re6resentative of t% as

mem er of t%e 6rivate com6any>s oard, muc% to t%e consternation of m

American intellectuals in "e$ico*

"e$ico>s Private 4ector, %owever, used its 6rivileged relations%i

"e$ico>s Presidents in t%e country>s Cor6orativism system, to gain

alliance wit% t%e 4tate and its 6owerful "inistry of 5o ernaci!n from 10

t%roug% 10.-* Dn t%e latter year,

Mean/hile* ,resident A ila:"a-acho had authori>ed in

1$%2 the Mexico to cooperate /ith the E.S. ;-er)ency 8ar-

3abor ,ro)ra- H Nracero ro'ram L allo/in) Mexicans to

perfor- contract /orB in the Enited States for a fixed period.

O er the next 22 years of the pro)ra-'s existence* -ore

than %.6 -illion labor contracts /ere officially issued /ith

-any /orBers tra elin) to the ESA outside the E.S. la/*

/hich /as laxly enforced. This eased internal pressures in

Mexico* /here the rural sector could not acco--odate

-illions of /orBers on /orn:out and eroded landsK and it sent

/orBers to the ESA instead of to Mexico "ity /here by sheer

nu-bers they /ould ha e dri en do/n the industrial /a)e

le el.


98/223

, p. 98

Dn 10 "AC esta lis%ed t%e 4tat

REVOLUTIILE MEXICULUI

Documents

Transcript of REVOLUTIILE MEXICULUI