PROCESELOR ECONOMICE

CAPITOLUL 1

%$=(/(�7(25,(,�02'(/ 5,,�ù,�6,08/ 5,, PROCESELOR ECONOMICE

1.1. /RFDOL]DUHD�PRGHO ULL�HFRQRPLFR-matematice. 3URFHVXO�GH�WUHFHUH�GH�OD�VLVWHPXO�UHDO��RUJDQL]D LH� OD�PRGHOXO�GH�VLPXODUH��0RGHOH�GHVFULSWLYH�úL�QRUPDWLYH

Testul 1

ÌQ�OHJ WXU �FX�WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL�PDQDJHULDOH�VH�SRDWH�DILUPD�F � 1) SHUPLWH�RE LQHUHD�XQRU�LQIRUPD LL�GHVSUH�VLVWHP�vQDLQWH�FD�

DFHVWD�V �ILH�UHDOL]DW�vQ�PRG�FRQFUHW; 2) RIHU �VROX LL�VXERSWLPDOH�� 3) HVWH�HILFLHQW �vQ�UH]ROYDUHD�SUREOHPHORU�GH�HYLGHQ �FXUHQW �OD�

nivel de firm � 4) SULQ�VLPXODUH�QX�SRW�IL�JHQHUDWH�LQWU ULOH�vQWU-un sistem; 5) LPSOLF �FRQVWUXLUHD�XQRU�PRGHOH�PDWHPDWLFH�úL�ORJLFH�FDUH�

descriu comportarea unui sistem de-a lungul unei perioade mari de timp;

6) SHUPLWH�RE LQHUHD�PDL�PXOWRU�YDULDQWH�GLQWUH�FDUH�PDQDJHUXO�R�va�DOHJH�SH�FHD�PDL�EXQ �FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�FRQGL LLORU�GDWH�OD�XQ�

moment dat; 7) HVWH�R�WHKQLF �GH�UHDOL]DUH�D�H[SHULPHQWHORU�FX�FDOFXODWRUXO�

electronic; 8) PRGHOHOH�GH�VLPXODUH�RIHU �VROX LL�H[DFWH�

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW ��

a) (1, 2, 8); b) (4, 5, 8); c) (1, 5, 7); d) (1, 5, 8); e) (2, 3, 6)

0RGHODUHD�úL�VLPXODUHD�SURFHVHORU�HFRQRPLFH

Testul 2

,QGLFD L�FDUH�GLQ�DILUPD LLOH�XUP WRDUH�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL�HVWH�IDOV �

a) VLPXODUHD� UHSUH]LQW �R� WHKQLF �GH�UHDOL]DUH�D�H[SHULPHQWHORU�FX�

FDOFXODWRUXO��FDUH�LPSOLF �FRQVWUXLUHD�XQRU�PRGHOH�PDWHPDWLFH�úL�

logice care descriu comportarea unui sistem real de-a lungul unei perioade mari de timp.

b) SULQ�VROX LLOH�H[DFWH�SH�FDUH�OH�RIHU ��VLPXODUHD�HVWH�R�WHKQLF �GH� FHUFHWDUH� HILFLHQW � SHQWUX� IHQRPHQHOH� UHDOH� GLILFLO� GH�studiat analitic.

c) GXS � FRQVWUXLUHD� PRGHOXOXL�� VLPXODUHD� FRQVW � vQ� YDULD LD�

YDULDELOHORU�úL�SDUDPHWULORU�GH�LQWUDUH�FX�VFRSXO�GH�D�GHGXFH��FD�

UH]XOWDW�DO�FDOFXOHORU��HIHFWHOH�DVXSUD�YDULDELOHORU�GH�LHúLUH� d) modelele de simulare au caracter procedural. e) UH]ROYDUHD�PRGHOHORU�GH�VLPXODUH�VH�ED]HD] �pe prelucrarea unor

experimente create în cadrul sistemului.

Testul 3

7UHFHUHD�GH�OD�³VLVWHPXO�UHDO´��RUJDQL]D LD��OD�³PRGHOXO�UHDO´��PRGHOXO�GH�VLPXODUH��VH�UHDOL]HD] �SULQ:

a) utilizarea unor date simulate; b) REVHUY UL�úL�P VXU WRUL� c) utilizarea unor date analitice; d) “modelul abstract” e) XUP ULUHD�FRQFRUGDQ HL�GDWHORU�GLQ�VLVWHPXO�UHDO�FX�FHOH�RIHULWH�

de model

Testul 4

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV ��,Q�SURFHVXO�GH�WUHFHUH�GH�OD��sistemul real" la "modelul de simulare��PRGHOXO�UHDO��UHSUH]LQW ��

a) sistemul reDO� vQORFXLW� úL� FDUH� FRUHVSXQGH� FHULQ HORU� VLVWHPXOXL�UHDO�LQL LDO��

b) VLVWHPXO�SHUFHSXW�FX�VLP XULOH�RPXOXL��

$XWRLQVWUXLUH�SURJUDPDW

c) VLVWHPXO�UHDO�LQL LDO�� d) UHDOLWDWHD�WUDQVSXV �vQ�PRGHOXO�DEVWUDFW�� e) GHVFRPSXQHUHD� VLVWHPXOXL� vQ� S U L� FRPSRQHQWH� FX� OHJ WXUL�

între ele".

Testul 5

0HWRGHOH�FDQWLWDWLYH�QX�RIHU �PDQDJHUXOXL: a) PRGHOH� úL� WHKQLFL� QHFHVDUH� DF LXQLORU�PDQDJHULDOH� OD� QLYHO� GH�

RUJDQL]D LH� b) SRVLELOLWDWHD�GH�D�JkQGL�³PDL�UHSHGH´�úL�³PDL�ELQH´� c) PRGHOH� PDWHPDWLFH� ³SXUH´� SHQWUX� UH]ROYDUHD� RSWLP � D�

problemelor manageriale ale orgaQL]D LHL; d) ODWXUD�ULJXURDV �D�DF LXQLORU�VDOH� e) PRGDOLW L�GLYHUVH�GH�SXQHUH�GH�DFRUG�D�UHVXUVHORU�H[LVWHQWH�FX�

obiectivele formulate pentru un orizont de timp.

Testul 6

6SUH� GHRVHELUH� GH� IDFLOLW LOH� RIHULWH� GH� FDOFXODWRDUH� vQ� GHFL]LD�PDQDJHULDO �� vQ� FDdrul sistemelor de conducere a proceselor tehnologice calculatoarele:

a) au capacitate mare de calcul; b) HODERUHD] � DXWRPDW� GHFL]LL� VXE� IRUP � GH� FRPHQ]L� FH� VH�

transmit spre procesul condus; c) VHUYHVF�OD�SUHJ WLUHD�PDL�EXQ �D�XQRU�GHFL]LL�XPDQH� d) IDF� SRVLELO � RE LQHUHD� XQHL� SURGXF LL� RSWLPH� FDQWLWDWLY� úL�

calitativ. e) FRQGXF�vQ�WLPS�UHDO�DFWLYLW LOH�FRPSDUWLPHQWHORU�IXQF LRQDOH�

Testul 7

Printre criteriile folosite în clasificarea modelelor economico-PDWHPDWLFH�QX�VH�UHJ VHúWH:

a) factorul timp; b) QXP UXO�GH�GHFLGHQ L;


c) caracterul variabilelor; d) sfera de reflectare a problematicii economice; e) GRPHQLXO�GH�SURYHQLHQ �úL�FRQFHS LH�

Testul 8

0RGHODUHD�DVSHFWHORU�H[LVWHQWH�vQ�FDGUXO�XQHL�RUJDQL]D LL�VH�UHDOL]HD] �cu modelele:

a) deterministe; b) LQIRUPD LRQDO-decizionale; c) cibernetico-economice d) continue; e) descriptive.

Testul 9

0 ULPLOH� FDUH� FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SURFHVHOH� HFRQRPLFH� GLQ� SXQFW� GH�YHGHUH�DO�SUHFL]LHL�ORU�SRW�IL�FODVLILFDWH�vQ�P ULPL:

1) fuzzy/vagi; 2) aproximative; 3) euristice; 4) exacte; 5) stochastice; 6) deterministe; 7) precise; 8) imprecise.

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW �

a) (1,2,8); b) (4,6,7); c) (1,5,6); d) (3,5,8); e) (1,2,7).

Testul 10

ÌQ�FD]XO�H[LVWHQ HL�XQXL�YROXP�UHGXV�GH�GDWH�VH�SRW�IRORVL�PRGHOH: a) fuzzy;


b) probabilistice; c) euristice; d) deterministe; e) stochastice.

Testul 11

TransPLWHUHD�LQIRUPD LHL�GH�OD�H[HFXWDQW�OD�GHFLGHQW�SHQWUX�OXDUHD�HL�vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH�HVWH�DVLJXUDW �GH:

a) comportamentul de ansamblu al sistemului; b) YHFWRUXO�LQWU ULORU�vQ�VLVWHP� c) vectorul variabilelor de stare; d) YHFWRUXO�LHúLULORU�GLQ�VLVWHP� e) FRQH[LXQHD�LQYHUV �

Testul 12

ÌQ�IXQF LH�GH�RUL]RQWXO�GH�WLPS�FRQVLGHUDW�PRGHOHOH�SRW�IL: a) modele deterministe, modele stochastice; b) modele discrete-VHFYHQ LDOH��PRGHOH�FRQWLQXH; c) modele statice, modele dinamice; d) modele macroeconomice, modele mezoeconomice, modele

microeconomice. e) modele de simulare, modele econometrice.

Testul 13

0RGHOHOH�GLQDPLFH�VXQW�DFHOH�PRGHOH�FODVLILFDWH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH: a) caracterul variabilelor; b) factorul timp; c) GRPHQLXO�GH�SURYHQLHQ �úL�FRQFHS LH� d) structura proceselor reflectate; e) orizontul de timp considerat.


Testul 14 Modelele normative sunt acele modele care:

a) GHVFULX�VLWXD LD�FRQFUHW �GLQ�vQWUHSULQGHUH� b) SUH]LQW � GLVIXQF LRQDOLW LOH� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� FDGUXO� VXEVLVWHPHORU�

întreprinderii; c) UHDOL]HD] � FXQRDúWHUHD� GLUHFW � D� vQWUHSULQGHULL� OD� PRPHQWXO�

curent; d) LQGLF �PRGXO�SUHVXSXV�GH�HYROX LH�D�XQRU�DFWLYLW L�YLLWRDUH� e) SHUPLW�RE LQHUHD�XQHL�VROX LL�RSWLPH�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQ�FULWHULX�

VWDELOLW�GH�F WUH�IDFWRULL�GH�GHFL]LH.

Testul 15

În categoria modelelor descriptive sunt cuprinse: 1) modele ale controlului staWLVWLF�DO�FDOLW LL�SURGXVHORU� 2) modele de stocare; 3) PRGHOH�GH�RUGRQDQ DUH�úL�ORWL]DUH; 4) PRGHOH�GH�WLS�RUJDQLJUDP �D�VWUXFWXULL�RUJDQL]DWRULFH; 5) modele de transport-UHSDUWL LH� 6) PRGHOH�SHQWUX�GHWHUPLQDUHD�VWUXFWXULL�GH�SURGXF LH� 7) PRGHOH�GH�DúWHSWDUH� 8) modele ale�UHOD LLORU�XPDQH.

3UHFL]D L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW � a) (1,2,8); b) (1,3,4); c) (3,4,7); d) (3,4, 8); e) (5,6,8).

Testul 16

Procesul de modelare economico-PDWHPDWLF �QX�FXSULQGH�HWDSD: a) FXQRDúWHUHD�GHWDOLDW �D�UHDOLW LL�GLQ�RUJDQL]D LH� b) analiza modelelor existente;


c) experimentarea modelului economico-PDWHPDWLF� úL� HYDOXDUHD�VROX LHL�

d) construirea propriu-]LV �D�PRGHOXOXL� e) implementarea modelului economico-PDWHPDWLF� úL� SUHFL]DUHD�

SHULRGLFLW LL�DFWXDOL] ULL�VROX LHL�

Testul 17

În categoria modelelor pentru GHVFULHUHD� UH HOHL� LQIRUPD LRQDO-GHFL]LRQDOH�VH�DIO :

a) GLDJUDPD�LQIRUPD LRQDO-GHFL]LRQDO �úL�PRGHOH�VHPLRWLFH� b) PRGHOHOH�ORJLFLL�FODVLFH�úL�PRGHOH�D[LRPDWL]DWH� c) PRGHOH�PXOWLFULWHULDOH�úL�PRGHOH�GH�WLS�DYDO-amonte; d) GLDJUDPD� GH� IOX[� D� GRFXPHQWHORU� úL� PRGHOH� GH tip aval-

amonte; e) GLDJUDPD�GH�IOX[�D�GRFXPHQWHORU�úL�PRGHOH�vQ�FRQGL LL�GH�ULVF�

úL�LQFHUWLWXGLQH�

1.2. 5H]ROYDUHD�SUREOHPHORU�GHFL]LRQDOH�DOH�RUJDQL]D LHL�

FX�PRGHODUHD�SURFHGXUDO ��6FKHPD�JHQHUDO �GH�FRQFHSHUH a algoritmilor euristici.

Testul 18

In folosLUHD�PRGHO ULL� SURFHGXUDOH� vQ� VWXGLXO�SURFHVHORU�HFRQRPLFH� VH�DUH�vQ�YHGHUH�XUP WRUXO�FRQVLGHUHQW:

a) FDOFXODWRUXO�VLPXOHD] �HYROX LD�RELHFWLYXOXL�FRQGXV�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�

GHFL]LLOH� DGRSWDWH�� IXUQL]kQG� GHFLGHQWXOXL� FRQVHFLQ HOH� DFHVWRUD�

asupra obiectului/ sistemuOXL� VWXGLDW�� 3H� ED]D� FXQRúWLQ HORU�GREkQGLWH� DVXSUD� DFHVWXLD�� SUH]HQ D� RPXOXL� vQ� DGRSWDUHD�

GHFL]LLORU�SRDWH�GHYHQL�LQXWLO � b) PDMRULWDWHD� PRGHOHORU� SURFHGXUDOH� DX� OD� ED] � SULQFLSLXO�

RSWLPL] ULL�SRWULYLW�F UXLD�VH�FDXW �R�VROX LH�FRQVLGHUDW �FHD�PDL�

EXQ �SULQ�SULVPD�XQXL�VLVWHP�GH�UHVWULF LL� c) factorul uman nu poate fi exclus din procesul de conducere

DO� XQXL� VLVWHP� GHRDUHFH� DFHVWD� IRUPXOHD] � LSRWH]HOH�


referitoare la comportamentul sistemului studiat. d) IRORVLUHD� FDOFXODWRUXOXL� SRDWH� H[FOXGH� LQWHUYHQ LD� RPXOXL� vQ

procesul de conducere, deoarece calculatorul permite trecerea la HODERUDUHD� XQRU� VLVWHPH� vQ� FDUH� GHFL]LD� V � ILH� LQWHJUDO�

DXWRPDWL]DW �vQ�SHUVSHFWLY � e) PRGHODUHD� SURFHGXUDO � DFRUG � XQ� URO� VHFXQGDU� DOJRULWPXOXL� GH�

UH]ROYDUH��FHHD�FH�IDFH�LQXWLO �IRORVLUHD�FDlculatorului.

Testul 19

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �UHIHULWRDUH�OD�PRGHODUHD�SURFHGXUDO : a) SHQWUX�UH]ROYDUHD�PRGHOXOXL�VH�IRORVHVF�GLYHUúL�DOJRULWPL� b) PRGHODUHD� SURFHGXUDO � DFRUG � XQ� SULP� URO� PRGHOXOXL� úL�

unul secundar algoritmului; c) PRGHODUHD�SURFHGXUDO �VH�UHDOL]HD] �FD�PRGHODUH�JHQHUDO �úL�SH�

tipuri de probleme; d) VH� UHFXUJH� OD� PRGHODUHD� SURFHGXUDO � FkQG� GLVSXQHP� GH� GDWH�

exacte iar problema este de dimensiuni mari; e) VH�UHFXUJH�OD�PRGHODUHD�SURFHGXUDO �FkQG�GDWHOH�GH�LQWUDUH�VXQW�

LQH[DFWH�úL�SUREOHPD�HVWH�FRPSOH[ �

Testul 20

$OJRULWPLL�HXULVWLFL�VH�ED]HD] �SH�LGHHD�F �HVWH�DYDQWDMRV: a) V � VH� DSOLFH� DFHVW� DOJRULWP� DWXQFL� FkQG� VH� GRUHúWH� REVHUYDUHD�

fenomenelor sub aspect calitativ; b) V �VH�RE LQ �FkW�PDL�PXOW�SH�OLQLD�IXQF LHL�RELHFWLY; c) V �VH�RE LQ �FkW�PDL�SX LQ�SH�OLQLD�IXQF LHL�RELHFWLY� d) V �H[LVWH�XQ�QXP U�FkW�PDL�PDUH�GH�UHVWULF LL� e) V � VH� DSOLFH� DFHVW� DOJRULWP� vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� H[LVW � PDL� PXOWH�

IXQF LL�RELHFWLY�

Testul 21

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �GHVSUH�PHWRGD�HXULVWLFLL�


a) PRGHODUHD�HXULVWLF �SUHVXSXQH�FRQstruirea unui sistem analog cu cel investigat (sistemul real);

b) HXULVWLFD�HVWH�R�FODV �GH�PHWRGH�úL�UHJXOL�FDUH�GLULMHD] �VXELHFWXO�

VSUH�FHD�PDL�VLPSO �úL�HFRQRPLF �VROX LH�D�SUREOHPHORU� c) PDMRULWDWHD�DOJRULWPLORU�HXULVWLFL�VH�ED]HD] �SH�LGHHD�XUP WRDUH��

dac �VXQW�UHVSHFWDWH�DQXPLWH�UHVWULF LL�HVWH�DYDQWDMRV�FD�vQ�ILHFDUH�

HWDS �GH�FDOFXO��V �VH�RE LQ �FkW�PDL�PXOW�SH�OLQLD�IXQF LHL�VFRS� d) LSRWH]D�VH�DIO �vQ�FHQWUXO�SUHRFXS ULORU�HXULVWLFLL� e) PHWRGD� HXULVWLFLL� RIHU � UHJXOL� FDUH� JDUDQWHD] � RE LQHUHD�

VROX LHL�RSWLPH�SH�FDOHD�FHD�PDL�DYDQWDMRDV .

Testul 22

6ROX LD�RIHULW �SULQ�DSOLFDUHD�PRGHOHORU�HXULVWLFH�HVWH: a) VROX LH�RSWLP � b) VROX LH�RSWLP �FX�R�DQXPLW �SUREDELOLWDWH� c) R� VROX LH� �EXQ �� I U � V � VH� DUDWH� F � HVWH� �FHD� PDL� EXQ �

SRVLELO "; d) VROX LH�VXERSWLPDO �FX�R�DQXPLW �SUREDELOLWDWH� e) VROX LH�vQWUHDJ �

Testul 23

Algoritmii euristici nu se folosesc, în general, atunci când: a) SUREOHPD�GHVFULV �HVWH�FRPSOH[ �� b) dispunem de date exacte, dar problema este de dimensiuni mari; c) dispunem de date inexacte într-R�SUREOHP �Ge dimensiuni mari; d) dispunem de date inexacte; e) rezolvarea problemei se poate face cu ajutorul unor

algoritmi de optimizare.

Testul 24

$OJRULWPLL�HXULVWLFL�SHUPLW�RE LQHUHD�XQHL�VROX LL: a) ³VLPSOH´�úL�³HFRQRPLFH´ b) optime;


c) suboptimale; d) RSWLP �FX�R�DQXPLW �Srobabilitate; e) VXERSWLPDO �FX�R�DQXPLW �SUREDELOLWDWH�

Testul 25

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�HXULVWLFD: a) FXSULQGH�R�FODV �GH�PHWRGH�XWLOH� DWXQFL� FkQG�P ULPLOH� FH�

GHILQHVF�XQ�SURFHV�HFRQRPLF�SRW�IL�FRUHFW�P VXUDWH; b) UHSUH]LQW �IXQGDPHQWDUHD�PHWRGRORJLF �D�úWLLQ HL� c) UHSUH]LQW � ³WDWRQ UL´�� UHDOL]DWH� GLIHUHQ LDW� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� QDWXUD�

SUREOHPHL�GH�UH]ROYDW�úL�GH�SHUVRQDOLWDWHD�PRGHODWRUXOXL� d) UHSUH]LQW � R� FDOH� FDUH� FRQGXFH� OD� GHVFRSHULUHD� VROX LLORU�

SUREOHPHORU� FRPSOH[H� I U � D� OH� VXSXQH� XQHL� VLPSOLILF UL� VDX�

UHGXF LL� e) UHSUH]LQW �R� FODV �GH�PHWRGH�úL� UHJXOL�FDUH�GLULMHD] �VXELHFWXO�

VSUH�FHD�PDL�VLPSO �úL�PDL�HFRQRPLF �VROX LH�D�SUREOHPHORU�

1.3. 0RGHODUHD�FHUHULL�úL�RIHUWHL�RUJDQL]D LHL

Testul 26

În cazul unor procese Markov, matricea probabilit LORU� GH� WUDQ]L LH�SRDWH�DYHD�XUP WRDUHOH�SURSULHW L:

1) HVWH�R�PDWULFH�VWRFKDVWLF ; 2) suma elementelor de pe coloana este 1; 3) XQ� HOHPHQW� GH� SH� GLDJRQDOD� SULQFLSDO � UHSUH]LQW �

FRHILFLHQWXO�GH�ILGHOLWDWH�FRUHVSXQ] WRU�XQXL�SURGXV; 4) VXPD�HOHPHQWHORU�GH�SH�FRORDQ �HVWH�vQWRWGHDXQD�PDL�PLF �GHFkW�

1; 5) un element oarecare pij ia valori în intervalul (0;1); 6) HVWH�R�PDWULFH�S WUDWLF ; 7) suma elementelor de pe linie este 1; 8) elementele matricei pot lua valori mai mari decât 1.


,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW �� a) (3,4,5,6,7); b) (1,2,5,6,7); c) (1,3,5,6,7); d) (2,3,6,7,8); e) (1,2,5,6,8).

Testul 27

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �GHVSUH�XQ�ODQ �0DUNRY: a) RULFH�ODQ �0DUNRY�VH�GHILQHúWH�SULQ�PDWULFHD�VD�VWRFKDVWLF � b) RULFH�ODQ �0DUNRY�VH�GHILQHúWH�SULQ�GLVWULEX LD�VD�LQL LDO � c) orice laQ � 0DUNRY� HVWH� GHILQLW� FRPSOHW� SULQ� PDWULFHD� VD�

VWRFKDVWLF �úL�GLVWULEX LD�VD�LQL LDO � d) UH]XOWDWXO�RULF UHL�vQFHUF UL�GHSLQGH�GH�UH]XOWDWXO�vQFHUF ULL�FDUH�

R�SUHFHGH�úL�QXPDL�GH�DFHVWD� e) suma elementelor de pe coloane din matricea

SUREDELOLW LORU�GH�WUHFHUe este 1.

Testul 28

8QHOH� GLQ� SUHPLVHOH� XWLOL] ULL� ODQ XULORU� 0DUNRY� SHQWUX� PRGHODUHD�HYROX LHL�SH�SLD �D�XQRU�SURGXVH�FRQFXUHQ LDOH�VXQW�XUP WRDUHOH:

1) QXP U�ILQLW�úL�FRQVWDQW�GH�P UFL; 2) FOLHQWXO�DOHJH�R�VLQJXU �PDUF ; 3) QXP U�LQILQLW�GH�FOLHQ L�SHQWUX�R�PDUF � 4) FOLHQWXO�SRDWH�DOHJH�PDL�PXOWH�P UFL�VLPXOWDQ� 5) SUREDELOLW LOH�WUHFHULL�GH�OD�R�PDUF �OD�DOWD�VXQW�YDULDELOH�vQ�WLPS� 6) VXPD�FRHILFLHQ LORU�GH�ILGHOLWDWH�HVWH�� 7) SUREDELOLW LOH� WUHFHULL� GH� OD�R�PDUF � OD�DOWD� VXQW� FRQVWDQWH�

SH�R�DQXPLW �SHULRDG �GH�WLmp; 8) QXP U�LQILQLW�GH�P UFL�

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW �

a) (1, 2, 3); b) (2, 3, 8); c) (1, 2, 7); d) (3, 4, 5); e) (4, 5, 6).


Testul 29

6HOHFWD L� DILUPD LD� IDOV � UHIHULWRDUH� OD� FXUED� YkQ] ULORU� FDUH� GHVFULH�HYROX LD�vQ�WLPS�D�YkQ] ULORU�GLQWU-un anumit produs:

a) FXUED� DUDW � FDUDFWHUXO� SURJUHVLY� DO� SURGXVXOXL� vQ� FRQVXP��VWDELOLWDWHD�UHODWLY �GLQ�SHULRDGD�VD�GH�PDWXULWDWH�

b) FXUED� YkQ] ULORU� LD� GLIHULWH� IRUPH� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� QDWXUD�

SURGXVXOXL��D�SLH HL�SH�FDUH�HVWH�ODQVDW��D�SROLWLFLL�GH�SURGXV� c) curba poDWH�IL�DVLPLODW �XQHL�FXUED�*DPPD�FX�GRL�SDUDPHWUL� d) GHULYDWD� FXUEHL� YkQ] ULORU� H[SULP � YROXPXO� JOREDO� DO�

YkQ] ULORU�vQ�SHULRDGD�H[LVWHQWHL�SURGXVXOXL�SH�SLD ; e) FXUED� YkQ] ULORU� vQUHJLVWUHD] � XQ� SXQFW� GH� PD[LP�� FDUH�

UHSUH]LQW �QLYHOXO�PD[LP�DO�YkQ] ULORU�

Testul 30

&XUED�YkQ] ULORU�SRDWH�IL�DVLPLODW �XQHL�IXQF LL�*DPPD�GH�IRUPD: a) Vt = k * t * e

�;

b) Vt = k * t-

* e�;

c) Vt = k * t * e- � ;

d) Vt = k * t * e-

�;

e) Vt = k * t * e- ;

unde: Vt -�YkQ] ULOH�OD�PRPHQWXO�W��N�–�FRQVWDQW �� – parametri.

Testul 31

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �UHIHULWRDUH�OD�XQ�ODQ �0DUNRY: a) RULFH� ODQ � 0DUNRY� HVWH� GHILQLW� FRPSOHW� SULQ� PDWULFHD� VD�

VWRFKDVWLF �úL�SULQ�GLVWULEX LD�VD�LQL LDO � b) SUREDELOLW LOH�GH�WUHFHUH�VXQW�UHSUH]HQWDWH�VXE�IRUPD�XQXL�

vector linie cu toate elementele nenegative; c) vQ� WHRULD� ODQ XULORU�0DUNRY� VH� FRQVLGHU � F � UH]XOWDWXO�RULF UHL�


vQFHUF UL�GHSLQGH�GH�UH]XOWDWXO�vQFHUF ULL�FDUH�R�SUHFHGH�GLUHFW�

úL�QXPDL�GH�DFHVWD� d) VXPD� HOHPHQWHORU� GH� SH� OLQLH� GLQ�PDWULFHD� SUREDELOLW LORU� GH�

WUHFHUH�HVWH�HJDO �FX�� e) proEDELOLW LOH� GH� WUHFHUH� VXQW� UHSUH]HQWDWH� VXE� IRUPD� XQRU�

PDWULFH�S WUDWLFH�FX�WRDWH�HOHPHQWHOH�QHQHJDWLYH�

Testul 32

Elementele componente ale unui vector spectral îndeplinesc XUP WRDUHD�FRQGL LH:

a) VXQW�PDL�PLFL�GHFkW��úL�VXPD�ORU�HVWH�PDL�PLF �GHFkW��; b) VXQW�FXSULQVH�vQ�LQWHUYDOXO�>��@�úL�VXPD�ORU�HVWH�PDL�PDUH�GHFkW�

1; c) VXQW�PDL�PDUL�GHFkW��úL�VXPD�ORU�HVWH�PDL�PDUH�GHFkW�� d) VXQW�FXSULQVH�vQ�LQWHUYDOXO��úL�VXPD�ORU�HVWH�HJDO �FX��; e) VXQW�FXSULQVH�vQ�LQWHUYDOXO�>��@�úL�VXPD�ORU�HVWH�PDL�PLF �GHFkW

1.

Testul 33

9DORDUHD� FRPHQ]LORU�� FDOFXODW � SULQ� PHWRGD� YHFWRULORU� VSHFWUDOL� VH�UHJ VHúWH�vQ�YDORDUHD�OLYU ULORU:

a) LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW � b) LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW �úL�OXQLOH�DQWHULRDUH� c) LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW �� OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH�úL�FRWH�S U L�

pentru lunile anterioare; d) LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW ��OXQLOH�DQWHULRDUH�úL�FRWH�S U L�SHQWUX�

OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH� e) LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW �úL�OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH�

Testul 34

Metoda vectorilor spectrali se poate utiliza pentru: a) a stabili durata de vLD �D�XQXL�SURGXV� b) D�HVWLPD�SRQGHUHD�SH�SLD �D�XQXL�SURGXV�OD�XQ�PRPHQW�GDW�


c) D� DQDOL]D� HYROX LD� YkQ] ULORU� XQXL� SURGXV� vQWU-R� SHULRDG �

DQWHULRDU � d) D�SUHYL]LRQD� OLYUDUHD�XQRU�SURGXVH�SH�R�SHULRDG �LPHGLDW�

XUP WRDUH; e) D� DQDOL]D� HYROX LD� SRQGHULL� SH� SLD � D� unor produse

FRQFXUHQ LDOH�

Testul 35

ÌQ�FD]XO�HúDORQ ULL�vQ�WLPS�D�FRPHQ]LORU��YHFWRUXO�VSHFWUDO�FRQ LQH: a) FRPHQ]LOH�XUP WRDUH�OXQLL�GH�UHIHULQ �� b) YDORDUHD�YkQ] ULORU�vQ�ILHFDUH�PRPHQW�GH�WLPS� c) SRQGHULOH� GH LQXWH� GH� ILHFDUH� SURGXV� vQ� YDORDUHD� WRWDO � D

comenzilor; d) FRPHQ]LOH�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�ILHF UHL�SHULRDGH� e) procente din valoarea comenzii care vor fi livrate în fiecare

OXQ .

Testul 36

(OHPHQWHOH� YHFWRUXOXL� FRORDQ � RE LQXW� SULQ� vQPXO LUHD� PDWULFHL�FRPHQ]LORU�FX�YHFWRUXO�VSHFWUDO�DUDW �

a) valoarea comen]LORU� OLYUDWH� LQWHJUDO� SHQWUX� OXQD� FXUHQW ��OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH�úL�FRWH�S U L�SHQWUX�OXQLOH�DQWHULRDUH;

b) YDORDUHD� FRPHQ]LORU� OLYUDWH� LQWHJUDO� vQ� OXQD� FXUHQW � úL� OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH�

c) YDORDUHD�FRPHQ]LORU�OLYUDWH�LQWHJUDO�SHQWUX�OXQD�FXUHQW �úL�FRWH�S U L�GLQ�OXQLOH anterioare;

d) valoarea comenzilor livrate în lunile anterioare; e) YDORDUHD�FRPHQ]LORU�GLQ�OXQLOH�XUP WRDUH�FHOHL�FXUHQWH�

Testul 37

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV ��ÌQ�PHWRGD�DMXVW ULL�H[SRQHQ LDOH�D�OXL�%URZQ�(cu un singur factor de nivelare, [0,1]∈α ):


a) formula F )-(1 + y = F tt1+t αα � VH� UHFRPDQG � vQ� FD]XO� VHULLORU�

GH�GDWH�FX�FDUDFWHU��VWD LRQDU�úL�SHQWUX�FDUH�QX�VH�vQUHJLVWUHD] �XQ�

WUHQG�OLQLDU�úL�VDX�YDULD LL�VH]RQLHUH�� b) pentru determinarea lui α �VH�DSHOHD] �OD�WHKQLFL�GH�VLPXODUH"; c) SHQWUX� VHULLOH� GH� GDWH� FH� vQUHJLVWUHD] � IOXFWXD LL� PDUL� VH�

UHFRPDQG �YDORUL�PLFL�DOH�OXL�α "; d) FDOLWDWHD�DMXVW ULL�VH�DSUHFLD] �SULQ�FDOFXOXO�HURULORU�GH�DMXVWDUH��

e) se pot estima valorile indicilor de sezonalitate".

Testul 38

În cazXO�vQ�FDUH�H[LVW �VXILFLHQWH�GDWH�GLQ�WUHFXW�SHQWUX�D�FDUDFWHUL]D�IHQRPHQXO� HFRQRPLF��YDORDUHD�FRHILFLHQ LORU�GH�QLYHODUH� �D, E, J, din PRGHOXO�OXL�%URZQ�VH�GHWHUPLQ �SULQ:

a) modele analitice; b) WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL; c) prognozare; d) PRGHOH�GH�SURJUDPDUH�VWRFKDVWLF �� e) modele de tip fuzzy.

Testul 39

$SOLFDUHD� vQ�SUDFWLF �D�SURFHGHHORU�GH�SUHYL]LXQH�ED]DWH�SH�PRGHOXO�%URZQ�HVWH�FRQGL LRQDW �GH�

a) LQIOXHQ H�GH�VH]RQDOLWDWH� b) H[LVWHQ D�XQRU��LQIRUPD LL�DVXSUD�YkQ] ULORU�SH�SHULRDGHOH�

trecute; c) QHFHVLWDWHD�GHWHUPLQ ULL�H[DFWH�D�FRHILFLHQ LORU�GH�QLYHODUH� d) stabilirea orizontului de previziune; e) VWDELOLUHD�DSDUWHQHQ HL�IHQRPHQXOXL�VWXGLDW�OD�XQ�DQXPLW�WLS�GH�

HYROX LH�


Testul 40

6HOHFWD L� DILUPD LD� IDOV � UHIHULWRDUH� OD� ³PHWRGD� QLYHO ULL�H[SRQHQ LDOH´�

a) fiecare abatere este poQGHUDW � JHRPHWULF� GHVFUHVFkQG�� SH�P VXU �FH�VH�vQGHS UWHD] �GH�SUH]HQW�

b) QLYHODUHD� H[SRQHQ LDO � HVWH� GH� GRX � WLSXUL�� SULPDU � úL�

VHFXQGDU � c) ILHF UHL� YDORUL� GLQ� VHULD� FURQRORJLF � L� VH� DWDúHD] � DFHODúL�

coeficient de ponderare; d) datele din trecut ale unei serii dinamice sunt nivelate cu o

FRQVWDQW �GH�QLYHODUH�FH�LD�YDORUL�vQWUH��úL�� e) LGHHD� GH� ED] � D� PHWRGHL� FRQVW � vQ� FRUHFWDUHD� SUHYL]LXQLL�

SURSRU LRQDO�FX�DEDWHUHD�FRQVWDWDW �vQWUH�SUHYL]LXQLOH�DQWHULRDUH�

úL�UHDOL]DUHD�ORU�

Testul 41

În cazul modelului lui %URZQ��FkQG�QX�H[LVW �VH]RQDOLWDWH�úL�WUHQG�GH�OXQJ �GXUDW ��FDOFXOXO�GH�SUHYL]LXQH�QHFHVLW :

1) Valoarea lui D, factorul ponderator de nivelare; 2) Factorul sezonier; 3) 0HGLD�YkQ] ULORU�SHULRDGHORU�WUHFXWH� 4) Valoarea constantelor de nivelare α, β, γ; 5) Previziunile care s-DX� I FXW� SHQWUX� FHO� PDL� vQGHS UWDW�

moment al seriei de date; 6) 6HULD� GH� GDWH� SHQWUX� IHQRPHQXO� HFRQRPLF� FH� VROLFLW �

calculul de previziune; 7) 7HQGLQ D�IHQRPHQXOXL� 8) Eroarea de previziune pe cinci perioade anterioare.

6HOHFWD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW � a) (1,2,6); b) (1,5,7); c) (5,6,8); d) (1,5,6); e) (3,4,6).


��0RGHODUHD�SURFHVHORU�GHFL]LRQDOH�PXOWLFULWHULDOH�úL�IX]]\

Testul 42 6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �GHVSUH�RSWLPL]DUHD�PXOWLFULWHULDO :

a) vQ� FD]XO� RSWLPL] ULL�PXOWLRELHFWLY��PXO LPHD� YDULDQWHORU�de GHFL]LH�HVWH�ILQLW ;

b) conceptul de multicriterialitate este strâns legat de optimizarea IOH[LELO �

c) FD]XO� RSWLPL] ULL� PXOWLRELHFWLY� VH� WUDWHD] � GLVWLQFW� GH� FD]XO�

RSWLPL] ULL�PXOWLDWULEXW� d) în marea lor majoritate, problemele decizionale economice sunt

multicriteriale; e) RULFH� SUREOHP � GH� RSWLPL]DUH� PXOWLFULWHULDO � HYLGHQ LD] � R�

VROX LH� VXERSWLPDO � FDUH� UH]XOW � SULQ� FRQVLGHUDUHD� WXWXURU�

criteriilor în ansamblul lor.

Testul 43

ÌQ�FD]XO�SUREOHPHL�GH�SURJUDPDUH�OLQLDU �PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO : a) VH� GHWHUPLQ � WUHL� YDORUL� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� IXQF LH� GH� HILFLHQ ��

RSWLP ��SUREDELO ��SHVVLP �� b) VH�vQORFXLHVF�IXQF LLOH�GH�RSWLP�FX�IXQF LL�GH�H[WUDSRODUH� c) VH�FRQVWUXLHúWH�R�IXQF LH�VLQWH] �FX�VHPQLILFD LH�HFRQRPLF � d) VH�DMXQJH�OD�R�VROX LH�RSWLP � e) VH� vQORFXLHVF� IXQF LLOH� RELHFWLY� FX� IXQF LLOH� GH� XWLOLWDWH�

SRQGHUDWH�FX�XQ�FRHILFLHQW�GH�LPSRUWDQ .

Testul 44

ÌQ�FD]XO�RSWLPL] ULL�OLQLDUH�PXOWLFULWHULDOH: a) YDORDUHD�IXQF LHL-VLQWH] �GH�XWLOLWDWH�DUH�VHPQLILFD LH�HFRQRPLF � b) VROX LD�RE LQXW �SULQ�RSWLPL]DUHD�XQHL�IXQF LL�VLQWH] �GH�XWLOitate

în sens von Neumann -�0RUJHQVWHUQ�HVWH�GRPLQDW �vQ�UDSRUW�FX�

FHOHODOWH�VROX LL� c) RULFDUH� GLQWUH� VROX LLOH� GRPLQDWH� RE LQXWH� SULQ� RSWLPL]DUHD� vQ�

UDSRUW�FX�DFHODúL�VLVWHP�GH�UHVWULF LL�SRDWH�IL�XWLOL]DW �vQ�SURFHVXO�


decizional. d) VROX LLOH� RE LQXWH� SULQ� UH]ROYDUHD� VHSDUDW � D� SUREOHPHL� vQ�

UDSRUW�FX�ILHFDUH�FULWHULX�VXQW�VROX LL�QHGRPLQDWH�vQWUH�HOH� e) VROX LD�RE LQXW �SULQ�RSWLPL]DUHD�XQHL�IXQF LL-VLQWH] �GH�XWLOLWDWH�

vQ� VHQV� YRQ� 1HXPDQQ� 0RUJHQVWHUQ� HVWH� R� VROX LH� RSWLP � vQ�

UDSRUW�FX�WRDWH�IXQF LLOH�RELHFWLY�

Testul 45

3UREOHPHOH�GH�SURJUDPDUH�OLQLDU �PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO �QX�SUHVXSXQ: a) VWDELOLUHD�XQRU�FRHILFLHQ L�GH�LPSRUWDQ �SHQWUX�ILHFDUH�IXQF LH�

RELHFWLY�LQL LDO � b) FRQVWUXLUHD� XQHL� IXQF LL� VLQWH] � GH� XWLOLWDWH� FH� LQH� VHDPD� GH�

WRDWH�IXQF LLOH�GH�RSWLP�DOH�Sroblemei date; c) HVWLPDUHD� YDORULORU�RSWLPH��PHGLL� úL� SHVVLPH�DOH� IXQF LLORU�

obiectiv; d) vQORFXLUHD� IXQF LLORU� GH� RSWLP� FX� VHPQLILFD LH� HFRQRPLF �

FRQFUHW � SULQ� IXQF LL� GH� XWLOLWDWH� vQ� VHQV� YRQ� 1HXPDQQ-Morgenstern;

e) luarea în considerare a mai multor criterii de�HILFLHQ �VLPXOWDQ�

úL�J VLUHD�XQHL�VROX LL�GH�FRPSURPLV�

Testul 46

$OJRULWPXO� GH� FDOFXO� vQ� FD]XO� SUREOHPHORU� GH� SURJUDPDUH� OLQLDU �multiobiectiv cuprinde în succesiune mai multe etape de calcul:

1) VWDELOLUHD� FRHILFLHQ LORU� GH� LPSRUWDQ � SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� IXQF LH�

RELHFWLY�LQL LDO � 2) VH� SRQGHUHD] � ILHFDUH� IXQF LH� RELHFWLY� FX� XQ� FRHILFLHQW� GH�

LPSRUWDQ � 3) GHWHUPLQDUHD�IXQF LHL-VLQWH] �GH�XWLOLWDWH� 4) J VLUHD�VROX LHL�RSWLPH� 5) GHWHUPLQDUHD�SHQWUX�ILHFDUH�GLQ�FHOH�U�IXQF LL�GH�HILFLHQ �D�

YDORULORU�RSWLPH�úL�SHVVLPH; 6) rezolvarea celor 2*U� SUREOHPH� GH� SURJUDPDUH� OLQLDU �

GHWHUPLQDWH�GH�VLVWHP�úL�GH�IXQF LLOH�GH�RSWLP�úL�VHSDUDW�D�FHORU�GHWHUPLQDWH�GH�VLVWHP�úL�GH�IXQF LLOH�GH�SHVVLP;


7) VH� IDF� WUDQVIRUP ULOH� OLQLDUH� DOH� IXQF LLORU� FH� DX� VHPQLILFD LL�

economice distincte în fXQF LL�GH�XWLOLWDWH� 8) VH�UH]ROY �U�VLVWHPH�GH�WLSXO�

h Xh�� h = 1 h Yh �� h = 0, pentru h = 1,2,…,r úL�VH�RE LQ�YDORULOH� h úL� h .

$OHJH L�YDULDQWD�FDUH�FRQ LQH�SULPLL�WUHL�SDúL�DL�DOJRULWPXOXL�GH�FDOFXO�� a) (1,2,5); b) (1,3,6); c) (2,3,4); d) (5, 6,8); e) (3,5,7).

Testul 47

0 ULPLOH�YDJL�IX]]\�VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SULQ�IDSWXO�F � a) DX� R� PXO LPH� GH� YDORUL� F URUD� OL� VH� DVRFLD] � XQ� JUDG� GH�

DSDUWHQHQ �OD�R�DQXPLW �SURSULHWDWH� b) DX�R�YDORDUH�XQLF ��FH�HVWH�FXSULQV �vQ�LQWHUYDOXO�>��@� c) se pot determina riguros, exact; d) DX� R� PXO LPH� GH� YDORUL� F URUD� OL� VH� DVRFLD] � R� DQXPLW �

probabilitate; e) DX�R�YDORDUH�XQLF ��FH�HVWH�FXSULQV �vQ�LQWHUYDOXO��>��@�F UHLD�L�VH�

DVRFLD] �R�SUREDELOLWDWH�GH�DSDUWHQHQ �OD�R�DQXPLW �SURSULHWDWH�

Testul 48

ÌQ�FD]XO�SURJUDP Uii robuste, folosite pentru rezolvarea unor probleme GH�SURJUDPDUH�OLQLDU �

a) FRHILFLHQ LL�YDULDELOHORU�VXQW�P ULPL�YDJL� b) YHFWRUXO�WHUPHQLORU�OLEHUL�HVWH�DOF WXLW�GLQ�P ULPL�YDJL� c) DWkW�FRHILFLHQ LL�YDULDELOHORU��FkW�úL�YHFWRUXO�WHUPHQLORU�OLEHUL�

SRW�IL�P ULPi vagi; d) FRHILFLHQ LL�YDULDELOHORU�QX�SRW�IL�P ULPL�YDJL� e) YHFWRUXO�WHUPHQLORU�OLEHUL�QX�SRDWH�IL�DOF WXLW�GLQ�P ULPL�YDJL�


Testul 49

ÌQ�FD]XO�PXO LPLORU�YDJL��JUDGXO�GH�DSDUWHQHQ � (X)Aµ al unui element

;�OD�VXEPXO LPHD�$��FX�R�DQXPLW �SUoprietate): a) ia valori în intervalul [0,1]; b) ia valori în intervalul (0,1); c) ia valorile {0,1}; d) ia valori întregi nenegative; e) SRDWH�IL�R�P ULPH�YDJ �vQ�FD]XO�XQHL�YDULDELOH�YDJL�GH�RUGLQXO�,�

Testul 50 2SWLPL]DUHD�IOH[LELO �UHSUH]LQW :

a) R� PHWRG � GH� UH]ROYDUH� D� SUREOHPHORU� GHFL]LRQDOH�

multicriteriale; b) R�PHWRGRORJLH�GH�VWDELOLUH�D�LSRWH]HORU�GH�OXFUX�úL�D�FRQGL LLORU�

în care s-au produs fenomenele economice; c) R�PHWRG �GH�SURJUDPDUH�OLQLDU �vQ�FDUH�FRHILFLHQ LL�YDULDELOHORU�

úL�VDX�YHFWRUXO�WHUPHQLORU�OLEHUL�VXQW�PXO LPL�YDJL� d) R�PHWRG �GH�J VLUH�D�VROX LHL�RSWLPH�GXS �R�F XWDUH�ODERULRDV � e) un mod de abordare a problemelor economice bazat pe

introducerea unor YDULDELOH� FDUH� V � SRDW � UHIOHFWD� DWkW�LPSUHFL]LD� FkW� úL�GLIHULWHOH�³QXDQ H´�FDUH�DSDU� vn practica XQHL�RUJDQL]D LL�

Testul 51

6HOHFWD L� DILUPD LD� IDOV � UHIHULWRDUH� OD� IX]]\ILFDUHD� PRGHOHORU�deterministe:

a) SULQ� IX]]\ILFDUH� YDULDELOHOH� OLQJYLVWLFH� VH� WUDQVIRUP � vQ�

variabile cantitative care au un caracter elastic; b) vQ�FRQFHS LD�IX]]\��SDUDPHWULL�FDUH�VH�DWDúHD] �YDULDELOHORU�

nu au un caracter subiectiv; c) SHUPLWH�GHFLGHQWXOXL�V �UH]ROYH�SUREOHPH�FRPSOH[H�


d) PDQHYUDUHD� GDWHORU� LQH[DFWH� QXDQ HD] � GHFL]LD� úL� FRQGXFH� OD�

SURJUDPDUHD�IOH[LELO � e) HVWH�UH]XOWDWXO�FDSDFLW LL�GHFLGHQWXOXL�GH�D�VH�DGDSWD�UDpid unor

VLWXD LL�QRL�

Testul 52

0 ULPLOH�YDJL��IX]]\��VXQW�DFHOH�P ULPL�FDUH: a) VH�SRW�P VXUD�FX�H[DFWLWDWH� b) FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SURFHVHOH�HFRQRPLFH�FRPSOH[H� c) QX�DX�R�YDORDUH�XQLF ��FL�R�PXO LPH�GH�YDORUL� F URUD� OL� VH�

DVRFLD] �XQ�JUDG�GH�DSDUWHQHQ �OD�R�DQXPLW �SURSULHWDWH; d) DX�R�YDORDUH�XQLF ��FDOFXODW �GH�F WUH�GHFLGHQW� e) DX�R�PXO LPH�GH�YDORUL�F URUD�OL�VH�DVRFLD] �GH�F WUH�GHFLGHQW�R�

DQXPLW �SUREDELOLWDWH�

Testul 53

)X]]\ILFDUHD�XQHL�SUREOHPH�GH�SURJUDPDUH�OLQLDU �QX�VH�SRDWH�UHDOL]D: a) prin scrierea proEOHPHL�FX�UHVWULF LL�YDJL�DVWIHO�

B + b x A b x A iiiii ≤⇒% , Bi�WROHUDQ �SR]LWLY ; b) SULQ�VFULHUHD�SUREOHPHL�FX�UHVWULF LL�YDJL�DVWIHO�

B + b x A b xA iiiii ≥⇒ , Bi�WROHUDQ �QHJDWLY � c) prin scrierea�SUREOHPHL�FX�UHVWULF LL�YDJL�DVWIHO�

B - b x A b x A iiiii ≤⇒% , Bi�WROHUDQ �SR]LWLY ; d) SULQ�VFULHUHD�SUREOHPHL�FX�UHVWULF LL�YDJL�DVWIHO�

B - b x A b x A iiiii ≥⇒ , Bi�WROHUDQ �QHJDWLY � e) prin scrierea proEOHPHL� FX� UHVWULF LL� úL� IXQF LL� VXE� IRUPD� XQRU�

vectori stochastici.


��0RGHODUHD�SURFHVXOXL�GH�DORFDUH�D�XQRU�IRQGXUL�E QHúWL vQ�IXQF LH�GH�HIHFWHOH�HFRQRPLFH�RE LQXWH��3ULQFLSLXO� GH�RSWLPDOLWDWH�VHFYHQ LDO ��$OJRULWP�HXULVWLF de alocare a resurselor ADC/Resurse

Testul 54

6HOHFWD L� DILUPD LD� IDOV �� ÌQ� FD]XO� SURJUDP ULL� GLQDPLFH�� SROLWLFD�RSWLPDO :

a) HVWH�IRUPDW �GLQ�VXESROLWLFL�RSWLPH�� b) VH� RE LQH� SULQ� GHVFRPSXQHUHD� SUREOHPHL� RULJLQDUH� vQ�

subprobleme sau faze". c) RSWLPL]HD] �R�IXQF LH�GH�UHFXUHQ �. d) VH�RE LQH�SULQ�DSOLFDUHD�SULQFLSLXOXL�OXL�%HOOPDQ�� e) GHSLQGH�GH�vQFOLQD LD�F WUH�ULVF�D�GHFLGHQWXOXL�vQ�GLQDPLF ".

Testul 55

Pentru alocarea resurselor cu ajutorul unui model ADC de tip euristic, SURJUDPDUHD�DFWLYLW LORU�OD�XQ�PRPHQW�t se face:

1) studiLQG�QXPDL�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�DPkQDWH�DQWHULRU�SH�ED]D�

calculului indicatorilor de amânare;

2) VWXGLLQG�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�DPkQDWH�DQWHULRU�úL�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�SURJUDPDWH�V �vQFHDS �OD�PRPHQWXO t;

3) VWXGLLQG�QXPDL�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�SURJUDPDWH� V � vQFHDS � OD�

momentul t;

4) FRQVLGHUkQG� WRDWH� DFWLYLW LOH� QHODQVDWH� vQ� H[HFX LH� SkQ � OD�

PRPHQWXO�W�vQ�RUGLQHD�FUHVF WRDUH�D�UH]HUYHL�GH�WLPS�

5) FRQVLGHUkQG�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�FULWLFH��QHODQVDWH� vQ�H[HFX LH�

SkQ �OD�PRPHQWXO�W�vQ�RUGLQHD�FUHVF WRDUH�D�UH]HUvei de timp;

6) SURJUDPkQG�DFWLYLW LOH�GLQ�PXO LPHD�DFWLYLW LORU�FDQGLGDWH�OD� PRPHQWXO� W� GXS � XQXO� VDX� PDL� PXOWH� GLQ� XUP WRDUHOH�FULWHULL�� RUGLQHD� FUHVF WRDUH� D� UH]HUYHL� GH� WLPS�� RUGLQHD�FUHVF WRDUH�D�WHUPHQXOXL�PD[LP�GH�vQFHSHUH��HWF.;


7) SURJUDPkQG�DFWLYLW LOH�GLQ�PXO LPHD��&t��D�FDQGLGD LORU�OD�PRPHQWXO�W�FDUH�DVLJXU �R�vQF UFDUH�PD[LP �D�FDSDFLW LORU�disponibile;

8) SXQkQG�vQ�HYLGHQ �DFWLYLW LOH�FDQGLGDWH�vQ�RUGLQHD�FUHVF WRDUH�D�

UH]HUYHL�GH�WLPS�úL�QH LQkQG�VHDPD�GH�GLVSRQLELOXO�GH�UHVXUVH�

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�GH�DILUPD LL�DGHY UDWH�� a) (1, 2, 8); b) (2, 5, 7); c) (2, 6, 8); d) (2, 6, 7); e) 3, 4, 6.

Testul 56

6H�FRQVLGHU �XUP WRDUHOH�LQIRUPD LL�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�XQ�SURLHFW�FRPSOH[�

GH�DFWLYLW L� $FWLYLW L &RQGL LRQ UL Durata Consum

resursa R1 Consum resursa R2

tmî tM Rezerva

A B C D ...

- A A A ...

2 1 5 3

4 2 4 4

6 4 2 6

0 2 2 2,3,7,15

2 11 7 13

0 8 0 8,7,3,-5

Disponibilul din R1 este 6, iar disponibilul din R2 este 8.

'DWHOH�FXSULQVH�vQ�WDEHO�VH�UHIHU � OD�DSOLFDUHD�DOJRULWPXOXL�HXULVWLF�de DORFDUH�D�UHVXUVHORU��6 �VH�VHOHFWH]H�DILUPD LD�DGHY UDW :

a) DFWLYLWDWHD�%� VH�SURJUDPHD] � OD�PRPHQWXO� W �� úL� VH� WHUPLQ � OD�

momentul t=11; b) activitatea C nu poate începe la momentul t=2; c) DFWLYLWDWHD�'�VH�WHUPLQ �OD�PRPHQWXO�W �� d) QLFL� XQD� GLQ� DFWLYLW LOH� %� úL� '� QX� VH� SRDWH� SURJUDPD� OD�

momentul t=2; e) GLQ� PXO LPHD� DFWLYLW LORU� FDQGLGDWH�� OD� PRPHQWXO� W �� VH�

SURJUDPHD] � QXPDL� DFWLYLWDWHD� &�� GHRDUHFH� DFHDVWD� DUH� GXUDWD�

cea mai mare.


1.6. 6LPXODUHD�QXPHULF ��*HQHUDUHD�QXPHUHORU�DOHDWRDUH

Testul 57 Rezolvarea modelelor de simulare se face prin:

a) prelucrarea unor experimente create în cadrul sistemului; b) GHGXF LH� c) compararea cu modul de rezolvare a unor probleme

DVHP Q WRDUH� d) FDSDFLWDWHD�LQWXLWLY �D�GHFLGHQWXOXL� e) prin prelucrarea unor serii de date din trecut.

Testul 58

Realizarea experimentului de simulare presupune parcurgerea unora GLQ�ID]HOH�XUP WRDUH��

1) modelarea problemei; 2) generarea de numere pseudoaleatoare; 3) trecerea de la modelul real la un model abstract mai complex; 4) realizarea programului de simulare; 5) YDOLGDUHD�VLVWHPXOXL�úL�D�SURJUDPXOXL�GH�VLPXODUH� 6) LPSOHPHQWDUHD�VROX LHL�RSWLPH�GHWHUPLQDWH� 7) UHDOL]DUHD� H[SHULPHQWXOXL� GH� VLPXODUH� úL� DQDOL]D�

rezultatelor; 8) H[SHULPHQWDUHD� �LQ� YLYR�� D� FRQFOX]LLORU� SH� HúDQWLRDQH� GH�

dimensiuni mari.

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW � a) (1, 2, 3, 6, 8); b) (1, 2, 3, 5, 6); c) (1, 2, 4, 5, 8); d) (1, 2, 4, 5, 7); e) (2, 3, 4, 6, 7).


Testul 59

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �UHIHULWRDUH�OD�WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL: a) SDUDPHWULL� GH� LQWUDUH� DL�PRGHOXOXL� WUHEXLH� HVWLPD L� vQ� SUHDODELO�

din obsHUYD LL� VWDWLVWLFH� DVXSUD� SURFHVXOXL� VDX� VLVWHPXOXL� FH�XUPHD] �D�IL�VWXGLDW�

b) testarea parametrilor de intrare se face folosind testele de VHPQLILFD LH�VWDWLVWLF �

c) vQ� GHVI úXUDUHD� H[SHULPHQWHORU� GH� VLPXODUH�� VH� YHULILF � GDF �

PRGHOXO� GH� VLPXODUH� FRQ LQH� WRDWH� YDULDELOHOH� úL� SDUDPHWULL�

HVHQ LDOL� úL� UHOD LLOH� IXQF LRQDOH� QHFHVDUH� SHQWUX� UHSUH]HQWDUHD�

LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU�HVHQ LDOH�DOH�VLVWHPXOXL�UHDO� d) modelele de simulare au caracter deductiv; e) vQ� VLWXD LD� vQ� FDUH� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� RSHUDWLYH� LDX� IRUPD� XQRU�

ipoteze VWDWLVWLFH�DVXSUD�OHJLORU�GH�GLVWULEX LH�DOH�YDULDELOHORU�GH�LQWUDUH�� VH� DSOLF � WHVWH� GH� FRQFRUGDQ � �.ROPRJRURY�� 6PLUQRY��

etc.) pentru verificarea acestor ipoteze.

Testul 60

Simularea nu permite, în general: a) VWUXFWXUDUHD�PDL�EXQ �D�SUREOHPHL�LQYHVWLJDte; b) realizarea experimentelor cu calculatorul electronic; c) WHVWDUHD�GLIHULWHORU�F L�GH�DF LXQH�FDUH�QX�SRW�IL�IRUPXODWH�GLUHFW�

în cadrul modelului; d) GHWHUPLQDUHD� IRUPHL� IXQF LRQDOH� GH� H[SULPDUH� D� OHJ WXULORU�

GLQWUH� IHQRPHQHOH� FHUFHWDWH� úL� HVWLPDUHD� YDORULORU parametrului modelului;

e) optimizarea unor probleme care fac obiectul deciziei.

Testul 61

,QGLFD L�FDUH�GLQ�DILUPD LLOH�XUP WRDUH�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL�HVWH�IDOV :

a) VLPXODUHD� UHSUH]LQW �R� WHKQLF �GH�UHDOL]DUH�D�H[SHULPHQWHORU�FX�


calculatorul, FDUH�LPSOLF �FRQVWUXLUHD�XQRU�PRGHOH�PDWHPDWLFH�úL�

logice care descriu comportarea unui sistem real de-a lungul unei perioade mari de timp;

b) SULQ�VROX LLOH�H[DFWH�SH�FDUH�OH�RIHU ��VLPXODUHD�HVWH�R�WHKQLF �GH� FHUFHWDUH� HILFLHQW � SHQWUX� IHQRPHQHOH� UHDOH� GLILcil de studiat analitic;

c) GXS � FRQVWUXLUHD� PRGHOXOXL�� VLPXODUHD� FRQVW � vQ� YDULD LD�

YDULDELOHORU�úL�SDUDPHWULORU�GH�LQWUDUH�FX�VFRSXO�GH�D�GHGXFH��FD�

UH]XOWDW�DO�FDOFXOHORU��HIHFWHOH�DVXSUD�YDULDELOHORU�GH�LHúLUH� d) modelele de simulare au caracter procedural; e) UH]ROYDUHD�PRGHOHORU�GH�VLPXODUH�VH�ED]HD] �SH�SUHOXFUDUHD�XQRU�

experimente create în cadrul sistemului.

Testul 62

6HOHFWD L� DILUPD LD� IDOV � GLQ� XUP WRDUHOH� SURSR]L LL� UHIHULWRDUH� OD�DYDQWDMHOH�RIHULWH�GH�WHKQLFD�VLPXO ULL�

a) simularea poate fi foloVLW � SHQWUX� D� YHULILFD� R� VROX LH� QHVLJXU �RE LQXW �SH�FDOH�DQDOLWLF �

b) VLPXODUHD�SHUPLWH�FRQWUROXO�IHQRPHQHORU�UHDOH��SULQ�VROX LLOH�oferite putându-se corecta deciziile efectuate anterior;

c) simularea permite intuirea unor fenomene reale, verificându-se veroVLPLOLWDWHD�XQRU�LSRWH]H�GH�HYROX LH�

d) SULQ� VLPXODUH� VH� SXQ� vQ� HYLGHQ � DFHOH� YDULDELOH� VHPQLILFDWLYH�

SHQWUX�VWXGLXO�IHQRPHQXOXL�UHDO�úL�OHJ WXULOH�GLQWUH�DFHVWHD� e) SULQ�IRUPXODUHD�úL�H[SHULPHQWDUHD�XQRU�PRGHOH��SULQ�VLPXODUH�VH�

pot culege în mod sistematic GDWH� FRQFOXGHQWH� úL� VXJHVWLYH�SHQWUX�HYROX LD�IHQRPHQHORU�UHDOH�

Testul 63

&kQG� VH� GHVI úRDU � PDL� PXOWH� H[SHULPHQWH� GH� VLPXODUH� SHQWUX� XQ�DQXPH� VLVWHP�� PRGLILFkQG� XQXO� VDX� PDL�PXO L� SDUDPHWUL� GH� LQWUDUH��FRQVLVWHQ D� úL� FRPSDUDELOLWDWHD� UH]XOWDWHORU� HVWH� DVLJXUDW � SULQ�folosirea:

a) DFHOHLDúL�VHFYHQ H�GH�QXPHUH�DOHDWRDUH�SHQWUX�UXO UL�GLIHULWH; b) DFHOXLDúL�VLVWHP�GH�FDOFXO�


c) DFHOHLDúL�P ULPL�D�HúDQWLRQXOXL�GH�GDWH� d) DFHOHLDúL�PHWRGH�GH�JHQHUDUH�D�QXPHUHORU�SVHXGRDOHDWRDUH� e) DFHORUDúL�WHVWH�GH�VHPQLILFD LH�VWDWLVWLF �

Testul 64

)D]D� GH� H[HFX LH� D� SURJUDPXOXL� GH� VLPXODUH� vQWUH� GRX � VFKLPE UL�FRQVHFXWLYH�DOH�SDUDPHWULORU�GH�LQWUDUH�VH�QXPHúWH:

a) UXWLQ � b) mutare; c) SDV�DO�VLPXO ULL� d) experiment; e) testare.

Testul 65

Tipul de ceas ales pentru un anumit model de simulare este determinant pentru:

a) variabilele de intrare; b) YDULDELOHOH�GH�LHúLUH� c) gradul de precizie a rezultatelor; d) algoritmul de simulare; e) JUDGXO�GH�RSWLPDOLWDWH�D�VROX LHL�RE LQXWH.

Testul 66

Într-XQ�VLVWHP�GH�VLPXODUH��YDULDELOHOH�GH�LHúLUH�SRW�GHSLQGH�GH: 1) DJHQGD�JHQHUDW �GH�R�UXWLQ �HYHQLPHQW� 2) QXP UXO�GH�LWHUD LL�DOH�DOJRULWPXOXL�GH�VLPXODUH� 3) QXP UXO�GH�PRPHQWH�GH�WLPS� 4) VWUXFWXUD�ORJLF �D�PRGHOXOXL�GH�VLPXODUH�FRQVLGHUDW; 5) RSHUDWRUXO�VLPXO ULL� 6) variabilele de intrare; 7) parametrii de intrare; 8) tipul de ceas aO�VLPXO ULL�


,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW �� a) (1,2,8); b) (3,4,5); c) (6,7,8); d) (4,6,7); e) (2,5,6).

Testul 67

6SUH� GHRVHELUH� GH� SURJUDPDUHD� OLQLDU � VDX� SURJUDPDUHD� GLQDPLF ��VLPXODUHD� QX� VH� ED]HD] � SH�XQ�PRGHO� DQDOLWLF��$FHDVWD� SUHVXSXQH� F �rezultaWHOH�RE LQXWH�SULQ�VLPXODUH�VXQW:

a) valori optime; b) DSUR[LP UL�DOH�XQRU�YDORUL�UHDOH� c) simplificate; d) euristice; e) nerealiste.

Testul 68 ÌQ� FD]XO�XQXL� DOJRULWP� FX� FHDV� YDULDELO�� FUHúWHUHD�FHDVXOXL� HVWH�GDW �de:

a) lungimea intervalului dintre un eveniment anterLRU� úL� XQ�HYHQLPHQW�XUP WRU�

b) LQWHUYDOXO� GH� WLPS� GH� OD� VWDUHD� DFWXDO � OD� PRPHQWXO�DSDUL LHL�FHOXL�PDL�DSURSLDW�HYHQLPHQW�YLLWRU;

c) LQWHUYDOXO�GH�WLPS�GLQWUH�GRX �HYHQLPHQWH�XOWHULRDUH� d) OXQJLPHD� LQWHUYDOXOXL� GH� WLPS� GLQWUH� SULPXO� úL� XOWLPXO�

eveniment considerat; e) LQWHUYDOXO� GH� WLPS� GLQWUH� GRX � PRGLILF UL� FRQVHFXWLYH� DOH�

parametrilor de intrare.


Testul 69

6LPXODUHD�HVWH�FRQFHSXW �FD�XQ�MRF�vQ�FDUH�SDUWHQHULL�VXQW: a) DOJRULWPXO�úL�VLVWHPXO� b) RPXO�úL�VLVWHPXO� c) RPXO�úL�FDOFXODWRUXO� d) RPXO�úL�PRGHOXO� e) PRGHOXO�úL�FDOculatorul.

Testul 70

Totalitatea agendelor memorate la un moment dat în timpul H[HFXW ULL�XQXL�SURJUDP�GH�VLPXODUH�VH�QXPHúWH:

a) UXWLQ �HYHQLPHQW� b) joc; c) SDV�DO�VLPXO ULL� d) SDUWLG � e) calendarul evenimentelor.

Testul 71

6LPXODUHD�RIHU : a) VROX LLOH�RSWLPH pentru manageri; b) SRVLELOLWDWHD� WHVW ULL� XQRU� F L� GH� DF LXQH� FDUH� QX� SRW� IL�

formulate explicit în cadrul modelului; c) IRUPH�IXQF LRQDOH�GH�H[SULPDUH�D�OHJ WXULORU�GLQWUH�IHQRPHQHOH�

FHUFHWDWH�úL�HVWLPDUHD�YDORULORU�SDUDPHWULORU�PRGHOXOXL� d) structurarea mai bun �D�SUREOHPHL�DQDOL]DWH� e) VROX LL�PXOWLSOH�

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �


Testul 72

Etapele pentru realizarea experimentului de simulare sunt: 1) formularea problemei; 2) FRQVWUXLUHD�DOJRULWPXOXL�VLPXO ULL� 3) estimarea parametrilor caracteristicilor operative; 4) formularea modelului de simulare; 5) programarea experimentelor de simulare; 6) validarea sistemului de simulare; 7) FXOHJHUHD�úL�SUHOXFUDUHD�SUHOLPLQDU �D�GDWHORU�UHDOH; 8) HYDOXDUHD� SHUIRUPDQ HORU� PRGHOXOXL� vQ� VSHFLDO� SULQ� WHVWH� GH�

FRQFRUGDQ �

$U WD L� YDULDQWD� FRUHFW � FDUH� FXSULQGH� SULPHOH� WUHL� HWDSH� DOH� UHDOL] ULL�

experimentului de simulare: a) (1,4,7); b) (1,2,3); c) (2,3,4); d) (1,4,5); e) (1,6,8).

Testul 73

1XPHUHOH�SVHXGRDOHDWRDUH�VDWLVIDF�XQHOH�GLQ�XUP WRDUHOH�FRQGL LL�

1) sunt statistic interdependente; 2) nu sunt reproductibile; 3) sunt repartizate uniform într-un interval dat; 4) IXQF LD�GH�UHSDUWL LH�HVWH�VWDELO � 5) úLUXO�JHQHUDW�DUH�R�SHULRDG �GH�UHSHWL LH�PDUH; 6) IXQF LD�GH�UHSDUWL LH�VH�VFKLPE �vQ�WLPSXO�UXO ULL�SURJUDPXOXL�GH�

simulare; 7) SHULRDGD�GH�UHSHWL LH�QX�Ve poate predetermina; 8) JHQHUDUHD�ORU�QX�QHFHVLW �XWLOL]DUHD�FDOFXODWRUXOXL�HOHFWURQLF�

,QGLFD L�FRPELQD LD�FRUHFW � a) (1,2,4); b) (3,6,7); c) (3,4,5); d) (1,4,5); e) (2,6,7).


Testul 74

&DUH� GLQ� XUP WRDUHOH� SURSULHW L� QX� HVWH� DGHY UDW � vQ� OHJ WXU � FX��numerele pseudoaleatoare:

a) sunt independente statistic; b) sunt reproductibile; c) sunt repartizate uniform într-un interval dat; d) IXQF LD� GH� UHSDUWL LH� QX� HVWH� VWDELO � �VH�PRGLILF � vQ� WLPSXO�

UXO ULL�SURJUDPXOXL�GH�VLPXODUH�� e) úLUXO� JHQHUDW� DUH� R� SHULRDG � GH� UHSHWL LH� PDUH� FH� SRDWH� IL�

SUHGHWHUPLQDW �

Testul 75

Printre principalele clase de metode de generare a numerelor aleatoare se pot cuprinde:

a) PHWRGHOH�ED]DWH�SH�XWLOLW L� b) PHWRGHOH�ED]DWH�SH�FRQVXOWDUHD�H[SHU LORU; c) metodele bazate pe creativitate; d) metodele informale; e) metodele decizionale.

Testul 76

Numerele pseudoaleatoare: a) sunt repartizate uniform pe axa numerelor reale; b) nu sunt statistic independente; c) nu sunt reproductibile; d) DX�DFHOHDúL�FDUDFWHULVWLFL�FX�QXPHUHOH�DOHDWRDUH� e) sunt generate cu ajutorul calculatorului.


Testul 77

ÌQ� IXQF LH� GH� QDWXUD� UHSDUWL LLORU� GDWH� VH� SRW� XWLOL]D� XUP WRDUHOH�metode de generare a numerelor aleatoare:

a) metoda respingerii; b) PHWRGH�GH�H[WLQGHUH�D�úLUXOXL�DOHDWRU�RE LQXW; c) metoda transformatei inverse; d) metoda compunerii; e) meWRGH�VSHFLILFH�UHSDUWL LHL�GDWH�

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �

1.7. Metoda de simulare Monte Carlo

Testul 78

0HWRGD�GH�VLPXODUH�0RQWH�&DUOR�SRDWH�IL�IRORVLW �HILFLHQW: a) vQ�FD]XO�XQRU�SURFHVH�FX�SUREDELOLWDWH�PLF � b) pentru fundamentarea deciziilor optime; c) în cazul unei probleme de reoptimizare; d) SHQWUX�GHWHUPLQDUHD�VWUXFWXULL�RSWLPH�D�RIHUWHL�GH�P UIXUL� e) WRDWH�U VSXQVXULOH�DQWHULRDUH�VXQW�LQFRUHFWH.

Testul 79

6HOHFWD L� YDULDQWD� IDOV � GLQ� DILUPD LLOH� UHIHULWRDUH� OD� SUHFL]LD� úL�SURSULHW LOH�PHWRGHL�0RQWH�&DUOR�� 3HQWUX� FD� UH]XOWDWHOH� RE LQXWH� FX�DMXWRUXO�PHWRGHL�0RQWH�&DUOR�V �SRDW �IL�FRQFOXGHQWH�WUHEXLH�V �VH� LQ �VHDPD�GH�XUP WRDUHOH�DVSHFWH�

a) GDF � GXS � n experimente s-a determinat o valoare medie VWDWLVWLF � �m) a unei variabile aleatoare, atunci valoarea medie


UHDO �VH�YD�VLWXD�vQ�LQWHUYDOXO� ]+m,-[m ∆∆ b) SUHFL]LD� PHWRGHL� HVWH� GHWHUPLQDW � GH� QXP UXO� GH� vQFHUF UL�

LQGHSHQGHQWH�úL�YDULD LD�ORU� c) QXP UXO� GH� vQFHUF UL� YDULD] � GLUHFW� SURSRU LRQDO� FX�

probabilitatea de realizare a fenomenului analizat; d) SUHFL]LD� PHWRGHL� SRDWH� IL� HVWLPDW � FRUHFW� SH� SDUFXUVXO�

GHVI úXU ULL�FDOFXOHORU� e) QX� HVWH� UHFRPDQGDW � IRORVLUHD� PHWRGHL� SHQWUX� VWXGLXO� XQRU�

SURFHVH�FX�SUREDELOLWDWH�PLF ��GHRDUHFH�DU�SUHVXSXQH�XQ�QXP U�

foarte mare de cicluri de simulare.

Testul 80

Metoda de simulare Monte Carlo:

a) VW � OD� ED]D� SURFHGXULORU� GH� JHQHUDUH� D� SURFHVHORU� VWRFKDVWLFH�VDX�GH�F XWDUH�D�XQRU�SXQFWH�vQWU-un domeniu;

b) QX� SRDWH� IL� DSOLFDW � vQ� FD]XO� XQRU� SURFHVH� GH� VWRFDUH�FRPSOH[H��vQ�FDUH�FHUHUHD�úL�LQWHUYDOHOH�GH�WLPS�vQWUH�GRX �DSURYL]LRQ UL�VXQW�YDULDELOH�DOHDWRDUH;

c) DUH� OD� ED] � XQHOH� FRQFOX]LL� UH]XOWDWH� GLQ� WHRUHPHOH� OLPLW � DOH�

WHRULHL�SUREDELOLW LORU� d) HVWH� R�PHWRG � GH�PRGHODUH� D� YDULDELOHORU� DOHDWRDUH� vQ� VFRSXO�

FDOFXO ULL�FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU�UHSDUWL LLORU�ORU� e) în cadruO� SURJUDPXOXL� GH� VLPXODUH� VH� RE LQ� GLIHULWH� HYDOX UL��

LHUDUKL] UL�FDUH�SHUPLW�IXQGDPHQWDUHD�GHFL]LHL�HFRQRPLFH� 6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV

1.8. Simularea prin joc a proceselor economice

Testul 81

Jocurile de întreprindere se pot clasifica în : 1) IXQF LRnale; 2) cooperative; 3) interdependente;


4) strategice; 5) complexe; 6) contra naturii; 7) decizionale; 8) FRQFXUHQ LDOH.

,QGLFD L� FRPELQD LD� FRQVLGHUDW � FRUHFW � vQ� FD]XO� FODVLILF ULL� MRFXULORU� GH�

vQWUHSULQGHUH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�HOHPHQWHOH�FRPSHWLWLYH�

a) (1,5,7); b) (2,6,8); c) (3,4,5); d) (5,6,8); e) (2,3,6).

Testul 82

ÌQ� GHVI úXUDUHD� XQXL� MRF� GH� vQWUHSULQGHUH� VH� SRW� SXQH� vQ� HYLGHQ �câteva etape:

1) DGRSWDUHD�GHFL]LLORU�GH�F WUH�SDUWLFLSDQ L; 2) HIHFWXDUHD�GH�F WUH�DUELWUX�D�FDOFXOHORU; 3) HIHFWXDUHD� GH� F WUH� DUELWUX� D� XQXL� WHVWH� GH continuare/

încetare a jocului; 4) SUHFL]DUHD� UHVWULF LLORU� úL� UHJXOLORU� GH� MRF� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH�

participant; 5) LQIRUPDUHD�DVXSUD�UH]XOWDWHORU�RE LQXWH�OD�ILHFDUH�PXWDUH� 6) DQXQ DUHD�VIkUúLWXOXL�MRFXOXL�úL�HYDOXDUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU.

2UGLQHD� ILUHDVF � GH� GHVI úXUDUH� D� DFHVWRU� HWDSH� HVWH� GDW � GH� XUP WRDUHD�

succesiune: a) (4,5,3,1,2,6); b) (1,4,2,5,3,6); c) (4,1,3,5,2,6); d) (4,1,2,5,3,6); e) (4,2,6,3,5,1).

Testul 83

8UP WRDUHOH� DILUPD LL� VH� UHIHU � OD� MRFXULOH� GH� vQWUHSULQGHUH�� $OHJH L�DILUPD LD�SH�FDUH�R�FRQVLGHUD L�IDOV :

a) FX� DMXWRUXO� ORU�� VSHFLDOLúWLL� SRW� WHVWD� R� VHULH� GH� LSRWH]H� DVXSUD�QDWXULL� GHFL]LLORU� SH� FDUH� XUPHD] � V � OH� LD�� FX� LGHQWLILFDUHD�

efectelor probabile;


b) avantajul jocurilor de întreprindere este acela de a constitui o PHWRG �GH�YHULILFDUH�D�FRPSHWHQ HL�VDODULD LORU�

c) unul dintre scopurile principale ale jocurilor de întreprindere este cel de formare la cadrele de conducere a deprinderilor utile vQ�UH]ROYDUHD�VLWXD LLORU�SUDFWLFH�

d) XQ� MRF� GH� vQWUHSULQGHUH� RIHU � SRVLELOLWDWHD� DFXPXO ULL� XQHL�H[SHULHQ H�vQ�SUDFWLF �vQDLQWH�GH�GHVI úXUDUHD�UHDO �D�SURFHVHORU�

economice; e) WRDWH�DILUPD LLOH�DQWHULRDUH�VXQW�LQFRUHFWH�

Testul 84

'XS �VFRSXO�XUP ULW��MRFXULOH�GH�vQWUHSULQGHUH�VH�FODVLILF �vQ� a) MRFXUL� IXQF LRQDOH� úL� MRFXUL� SHQWUX� IXQGDPHQWDUHD� GHFL]LLORU�

economice; b) MRFXUL�GH�LQVWUXLUH�úL�MRFXUL�FRQWUD�QDWXULL� c) MRFXUL� FRPSOH[H� úL� MRFXUL� SHQWUX� IXQGDPHQWDUHD� GHFL]LLORU�

operative; d) MRFXUL�FRRSHUDWLYH�úL�MRFXUL�GH�LQVWUXLUH� e) MRFXUL� GH� LQVWUXLUH� úL� MRFXUL� SHQWUX� IXQGDPHQWDUHD�

deciziilor operative.

Testul 85

JoFXULOH� vQ� FDUH� ILHFDUH� MXF WRU� UHDOL]HD] � vPEXQ W LUHD� SURSULLORU�SHUIRUPDQ H� HFRQRPLFH�� I U � D� DF LRQD� DVXSUD� FHORUODO L� MXF WRUL� VH�numesc:

a) jocuri independente; b) jocuri de instruire; c) jocuri contra naturii; d) jocuri interdependente; e) MRFXUL�IXQF LRQDOH�


Testul 86

Etapa, în derularea unui joc de întreprindere, în care se produce FRQH[LXQHD�LQYHUV �HVWH�FHD�vQ�FDUH:

a) VH�DGRSW �GHFL]LLOH�GH�F WUH�SDUWLFLSDQ L� b) VH�HYDOXHD] �UH]XOWDWHOH� c) DUELWUXO�SXEOLF �R�LQIRUPDUH�DVXSUD�UH]XOWDWHORU�RE LQXWH; d) arbitrul efectuHD] �XQ�WHVW�GH�FRQWLQXDUH�VDX�vQFHWDUH�D�MRFXOXL� e) DUELWUXO�HIHFWXHD] �FDOFXOHOH.

Testul 87

-RFXULOH�VSHFLILFH�SHQWUX�HFRQRPLD�GH�SLD �VXQW: a) jocurile complexe; b) jocurile interdependente; c) jocurile pentru întreaga întreprindere; d) jocurile pentru fundamentarea deciziilor operative; e) jocurile contra naturii.

Testul 88

Jocurile complexe: a) VLPXOHD] � IXQF LLOH� SULQFLSDOH� DOH� vQWUHSULQGHULL�� DVWIHO� vQFkW�

SDUWLFLSDQ LL� OD� MRF� V � SRDW � vQ HOHJH� GLYHUVHOH� OHJLW L� DOH�

RUJDQL]D LHL� b) SHUPLW� SDUWLFLSDQ LORU� V � vQYH H� V � DGRSWH� GHFL]LL� RSWLPH� vQ�

FRQGL LLOH�XQRU�VLWXD LL�FYDVLUHDOH� c) permit testarea unor strategii politice, economice, tehnico-

RUJDQL]DWRULFH� SULYLQG� R� UDPXU � HFRQRPLF �� R� UHJLXQH�� XQ�

MXGH � d) DQDOL]HD] � PDL� PXOWH� IXQF LL� DOH� RUJDQL]D LHL� úL� UHOD LLOH�

principale cu alte compartimente sau chiar cu exteriorul RUJDQL]D LHL;

e) SHUPLW� VSHFLDOLúWLORU� V � DGRSWH�GHFL]LL� vPEXQ W LWH� vQ� FRQGL LL�

reale.


1.9. Simularea proceselor economice cu tehnicile Forrester

Testul 89

,QWUH�WHUPLQRORJLD�WHRULHL�VLVWHPHORU�úL�FHD�D�GLQDPLFLL�LQGXVWULDOH�H[LVW �DQDORJLL� DOH� FRQFHSWHORU� IRORVLWH�� 6HOHF LRQD L� GLQ� XUP WRDUHD�enumerare pe cea care nu corespunde unei analogii potrivite:

a) stare - nivel, b) SURFHVH�GH�ED] �úL�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�- sistem hidraulic, c) intrare - ritm, d) P ULPH�GH�IHHG-back -�LQIRUPD LH� e) obiectivul sistemului - nivelul dorit.

Testul 90

&RQFHSWXO� IXQGDPHQWDO� DO� PRGHO ULL� GLQDPLFH� FX� DMXWRUXO� WHKQLFLL�Forrester este:

a) FLFOXO�LQIRUPD LH-decizie-DF LXQH; b) FLFOXO�LQIRUPD LH-decizie; c) FXSOXO�LQIRUPD LH-decizie; d) FXSOXO�DF LXQe-UHWURDF LXQH� e) FLFOXO�LQIRUPD LH-eroare.

Testul 91

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �UHIHULWRDUH�OD�R�HFXD LH�GH�QLYHO: a) HFXD LD� GH� QLYHO� FRQ LQH� vQ� PRG� H[SOLFLW� LQWHUYDOXO� '7�

(parametru al procesului de calcul); b) PHPEUXO� GUHSW� DO� XQHL� HFXD LL� GH� QLYHO� FRQ LQH� valoarea

DQWHULRDU �D�QLYHOXOXL�FDOFXODW� c) HFXD LD� GH� QLYHO� UHSUH]LQW � XQ� SURFHV� GH� LQWHJUDUH�� DVWIHO��

dt RS) - (RA + L = L t00 ∫

d) HFXD LD�GH�QLYHO�VH�SRDWH�VFULH��L.K = L.J + DT (RA.JK - RS. JK) e) vQ�PHPEUXO�GUHSW�DO�XQHL�HFXD LL�GH�QLYHO��ULWPXULOH�IOX[XOXL�


sunt variabile în intervalul JK; (S-DX�IRORVLW�QRWD LLOH��/��/0 - nivelul la momentul t, respectiv 0, RS - ritmul IOX[XOXL�FH�PLFúRUHD] �QLYHOXO��5$�-�ULWPXO�IOX[XOXL�FH�P UHúWH�QLYHOXO��

Testul 92

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV ��ÌQ�FRQVWUXLUHD�XQHL�GLDJUDPH�Ge flux: a) VXQW� UHSUH]HQWDWH� JUDILF� HFXD LLOH� GH� QLYHO�� ULWP� úL� DX[LOLDUH� úL�

interconectarea lor". b) LQWHUDF LXQLOH� GLQWUH� IOX[XUL� DX� ORF� QXPDL� SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO�

LQIRUPD LLORU�� c) WRDWH�HFXD LLOH�GH�ULWP�VXQW�UHSUH]HQWDWH�SULQ�GUHSWXQJKLXUL�

în care variabilele de LQWUDUH� VXQW� QLYHOHOH� VLVWHPXOXL� úL�constantele".

d) într-XQ� QLYHO� QX� SRW� LQWUD� VDX� LHúL� IOX[XUL� GH� QDWXU � IL]LF �

GLIHULW �� e) OLQLLOH� FDUH� LQGLF � IOX[XO�GH� LQIRUPD LL�FH�SOHDF �GH� OD�XQ�QLYHO�

WUHEXLH� V � ILH� GLVWLQFWH� GH� OLQLLOH� FDUH� UHSUH]LQW � IOX[XO�

LQIRUPD LRQDO�FH�LQWU �vQWU-un nivel".

Testul 93

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV �UHIHULWRDUH�OD�R�HFXD LH�GH�ULWP: a) PHPEUXO� GUHSW� DO� XQHL� HFXD LL� GH� ULWP� SRDWH� IL� R� IXQF LH� D�

QLYHOXULORU� úL� FRQVWDQWHORU� FH� GHVFULX� VWUDWHJLD� GH� FRPDQG �

LPSXV �GH�ULWP� b) într-R�HFXD LH�GH�ULWP�YDULDELOHOH�GH�LHúLUH�FRPDQG �IOX[XO�GH�OD�

sau între niveluri; c) HFXD LD�GH�ULWP�VH�FDOFXOHD] �OD�QLYHOXO�.�XWLOL]kQG�LQIRUPD LLOH�

din niveluri la momentul K pentru a determina ritmurile viitoare ale fluxului pe intervalul KL;

d) variabilele de intrare într-R� HFXD LH�GH� ULWP�SRW� IL�QLYHOXUL��constante sau alte ritmuri calculate la nivelul K;

e) HFXD LD�GH�ULWP�DUDW �FXP�VXQW�FDOFXODWH�IOX[XULOH�GLQ�FDGUXO�XQXL�sistem.


Testul 94

ÌQ�VFULHUHD�XQHL�HFXD LL�GH�QLYHO�VH� LQH�VHDPD�GH�XUP WRUXO�DVSHFW: a) aceaVWD�XUPHD] �vQ�PRG�QHFHVDU�XQHL�HFXD LL�GH�ULWP; b) DFHDVWD� UHSUH]LQW � YDULD LD� XQHL� YDULDELOH� GH� VWDUH� GH-a lungul

unei perioade lungi de timp; c) DFHDVWD�SRDWH�FRQ LQH�PDL�PXOWH�YDULDELOH�GH�QLYHO� d) HFXD LD� GH� QLYHO� FRQ LQH� vQ�PRG�QHFHVDU� vQ�PHPEUXO� GUHSW�

valoaUHD�DQWHULRDU �D�QLYHOXOXL�úL��GH�DVHPHQHD��LQWHUYDOXO�GH�calcul DT, ca multiplicator al ritmului fluxurilor;

e) HFXD LD�GH�QLYHO�UHSUH]LQW �XQ�SURFHV�GH�LQWHJUDUH�

Testul 95

'LQWUH�DYDQWDMHOH�GLQDPLFLL�LQGXVWULDOH�UH LQHP�F �DFHDVW �WHKQLF : a) UHSUH]LQW � XQ� LQVWUXPHQW� GH� WUDWDUH� JOREDO �� VLVWHPLF � D�

problemelor social-economice complexe; b) RIHU � XWLOL]DWRULORU� SRVLELOLWDWHD� XQHL� DERUG UL� vQ� VLVWHP�

FRQYHUVD LRQDO��vQ�FDUH�GHFLGHQWXO�GH LQH�XQ�URO�DFWLY� c) QHFHVLW �R�GXUDW �PLF �GH�SUHJ WLUH�D�GDWHORU�úL�GH�FDOFXl în

FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�VH�XUP UHúWH�R�DQDOL] �vQ�XQLW L�QDWXUDOH; d) HYLW � ULJLGLWDWHD� DOWRU� PHWRGH� GH� PRGHODUH� PDWHPDWLF ��

GHRDUHFH� GLQDPLFD� LQGXVWULDO � HVWH� VXERUGRQDW � DQDOL]HORU�

calitative; e) SULQ�VLPXODUH�SHUPLWH�RE LQHUHD�XQRU�VROX LL�RSHUD LRQDOH�úL� vQ�

cazuO�XQRU�SUREOHPH�GH�DQYHUJXU .

6HOHFWD L�DILUPD LD�IDOV

PROCESELOR ECONOMICE

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