Politici De Comert tema 5

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"? Bm€ darERenewable energy

:ir,:111C] l-H"h,comesfrom naturar resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,tides, and geothermal heat,

wnlcn are renewable..About l6V" ofglobal final enerry consumption comes from renewables,'with f

0% coming from traditionar biomass, which is mainly used for heating,. arfi, 3.4Vo from hydroelectricity.

'New renewables (small hydro, modem biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted foranother 2.8Vo and are growing very rapidly.. The share ofrenewables in electricity generation is around lg%o, with'16% ofglobal electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3yo f:rom new renewables.'Wind power is growing at the rate of 30olo annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United stares.'At the end of2010, cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) instaliatio". ."rpurft +o GW and pv

- powe-r stations are popular in^Germany and Spain. Solar thermal po*", .trtion. operate in the USAand spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (Mw) sEG's po*", pru"t i" trre MojaveDesert.

ilt- y-gldt largest geothermal power installation is the Geysers in califomia, with a rated capacity of7s0 Mw.'Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanolfuel from sugar cane, and ethaaol now proviJes-t 8% ofthe country's

""i"t""t-irEi".r. Ethanol fuel is

also widely available in the USA.

Renewable enerry replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas

'power generation, hot water/space heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.Power generafion

'Renewable energy provides 18 percent of total etectricity generation worldwide. Renewable powergenerators are spread across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a significantshare of elechicity in some

areas: in the U.S. Germany and Denmark.' Some. countries get most of their power from renewables, including Icerand and paraguay ( 100percent), Norway (98 percent), Brazil (g6 percent), Austria (62 peicent),Nero i"uiuoa (65 percent),and Sweden (54 percent).



HeatingoSolar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most notably inChina, which now has 70 percent of the global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installedon multi-family aparhnent buildings and meet a portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50-60million households in China.

'Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs ofover 70 million households. The use of bioinass for heating continues to grow as well. In Sweden,national use

of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also growingrapidly.

Transport fuels

'Renewable biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United Statessince 2006. The 93 billion liters ofbiofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent ofanestimated 68 billion liters ofgasoline, equal to about 5 percent of world gasoline production.

Potential

'Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total currentglobal energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand.

'Since

water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderatesea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:

- .Hydroelectric energy - large-scale hydroelectric dams.

'Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW ofpower.

'Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans.

'With the amount bf sun that hits the world in one hour there is enough energy to power the world forone ye{u.

.Biofuels provided 2.7%o of the world's transport fuel in 2010.

'Geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts ofthe world suchas Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The

twomost prominent

areas for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northem Califomia.

'Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% ofall houses in the year 2000 throughgeothermal energy.

oAccording to a 2011 projection by the Intemational Energy Agency, solar power generators mayproduce most of the world's electricity within 50 years.

Wind power market

- 'Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity upto 194,400 MW, a22.5Vo at the end of 2009.

'For the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional marketsof Europe and North Americ4 mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted fornearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. china now has 42,300 MW of wind powerinstalled. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18Yo in portug al,160/o in spain, 14% inIreland and 97o in Germany in 2010.

' In 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power oir a commercial basis

Solar thernal plants.Large solar thermal power stations are located in the USA and Spain.

' In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermaUcombined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Erypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

'Photovoltaic production has been increasing by an average of more thart 20 %o each year since 2002,making it a fasfgrowing energy technology. At the end of2010, cumulative global photovoltaic (pV)installations surpassed 40 GW and PV power stations are popular in Germany and Spain.



. Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya annually.

4.3 EU energr security

'The EU cunently imports 827o of its oil and 57Yo of its gas, making it the world's leading importerofthese fuels.

'Only 3o/o of the g4lg used in European nucleax reactors was mined in Europe.

'Russi4 Canad4 Australi4 Niger and Kazakhstan were the five.largest suppliers of nuclear materialsto the EU, supplying more than 757o of the total needs in 2009.

EU Uranium sources

A European Strategt for Sastainable, Competitive and Secare Energt

'Principles of Energy Policy for Europe were elaborated at the Commission's green paper on 8 March2006.

' Energt for a Changing llorld - were published by the European Commission, on 10 January 2007.Key proposals include:

.A cut ofat least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions fiom all primary energy sources by 2020.

.A cut ofup to 500% in carbon emissions from primary energy sources by 2050, compared to 1990

levels..A minimum target of 10% for the use of biofuels by 2020..To further increase market competition..Improving energy relations with the EU's neighbours, including Russia..The development ofa European Strategic Energy Technology Plan to develop technologies inareas including renewable energy, energy conservation, low-energy buildings, 4th generation nuclearpower, clean coal and carbon capture.

'Developing an Africa-Europe Energy parbrership, to help Africa use low-carbon technologies and tohelp develop the continent as a sustainable energy supplier.

The Strategic Energy Technologies PIan (SET Plan) 26 June 2008

'Sets the agenda for an EU energy technology policy. It enhances the coordination of national andEuropean research and innovation efforts to position the EU in the forefront of the low-carbon technologies markets.

The SET plan initiatives:

'European Wind Initiative focus on large turbines and large systems validation and demonstration.

'Solar Europe Initiative focus on large-scale demonstration for photovoltaics and concenhated solarpower.

'Bioenerry Europe Initiative - focus on 'next generation' biofuels within the context ofan pverall- bio-energy use strategy.

. European CO2 capture, transport and storage initiative-focus on the whole system requirements, including efficiency, safety and public acceptance, to prove

the viability ofzero emission fossil fuel power plants at industrial scale.

'European electricity grid initiative - focus on the development of the smart electricity system,including storage, and on the creation ofa European cenhe to implement a research programme forthe European transmission network,.Sustainable nuclear lission initiative - focus on tle develoDment of Generation [Vreactors technologies.

Politici De Comert tema 5

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